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1. (2.1) (a) A refrigerator has working temperatures in the evaporator and condenser coils of
-300C and 350C respectively. What is the maximum possible COP of the refrigerator?
(b) If the actual refrigerator has a refrigerating efficiency of 0.75, calculate the
refrigerating effect in kW and TR per kW of power input.
2. (2.2) A reversed Carnot cycle has a COP of 4. Determine the ratio of condenser and evaporator
temperature.
If the power consumption of the cycle is 7.5 kW, determine the refrigerating capacity of
the machine in TR.
If the cycle is used as a heat pump with same ratio of temperatures, determine its COP
for heating and the quantity of heat pumped.
3. (2.4) The overall volume compression ratio of a reversed Carnot cycle working with air as a
refrigerant is 10. The temperature limits of the cycle are 400C and 00C.
Determine:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Assignment 2
1. (11.1) An air cooling system for a jet plane cockpit operates on the simple
cycle. The cockpit is to be maintained at 25 0C. The ambient air pressure
and temperature are 0.35 bar and -150C respectively. The pressure ratio
of the jet compressor is 3. The plane speed is 1000 kilometer per hour.
The pressure drop through the cooler coil is 0.1 bar. The Pressure of the
air leaving the cooling turbine is 1.06 bar and that in the cockpit is
1.01325 bar. The cockpit cooling load is 58.05 kW. Calculate.
(a) Stagnation temperature and pressure of the air entering the
compressor
(b) Mass flow rate of the air circulated.
(c) Volume handled by the compressor and expander.
(d) Net power delivered by the engine to the refrigeration unit.
(e) Cop of the system.
2. (11.2.) (a) An aircraft flying at an altitude of 8000 m. Where the ambient
air is at 0.341 bar pressure and 263 K temperature has a speed of
900km/h. The pressure ratio of the air compressor is 5. The cabin
pressure is 1.01325 bar and the temperature is 27 0C. Determine the
power requirement of the aircraft for pressurization (excluding the ram
work), additional power require for refrigeration and refrigerating
capacity on the basis of 1 kg/s flow of air.
(b) Determine the same if the following are to be accounted
Compressor efficiency,
c = 0.82
Expander/turbine efficiency
r = 0.77
Heat exchanger effectiveness.
= 0.8
Ram efficiency
R = 0.84
3. (11.3) The following performance is expected in a certain Bootstrap
system:
Turbine efficiency
r = 85%
Secondary compressor efficiency
c = 77%
Secondary heat exchanger effectiveness. = 0.9
The cabin pressure is maintained at 1 bar. The cooling air temperature
entering the secondary heat exchanger is 32 0C. The compressed air
leaves the primary heat exchanger at 64 0C. The refrigerated air is
required to enter the cabin at 4.50C. Calculate.
(i)
The temperature of air entering the cooling turbine.
(ii)
The pressure of air at discharge from primary and secondary
compressors
4. (11.4) The air conditioning unit of a pressurized jet aircraft receives its air
form the compressor driven by the engine at a pressure of 1.22 bar. The
pressure and temperature of the surrounding air at the height of the
aircraft are 0.227 bar and 217 K respectively.
The air conditioning unit consists of a secondary compressor and a
turbine mounted on the same shaft. The pressure and temperature of air
leaving the turbine is 1 bar and 280 K. Calculate the pressure after the
secondary compressor and temperature of air at exit from the cooler.
Assume that all processes are reversible.
5. (11.1) An open air refrigeration system operating between pressures of 16
bar and 1 bar is required to produce 33.5 kW refrigeration. The
temperature of air leaving the refrigerated room is -5 0C and that leaving
the air cooler is 300C. Assume no losses and clearance. Calculate for the
theoretical cycle.
(i) Weight rate of air circulated per minute.
(ii) Piston displacement of compressor and expander
(iii)
Net work
(iv)
COP
6. (11.2) A dense air machine operates between 17 bar and 3.4 bar. The
temperature of the air after the cooler is 15 0C and after the
refrigerating coils is 60C. Determine:
(i) Temperature after expansion and compression.
