(4)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.1

605
64.437.022800

1.1

1056
967.317400
900

1.1

1.1

1.1

2
(

1.1

()

1.1
4

1.1

___ ,

,
___ ,
.

1.1

**

1.2

1.2
2

1.2
3

B
2

C
F

1.3

1.3

1.4

(1)m-m

F5
F1

(2)

F2

(3)

F5

(4)

F1

F4

F3
F4

F2

F3

1.4

F
M

FSF

M Fa

FS

1.4
1.1
m-m
m-m

Y 0 FN P
M (F ) 0
o

FN

Pa M 0
M Pa

1.4
,

F4
F A
F
pm

C
A
F
F3
p lim

A0 A C
F4
p

F3

Pa 1Pa= 1N/m2
1kPa=103N/m2

1MPa=106N/m2

1GPa=109N/m2

1.5
1.

M'

MM'

2.

L'
L

M
o

x+s

M'
N

N'

1.5

3.

L'

xm

Mx

s
x lim
x 0 x
y , z

x+s

M'
N

N'

Mxy

lim ( LM N )
MN 0
ML 0

1.5

250

1.2

0.025

200

a'b, a'd

ab m abad

a
d

a' b ab 0.025
125 10 6
m

200
ab

ab, ad

0 .025
tan
100 10 6 (rad )
250

a'

1.6

1.6


(1)


2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13

2.1

2.1

2.1

F F

2.1

2.2
1

F (1)m-m

F
m

FN

F
FN

(2)

(3)

FN F 0

(4)

FN F

2.2
2

m
F

F
m
FN

F
FN

FN F 0

FN F

2.2
F1=10kNF2=20kN
F3=35kNF4=25kN;

2.1
A

F1

1 B

2 C

1 F2

F3 3

F4

FN kN

FN 1 F1 10kN

FN2
F2

1
AB

FN1

F1
F1

3 D

BC

0 FN 2 F2 F1

FN 2 F1 F2

FN3

10 20 10kN

F4
25 CD

10

10

FN 3 F4 25kN
x

2.2

2.2

FN

FN dA
A

2.2

a
b

c
d

abcd

ab
cd

2.2

1
2
3

a
b

c
d

FN

dA
A

dA

FN

2.2
FN

A

FN

2.2

2.2
2.2

ABCB
F=20kNAB
1
20mmCB
1515
45
1
B
12
C
2
B
F
FN 1
y

0
F
cos
45
FN 2 0

x
N1
FN 2 45 B x
Fy 0 FN1 sin 45 F 0
A

FN 1 28.3kN

FN 2 20kN

2.2

FN 1 28.3kN

1
45

FN 2 45

FN 1
28.3 103
1

A1 20 2 10 6
4
90 106 Pa 90MPa

FN 2 20 103
2

2
6
A2 15 10

FN 1

FN 2 20kN

y
B
F

89 106 Pa 89MPa

2.2
d

0.8m

2.2 AB
d=20mmW=15kNW
AAB
A

C
1.9m

WAAB
Fmax

Fmax

W
Fmax
FRCx

FRCy

FmaxA

Fmax sin AC W AC 0
Fmax

sin

2.2
d

0.8m

ABC

1.9m

AB

Fmax

FN Fmax 38.7kN
W
Fmax

FRCx

FRCy

BC
0.8

0.388
sin
2
2
AB
0.8 1.9
W
15

38.7 kN
Fmax
sin 0.388

FmaxA

AB

FN
38.7 103

A (20103 )2
4
123106 Pa 123MPa

2.3

k
p

k
k

FN F

A A

A
A
F F
F
cos
F
F F

cos cos
p

A A A
p
2
k

p cos cos

0 , max

p
sin

cos

sin

sin2

45 , m ax
2
2

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4
e
2bc

f
b
b
s
c s
a
P

3ce

4ef

1ob E
P EGN/m2

e E tan

2.4

:
l1 l0
A A1
100% 0
100%
l0
A0
5% 5%

20 30% 60%

2.4

b
a c

e
P

1
2

2.4

p0.2

p0.2

0.2%

2.4

0.5%

bt
o

bt140MPa


(2)

2.5

2.5

p e
S E ---

2.5

bt

bc

bc bt

2.5

2.7

FN

A

u
S p 0.2
u
bt bc

bt

p 0.2

ns
bc

nb

ns
nb

2.7

FN
max

A

1
2

FN
max

A
FN
A

FN A

2.7
2.4

6
D=350mmp=1MPa[]=40MPa

F D 2 p
p D

1/6

FN

F
2
D p

6 24

FN

max
A
FN
d 2 D 2 p

4
24

0.352 106
D2 p
3

22
.
6

10
m 22.6mm
d

6
6
6 4010

2.7
AC50505AB10
=120MPaF

2.5

11
2A
Fx 0 FN1 cos FN 2 0

FN 1

FN 2

FN 1 2 F1 A1

FN 1 sin F 0

FN 1 F / sin 2 F
FN 2 FN 1 cos 3F

2
ACA1=24.8cm2
1
1
F1 A1 120 106 2 4.8 10 4
2
2
57.6 103 N 57.6kN

2.7
3
ABA2=212.74cm2
FN 2 FN 1 cos 3F

FN 2 3F2 A2

FN 1

FN 2

A
F

1
1
A2
120 106 2 12.74 10 4
F2
1.732
3
176.7 103 N 176.7kN

4
F Fi min 57.6kN 176.7kNmin 57.6kN

2.8

l
l l1 l
l
FN F

A A
l
E E
l

FN l Fl
l

EA EA

1
l F , l l
EA
EA

b1 b

l1

b b1 b

b
b

E200GPa0.250.33

2.8

2.8

l
i

FNi li
E i Ai

2.8

2.6
AB2m, 200mm2AC250mm2
E=200GPaF=10kNA

FN 1
FN 2

y
300

A
F

11
2A
Fx 0 FN1 cos FN 2 0
Fy 0 FN1 sin F 0
FN 1 F / sin 2 F 20kN
FN 2 FN 1 cos 3F 17.32kN
x
2

