STUDIA POHL DISSERTATIONES SCIENTIFICAE DE REBUS ORIENTIS ANTIQUT 15 AGUSTINUS GIANTO. | WORD ORDER VARIATION IN THE AKKADIAN | OF BYBLOS E PONTIFICIO INSTITUTO BIBLICO ROMAE6861 2290100 ‘oUOY ‘senMY zeindutoo quedns xxoy) qirm 1¥9) sug sonpord ow pedjoy OW seumyekFOK Ur snis|uvy uEymVOrG Jo Hog "NEMUOYA PISOION, “SL Woy ETE - O66t @ pw adune7 *p “4g 01 apres Kau puoaax | asvox OW Inq 1807] sous SSoj8 aUEEUED & FurSMponU aSpam so fHeyUessoTE) SIXAUL WHOSTANAD SHLL ONLLYAALLISNY WL NIGASN SIOMAS apa tunouoig wapuadopuy astayg muon isodang smoppasg seal) asezy enon soalqng sana axmesodayy uouuaydauo3, Iu du 2 SLL “d uo paisy are suoneyaaugqe orgdestongrer SNOLLWIAR HEY STOMINAS CNV SNOLLVIARUEEV ser SUALLAT VNUVILY AH, JO XAONE sex Anayaporiig zt NoISa1DNOD 661" Seouomag wopuadrt ph ost SHONSLNAS LNAGNGAIG AHL SIMA OANRIVTAY ILL AGNOILYTIVA WED HON, me1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 WORD ORDER VARIATION iE BYBLOS AMARNA LETTERS ‘The term "word onder present study refers to the relative order among the functional constituents of a sentence known t (S,V,0). The label V indi parts of S, V or P, adjuncts, The Following diagram: Predicative Structure eSeeun eal v 8 —~o c ithegge ™ Abdi-ASirta dt Sigata ana Sau" Abdi-ASina has taken the city of Signa for hitmselt? Verbless Sentence1) sues stood poe (68 6D) ueusSSY 2M UE AOS wos} BO 101 S900 (OO “SL6l) IWBEATY “7 DOW "p6 6961) HOO “S161) wompauy , uroure a 9 pays ope uusnoad UMOUUT) 162 (OPPS) JOO IOAN BAIL ¢ YY cUepopIy prpues uy 19pi0 AS a1 OF ysenuOD Suns ur St SoIg4g Jo UEIPETY oy UF OSA Jo aouRuyUOPAd oy, ‘OSA Atauuyep st 19pio ueURBOp ayp ‘sauM Zz SHO gE pur seuin SZ Sino90 OS ReUL ARID “apqyssod ame SOA PUP OSA Yi°g “N900 © pu g Lay AA “T 01 Z"L SMA St AO PUY OA Hoaieiag omer a4, ‘YepsO BSIOAAT o4p Jo S98U9 GO rsUuVBR IeAO © B4O}aq A JO S—SED OLE are aay ‘g) [OF UA Jo vonTsod 949 105 Sy “T o1 €-z st AS PUE | 39Pr0 assoAar oWp JO Sasvo ZT ‘A 21a saseo ppg az aioyt JecOU 4p 40j apIse SULAEOr] arom nog "wIqng pur duding-tty 44 197 pSOIQKe wIOUs 1W9s J:u2sar 1e9q walUoD axp pu “idi398 ‘st so9| 19]q81-0m1 Sy Jo Led c soupagoeant (uy 66 ase “Lg61) wer0yy aos sron2j sumury ox] or woRonpo.na yorouas 304 “HOA oy wot wou st wane x9 syane| asota Yorum UE oun Jo ued aN (C8 “36 yeas Suraonog songs worsks Suuoquumu ‘200 ASO. ‘woul 0q S22uoIUDsSS9]gN94 PU TOGID fofenfonl onus of ean 8 Avtar {811 omp Soups swa[a a0U St “eppeH-qry £q qos oom Sia ut papnjout axe “inutag uf umnofos any Aq was “geT-9E1 VA 7Z9E Pl a] 50 soueueAosd pue apuds au “Opt Pu GET “TOL wox wedy “€pnas Buuinp sojqq JO epPeH 1 sndioo ai wo stot v “ere 91 Butssnosip aloyag “Sran9] somgdg IQ 4 prom qubuRO 241 coy LonELTEA 30 widouoD UrBEE Ou, F2PIO POM IGE sey soouDHUDs SO MAG a0 NWNVRY SL ATAOILIREVA 20K) HOH, z4 Won Ono VARIATIONAL TIE AKKADHAN OF ByaLOs comparison Babylon diffcrence.6 On the other hand, VSO order is amply documented i letters written from southem Syria-Palestine, hence from the vicinity of Byblos.” Departures from the VSO order in these letters have y word oder, such an explanation to understand the word order variation in the is SOV order. 