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Tr a n s fo r me r I nsu l a t i o n at
High Temperature
H. C. STEWART
L. C. WHITMAN
MEMBER AIFE
MEMBER AIEE
1600
thatFinally,
indicated
by these data.
these data and arbitrarily
as-
nolic varnish.
nolic varnish.
gauge pressure.
Fiber
glass yarn.
3
Thickness-20 mils.
Impregnant-high-temperature
nolic varnish.
Cooling
medium-air
at
phe-
atmospheric
Electricalgrade of black-varnishedcam
Thickness-7 mils.
Impregnant-no additional.
Cooling medium-air at atmospheric
pressure.
AIFE TRANSACTIONS
THICKNESS
2 (15 MIL)l
APPLICATION
LAYER INSULATION.
-
400
G~~~RADE
COMMERCIAL
I~~~MPREGNANT- HIGH TEMPERATURE PHENOLIC VARNISH
IVBREAKDOWN CRITERION I MINUTE TEST IN AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
|l ll lX
3.300
.1
UJ 200
a.
0
100
or
Figure 1.
50
150
100
200
250
300
sheets
crackiiig
Technique
owere
located directly
over the tube
weelctd
irtyovrhe
ub
,1 600
l2
12001
1/2.
-9. >>e<
0o FBER GLASS
t
l
NOTE;
2 1 8L4ce1
| +s+,
HIGH TEMP-|
ERAURE PHENOLIC VARNISH|
40
1948, VOLUME 67
150
100
200
250
TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE
50
300
1601
z9201960
"
w
x
~IDa
8C
TEMP.
AVG. INS.
TEMP.
-.
Tb
ELECTRODE
TTE MP.
F-
6C
...
a-
5C.Watts Per
5
I-TTHERMOCOUPLE
THERMOCOUPLES
HEATER
~THERMOCOUPLES
MUETA
DRO TH OUG
POSITION
rF
DE DMandrel
6~Sq.in.
OUTER
ELECTRODES
OUTE ELCTOD
1.25.
Temp.
00
2 Layers (0.0352)
00
00
Drop
Mul
Drop
lc-arnishcoper
yhe
kraft p-apers
The sheet
asbestos andwimricws
were preimpregnated but cured only to a
tacky state before being wound on the
Mul
0 Per
mul
00 Per
Watt Per
in.2 Per
in.
Deemnto
...
fIita
ilcrc
DESIRED TEMPERATURE
THERMOCOUPLE
Drop
Avg.
initial dielectric
-THERMOCOUPLEmination
Determa ofomential
OUTER ELECTRODE
Ds 'eletric
pm n
g
b
befr
state
tacky
wURN
INSULATION
at
Test
Temperature
Strength
50%_
~~~OPPER WIRE
uteelctrdesand
TUteE
the
tube.AL
Mul
i. 85.. 200
2.45 .....240
minteestswermaesartngt
With the insulations tested it
was
first
ar
failure which
may
be encountered in
airo
Determination ofethemCriterion
Voltage for Breakdown of
Insulation Life Pieces
Knowing the average insulation thickness, the initial breakdown voltage was
calculated from Figure 5. Then the
breakdown test voltage was taken as 25,
50, or 75 per cent of the initial breakdown
voltage, depending upon which figure was
chosen as the criterion of life. Both the
1ae
-minute and momentary tests were made
at time intervals of approximately two
per cent of the anticipated life of the
10
GRADE -COMMERCIAL
APPLICATION
inert atmosphere
IMPREGNANT
*
(0000
LAYER INSULATION
HIGH TEMPERATURE
PHENOLIC VARNISH
10000BREAKDOWN
-50%
~~~~~~~~~INITIAL
HOT
DIELECTRIC
CRITERION
OF
STRENGTH,
___
~~~~~~~~~~MINUTETEST
3:
0
Y
Q:
N,
IS
0
temperature curves.
It will be noted that considerable radial
gradients are indicated from the thermocouple in the tube wall to the thermocouple on the outer electrode. The point
might be raised whether these gradients
are actually in the insulation itself or
whether they might be largely in a
theoretical air film each side of the insulation. To investigate this, several test
pieces were made up with different numbers of layers of insulation. The watts
input to the heating unit was measured
and the temperature determined.