FN 1l1
20 103 2
3

10
m 1mm
l1

9
6
E1 A1 200 10 200 10
FN 2l2
17.32 103 1.732
3

0
.
6

10
m 0.6mm

l2
9
6
E2 A2 200 10 250 10

2.8
FN 1l1
l1
1mm
E1 A1

FN 2l2
l2
0.6mm
E2 A2

3A
AA1 l1 1mm

x l2 0.6mm

FN 1
0
30
FN 2

A2

A2

A1

A3
A

l1
l2

sin 30 tan 30
2 1.039 3.039mm

y AA3 A3 A4
A1

A
A

AA2 l2 0.6mm

AA x2 y2 0.6 2 3.039 2
3.1mm

A4

2.9
V

dW Fd (l )

dF

F1

F
O l d (l )

l1

l1

Fd ( l )

p ,
1
W F l
2

1
F l
2
1 Fl
F 2l
F

2 EA 2 EA
V W

2.10

2.10

2.10

F 0
F 0
x

FN 1 FN 2
2FN1 cos FN 3 F

l1

l1 l2 l3 cos

3
l1

2.7

FN 1l
F l
l3 N 3
E1 A1 cos
E3 A3

l3

1 2E1A1 3
E3A3 F

4
FN 1 FN 2
FN 1l
FN 3l

cos
E1 A1 cos E3 A3

F
F cos 2
, FN 3

E1 A1
E3 A3
3
1 2
cos3
2 cos
E3 A3
E1 A1

2.10
AB
12
1
2
1

3F 2 FN 2 cos FN 1 0

2.8

l1

l2
2l1
cos

FN 2l
FN 1l
, l2
l1
EA cos
EA

l2

FN 2l
FN 1l

2
EA cos 2
EA

6 F cos 2
3F
FN 1
, FN 2
3
4 cos3 1
4 cos 1

2.11
A

EA, l , l , T
l

B
l

FRA A

1
lT l T l
2

FRB l
l
EA
3 l lT l 0

FRB
lT

4
FRB EA l T

F
T RB l E T
A

FRB l
l T l
EA

2.11

E1 A1 E2 A2 , E3 A3 ,
l

FN 3 2 FN 1 cos

l1
l3

cos
3
FN 3l3
FN 1l1

E3 A3 E1 A1 cos

3
2

l3
l1

l2

l
,
l3 l , l1 l2
cos

FN 3

E3 A3

E3 A3
(1
)l

2 E1 A1 cos

FN 1 FN 2

FN 3

2 cos

2.12

max
K

2-13

F
F

2-13

2-13
F
F

m
m

F
2

F
n F
s
n

F
F

m
FS
m

m
m

FS

Fs

m
n

Fs

Fs n

Fs F

F
2

Fs F

F
Fs
2

2-13

m-m
,

Fs

A

Fs


A

0.5 0.7
0.8 1.0

2-13

Fbs
bs
Abs
F

*
1

Fbs
Fbs

Fbs= F

Abs
2

Abs

2-13

(a)

(b)

bs

Abs d

(c)

Fbs

bs
Abs

bs

bs 1.5 2.5
bs 0.9 1.5

2-13

Fs F

A lb

Fbs F
bs

Abs cb

2-13
Fs 4 F
2
A d
Fbs F
bs

Abs dh

F
4F
2 2
dh
d

8h

bs 2

2-13 3-1

2.
Fs
F
50 103

A 4a 4 0.08 0.01
15.7 106 15.7 MPa [ ]

F
F=50kNb=150mm
=10mmd=17mma=80mm
[]=160MPa[]=120MPa
[bs]=320MPa

1.
FN
F

A (b 2d )
50 103

(0.15 2 0.017) 0.01

43.1 10 6 43.1MPa [ ]

2-13

3.
Fs
4F
2F

2
2
A 2d
d
2 50 103

2
0.017
110 106 110MPa [ ]

4.
Fbs
F
50 103
bs

Abs 2d 2 0.017 0.01

147 106 147MPa [ bs ]

2-13

d=70mm
b h l 20 12 100 mm
Me=2kNm
[]=60MPa[ bs ]=
100MPa
b
nn

O
Me

(a)

FS

3-2

l
O
Me

(b)

Fbs Abs bs

0.5h

nF n
S

(c)

2-13
1

Fs A bl
d
d
M o 0 Fs bl M e
2

2M e
2 2000
6
Pa 28.6 MPa [ ]

28.6
10
9
bld
20 100 70 10

h
Fbs Abs bs l bs
2
h
bl l bs
Fs Fbs
2

2b 2(20 103 )(28.6 106 )

6

95.3

10
Pa 95.3MPa [ bs ]
bs
3
h
12 10


1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.,,


3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.7

3.1

3.1

3.1

:
,
,

3.2
1.

3.2

n /
P
Me

W P 1000(N m)

W M e 2

n
60

3.2
2.

T = Me

3.2

(+),(-)

3.2

3.2
3.1
, n=300r/min,A
PA=45kW, PB=10kW,PC=15kW,
PD=20kW..

(1)

M e 9549 P / n

3.2

(2)

(3)

3.2
MB

MD

MC

T3

T3 M A 1432 N m

MA

MA

Tmax 1432 N m

318N.m
795N.m
1432N.m

3.2

3.3

3.3

M 0
z

M e 2 r r

Me

2 r 2

'

3.3

3.3

G (GN/m2)

2(1 )

3.4
1.

Me

p q

Me

x
p

Me

p q

Me

3.4
Me

a'
b

dx

d _ dx

a
q

_rad

Me

p q

aa ' Rd dx

R
q

d
R
dx

3.4
q

p
d

a e

a ' eO
b

dx

dx
e

cc ' d dx

d
dx

d

dx

3.4
2.

d
G G
dx

3.4
3.

d A

dA

d
G
dx

Ip

2 dA

dA
2

d
T GI p
dx

Ip

d
G
dx

Ip

3.4

1
2

max p

max

Wt

Ip
R

Wt

3.4
T
I p Wt

Ip

max

Wt I p / R
1
3
D
16

Wt

3.4

Wt I p /( D / 2)

3.4

I p Wt

Wt I p / R

D3

Wt I p /( D / 2)

3.4

1.

max

Tmax

Wt
2.

