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State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Research Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Abstract
A total of five repaired column-beam joints (C-BJs) strengthened by basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) had
been pre-damaged under cyclic loads in order to study on the seismic behavior. The experimental study including
pre-damage, rehabilitation and re-test under cyclic loads concentrated on the effect on different levels of pre-damage
and epoxy injection. Through the experimental data, ultimate load-carrying capacity, ultimate displacement, ductility,
hysteresis curves and dissipative ability, the following conclusion was drawn: it is indispensable for the load-carrying
capacity of frame beams to contribute to slab. The repaired C-BJs can reach or even exceed the level of their ultimate
load-carrying capacity and original seismic performance before pre-damage. The load-carrying capacity and bondslip behaviors can be improved by the BFRP in the repaired C-BJs. Concrete columns can be effectively confined to
the expansion and deformation. The failure mode of strong beam and weak column was changed into strong column
and weak beam after rehabilitations. The study indicated that the method of BFRP-reinforced pre-damaged concrete
column-beam joints was reasonable and effective.
1.
Introduction
A large number of reinforced concrete frame structure building earthquake damaged in the Wenchuan
earthquake, where the failure mechanism of "strong column and weak beam" seldom appeared. The
deformation of the frame structure is closely related to its failure mechanism in the earthquake. The
* Corresponding author
E-mail address: sulei0518@sina.com
1872
2
column-beam joints are the weakest and most vulnerable parts of the framework. Investigations were
carried out to study the effect of yield mechanisms. The steel in the framework would actually increase
the flexural capacity of 20 to 30%. Inclined core area of cross crack was often appeared in the low-cycle
test of two-dimensional joints. If the orthogonal beam constraints were considered on the role of the joints,
the damage of the three-dimensional beam, plate and column joints may be different from the twodimensional joints.
To improve the seismic performance of concrete structures, many researchers have been looking for
different reinforcement materials, which have been recognized at different times such as paste steel, fiber
composite (FRP). FRP has some unique advantages because of its lightweight, high strength, corrosion
resistance and easy construction. The mechanical properties of basalt fiber is a little worse, but much
cheaper than carbon fiber. However, the reinforced effect of basalt fiber after earthquake has not been
studied thoroughly.
Survey of existing constructions reveals that this experiment is necessary. On the basis of the
traditional study, it takes more realistic three-dimensional frame joints to simulate pre-damage,
rehabilitation and re-test under cyclic loads and test ultimate load-carrying capacity, ultimate
displacement, ductility, hysteresis curves. The seismic performance of the damaged joints obtained
experimentally is discussed along with failure types.
2. Experiment work
2.1. Specimen details
Five same types of C-BJs with BFRP have been cast together for experimental verification named J0J4 compared with the joints with CFRP test by our team in a previous period [18]. The same size and
concrete grade as reference [15] were used in this experiment (Fig.1). The ultimate strength of BFRP was
3200MPa and the modulus was 90GPa. In addition, the compression strength of concrete wais 24MPa
and the modulus was 26000MPa.
(a)
Fig.1Details of the C-BJ in the major direction
(b)
1873
J0
0.5
J1
0.5
Pre-damaged
displacement (mm)
33
J2
0.5
26
BFRP
J3
0.5
26
BFRP
134
J4
0.5
BFRP
120
Reinforced method
BFRP
Displacement of 0.85Pmax
(mm)
90
130
134
1874
column; when it reached 72mm, concrete stripped at the core area of the column and the cracks appeared
at the bottom of the beam; when it reached 84mm, concrete broke off and steel bar was exposed from the
column; when it reached 90mm, the capacity of the joints decreased significantly and the test ended. The
failure mode was flexural failure of column tip and shear failure of the core area simultaneously.
Specimens from J1 to J4 were reinforced with basalt fiber directly to the destruction of test. The test
phenomena were similar. Taking J1 for example, the failure process was discussed as follows. When the
horizontal load reached 30kN, it cracked and sounded brittle at the weak parts of colloid. Then it was
controlled by the displacement. When the displacement of column cap reached 24mm, the sheet sounded
brittle in the core area and the cracks appeared at the bottom of plate along with the beams; when it
reached 36mm, the sheet sounded brittle densely and violently in the core area and cracks cut through the
plate; when it reached 60mm, the cracks appeared and parts of sheets tore at the junction of beam bottom
and column; when it reached 96mm, parts of the sheets plumped up and divorced from the concrete at the
top of beams and parts of the sheets broke at the bottom of beam and on the side of column; when it
reached 108mm, it sounded severe and torsion cracks appeared on the side of beam; when it reached
120mm, the concrete crisped and broke off severely in the core area and the test ended. The concrete at
the top of column destructed and the beam got away from the joint after test. The failure mode was
flexural failure of beam tip. (Fig 2)When the displacement reached 36mm, the plate cracked. The number
of cracks increased as the displacement increased. The facts above showed that the contribution of the
plate to the capacity of structure could not be ignored. Joint constrained by plate in tension increased
when steel bar was fully utilized and came into the hardening stage.