From these data, the degree temperature drop-per-mil insulation thickness was
calculated, Table I. It is seen that these
values are approximately the same without regard to number of layers, showing
gradientsgaretoinu
her finlmtdop
insulatirhowing
tananlthat only
onlsmall
surfae film
eitst
small surface
drops exsst.
temperature
10000C
- 50
tion.3
these test
pieces. Table II shows result of tests
with thermocouples placed around tube
and outer electrodes. It is seen that
these differences are small; the maximum
NI
AS
12
Run
Number
_0-
xVARNISHED
CAMBRICE
9
PAPER
O'Clock
1587.1
139.
185.9
.8
1.232..2.87
26.1
.... 23789...
3. 3...261..234.4
1948, VOLUME 67
- --_
________I
I
ICC L
-~FCAMBRIC
3
---
1I I
~~~~~~~~~~~ASBESTOS
S, KRAFT
PAPRHETSAN
SHEET.AND
Figure 9. Summary of
[ABSO-KAT-FIBEIR
life characteristics of
Stewart,
VARNISH
2.... 18553
3.
SEESTOS
SHEETS
--BA0
INOTE:
sheets
BLACK
~~~~~~~~
Insulation
100
14
180 220 260 300 340
AVERAGE INSULATION TEMPERATURE ('C)
Figure 10. Life characteristics-asbestos
l|
-r
U 1000
10
/CRITERION- MINUTE
10000
on
temperature gradients
---
lWhitman-Transformer Insulation
GLASS YARN
T
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PRESSURE
lO
. \
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10
0
-PP
WITH HIGH
DEGREES CENTIGRADE
(RECIPROCAL ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALE)
1603
1000
T000
HICKNESS APPLICATION
GRADE
10000
00
1000(
z~~~~~~~~~AMSPEI
co
CL
1000
co
HIGH TEMPERATURE
~~~~~~~~~~~~VARNISH
RADW
PHENOLIC'
IMPREGNANT
VARNISH
0/OFBAKWNRIRON5%FIIILHT
RTRO-D~.O
RADW
RTRO
0,O NTA
O
DIELECTRIC STRENGT
10000
HOT DIELECTRIC STRENGTH,
RVERDEI~K/S EC.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~INITIAL
IE-COOLING
z
RAEO
'/2
KS/SEC.
0COOLING MEDIUM -AIR AT
_
_~~~~0ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
~~~~~~~~~~PRSUE
o
__
cC
THICKNESS
EADWCRTRO
000
(IS MILl
LAYER INSULATION
COMMERCIAL
~~~~~~~~IMPREGNANT
VARNISH
VARNISH
BREAKDOWN CRITERION
2
-
MEDIUM-
gV_1__
~~~~~~~~~~~1000
CC
AIR
PRESSURE
AT ATMOSPHERIC
00
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
ra
cr_
10010
0-I
240
180 200
280
DEGREES CENTIGRADE
(RECIPROCAL ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALE)
Figure
characteristics-asbestos
sheets
1 2. Life
HCNSS
GRADE
1 ML
THICKNESS
(15
MIL)2
APPLICATION
LAYER
14. Life
degrees.
000
___________O__________
20 MILS ON RECTANGULAR
~~THICKNESS
COMMERCIAL
1MPREGNANT
VARNISH
10000
~~~COOLING
STRENGTH,
MINUTE TEST
3::-
COPPER CONDUCTOR
APPLICATION - TURN INSULATION
-GRADE - CONTINUOUS FILAMENT
INSULATION
COOLING MEDIUM-AIR AT
~~~~~~~ATM
_
_
240
280
120 130 140 160 180 200
DEGREES CENTIGRADE
(RECIPROCAL ABSOLUTE TEMERATURE SCALE)
characteristics-asbestos
sheets
Figure
10000
*IC--
PRESSUR
yarn
current.
Tmeaue of all parts of the
unit were determined by thermocouples
as in previous tests. The gas pressure
was set at five pounds gauge to i-nsure the
purity of the nitrogen gas. Also, this
TIKES-17ML
PRESSUREEDIMPHEARCT PREOSSUR
PHRI_PESUR
___
OSPHERIC
HoooH-C H0
____
12
6
0
4
8
DEGREES CENTIRD
(REIPOCL BSOUT
TMPRAURESCLE
Fiur 1. iF
carctrstcsasesos
_K7
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~N
iitt _
2 101010820
20
201011 2 3 4
6
0
4
8
DERE
ETIRDERESCNIRD
(ECIROALABOLTE EMERTUE CAL)
REIPOCA ASOUT TMPEATRESCLE
Fiur
15
Lfechrateisic-fbr
las
igre1 .
if
haacerstcsblckyan
00000-
THICKNESS
1(7 MIL)
prt
on
GRADE-GNE. ELECTRICAL
GRADE
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH,
RATE OF RISE Y2 KV
cffl
F e
1,
<
THICKNESS
HCNS
APPLICATION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GRADE
2 (44ML
MIL)
-
LAYER INSULATION
ABSORBENT
PRGNANEAESOREENT
G.E. ELECTRICAL
l
VARNISH
CRITERION- 504/. OF INITIAL HOT
10000 BREAKDOWN
COOLING MEDIUMM- AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
0_
t 1000
(D
tic
tion.