3.4

Tmax

max
Wt
Tmax
max

1
Wt
2

Wt

Tmax

3.4
3.2
D=89mm=2.5mm20
T=1930Nm,[]=70MPa.

d

0.945
D
W t 0.2 D 3 (1 4 ) 0.2 8.9 3 (1 0.945 4 ) 29 cm3

max

T
1930
6
66.7
10
Pa

6
W 29 10

3.4
3.3

[]

T1 W t [ ]
T2

16

D (1 )[ ]
3

T1=T2
3

16

16

D 1 3 [ ]

(90)3 (1 0.944 4 )[ ]

3.4

A1

D12
4

(D d )
2

(0.0531) 2
4

22.2 104 m 2

[(90 103 ) 2 (85 103 ) 2 ] 6.87 104 m 2

A2 6.87 104

0.31
4
A1 22.2 10

3.4

3.4
P7.5kW, n=100r/min,
40MPa, =
0.5

: d1D2

P
7.5
M x T 9549 9549
716.2N m
n
100
T
16T

max1
3 40MPa
WP1 d1

3.4
max2

T
16T

40MPa
3
4
WP 2 D2 1

16 716.2
0.046m=46mm
4
6
1- 40 10

d20.5D2=23 mm

D246 mm

d1=45 mm

d223 mm

A1

d1

45 10

1.28

3.4

3.5

P114kW,P2= P3=P1/2
n1=n2=120r/min, z1=36,z3=12;d1=70mm, d
2=50mm, d3=35mm.[]=30MPa.
3

2
1
=14kW, P2= P3= P1/2=7 kW

n1=n2= 120r/min

z1

36

T1=M1=1114 N m
T2=M2=557 N m
T3=M3=185.7 N m

3.4
3

T1 16 1114
Pa 16.54MPa
max E

3
-9
Wt1 70 10
T
16 557
Pa 22.69MPa
max H 2
3
-9
Wt 2 50 10
T3 16 185.7
Pa 21.98MPa
max C

3
-9
35 10
W

3.5

Ti l i
GI

3.5

'

d
T

dx GI p
T 180
'

GI p
'

'

[ ]
'

rad/m

/m

3.5

T
m ax
[ ]
Wt
1
Wt
D3
16

T
'
max
[ ' ]
GI p

T D []
T []
D []

T D [/]
T [/]
D [/]

3.5

3.6

T=200Nmd=40mm[]=40MPa
G=80GPa[/]=1 /m

m ax

Wt

3.5

3.7

n=500r/minA P1=400kWCB
P2=160kWP3=240kW[]=70MPa[]=1/m
80GPa
(1)AC d1 BC d2
(2)AC BC d
(3)?

d1

1.

M e1

C
M e2

d2

B
M e3

P1
400
T1 M e1 9549 9549
7640 N m
n
500

3.5

d1

d1

16T

[ ]

M e1

M e2

M e3

7640 N m

4580 N m

16 7640
3

82
.
2

10
m 82.2mm
6
70 10

16 T

3
d1

max

d2

32T 180

max
4

32 T
180

G d1

32 7640 180

86.4 10 3 m 86.4mm

3.5

d2

d1
A

16T
d2

[ ]

16 4580
70 106

69.3 10 3 m 69.3mm

d2

M e1

M e2

7640 N m

4580 N m

32 4580 180
32T 180
3

76

10
m 76mm
2
9
2
G [ ]
80 10 1
4

d 2 76mm

M e3

3.5

d1
A

M e1

M e2

M e3

7640 N m

d1

d2

M e2

4580 N m

d2

M e1
3060 N m

B
M e3

3.7

3.7

3.7


1
2
3
T

IP

max

Wt

4
T 180
Tl


4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4

4-5
4-6

4-1

4-1

4-1

4-1

4-1

: ,

4-1

4-2

4-2

4-2

4-2

4-2

4-2

4-2

FAx

FBy

FAy

FAx

Ax

FAy

FBy

4-3

M
FS

FN

F
FN

F
M

FN 0

FS FAy F1

M FAy x F1 ( x a )

FS

Ay

4-3
M

FN

FN

FS

M
FS

FBy

4-3

4-1
1.
Fy 0
FAy FBy 2 F
FBy

Ay

FSE
ME

FBy 3a Fa 2 F a
F
5F
FBy
FAy
3
3
F
5F
Fy 0 2 F FSE 3 FSE 3
5 F 3a
a
M

0
2F M E

4-3

F
5F
FBy
FAy
3
3

FSE
O

ME

FBy

FSE

FSE FBy 0
FSE FBy

FBy

Mo 0

F
3

3a
M E FBy Fa
2
3Fa

4-3

F
FBy
3

5F
FAy
3

FBy

Ay

Ay

FSE
2F
FSE

FSE

5F

2F

4-3

F
FBy
3

5F
FAy
3

FBy

Ay

Ay

ME
2F

a
5F 3a
3

2
F

ME
Fa

4-4
q

4-2

x
q

M x
x

FS x

ql

FS x qx

M x qx 2 / 2

0 x l
0 x l

ql / 2

4-4
F

x1

x2
l

FBY

4-3
C

1
M A0 M B0

FAyFb/l

Fb / l

Fa / l
Fab / l

FByFa/l

2
x AC FS x1 Fb / l 0 x1 a
M x1 Fbx1 / l 0 x1 a
FS x2 Fa / l a x2 l
CB

4-4
a

x1

4-4
C

x2

B
FBY

M 0 M 0
A

M /l

Ma / l

FAyM / l FBy -M / l

2
FS x1 M / l 0 x1 a

AC

CB

M x1 Mx1 / l 0 x1 a
FS x2 M / l 0 x2 b

4-4
4-5

C
l

FBY

M 0 M 0
A

ql / 2

FAy FBy ql/2

3ql / 32

ql / 8

3ql 2 / 32

ql / 2

FS xql/ 2qx 0 x l

Mxqlx/ 2qx / 2
2

0 x l

B
ql 2
2

ql

q,l

1
2
ABAy

FS y qy ql 0

FS y ql qy

B
y)
M(y)

ql

0 y l

0 FN y ql / 2 0

FN y ql / 2

y
2

4-6

M y 0

0 y l

M y qy y / 2 qly 0


CBCx

x
y

ql 2
2

ql

ql 2
2

x
FS(x)