52, 434), BA 16 adian rather then Midille Assyrian, For the grammar of fend of siently put the verb atthe end; see Adler (1976, 94-95, § 62 with examples of VSO), Jewers, represented by Keuers from Bei and the Palestinian cities of iazor, Megiddo, Shect ( Lachish, have 8 dominant VSO lr in the northern letters from U i, 39-86). The Fevers northern and the the letiers and legal texts docu Independently by Huhnergart (1978), 1. IntKopuerion 5 Akkadian of Byblos.8 Yet this explanation will not be taken as an a priori. Instead, each case will be studied in its context to see the possible motivations for the variation, ‘The statistics on the three Rib-Hladda letters sent from Beirut are as follows: 50 examples of VS as opposed to 20 of SV, giving the ratio of 2.5 10 1; 41 of VO as opposed to 5 of OV, giving the ratio of 8.2 0 1; 12 of SO as opposed to 3 of OS, giving the ratio of 4 to 1, The data demonstrate that the dominant order is also VSO. If the three Beirut letters and the Byblos letters are put together, the ratio of VS to SV will be 2.3 to I: YO to OV will be 7.3 t0 1, and S80 to OS will be 5.5 to 1. These ratios are the same as those found in the Byblos letters proper, except for the ratio of SO to OS, where the difference is only 0.2. Thus, in terms of word order, there is no significant difference between the letters from Byblos and those written from Beirut. For this reason, levters 136-138 are included in this study. variation indifferent Semitic languages, namely, Hebrew: Andessen (1 ces), Muraoka (1986, T= phasis), Lode (1984, on the S occuring after the verb and heir permutations), Givéa (1983, on the shift trom early VSO to the late SVO}, Fox (1983, on function of Word order to mark continuty of Hebrew narrative); Aram ‘order), Buth (1987, an ap ional Grammar tothe study of ‘word order); Ugartc: Wilson (1982; on ward onder and sentence structure in Kri); Arabic: Bakr (1980, transformational gran poetry in Hebrew and Arabic): Cohen Corder in verbless sentences in Clasical ‘esp. 48-53 on word order in verbess sen Semitic).:puogns pur voueuspso09 ‘ue89 pur ystwogor, pavsrouyonyy 109 vase 9Si9NIp a4 oust 420m 91 joa a10yN asm Aion “aon save) ) aoe Po 5 ny Jo ausoIgeIEY9 soamieay Suga pur (6061) We fqug se umoUy ULIpeAYY Jo saRoERA Ss} uuu9t oy) Kem our 199Np Jo snes aduaH “URIpELY JO KoteA sane S01 om w POP OWL, SOTHAW 3O NVIGYNAY 3H AO SALVLS OUSINONIT SHL ZL nd up pur “soouaMts [PaLEA WL OA, asioaas ay 10 (s4gda1q + AN} SA 04 siapso aius aN (18-961 “6L6D Aaqulg 9s ‘weIDERLY we soa “onyde 9q Aa gs oq yeuuoU st 4 “unoUONT FeuOSad e st DefGNS 24H Ua BN S9IOU (EFZ-IPZ “PRGL) UAYOD “DAAMOH “29TI § DVD g Jo 20t0y ay “tepso gq pue gg UsDa19q UOReUIOTE 241 UO Sa_pmIS 205 ‘uoox JTRS snup St au2Y1, "Sola Jo URIpEXAY oy} UT UORELTEA J9pLO Puom aup Jo uoneSnsoaut oneUeIsKs Aue ¥o9q I0U Sey 2IOH J, ‘Aareredas alwan 99 01 aaey [TL saoustuas esau ‘siapio SuNeUIDITe aYp UsoMIq 247 ur souazeysrp wea aip yo asmeoa¢l “Sour sjgdotg) s9pr0 a5s0A01 94 Ye FuNBUIDTE “SKIN YET pose (augdsia + aN) WHOF ¥Seq a4 sey YoY ssouaIUaS ss9IqQI0 50 dno sayoue st axoq ‘anoqu pouonuaus s2ouatuas oy2 wor} uedy -paxusoaur ag oF {10s St SoraKe WwOUS S113} 94 94 OST ESHA seUROUAL “(LT ELI “EO “6LOT steyaso 01 parngimre us9q sey s9pr0 Sa posh USIDEPTY ay PuE UEIPEYTY PAPPURAS YIOg 03 VOLO st sap10 dS Jo souwunuopard oy, ‘ag st sapuo puow yueUWOP axp EYE SuEDL SUL "LO € 81 $e PUP Ag UodMIaq oMeT ay) ‘g Se UROL v pur g ‘se unouosd jeuosied #40 UnoU ® Yat S35UDIUIOS $S9]QI94 UL I spIOm, 4 ut) 30 wontsod pasiagasd ain ‘ase Aue uy “{ 01 pp *Ayouneu “Ec ]:/29 81 ‘ones agp 'su2119{ EPPEH-GPA aH JO 1894 94101 PAPHE-asv asx TOPO ‘9839A9% 21 JO SOBED LT PUL D £q pamorfoy axmonas axrmvorpard Jo savea g6 urewwoo sron9] Mulogl Uj, 1 01 gp Jo OnE a4I BULA “sapL0 ‘ssoAas a1p Jo $9829 gET a4 01 posoddo se 3 Ke paid Jo saseo PRE aur auoUp “rede Sio ait Jo ssaqpueifas xpd 2TOuN ayp 01 woraL SOMA UOAWIIYEY LLNINOLNTIVA HICHO GHOH, °8 Won Onoek VARs T0871 AKEADIAN OF BYBLOS (1985), on the linguistic features of the letters from Amurru, These studies show that the regional