Breakdown
Criterion,
1948, VOLUME 67
Type of voltage
Testt.
Duration of Test
Absolute Temperature
Scale
Per Cent
1
1/2 kv
Insulation Temperature
Scale
Yas
1/2 kv
ar
AseiZ
Varnished cambric at lOaC .50
.......
.18,500.. .19,000..2.1.16,000.. .16,500..1.8
at
.31,000. 3.4.26,000. .25,002.
Kasbetospe 1305C.50.30,000.
Asbestos at 13000
75 .27,000 ..3.1.21,000.2.
.......
24
Glassyarnat13o0C .0.
.25,000
......
......
040,000 .4..45
..
2.8
_________________________________________
1605
l~~~~~~
,20
ASBESTOS
IMINUTE
~~
w10
8 VARNISHED
BLACK
CAMBRIC
l00
40X
TS__
ES
KLASBESTOS
'2 ISECZ,15
~~~~~~~~SHEETS
VARNISHED
IBLACK
CAMBRIC 1/2 KV/SEC
MINUTE
& 50%X
75e/J
MINUTE
_;_
\
\
o_15
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
2
z
_ LIF
-L
120
= 21.4 years
24
Conclusions
VOltage.
1606
/1\
impregnated
This is a useful guide to assess the injury toinsulation operated atcaetemperaturein excessof 130degrees centigrade.
Data from Table III and Figure 1
indicate a 30 per cent or 5-degree advantage for glass yarn over commercial grades
of asbestos. This is undoubtedly due to
contaminants in the asbestos and can be
circumvented by the use of refined grades
of asbestos or Terratex.6
0.39 years.
1.05 years.
160 degrees centigrade-5,200 hours-
,\|
-_
SF
300
120 degrees
o3lifeat
hot-spFrottemperaure
degree
life at 120
grade. From Figure 13,
__
.8
280
240
260
220
200
140
120
1I0 180
AVERAGE INSULATION TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE
MNT
KRAFT PAPER
ll
60
MINUTE
Ic
SHEETSI_
81
SHEETS
ASBESTOS
l
[1
30
absolute temperature.
References
1. ASTM STANDARDS ON ELECTRICAL INSULATION
MATIERIAL D-229-43. American Society for Testing Materials (Philadelphia, Pa.), Paragraph 33-b.
2.
OF
270.
volme
WhtRanSACION)E
763-68.
63,
October
1944,
pages
AIEE TRANSACTIONS
Discussion
V. M. Montsinger (General Electric Company, Pittsfield, Mass.): When a new insulating material is introduced on largescale production there are two general
methods open for the selection of the maximum or limiting hottest spot temperature
of the insulation. One method is to select a
temperature limit based on available laboratory data, which may be exceedingly
limited, and use this limit in designing
ltransformed,sand pu thisalimit
invel dearsi
that
the temperature
perience will show
limit is safe. The second method is to base
the temperature limit on the result of extensive laboratory aging tests on the insu-
lating material,
The experience method of determining the
limiting insulation temperature for a reasonable length of time is exceedingly difficult
Of application, and requires a long time-20
years or more. Carefully kept records of
loading and ambient temperatures covering
1948, VOLUME 67
and a different
procedure
of useful life. The same
criteria for the end
insulations and high temperature varnish
were used. The authors data indicate a
"degree rule" of 13 degrees centigrade for
this class of insulation. Our results showed
a slightly higher "degree rule," 14 degrees
centigrade or higher, with a somewhat
shorter life at any given test temperature.
The shorter life may be partly explained by
the fact that our tests were run in an oven,
where the samples were at a uniform temperature throughout, while the authors
simulated service conditions where there
was a temperature drop through the insulation.
In any event, our data tends to corroborate Stewart and Whitman's conclusion that
130 degrees centigrade is about the maximum hot spot temperature that can be permitted in dry-type class B insulated apparatus operated in free air, if the usual useful
life is to be expected in service.
a different test
REFERENCE
1607