FN x 0

0 x l

FS x ql / 2

M(x)

B
N(x)

ql2
2

M x 0

M x qlx / 2

FS x ql / 2 0

0 x l

M x qlx / 2 0

0 x l

ql 2
2

ql
ql 2
2

AB

CB

FN y ql / 2

FN x 0

M y qly qy 2 / 2

M x qlx / 2

ql
2

ql 2
2

ql
2

FN

FS x ql / 2

FS y ql qy

FS

ql
2

4-5

4-5

d 2 M ( x) dFs ( x)

q( x)

2
dx
dx

. q0Fs=
M(x) x
qFs(x) x
M(x) x
q > 0
q < 0
Fs=0

4-5

dFS
dM
q dFS qdx
dM FSdx
FS
dx
dx

dFS qdx

dM FSdx
a

4-5

F S x Mx

4-5

1kN.m

4-6

2kN

FAY

1.5m

1.5m

1.5m

FBY

M 0 M 0
A

AB FAy0.89 kN , FBy1.11 kN
2

4-5

1kN.m

F
2kN

= FAY

1.5m

1.5m

kN)

1.5m

1.11

3
F S x Mx
F

1.11 kN

BY

(+)
O

0.89

(-)

N.m)
O

(-)

0.335

(-)

F S x Mx

4-5

1kN.m

2kN

FAY

kN

0.89

1.5m

1.5m

1.5m

FBY

21

FAy0.89 kN
FFy1.11 kN

1.11

+
-

2 AC
DB
3 A

4-5

1kN.m

2kN

FAY

kN

0.89

1.5m

1.5m

1.5m

FBY

4 A

AA
AC

1.11

CC

CD

0.330

DD

N.m
-

DB

4-5

q
C

4a

a
FBy

Ay

qa

4-7

M 0 M 0

AB

9
3
FAy qa , FBy qa
4
4

2
ABAB
FByqa

4-5

q
C

4a

a
FBy

3
qa
4

Ay

FS 9qa / 4

3
F S x Mx

+
-

9a / 4
2

81qa / 32

7qa/ 4
+

qa
qa 2

qa

FSx

5
x
Mx

4-5

q
D

4a

a
FBy

qa

21
9
3
FAy qa , FBy qa
4
4

2A
BD

+
-
qa
7qa/4

3 A

4-5

q
D

4a

a
FBy

qa

4
A
5A

AB

+
-

9a / 4

qa
7qa/4

81qa2/32
+

qa2

1/29qa/49a/4
=81qa2/32
B

-1/27qa/47a/4

4-5

qa

FAy a

a
FBy

4-8

qa

qa

a/2
MA
FAy

FDy

+
-

FDy

qa/2

FBy

FDy qa / 2

FBy 3qa / 2

4-6

4-6
F
m

F
FS

FN

4-10

FN F sin

FS F cos

M FR sin

F
FR

5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-6

5-1

FN

A
T

IP
M

?
?

5-1

CD

5-2

m n

a
b
m

m x n

a
b
n

5-2

5-2

a
o
by

dx

5-2

FNMyMz

5-2

EI Z

My

5-2
My

IZ

max
M

Mymax

IZ

max

IZ
WZ
ymax

min

5-2
I Z y dA
2

IZ WZ

IZ

64

bh
12
bh

IZ

64

IZ
Wz
y max

(1 4 )

b0 h0 bh 3
IZ

12
12
b0 h03

bh3

5-3

l h
l / h > 5

5-3

My

IZ

IYZ =0

max

M max ymax

M max

5-3

max

max

Iz

y max

max

WZ

1.

2.

3. M I z

4.

5-3
q=60kN/m

l = 3m

FBY

180

1m

1.C K
2.C

120
B

30

3.
4.E=200GPa
C

1.

90kN

5-1

FAy 90kN FBy 90kN

M C 90 1 60 1 0.5 60kN m

ql 2 / 8 67.5kN m

3
3
bh
0
.
12

0
.
18
x
IZ

5.832 10 5 m 4
12
12
90kN
180
60 103 (
30) 10 3
M C yK
2

K
5

5-3
q=60kN/m
x

l = 3m

180

120
B

1m

2.C

FBY

30
z

M C 60kN m
C

I Z 5.832 10 5 m 4

90kN

x
90kN

ql 2 / 8 67.5kN m

Cmax

M C ymax

IZ

180
60 10
10 3
2

5.832 10 5
3

5-3
q=60kN/m
x

l = 3m

180

1m

3.

120

FBY

30
z

M max 67.5kN m

I z 5.832 10 5 m 4

90kN

x
90kN

ql 2 / 8 67.5kN m

max

M max ymax
IZ

180
67.5 10
10 3
2

5.832 10 5
3

5-3
q=60kN/m
x

l = 3m

180

1m

4. C

120

FBY

30
z

K
y

M C 60kN m
C

I Z 5.832 10 5 m 4

90kN

x
90kN

ql 2 / 8 67.5kN m

M
EI

EI Z 200 109 5.832 10 5

C
MC
60 103

5-3

5-2

160mm d2 130mm, a 0.267m,b 0.16m, F 62.5kN,

60MPa.