corpora possess their proper consistent usages. Among such usages, the verbal system is the most tive mood (imperative, juss form of wu + garala in the apodosis of conditional sentences nly very rarely does the context require a future ‘meaning for qatala is essentially used to describe a durative customary happenings, thus a present- sentences when the verb of the main sentence is also in the indicative (ibid,, 81-82), ©. The form yagiul is chiefly used as jussive. The form s only occasionally as a narrative past (ibid., 51). This may be irusion from the Akkadian preterte jprus. When vagrul refers to ction, it never presents the action in its durative aspect. The ive yagtul appears in purpose sentences when the verb of the 1 IeropveTion ° main sent Jussive, oF v d. The protasis or apodosis The usage of verbal verbal form has no final endings ( -a), it is used as preterite yagrul, regar Janguages such di unknown, The Akkadian words were thus treated according to the West Semitic morphosyntax.12 OF to the present15 9861) 00H PuE (EOR-STT 'RBGL) BUTELIOR 298 gy ‘ir die wee) 9861) APOH 90 yous senueus 1905 UI AO UAH sos £4 pDNPONUE SH Sem MOY UL gy urowon pu (1ES-ZL eq 2ous sey put (24 ‘onerrutupe ueraupyY soLexd at 9-190 05:64 ELST) Aoury 208 “suoy yons Jo operons YsESUE BE Det yy (09-25 ‘6061) oR 205 “tuodi0o eureury seyto WON Ose “Ep Aue up "poroninsuodss dfammua TSOUwyE st 9fCUOXD FULMOLOS Su passant fjeas898 st pueuns09 @ ax0yu9 o unoUOad a!gNs BJO 99URLINIOD 2 ioA sup Jo ABojouesOW out ut ponsaidxe st r9afqns 349 99015 IL 2th aouts sojdarexa Jo apdhoo v uouaun 0 Saaxgns 3 gq"90usTUAS a4 0 Surauifaq ay: wv pues (eyrabos) poous anyon aip Wh SqI9\, OOUL SaNHOA a4p UE SqHDA *P L'g wons9s g saideycy ut somny passnostp 9g IM wondaoxa puooas StL, 4 BLAND vod joy $M 79f (u>Mp) pu, ‘soon eu OF uonN sey BUISV-—IPGY, mou OS, “(LE:PL) .AVLUONIN Jo aduat out uy arquossy, 1w-wru-ni-ng-nd YLA'NIN {mus (ssdoon ay) 01 vanum sey eunsy-Ipgy, mou og, 1xa1U09) eanwsodur oun opososd 01 riod Kew ywoua{dasoo v ‘uondaox9 uos0s o¥p oT “(9Z-ST:ECT) NOUN Dan uN (YONG) puas VOM, (YT IE] actggm [i] (s1VAs2s [eo ay 040g, 80) uatpmea Sau mag # uoNDansuOD jruLON amp Yam areduto; (4x94) Ssnutp “ul 1ynasg eanGjjg WOU uo aN 3p 40} S suapuad snseo se porosdianuy oq yom Sou (PE-EEIETT) UF AYO TaNKg LOY UaLE E a4R PUDg, DA-[tIS-5” Dani Idy QIU O-PS YT € (gpmERS Or | LEE TE pReng, ‘Zumum sur 9g 0: Sy, axawves) +40 aany O} suoas 1st a4, “9]qSSd Osye am Su se Uayet aq eur yori save om ‘FaAaMOU “330 BIBKLL 24 11m sajdwwexa Jo Susy] w wys Snorage os St su ue taa(qo sit sapaoaid pow aarerodaxy ayy ur poow aaunioduit oy ut sq, ‘> SMA JO SVIEVERYaIU.NINOLLVRIVA RHO) GHON, 82. EQuastonat, SuieNces 2 order is PS.! Huchnergar Akkadian the PS order is not consist 2. EQUATIONAL SENTENCES pronoun.” Sections 2.2 and 2.3 predicate (GAG § 126g; Finley 1979, 292; Kraus 1984, 25). The assump! sentence is SP regardless of the form of personal pronoun occurs in the second po: . Therefore wnalyzed as predicate.3 examples nos, 8, 106:18-20; 3 IF both $ and P are pronouns, SF @) This is he, 4 type (02) and (63) are noe a are nouns. But when S is a person: sulfx-conjugation and hence it be1, 24) ne wuspuadaput o} sq uaisse TS] 249 Jo 2818 469 ag THA SOAIDEGO kes-ar "286 ayeseduso>) 94 ys wano s9pu0 gS SUMNSSE OF SD MOO fea yons pur (2) UE pu areurcasarep (1) yl Sateisa1 yuo wonpouts: ng “uonroyisse> 1uutg “UOROLINUD, Jopio dS aut “uasiepuy Suyworjog ouaual 8 01 30 “areuTuuarap sna St 0) sragar mytnry poww uorssaudxa 4 940 “|ppour s,uasispuy Jf fotwuguatop oy JL uonvans ay AjueTD aGenBury 'sasea yons uy °(G 