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Abstract
We present a turbulence modeling formalism similar to large-eddy simulation but distinct in the sense
that solutions, rather than equations, are ltered, and physical variables, instead of their statistics, are
modeled on the sub-grid scales. We argue that this approach yields specic advantages in the context of
combustion, but we also show that the associated discrete dynamical systems (DDSs) contain numerous
bifurcation parameters (hence, very high codimension) which must be calculated. It is thus useful
to understand details of the DDS bifurcation sequences in order to complete a subgrid-scale model
formalism. In the present work we provide 2-D regime maps (bifurcation diagrams) corresponding to
selected pairs of parameters appearing in a simple reduced mechanism for H2 {O2 combustion due to
Mauss et al. (in Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Applications in Combustion Systems, Peters and
Rogg, Eds., 1993). We discuss bifurcation sequences appearing in the regime maps and their relevance
to physical phenomena, as well as the ability of the DDS to model a wide range of H2 {O2 combustion
scenarios. In addition, we illustrate the prodigious complexity of the DDS model by presenting evidence
suggestive of fractal behavior.
Keywords: turbulent combustion, reduced mechanism, discrete dynamical system, bifurcation
1. Introduction
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(1)
(2)
with q and representing the large and sub-grid
scale contributions, respectively. After substitution of (2) into (1) leading to
q
(q + q )t + r F (q + q ) =
r G(q + q ) + S (q + q ) ;
(3)
the large scale solution q may be calculated directly once q is set, much like in direct numerical
simulation (DNS).
As current hardware does not allow complete
resolution of all
ow scales (as in DNS) for most
real-world engineering problems investigated, a
more ecient means of calculating q , and thus
a modeling approach, is required. We follow the
approach used in [8] and model q as
qi = Ai Mi ;
i = 1; 2; : : : ; Nv ;
(4)
2. Analysis
Dt
Wi
i=1
Ns
X
i=1
hi w_ i ;
vT b(n+1) c(n)
(5c)
i=1
D(Yi )
=r (Di rYi) + w_ i ;
Dt
i = 1; : : : ; N s :
(n+1)
di
(5d)
!_ i =
r
j =1
00
(i;j
0
i;j
)wj ;
wj = kf;j
`=1
W`
`;j
kb;j
N
Y
Y`
s
`=1
00
`;j
W`
Hi !_ i =(1 + T )
(6c)
(n)
N
X
r
"
Cf;ij
N
Y
s
`=1
0
j;`
`
Cb;ij
N
Y
s
`=1
00
j;`
`
with
N
Y
Y`
Y +
uY a(n+1) +
vY b(n+1) di
+ !_ i + di;0 ;
i = 1; 2; : : : ; Ns ; (6d)
j =1
N
X
N
X
i=1
+ c0 ;
with
w_ i = Wi
Re
jkj2
;
Pe
and this is true for each Y as well [8],
T =
(8)
(13a)
(13b)
jkj2
;
i = 1; 2; : : : ; Ns :
(9)
P ei
The
u ,
v ,
uT ,
vT ,
uY , and
vY arise from the
Y =
i
Yi
Yi
Cf;1;2 = 100;2
W1
k :
W4 f;2
and
Cf;3;1 = 300;1
Divergent
Broadband w/o fundamental
Broadband w/ different fundamental
Broadband w/ fundamental
Noisy quasiperiodic w/o fundamental
Noisy quasiperiodic w/ fundamental
Noisy phase lock
Noisy subharmonic
Quasiperiodic
Phase lock
Subharmonic
Periodic w/ different fundamental
Periodic
Steady
W3
k :
W1 W2 f;1
Finally, H is modeled by
d(4n+1) = Y4 +
uY4 a(n+1) +
vY4 b(n+1) d(4n)
+ !_ 4(n) + d4;0 ;
(18)
with
Cf;4;1 = 400;1
W4
k :
W1 W2 f;1
3. Results
here are not meant to be representative of all possible behaviors of the components of (6). Each
map represents time series behavior for only one
combination of bifurcation parameters (except, of
course the two parameters varied within the regime
map), the slightest perturbation of which can potentially alter the map signicantly. In most cases,
we will omit reporting specic values of bifurcation
parameters employed as such is not neccessary to
illustrate the potential of the DDS to model H2 {
O2 combustion or to comprehend its inherent complexity. Finally, recall in a complete LES, all bifurcation parameters are calculated automatically
by using results from the resolved-scale solution.
In the current investigation we simply seek an understanding of the possible behaviors that could
be observed in such an LES.
H2 O
In this section we investigate the temporal behavior of the
uctuating H2 O concentration calculated from (17) as the parameters v and
uY3 of
(6) are changed. As the main product of H2 {O2
combustion, H2 O is of particular interest in our
studies. Recall that
uY3 is related to strain rate
and a spatial derivative for H2 O concentration via
5
vY
(3)
-0.5
-1
1.5
2.5
(3)
vY
3.5
vY
(4)
0
3
8
8
uY
(4)
0
1
increased in (positive) magnitude, the H
uctua- Figure 5: Regime map for thermal energy showing
tions bifurcate to noisy subharmonic, then to noisy relationships between thermal energy
uctuations
quasiperiodic, to eventually broadband without a and changes in
and .
u
T
fundamental mode before nally diverging.
In Fig. 6 we present regime maps for the thermal energy component of (6) where
u and
v
are varied. For the combination of bifurcation
parameters employed here, thermal energy
uctuations are extremely sensitive to perturbations
in either
u or
v . Observe, for example, in the
lower middle region of the regime of Fig. 6(a)
(
v < 0:75;
u 0), thermal energy
uctuations
bifurcate from periodic to subharmonic, and then
further to noisy quasiperiodic with changes in
u
over a range as small as 0:2. In addition, notice
the bifurcations to phase-locked
uctuations littered throughout the quasiperiodic region (in the
lower left quadrant of the regime) as well as bifurcations to noisy quasiperiodic with a fundamental
mode in the noisy quasiperiodic region without a
fundamental mode (in lower right quadrant of the
regime). Such regions illustrate the extreme sensitivity to initial conditions in (6), which is a common characteristic of turbulence in general. Unlike
in other gures presented thus far, in Fig. 6(a) we
observe regions in the regime which produce periodic
uctuations and even steady state behavior.
This can be attributed to having set u = 3:2,
5. Discussion
8
8
a)
6. Conclusion
7. Acknowledgements
The rst author would like to express his gratitude to the NASA Kentucky Space Grant Consortium for nancial support of this work.
References
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