max

max

Iz
M

ymax

5-3
1
2
3BC
4
B

Fa 62.5 267 32

3
WzB d1
0.163
32
41.5 106 Pa 41.5MPa

max
Fb
Fa

max

MC
WzC

MB

Fb 62.5 160 32
6

46
.
4

10
Pa 46.4MPa
3
3
d 2
0.13

5-3

5-3

F1 6.7 kN, F2 50 kN , l 9.5m,

140 MPa,

1
2

max

M max

Wz

M max

Wz

5-3

1
2

max

Wz

M max

M max

Wz

(6.7 50) 103 9.5

4

140 106

962 10 6 m 3 962cm 3
4
36c

Wz 962cm 3

5-3
T

t 30MPa , c 60MPa,

5-4

t ,max t , c ,max c

5-3
z1
z

80 20 10 120 20 80
yc
52mm
80 20 120 20
2z

80 203
80 20 42 2
Iz
12
20 1203

20 120 282
12
6

5-3
3
4B
2 .5kN.m

4kN.m

4 103 52103
t ,max
7.64106
27.2 106 Pa 27.2MPa t

4103 88103
c,max
7.64106
46 .1106 Pa 46 .1MPa c

5-3
3
4B

t ,max 27.2MPa t

2 .5kN.m

c,max 46.1MPa c
4kN.m

5C

2.5 103 88 10 3
t ,max
7.64 10 6
28.8 106 Pa 28.8MPa t

b
m

m1

q(x)

m1

Fs

B x
x

n1
dx

p1

5-4

q1
n1

dx

( // Fs )

5-4

m1

m1
FN1

M+dM
y

dx

n1

pn : N1 A1 dA

q1

p1
n

dA
dx n1

M
M
y
d
A

A1
1
Iz
Iz

y FN2

A y1dA
1

y1

5-4
M dM
X 0, I
z
m1

'
y
d
A

bdx 0
A1 1

dM 1

( )
dx I z b
'

FN1

q
q1

p1

x n1

M
A1 y1dA
Iz

y1

dM
Fs ,
dx

A y1dA S z ,

dA
y

A1 y1dA

Fs S z*

'

5-4

3 FS

5-4
2
F
h

s

( y2 )
G 2I zG 4

P
P

Fs

Fsq

5-4

Fs

4 Fs

5-4

B
b0

F
s

h h
0

Fs

bh

5-4

max
max

=6(l/d)

5-4

bh

max
max

=4(l/h)

5-4

l / h < 5

A
C

E
l

5-4
F
50
z50
50

5-5

1m
0.34MPa= 10 MPa
[]=1MPa

100

1.
2.

max

F1

M max 6 F1 l

2
Wz
bh

bh2 107 100 150 2 10 9

3750N 3.75kN
6l

3.

5-4
F
50
z50
50

4.

100
2

h
F
b

3
*
F S
3 4F3
g S Z
g
bh3
3bh
IZb
b
12
3bh g

3 100 150 10 6 0.34 10 6

F3

4
4
3825 N 3.825kN

5-6

Mmax
max
[ ]
WZ
1. Mmax

5-6

5-6

5-6

5-6

Mmax
max
[ ]
WZ
2. WZ

5-6

5-6

bh
b( d b )
WZ

6
6
(b 2 h 2 d 2 )

dWZ 1 2
(d 3b 2 ) 0
db
6
2
2
d
2
d
b2
, h2
3
3
h

5-6

WZ

bh 2

WZ

hb 2

5-6
3

5-6

6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-2

y y( x )
y
y

x
dy

6-2

1
M

EI z

M ( x)

6-2

d y
2
1
dx

dy 2 3
[1 ( ) ]
dx

d2y
2

dx
1

y
M (x) > 0

M (x) > 0

dy
dx 2 > 0

O
y
M (x) < 0

M (x) < 0

d2y

M ( x)

dy
dx 2 < 0

6-2

2
d y

M ( x)

2
EI z
dx

6-3

d 2 y M ( x)

2
dx
EI z

d2y
EI z
M ( x)
2
dx

dy
EI z
EI z
dx

M ( x )dx C

6-3

CD

A
~

A
~

yA 0

yA

y AL y AR

y AL y AR

A 0

AL AR

6-3
EI

F Ax 0 , F Ay F ( ), M A Fl (
2x

M ( x ) F (l x ) F ( x l )
3

d2y
EI 2 M ( x ) F ( x l )
dx

yB

dy
1
EI
EI F ( x l ) 2 C
dx
2

F
B
B

6-3

x 0,
x 0,

A 0

yA 0

1 2
C Fl ,
2

1 3
D Fl
6

yB

x
l

1
1 2
2
EI F ( x l ) Fl
2
2
1
1 2
1 3
3
EIy F ( x l ) Fl x Fl
6
2
6

F
B
B

6-3

EI
+ba>b

F Ax 0 , F Ay

Fb
Fa

, F By
l
l

ymax

FAy
x1

FBy

x2

AC

Fb
M x1 FAy x1
x1 ,0 x1 a
l

B x

CB

M x 2 FAy x 2 F ( x 2 a )

Fb

x 2 F ( x 2 a ),

a x2 l

6-3

0 x1 a

y
d 2 y1
Fb
EI
M ( x1 )
x1
2
A
dx1
l
A
dy1
Fb 2
EI
EI ( x1 )
x 1 C1
dx1
2l
FAy
Fb 3
x1
EIy1
x C1 x1 D1
6l

a x2 l
d 2 y2
Fb
EI

M
(
x
)

x2 F ( x2 a )
2
2
dx 2
l
dy
Fb 2 F
EI 2 EI ( x 2 )
x 2 ( x2 a )2 C 2
dx2
2l
2

F
D

ymax

FBy

x2

B x

6-3

x1 0,
x2 l ,

y1 ( 0 ) 0
y2 (l ) 0

x1 x 2 a ,
x1 x 2 a ,

1 (a ) 2 (a )
y1 ( a ) y 2 ( a )

1
Fb 3
C 1 C 2 Fbl
6
6l
D1 D 2 0

ymax

FAy
x1

FBy

x2

B x

6-3

0 x1 a

Fb 2 Fb 2
EI 1
x1
(l b 2 )
2l
6l

Fb 3 Fb 2
EIy1
x1
( l b 2 ) x1
6l
6l

FAy
x1

a x2 l

ymax

EIy2

x
3
2

( x2 a )
3

Fb

(l 2 b 2 ) x2

B x
FBy

x2

Fb 2
Fb 2 F
2
(l b 2 )
x 2 ( x2 a )
EI 2
2l
2
6l
Fb

6-3

d
0
dx

l , max

l 2 b2
,
3

Fab
B
( l a )( )
6 EIl

dy
0
dx

ymax

ymax

FAy
x1

Fb ( l 2 b 2 ) 3
9 3 EIl

( )