914 “9p pig) ajeunuuerapur oq wed dor 12090 uD TUD[EAIqUIE am “aoge usar souo oy se ‘sunou paxiggng “sruRMIDap Wout ayy se paysit Kjoridx> oe sunovord pouossag “(6OT “PIA! ssouateuuusaiep 40 2189s @ sapjaoud ospe uasiapay <(STBT AT) ees 305 “Sa St ‘1 seo oy) somns awwoxpaud 2u3 29H ‘siburuuat0p st 19a vor ( e SIDMuuNS ‘TWNoWWAbE Z yore presi asny[p Br sapro prow axy,Toofqns axp Jo onuapr ayn sams aveaypasd au) a1oHY (9:¢ XA) Jayres MOK Yo poo amp wwe T, (A) BNP, 2402, , 2yduurexa 404 “areurauaiap ‘satiog 40 “antuyap are areorpaud, ue 129/¢ns yioq “uoneoynuapt Jo asne9 w UL -,~uOBAYESseID go asnpja, pur maamtaq LOROUNSIP nosip auasaad ai x0} souvaayar jeanaiooyp wos sty 9d BY) JO MONG 9H] SUD YA Ajeatsnyoxs steep som au yBuou, seuatas ssojqiDA ut YoneLEA 9p10 pUo.s 9Y1 ZO} wRodo oF sidan (QZ6L) UDS!9PUY 1dx9 01 a1049:241 St wonsonb oy, 2uu feuonsodosd ous axp areIs S9OUNIUDS OM BY], (@PEL) Ares PEROT INOK LR, my-DU-D DY EHF HEA} LATE Ung UE AIM NOK OYA ToMPUOD kUI MOU NOR, — (Z Ps] Kar “Bury oyp 01 outta y puvay 2Avy 10 MOU [IOADIEYA ure, (Zz:GON) s1EAIDS TwAOT MOK uHe 4, VY--LY YL MY-PU-D ing oy “upg ‘ip 30 sauascud ay uy uoyods Suysq mou azE spioM as[Md, — ( tue apraond ‘out soups {19g ut pono axe stxowu0d ayy, aBesn aky arestsM|E SAOUSIUIS yo med Suunoyioy au “Sa put as ‘Ayaurew suo ain JO 4p ‘241 01 Suxpuooae sasuatuas teuoeTbs yo sad om ame 23044, (1g) 244) 01 parounsas st kpms auasaud ayy ut aouatues Teuowwnba usar oy.“ YaIdeYD uw passnosqp oq ts (©) 244 SOMA JO NMUVINY aU ENOL) KIEROTHOA, zPn Won Obie VARIATION DTI AKSADANOF BYBtos as emphatic. Hence arad kitiika anaku would be emp! assumption is that the emphasized constituent comes first. In (2) arad Aitiika may indeed bear some emphasis, as is clear from the context. 5 Hence arad information, Whether this t be examined further, The normal order, that is, jowever, suggests that here the statement is 3 the ‘false words’ about Rib-Hadda, He asserts servant of the king, reporting faithfully to the king. ‘Thus the idea expressed in arad kitiTka is more emphatic than andku, Accordingly, the SP sentence in (1) is not without emphasis, though it is unmarked as to its word order. This is also true of (3) 3)‘. -my situation is extremely grave. Moreover, look, we have. been a loyal servant of the king from ancient times (1 56) Sa-ni-tas a-mur a-na-ku IR ki-tfi-ka] a mur-sa-ma a-na "Moreover, look, I am your loyal servant, yet I have nothing bat distress." (116:57-58) ‘This observation leads to the question whether there is a definable correlation between word order and emphasis. ° For use meaning ofthe expression avad kt, see Moran (1985), 2, BQUATIONAL SeNrENces 2s The syntactic environments of the equatio or the other order seems to be condi rather than by the elements within the sentence itself. 2.2 THE USE OF PS Unlike the SP example in (1), which is aa i the PS sentence in (2) is dependent on the previous 1 Pargaya "you know my conduct’. The two cases of Pp + Spron + Chreppar it the corpus are syntactically dependent sentences in view of the use of the subordinating conjunction ingima. The first is a val sentence (5), pose of clarity. 4) of the king, your lord, ena fa-it ‘for yo and lord to me, (73:35-36, addressed to Amanappa) 2 a-na kastas pa-ni-ia na-ad-na-'and to you S have tumed,’ (73:37. 