3.2 Capacity analysis
Ultimate capacity and displacement of each specimen on the column are summarized in Table 2.
Compared J0 with J4, capacity of the joint reinforced by BFRP increases limitedly, but the displacement
increases significantly. Compared J1 with J4, the pre-damaged displacement has little effect on the
ultimate capacity of concrete structure but has great effect on ultimate displacement. Compared J2 with J3,
epoxy injection has little effect on both the ultimate capacity and displacement. The fact that the ductility
coefficient without reinforcement is less than that with reinforcement shows BFRP can increase the
seismic performance abundantly.
Table 2: Ultimate capacity and displacement of each specimen on the column
Specimens name
J0
J1
J2
J3
J4
capacitykN
71.4
75.8
76.3
72.6
79.6
6.2%
6.9%
1.7%
11.5%
Displacement of 0.85Pmaxmm
90
130
134
134
120
66.5%
71.6%
71.6%
53.6%
2.60
4.06
4.62
4.45
3.64
1875
bar in the core area where the bond deterioration becomes more obvious. After the cracks close in the
beam tip, the concrete of compression zone comes to work and the stiffness is increased. The number of
cycles increases and the stiffness falls down under the same step. The skeleton curve does not have
obvious yielding step. The failure of the joint is both the bending failure of column tip and shearing
failure of core area, which is consistent with the experimental conclusion.
Good elastic is maintained in the beginning and then the pinching appears more and more obvious as
the displacement increases. The inverted S shaped of hysteresis curves dumps gradually to the
displacement axis and the stiffness is smaller and smaller. When the four specimens load to the ultimate
load of J0, conspicuous yield plateau appears and ultimate displacement of column tip is significantly
increased, which indicates good ductile performance of the joint reinforced by BFRP. The beam gets
away from the joint and meanwhile the concrete of the column is loss of capacity, which shows the failure
is the mode of strong beam and weak column.
Spindle with better energy quickly transit to the worse with the inverted S shaped and the phenomena
of pinching is serious, which is the same characteristic of hysteresis curves. In this case the steel bar
sliding, shearing deformation and concrete cracking should be special attention. The phenomena of
pinching and no slip with reinforcement achieve better improvement than that without improvement.
Energy dissipation and seismic performance are improved significantly after reinforcement. Compare
with J0, the load of J4 increases rapidly. The capacity achieves further improvement when the steel bar
slides and comes to the hardening stage. Skeleton curve slope among J1 to J3 becoming larger indicates
that the BFRP sheets involve to increased stiffness in the period of loading.
To summarize, the seismic performance of the joints damaged by cyclic loads and then reinforced by
BFRP can be improved significantly. The reinforcement method has great efficient on controlling the
bending damage of column tip, shearing failure of the core area and anchor damage of joint. The BFRP
sheets is equivalent to provide additional transverse reinforcement to increase shearing capacity of the
core area, limit the concrete spalling and longitudinal reinforcement buckling, and prevent the joint to
damage and slide so that the core area can come to the ideal ductile failure on the beam tip.
loadkN)
80
60
40
20
0
-100
-50
-20
-40
-60
-80
(a) Joint of J0
50
100
displacementmm)
loadkN)
100
80
100
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
-100
-50
-20
50
-200
100
150
displacement(mm)
0
-20 0
-100
-40
-40
-60
-60
-80
-80
-100
(b) Joint of J1
(c) Joint of J2
100
80
100
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
-200
-150
100
200
displacement(mm)
-100
-50
-20
load(kN)
-150
loadkN)
load(kN)
1876
50
100
150
-150
200
-100
-50
-20
50
100
-40
displacement(mm)
-40
150
diaplacement(mm)
-60
-60
-80
-80
-100
(d) Joint J3
(e) Joint of J4
1.00
J0
J1
J2
J3
J4
0.95
stiffness ratio
J0
J1
J2
J3
0.90
0.85
0.80
J4
decreased
coefficient of
capacity
displacementmm)
0.75
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
2
displacementmm)
1
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
1877
1878
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