B x
FBy

x2

6-3

6-4

n
(x) y
d2y
EI 2 EIy'' M ( x )
dx

i
M i ( x ) i yi
EIy''i M i ( x )
n

M i ( x ) M ( x )
i 1

6-4
n

y' ' ( yi )' '

i 1

y yi
i 1

i ,
i 1

6-4
3 qlEI
C yC B
B

yC1

yC yC 1 yC 2 yC 3
B B1 B 2 B 3
23CB

yC2
yC3

5ql 4
yC 1
384 EI

yC 2

ql 4

48 EI

ql 3
B1
24 EI
ql 3
B1
16 EI

6-4
3

ql 4
ql 4
5ql 4
yC yCi

384 EI 48 EI 16 EI
i 1
3

yC1

11ql 4

( )
384 EI

ql 3
ql 3
ql 3

B Bi
24 EI 16 EI 3EI
i 1
3

yC2
yC3

11ql 3

( )
48 EI

6-4
4 ql
EICyCC

yC

AB

6-4
yC

yC1

2
C

ql 4
ql 3
yC 1
, C1
8 EI
6 EI
l
ql 3
yC 2 y B 2 B 2
C 2
2
48 EI
ql 4
ql 3
l

,
128 EI 48 EI 2
3

yB2

41ql 4
yC yCi
384 EI
i 1
2

yC 2

7 ql 3

6-4

6-5

6-5
F
B

A
2a

6
C

EI

a
((a))

B
(c)

1
C

FBy

F
A

(d)

FBy

y (y ) (y )

6-5
F
B

A
2a

4
C

F ( 2a ) 2
14 Fa 3
( yB ) F
(9a 2a )
6 EI
3EI

a
(a)
(b)

( y B ) FBy

F
A

F Ay

B
(c)

C
FBy

F
A

(d)

8 FBy a 3
3EI

3
14 Fa 3 8 FBy a

0
3EI
3EI
7
FBy F
4

5
FBy

Fa

6-5

AB BC B AC EIF = 40kN
20kN/m

y B1 y B 2

q 4 4 FB 43
y B1

8 EI
3EI

yB1
FB
FB

FB

MC

yB 2

F 22

3 4 2

FB 43

6-5

q 4 4 FB 43 F 2 2
FB 43
3 4 2

8 EI
3EI
6 EI
3EI

3 40 10 20 4 4
8.75 kN
FB

2
3
2 6 4
8 4
A

yB1

yB2

0,

FA FB 4q 0

FA 4q FB 4 20 8.75 71.25 kN

FB
FB

MC
F

0,

M A 4q 2 4 FB 0

M A 4q 2 4 FB

6-5
C

0,

FB FC F 0

FC F FB 40 8.75
48.75 kN
yB1

FB
FB

yB2

0,

M C 2 F 4 FB 0

M C 4 FB 2 F
MC
FC

4 8.75 2 40 115 kN.m

6-5
AC
MC

MA

FC

FA

m) ( )

M A 125 kN m(
M C 115 kN m(

( )

)
)

FC 48.75 kN( )

25

FA 71.25 kN(

8.75
1.94

( )
48.75
17.5

( )

6-6

6-6

6-6

wC 2
62.5%
wC1

6-6

6-6


1
2
3

7-1
7-3 -
7-4 -n
7-5
7-8
7-11

71

71

45

71

FN

Mz

FQ

71

k
k

p cos cos 2

p sin

cos sin sin2

2

71
l

S
T

1
4

2
3

Fa

Mz

T
Wt

Mz
Wz

Mz

71
z

zx
x

xz

zy
yz

xy yx

, ,

1
2
3

1 2 3

71

71
S

l/2

F
2

l/2

Fl
Mz
4

5
4
3
2
1

7-3 -

yx

xy

x
y

xy

yx

a
dA

F 0
t

7-3 -
a

xy

A xy (dA cos ) sin x (dA cos ) cos

x ( dA sin ) cos y ( dA sin ) sin 0

F 0
t

A xy (dA cos ) cos x (dA cos ) sin

(dA sin ) sin (dA sin ) cos 0

a
dA

yx
y

7-3 -
1
cos (1 cos 2 )
2
1
2
sin (1 cos 2 )
2
2

2 sin cos sin 2

yx xy
1
1
( x y ) ( x y ) cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
1

( x y ) sin 2 xy cos 2

7-3 -
.

yx

xy

x
y

xy

n
a

yx

7-3 -

1
1
( x y ) ( x y ) cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
d
( x y ) sin 2 2 xy cos 2
d

0
( x y ) sin 2 0 2 xy cos 2 0 0

(x y )

2
sin20 xycos20 20 0

7-3 -
tan 2 0

2 xy

x y

max
min

x y
2

x y
2

1
2

2
y 4 xy

2
4 xy

7-3 -

x 60MPa xy 30 MPa,
y 40MPa, 30

y
xy

1
2
3

7-3 -

1
x y x y

cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2
xy 60 40 60 40 cos(60 ) 30 sin(60 )
2
2
9.02 MPa

x
x y

sin 2 xy cos 2
2
60 40

sin(60 ) 30 cos(60 )
2

7-3 -
2

max

y
xy

x y
2

x y

)2 2xy

68 .3MPa

x x y (x y )2 2
xy
min
2
2
48 .3MPa

7-3 -

y
xy

tg20

2 xy

x y

60

0.6
60 40
0 15.5 ,

0 15.5 90 105.5

15
.
5
1 0

7-3 -

3
3

xy

15.5

7-3 -

tg 2 0

2 xy

x y

0 45

135
2

x y
x y
2

xy
2
min
2

max

max 1 xy

xy
1

45

7-4 -

1
1
( x y ) ( x y ) cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2

1
( x y ) sin 2 xy cos 2
2

x y
2

)
2

x y
2

)
2

xy

7-4 -

x y
2

)
2

R (

R
C
x y
2

x y
2

x y
2

)2 2 xy
)2 2 xy

7-4 -

y
y

yx

xy
A x

R (

c
D/

(y ,yx)

x y
2

)2 2 xy

D (x ,xy)

x y

7-4 -

y
y

yx

xy

H ( a , a )
c

x
D/

(y ,yx)