38) 5) ‘Asto its being reported to death of (some) royal archers," since the commis ct me tell abo ir deeds so the king i-nu-ma YR] ki-ti a-na-ku a-na Sa-Su (1) ‘that Tam a loyal servant of his. (119:24-25) 'May the king pay no attention ie slanders against his loyal [ser]vant’ king, "Rib-Hadda caused th ‘The only case of Pryp + Syp is also an in na-sentence:g wopsas 8 fe 298 uo WSSADSEP AY 30d g to Jo uonysed 19p ou 9g ro aroHy, giueHOdEAT $1 “pouaiu9s ay Jo SuluULsaq ay 3” poowyd 109 oy) ax9py “souaIuas WHanbosqns Sy wioxs aR9ID Ose St SHH, ou EPPUHI-qry 1eHt 2512 APOgoU Pu UNY O1 SF q Butag yo vapr ay or axojaroyp st aodeunuONd 9uIOS YPPEH “AN Jo} st uddouy oYm ssons 01 Pesn ee SPIOM omy, “M124 jodaz 01 potoadxa st uddeueury Apasroaud Sym uosvas ‘o%e2 o8au UT (2) pur (9) J0 PH ‘yp sordna20 quompsuos poziseydasa ay NUE IBPUO PION UIDALIZG WOLRD|a1I09 AOS $f 9594 9iduiexe sayy, 1xa1UOD 947 yaUA UE I AypIEANyAE TupFERE INO a 7 sueasas feo 8704 ee G}QRE UL JAI OM (HOY Sum a 30) osnou sone J gas cu aS Bu ANY, IO se0p oftssod ayy, mp ap ese am jo op se wosiad snosayovan ‘anarqoq 02 porsadxa s ry pouv arvorpoad aSussed oy uy 1YZno uIoUE oy2 snyy “TUEAeS [eso] ry OsISOp 01 KUO TUvOME SbAS Yoryan UOdas oa 9 aptaai 30 $200 dowetsos ga oxy aus stsArouy qi 20} wuersodwiy sono seyduio xreus 01 pus usaq uv, (6€:901) "eur astm v st ay pouodar w pray nureiue, “ouoIssIuRHOD Si se mueGUeA, puds oy Kur" u ‘suiojqoud roads yuasaad Aap oours sore porwan 34, (2) U1 pana ‘soyduexo roxpo ayy, “a9ua|uas juapuadap v sv aut prenionyirens se ome UOAdg + ANG 30 $30 away 2004 30 14 eo # wa9q i0u 1 au 9g 200 0g, %%2 RD OWOER VAMLATON Tn AREADIANOF BREE for you are ‘youu... whieh will perfectly f that the main emphasis is on ated-ma on abu u belu, This ex ex. The sentence can also be rendered as is father and lord to me, and to context, Therefore itis clear lent sentence requires a PS order, At the same time is not as neutral as in (2), ns emphasis to this or that particular Word order and emphasis in the examples has to be tested further with the SP examples, 2.3 THE USE OF SP The SP cases are more numerous than the PS ones. The ‘examples are given below as (8) through (23). All of them are PS sentences ion of PS and jer emphasis or he SP examples. See example (8) ‘contrast is also found ai 2. BQUAMDNAL, SpxriKeEs » 8) ‘Send a large force of archers that i? may drive out the king's enemies ang all lands be joined to the king Ja-ni-tas atta EN GAL ‘Moreover, you are a great lord (7643-44) "You must not neglect lies on P and yet it does not move to the front. Six other sentences start wi (14)-(15), and another with amu-mi (13). In (16), both Jantia amur occur. The same combination is also found in (3) which immediately follows (16). A discussion of these examples will be given at the end ofthe following lis. 9) (Formulae salutation May Aman...) a-mur at-ta LU em-qui "You are a wise man. (71:7, addressed to Haya) “The king knows (this), and because of ‘your wisedom> he sent you as commissioner." 10) *...and they sold a soldier into captivity in Subaru for their food." : a-mur a-na-ku IR servant of the king,’ servant like me’ a-na LUGAL-ri ‘Look, Iam a loyal (109:41-42) ‘[and} has no 1) IE my we his father.’ a-mur a-na-ku KALAG.GA LUGAL-ri ELN-ia) ‘Look, 1 am are heeded, Azanu will certainly be taken like ° ERIN. MES pi-t6-1is presumably construed as 3ed singular feminine; compare with 1B 5St, T2738 (29:53;Sumpauos uayas sno00 keane tou S9op sme uoRaaLsOHUE SUL, siseudura smaq (91) ut awvorpad au (¢) Jo aseo aun st se “Atreuta ‘aaoge (Z1) Jo ase agi yilm axedurog suoTe arworpaid ay UO JO aoafqis ay Uo sisax stseyduuo ayy reqh pEPs 99 YoUED W 19 “otMUYRTHLO Ayparqnopun st (61) ur aousiuas gg au “souarues ssafgns ayt uo stseyduno ayqqus9osip ow Sy aaya ‘ows sous ax ang’ (ED) Puw (1) or svyruuss s} aouaruas ou, “Buusasowut St (pT) 430 ase9 aut, “oneydusa st oxeorpaud au ou roafans aus