(ii) Air circulated per minute/TR.
(iii) Work of the compressor and expander/TR
(Iv) Theoretical COP and hp/TR
7. (11.4) An air-cycle unit operating on the simple system is designed for the
following conditions: 7.5kg/min of conditioned air, air entering the
turbine at 4.4 bar, cabin pressure 1 bar, dry air rated discharge
temperature of -60C and a turbine efficiency of 80 percent.
(a) At what temperature does the air enter the turbine?
(b) How much power does the turbine supply to the fan?
8. (11.5.) (a) For an air cycle refrigeration system, the highest refrigeration
temperature is 150C and the exit temperature of the air from the
cooling coils is 400C. Find the minimum pressure ratio necessary for
producing refrigeration at 1 bar pressure.
(b) If the capacity of the plant is 33.3 kW and the pressure ration is 4,
calculate:
(i) The weight rate of air circulated
(ii) Theoretical displacements of the compressor and expander.
(iii) The theoretical horsepower of the plant and its COP.
Assignment 3
Determine the percentage saving in net work of the cycle per kg of the refrigerant if an
isentropic expander could be used to expand the refrigerant in place of the throttling
device.
(b) Also determine the percentage increase in refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant as a
result of use of the expander. Assume that compression is isentropic from saturated
vapour state at 00C to the condenser pressure.
5. (3.5) An ammonia refrigeration system operates between saturated suction temperature of
-200C, and saturated discharge temperature of + 400C. Compare the COP of the cycle using
wet compression with that of the cycle using dry compression.
Assume that the vapour leaving the compressor is saturated in the case of wet compression,
and the vapour entering the compressor is saturated in the case of dry compression. The
refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid.
6. (3.6.) A standard vapour compression cycle using Freon 22 operates on simple saturation
cycle at the following conditions:
Refrigerating capacity
15 TR
Condensing temperature
400C
Evaporating temperature
50C
Calculate:
(a) Refrigerant circulation rate in kg/s.
(b) Power required by the compressor in kW.
(c) Coefficient of performance.
Assignment 4
1. (5.1) An R 22 refrigerating plant with back pressure control has a capacity of 30,000 kJ/h at
-300C and 45,000 kJ/h at -250C. The refrigerant flow is controlled by thermostatic expansion
valves with 80C superheat. The condensing temperature is 350C. There is no heat exchanger.
The vapours are superheated by 150C in the suction line. The compressor is single-acting
and has four cylinders. It runs at 930 rpm and its bore/stroke ratio is 1.25. Volumetric
efficiency may be assumed as 70 percent. Calculate the dimensions of the cylinders. Also
calculate the power consumption and COP.
2. (5.2) An ammonia refrigerating plant is working at an evaporating temperature of -30 0C and
condensing temperature of 370C. There is no sub cooling of the liquid refrigerant, and the
vapour is in the dry-saturated condition at the inlets to the compressors. The capacity is
150kW refrigeration. Estimate the power consumption.
(i) When one-stage is used
(ii) When two-stage compression with flash intercooling is used, and
(iii) When two-stage compression with flash chamber and liquid sub cooler is used. Assume
suitable intermediate pressure.
Explain why it is not advisable to use multistage compression to produce refrigeration
temperatures of the order of, say, -900C.
3. (5.3) A two-stage 10 tons. NH 3 refrigeration plant with shell and coil type flash intercooler as
shown in Fig. 5.14 is operating at the following conditions.
Condensation temperature
350C
Evaporator temperature
-400C
Interstage pressure
2.91 bar
Sub cooling of liquid in flash intercooler by
300C
Thermostatic expansion valve setting
50C superheat
Assuming that the vapours leaving the LP compressor are intercooled to 40 0C by water before
entering the flash chamber, determine.
a) Refrigerant mass flow rate in evaporator.
b) Refrigerant mass flow rate through HP compressor.
c) Total power consumption.
d) Total power consumed in a single-stage NH3 plant for the same duty.
State what are the advantages of using flash intercooler in comparison to single stage system.
Assignment 5