D (x ,xy)

7-5
2

1
3

7-5

max
1
2
3

7-8

x E x

y x

x
E

7-8

1
3

1
E

) + (

2
E

) + (

3
E

7-8
2

1
1 1 2 3
E
1 1
2
2
3
1
E

1
3 3 1 2
E

7-8
3

zx
x

xz

zy
yz

xy yx

1
x [ x ( y z )]
E
1
y [ y ( z x )]
E
1
z [ z ( x y )]
E

xy

xy
G

yz

yz
G

zx

zx
G

7-11

FN ,max
[ ]
max
A
Mmax
[ ]
max
W

Fs S
[ ]
max
bI z
T
max
[ ]
Wp

max [ ]

*
z

max [ ]

7-11

max

max

max [ ]

max [ ]

7-11

7-11

(1)

(2)

7-11
1.
,,

b
0

7-11

1 b
1

b
n

7-11
2.
,,

1 [ 1 ( 2 3 )] / E

b / E
0

7-11

b
1
[1 ( 2 3 )]
E
E
1 ( 2 3 ) b
1 ( 2 3 )

[ ]

7-11
3.
,,

max

max
max (1 3 ) / 2
0

s /2
0

7-11

1 3

s
ns

7-11

( max

0)

2 15%

7-11
4.
,,

v sf v

0
sf

sf

sf

7-11

7-11
r [ ]

r ,1 1 [ ]
r ,2 1 ( 2 3 ) [ ]

r ,3 1 3 [ ]

7-11

1
1 2 4 2
2 2
2 0
1
3 2 4 2
2 2

r 3 1 3 2 4 2
r4

1
[( 1 2 ) 2 ( 2 3 ) 2 ( 3 1 ) 2 ]
2

2 3 2

8-1

8-2

8-3

8-4

8-1

10-1

8-1

8-1

8-1

8-1

F
a

8-2

10-3

8-2

c ,max
F
c
A

t ,max

Fl
t ,max
W
Fl
c ,max
W

t ,max

c ,max
Fl F
t ,max [ t ]
W A
Fl F
c ,max [ c ]
W A

8-2
8-1
[t]
30MPa[c]120MPaF
1

350

350

M
y1

z0

FN

z1

A 15000 mm 2
z0 75mm
z1 125mm

I y 5.31 10 7 mm 4
50 2

FN F
M F 350 75 103

150
50

150

425 F 103 N m

8-2
A 15000 mm 2

I y 5.31 10 7 mm 4

z0 75mm
z1 125mm

FN F
M 425 10 3 F N.m

350

t . max

M
FN

F
425 10 3 F 0 . 075

5 . 31 10 5
15 10 3
667 F Pa

c . max

t . max

c. max

Mz 0 F N

Iy
A

Mz 1 F N

Iy
A

F
425 10 3 F 0 . 125

5 . 31 10 5
15 10 3
934 F Pa

8-2
F

t . max 667 F
c . max 934 F

350

4F

t . max 667 F t

FN

t 30 10 6

667

667

45000 N

c . max 934 F c

t . max

c. max

c 120 10 6

934

934

F 45000 N 45kN

128500 N

8-3

8-3

Fy F cos
Fz F sin
(1)
x
M z Fy (l x) F (l x) cos
M y Fz (l x) F (l x) sin

M z max Fl cos
x

M y max Fl sin

8-3

(2)
x yz

Mz y Myz

Iz
Iy
y cos z sin
)
F (l x)(

Iz
Iy

8-3

y0 cos z0 sin

F (l x)(
)0
Iz
Iy

y0 cos z0 sin

0
Iz
Iy
y0
Iz
tan
tan
z0
Iy

8-3

t max

t max

My

c max
c max

max

Wy
My

max

Wy

Mz

max

Wz
Mz

Wz

D1

t,max [t ]

D2

c,max [c ]

max

8-3

fy

fz

Fy l

f y2 f z2
3

3EI z

Fz l 3
fz
3EI y

fz Iz
tan
tan
fy Iy

fy

I y Iz

Iy Iz

8-4
l

S
T

1
4

2
3

Fa

Fl

Mz

T
Wp

Mz
Wz

T
Wp

Mz
Wz

8-4
1

Wp
Mz

Wz

Wp

max
M

W
T

Wp

x y 1

Mz
Wz

x
y
xy
2

2
2
1 2
4 2 0
2 2
x y 1
2
min
x y 4 xy2
2
2
1 2
4 2 0
2 2

8-4
M

WP

2 4 2

2 2
2 0
1 2
3 4 2
2 2

8-4
1

W
T

Wp

2 4 2

2 2
2 0
1 2
3 4 2
2 2

8-4

1
2
2
M T [ ]
r 3
W
1
M 2 0.75T 2 [ ]
r 4
W
W MT

32

32

1
4

8-4
8-2
Me=300Nm
R=200mmF1=1400N
=100MPad

150

200

8-4
300 N.m

1400 N

1500 N
150

200

F2 R M e
M e 300
F2

1500 N
R
0.2
2

300 N.m

128.6N.m

120N.m

T 300 N.m
M M y2 M z2 176 N.m

8-4
3d

M 2 T 2
r3

W

T
Wp

M
W

M 2 0.75T 2
r4

W

8-4
r3

d 3

M T

W
2

32 M T
2

32

32 176 2 300 2
6
100 10

32.8 10 m 32.8mm


1
2

3
4

9.1
9.2
9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

9.1

9.1

9.1

9.1

9.1

9.2

M Fw

9.2

9.2

9.2
----
1

1
F cr 2
l
Fcr

Fcr EI

Fcr

3 Fcr

, w A sin
l
l
l
x ,w A
2

9.2

269 103 N 269kN

9.3

l
A

l
C

Fcr

EI
2

(2l ) 2

9.3

Fcr

Fcr

B
B
D

l
4

0.7l
l
2

l
C

C
A

Fcr

l
4

EI
2

(0.5l ) 2

2 EI

F
cr (0.7l ) 2

9.3
y

Fcr

2 EI
(l )2

2 EI
Fcr
2
( l )

9.3

9.4
1

2E
cr 2

9.4

{i

cr

2
2

E

p
cr
2

2E
p

1
2E
p

9.4
3

s cr p

cr s

2 1 ()