soMneU Seqax Wt anzy rey skos Curd (Z1) aduekg “somo a4p UO EMISY-IPAY, JO SuOS a4 Yaya saxPaHOI TUBZY PLE PUY IuO IHN HO ,J, WINING ‘yp (EL) put (01) ur sixa}uoo puy suosssaudxo us AureLUS amp UOALD, yp sossanis 1wajuea yuanbesqns aut rey) sisaus axaquo9 2 (6) WHE SY WORE tug ing “Zapu0 poss 24 Sf zapao puown a4 Gat ‘suodue WaLs pajsunuOD 10U St UAE] 2OulS {BELL esto ¥ axe OM NOL wea (6) sey) Sjoysqun studas.ay tHOpSE sty SaUrLsDpUN Yara janbasqns oy: q POUMZLOD st SHULL, “UBL asta v SUIIG ue woy Supy a9 TeaoauoW, SAGA tu amwen Sor-tups jauxe st uonetnys dur, (QL 0 tueatos ue sh eqvond my fay 38 AI 09 19-55 S900 gstosew uw 0 aulog 4ay}e) aNOK YOU PIP 2} NOK We AIP ays WHEY * (UTVIOM DY SAW' AID v-Ds med) [nyo |UD aanwur stg we 7007] “ssansip ing Hunpou savy 1, cunnan og1 ng Suryiou are wn Jury 49 01 spiom avads| 1 Yinour Kur guts pur, (8-2:201) ung aq) Po] v we T, ALNp HTVONT an Jo Kpe] ap Any, yernqes oqyyrKaToy) = Palot] A [20g op tm oy. vos ou say Su ap 400", (Sz'¥eL) BUPA aos vue 1, TOA ULL MyDwen [furcnaee (nuzzy) 94 woym sofas pwhor ¥ 01 BuLFUo}>q Avsadoud st 4, Bop SuBAses oy! wHESy-APay, Jo suos oy1 ‘ayy aut oY asnf “sPR09I0 WN, (FELL) BHO] Kew “Fury a4! JO 4,0U0 BuO. oy so m0 NMIEVNY ALLA NOUVANYA HHEG.@HON, ve1oyy 295 “740, (i (er a of17) ‘Look, Gubla is not like the [other cities. URU gub-la URU ki-itti LUGAL BIE-ial itu da. "Gubla is a loyal city of the king, my lord, from most ancient mes.’ (88:44-45) 18) ‘May the king pay no attention to the slanders against his loyal servant that a treacherous man may utter before the king, my ord’ [two or three completely damaged lines] {4 ]i-ib- IM i-nfa iedli-ni-Su YR a-na LUG[AL-i ] 'Rib- ated, is Servant of the king” (119:34-35) 19) "May the king inquire from him (Yanhamu) [about the 2 'URU gub-fa URU ki-ti-mi'Gubla is loyal city, (127:25) 20) ‘He (Aziru) took their belong the cities of the king, J-en URU gub-ta GIS. Z-ta-at (!) LUGAL-ri ‘Only Gubla is a5 of the king. (140:16-17) To him belong Sumur, to him 21) “They have taken all my ci son of ‘Abdi-ASi Reading facna_Kla-ar-sf, compare with 119:26 fé-ut yi-if-me LUGAL bar, 3 The word GIS.ZI-a-at remains obscure. In any case, it must be a Feminine noun inthe constct state, 2. EQUATONAL SNTENCES 3 their [master URU-KI gu-u/b-IL1en URJU a-na ia-a-§0'Gubla is the only city Thave! (126:37-38) 22) (badly preserved previous context) 2 nfij-nu IR.MES LUGAL ‘And we are servants of the fo see tha wwe are 23) 23) and thus wi ces some emphasis, In two examples, (12) andi 1e emphasis, if any at all, is on the ‘whole statement, not on the subject or on the predicate alone. In the rest of the SP examples, the subject exhibits some emphasis. In other words, in ten with oon the first position. This, together w SP above, argues for the first and all the PS examples are dependent sentencs sentence remains the better explanation of the distribution of SP and © Reading lesru> sasisaljs Puy, oust DUNS oun Jo Ope SOUN UH (LD eyeop ngs aNg +N U-TWIDMT Du» + dNa +dNS. 1+ dg + Holds OD gawian drieup m ssseydusa pue aguanbas sroug Jo ssoypavas ‘q pue ¢ ‘st mug ‘amon aameorpaud ou) sayy santoo0 tuouia;danoo au ANAS TANOD SHLAO NOLUISOE ¥°Z uoninsuod yxy 94 2ouotues wuopuadap sd JO 95M YR Iw SH sc sIbsung awNouvaba % oun SBuy 2 3288 OWN EPPER AA WO ood BF, joy 305, woyp 01 aicuy y osoyaroua‘szoypong sanqy axe 2, 9g u-v avfd-dp]-$0 8 9IN-nu-tu gag EST (pus uaxo 2p TER OYTSTTOT vow ayp [woyM sey] ay wy oy st oye ‘seAdai0yy, — (9Z (b) pur dS 918 Em 98¥ aMp Sy Sv d9UDIUDS YuOpUddap B Si runny Lup a1stp St 10N “Sq 8 ($2) Pue (yz) axLTUN “aafos OF wID]gGo1d au0 suyEUOE x91, uy sosea yp &q 309, ‘siseydura £q pauompu0a DH(b0) Wd Jo Zunuoy 4p snyy, 1S 205 Buy 2p JO pa aA FD on SoAMS a eu 2). 