cr a b
a s

b

2 ()

ab

a s
2
b

cr s

9.4

l
i

2E
1
P
a s
2
b

I
A

P
s

2E
1

() cr 2

1 2 () cr a b

(
)

cr s

9.4

9.4

l i
Fcr cr A

9.5

Fcr
F [F ]
n st

n st

Fcr
n st
n
F

cr
n st
n

Fcr
n st
n
F

Fcr F

9.5

D
F=10kNABD=50mm
d=40mmQ235
E=200GPa 1 =100[nst]=3
AB

CD

F 2000 FN sin 30 1500

FN 26.6kN

AB

l
i

1.5
cos 30

1
1.732m

9.5

AB

l
i

11.732103

108 1
16

1
l
i

1.5
cos 30
I

AB

2 EI
Fcr
118kN
2
l

1.732m

D d 4
64 D 2 d 2
4

D2 d 2
16 mm
4

FN 26.6kN
n

Fcr
118

4.42 nst 3
FN 26.6

AB

9.5

l=37.5cm
d=4cm45
F=80kNnst=4

1
d

d 4
d 4 4
1cm
2
64 d
4 4

2 37.5

75
i
1
452=601=1002<<1

9.5

2
a=589MPa,b=3.82MPa,

cr a b 589 3.82 75 302.5MPa

Fcr cr A 302.5

0.04 2
4

381000 N 381kN

Fcr 381
n
4.76 4 nst
F 80

9.5

1220cm2,l = 7m, E =
10GPa,

1 110
y

a,

12cm

12cm

7m

7m

20cm

: 1xoz

y
20cm

12 203
Iy
8000cm 4
12
Iy
8000
i y

5.77cm
A
12 20

9.5

l 1 700
iy

5.77

121 1 110

>1

2 EI y

l 2

z
12cm

12cm

7m

E
cr 2

y
20cm

3.14 2 10 109 8 10 5

161kN
2
1 7

7m

Fcr

y
20cm

3.14 2 10 109

6.73MPa
2
121

9.5

2xoy

b,

iz

z
12cm

12cm

20cm

7m

7m

20 12
Iz
2880cm 4
12

y
20cm

Iz
2880

3.46cm
A
12 20

0.5

l
iz

0 . 5 700

101 1 110
3 . 46

9.5

a 29.3MPa, b 0.194

12cm

z
12cm

7m

29.3 0.194 101 9.7MPa

20cm

cr a b

7m

y
20cm

Fcr cr A

9.7 10 6 0.12 0.2 232.8kN

Fcr 161kN
cr 6.73MPa

9.6

2 EI
Fcr
2
( l )

Fcr
l

I
E

9.6

9.6

9.6

4
5


10-1

10-2

10-4

10-1

10-2

1.

2.
3.a

1.
P

st

2.

3. a

FNd

maa

Q
FNd Q

Q
a0
g

a
kd (1 )
g

a
FNd Q(1 ) kd Q
g

FNd
Q
kd kd st
() d
A
A

10-1QA

Fst Ax Q

Ax

Q
a
g
g
a
Q Ax Q Ax
g

a
Q Ax 1
g

a
Fst 1
g

FNd Ax

Kd 1

aQ

FNd
F

Ax

FNd K d Fst

d K d st

Q
ga

Ax a
g


DA

A D 2
A D 2
qd

2
2g
g

FNd

FNd

qd D
A D2 2

4g
2

FNd

FNd
D2 2 v 2
d

g
A
4g

v2
g

[ ]

vA
A

10-4

:
1.;
2.;
3. ;
4.

TV

T V V d
1
V d Fd d
2

V d

V Q d

1
Q(h d ) Fd d
2

Fd d d

Q st st

1 2d
V d
Q
2 st

d
Fd
Q
st

V Q d

T V V d

1 2d
V d
Q
2 st

bca

2T st
2 st d
0
Q

2T
2h
Kd 1 1
1 1
st
Q st

Fd K d Q

d K d st

2T
d st 1 1
Q st

Fd d d

Kd
Q st st

d K d st

T=0

2T
Kd 1 1
Q st

,2
2
1. h ,
v
h

Qv
T
2g

2T
v
Kd 1 1
1 1
Q st
g st

2. h

v 0,

v 2 v 0 2 2 gh

v2
v 0 2 gh
Kd 1 1
1 1
g st
g st
2

3.
1Q 2
v
V 0
2 g
1 d
1
Q

d 2

U d Fd d
d
2 st
2 st
2
1Q 2
Q
Fd d
2

d
v
2 g
2 st
Q st
T

v2
st
g st

Kd

v2
g st

10-2 EI W
Q

st

4Q a 3

3E I

st max

Qa

Q h

3EIh
2h
1 1
Kd 1 1
st
2Qa 3

d max

Kd
st max

d max K d s max

3EIh
1 1
3
2
Qa

Qa

Qa
Qa

10-3QABBB

st

Ql3
4Q l 3

3 E I E bh 3

h
l

E b h4
2h
Kd 1 1
1 1
st
2Ql3
4

Ebh
wB d K d st 1 1
3

2
Ql

4Ql 3

Ebh3

10-4
1kN
0.625mmd=40mm, l =4m
[]=120MPa, E=200GPa
15kNh
st 15 0.625 10 3 Q l 9.62 10 3 m
EA
3
Q
15

10
2h
12 MPa
st
Kd 1 1
2
A
d
st
4

2h
d K d st 1 1
12 [ ] 120
st

h 0.385m=385 mm