96H 30 Buy ayL 20 ea Jo Suny a4 94 8], PENS a$-$0-PY YOY WONT tt bu-vetw AM TV! {RSH 30} “ung iN Bung aM Jo sono 9 2 songns ay sp “Bop ayn HESY-IPQY, st IEW ‘EROSION, — (GZ GMMPFT Jo Sury aus 1 {ngpeyy Jo Supx om 40, (OL:91 grou Jo Fucy op Kaw any,me-ng Dw-m-nw YA TON \¢SoafosuIDIp 304 Bupy oy Jo puyj oy vax aavy Kaun EUR “aNSY-IPay, JO suos uD) Kay anv OU, 21 “s9pi0 24) soouatUuas anon 9q 07 paroadya s: yucyrodust 9q 01 yuHoWE st YorYA OPUS ip 0} wontsod 381g 24 1 Kouspuan v st aszyp yey pres 9q Ue 1, 3saq ry “sousproutoo & aojoxoy! S| uonisod assy 24p Ut SISEydUIE SOTARADNNOYY ML AENOUEIREYA HEH NOH ve36 ‘Wor OnveR Vansion I AKKAMANOE BYBLOS Pap + Spion + a-na Sa-iu (5) Pyp + Spion + a-n a) ‘he prepositional phrases serving as In other words, they are next chapter, 2.5 SUMMARY by the status of the wrase functioning as al sentences is after the complex SP or PS, is of the sentenees. 3. LOCATIVE AND EXISTENTIAL SENTENCES 3.1 LOCATIVE AND EXISTENTIAL SENTENCES Verbless sentences which have the basic form (NP + PrepPhr) require a sepa order over again: mentioned in the previous dy distinguishes two different meanings of the form (NP + PrepPhr]. ma ™a-ma-an-ap-pa it-ti-ka Now that Amanap ith you, (74:51) ‘as 2a) ‘As to their having said before the ki BA.UG3\nu-tu-mi a-na KUR. ME’ in the lands." (362:47) 2) "The king should (62:48; immediately the lands.’ (362:49-50) ‘Whereas (1) describes where Amanappa there is something, namely, a pes! tation: out of the sampled es of (NP + PrepPhr] over against 63 examples of the reverse“PQY, Puy, Meas owt orfairi-o-din SAWNWAG tO x pu dep a1 sue_ ‘vos Aq upusuy Jo odood ayi ‘pury Aq mngy-pqy, D Mi§t Dp-Dot-AD rAWAdu POHL ¢ yoeussord tuny se, (T¢-0€¢8) 3n0K ur Kors ajousn 242 s, Py Bdpfii-nJdyy J “nok qu 8} vharing 29: « a ualap Jo SuOHOIpur 910 ame aso “I9AQMOH US} uNoU syeunULIoISpUL puR arwuTKOap uasMI9G, \uyjap Are oABy tou s9op UEIPENY soMg :pard aug wt Supyooy axe sauna} a8ay, M4} a]qUIEAODIY 10 “UOAL ‘owuULLUUDIEP 8 jo roo{qas om rey moys Iw ay, axaivea Fuypooaad St 90ua}Uas aan SSONALINAS BALLVDOL Z'E 241 uate. saouatUDs jou Jo xBnUKS se sx ING UNSIKg AWW ANEVDOT'¢ “eR60 Hoquopop pur (1461) PREM riouyonys pusagcr § gre amudo) HOH) 4 soivjausoa $201 198 SS9IquoX Jo adi yprsads w St (eZ) 904 st pipw oun puw aveoxpaid ay) st put Jo ned renuosso ue st eddeuewny 5 DYz, “souaIUas aantEooy PaTTEO 2q ‘1 Jo wornss0y axp rnoge jureus st (1) 29u "ssajqzoa oy Apoex9 spuodsaiioo sty, “aworpaad ayn Dy somagaonviaery| Na soUvnera wo0 ‘Woo Ona VaRaTion THE AKKADINNCEBYBLOS Afirta's sons wall be in the countryside*, (104:47-48) "They ‘would stack . Na-zi-ru DUMU MIR-a-si-ir-ta qa-du SES. MBS-Su i-na URU du-ma-ai-ga'Seeing that Aziru, the son of ‘Abdi- 0 you,’ (132:29-30; see also (1) above; 127:23-24) ‘ask him, 7) at-lu Mia-pa YIM it-ti ™a-zi-rfif "Look, Yapab-Hadda is with Azinu! (114:69) 8) ‘As the sons of “Abdi-Adirta are hostile..." 2 URU sidu-na QURU be-rta ti-ul a-na LUGAL ‘and as Sidon and Beirut do not belong (any longer) 20 the king,’ (118:30-32) ‘send the commissioner to take them, 9) amur URU gub-la la ki-(mja URU-RLHILA[x x] URU gub-la URU LUGAL BIE-ia) itu da-ri-ti ‘Look, Gubla is not like the (other?) cities; Gubla is a loyal city of the king my lord from most ancient times.’ (88:42-45) 10) Sa-ni-tas a-mur URU guecub>-la kicma bi(!)-ku--ta- ahi!) Moreover, behold, Gubla is like Hikuptah.’ ki-na-na URU gu--la a-na LUGAL EN-ia ‘Accordingly Gubla belongs to the king, my lord.’ (139:7-9) * For this meaning of séru, see Mi described in example). (1975, 157} the situation is 3, Locarive ax Exise cn. SeNvNces a b, Personal pronoun 11) Furthermore, whose ships have attacked me? Is it not the mea of Arwada? w al-la Sfuj-nu indeed, they are now with you.’ (101:14-15) ‘Seize d ships of the men of Arwada who are with you in Egypt.’ 12) a-mur a-na-ku d-ujl] kfiJ-mfa] Mia-pa-ab- 41M a teu ki- {maj 2{i-iJm-ri-da'| am not like Yapaly-Hadda and am not like Zimredda. (106:18-20) ‘All brothers have deserted me.’ 13) ‘As for the mayors, they ate the ones who strikfe] our city Junu ki-ma UR.KU "They ate like dogs,’ (130:33-34) ‘and there is no one who wants to serve them. 14) emma (37:53) na-ku a-na URU-li.KU'When I was in the city, rarded it for my lord.’ AAs itis clear from (14), the order in a dependent locative sentence is also SP. The word order operation in locative sentences is thus different from the one in equational sentences discussed in the previous chapter. Other examples of dependent locative s in SP are given in (25) and (26). tence. 15) kima MUSEN.MES Sa i-na SA-bi hu-ha-ri\ki-lu-bi fa-ak- rna-at Like a bird lying in a trap\ Sucma a-na-kue i-na SA-bi URU gub-la'so am 1 in Gubla.’ (74:47-48; sec also 79:37-38; 81:36) AS a matter of fact, sentence (15) is structurally ambiguous, Ifthe prepositional phrase i-na SA-bi URU gub-a is analyzed as predicate, the Arma phrase will have to be considered as, complement. To be sure, it is a fronted complement, Other cases ofuc ogi ft ‘ousiuas Twapuadopul UP Se Haye ag Ose A "e190 o4p $f 20pu0 TPuLON 9g 29 ‘vorspuod # yo ase as vs}, sang ou kfaBEA dynsau yp Jaye Buya09 aaueNS % (PC-ETOPL) “30 sue St auIHD ou, nu B] nit-ad no oi Ww sioolans anturaumiap Areanxaiv0.) “p erie .PUu SURE St KpoqSs9K9 puy, 1¢-77 mew 1¢-Qp8 nu-Dd A oe mA] 1 anns Kay “POUT; sujyeuar vansieg, (L1671) -wHaIA o1 Buo[2q sonno Aww Ly, [MM]-n[x]- Du-p v[r-gawt nn q[Pl3 (ez 1 199 {F9U NOK 5 TE'T8) Eu Jo sso] ama ayy, Pye le (ss-1s:L10) sandy, 01 Suojaq PI, SHW'ZVO SAWNT DW? SUNY ‘srayose ow ane arayl eK SM, (Ig rvanumg 0) 20:03 royoxte ue puas Susy axp Aeue og, (E1 “crrOD NS-DS DUD SAW TAN er PLY aH IOUT, (Og ee SIONUINGS WHNGISI¥ ANY SAVIO '¢ tury oF ante Kann “Buyypcue se2y szokew ou sv Uoos sv PUL, (68:28) : sty uo are andy, om TY, SAWZVD SAW OT IY (or a yo suosssardyg “9 LS PEL Le-9C:LE1 ‘Sb-yy-ogT UE Supswodde .njqno puend on st Sury sip Jo autsop amp 5], ngyO aBsou DUD Mans 19q}y purus worssaidy aup Jo yuoosturtas St 99URIHRS ISH OU], “pas puoy Sux Kew vay, ua Bury ain 24198 oF Po-ven pup pueoenw-pd :fortdnp mo4e We [980034 3k 01 Ssoupury 2uos suo sey ay Uayjo Moy smoUy Bury aL, Rumary Jo pur] ap way HBpY-pay, AEP PROM F pup, (Z9:¢8) ,Reay Kar yp (su0) St Lay asK LPrIEYS, Y§ FOUIeADT ou 9q auDyN 29 IsNZ, (OT “sunououd pax poworpur sx 199fgns ayn jo ssouareuyauaiep aut (gi)491) 24H O8{@ SI0N “uosuEduoD o43 50 Jo Sururaq oun “den ang *p'¢ uoNI99s ui UaAKS 2q ja astayd youoRssodaad axp Jo FunUOLS Serko RvR RLM NLR EHO HON, w-n d-na URULKI “that the foreign ry: (138:61-62) 2) }).MASKIM L[UGAL if-t/i-nu "When the ssioner of was with us,’ (85:82-83) ‘it was ial sentences have none of jinateness of the noun phrase described » TUM UGU URU su-mu-fur] “There is a war i,’ (106:21) ‘and now its commissioner is 2) ‘Moreover fam your loyal serva 4a-na ia-ii ‘but Lhave nothing but distress 6, mara-garmi tuma-al Sa-al-ia-mi ma-an-[gla-am- na “There was anxiety”b (362:13-15) ly. isa grammaticat has been interpreted in 3. Locattve AND EXISTENIHAL SeNTENCES 8 4) "Tam old,’ @ mur-si dan- ZU ra-ma-ni-ia ‘and there is a serious illness in my body." (137:29-30) 9) Sanivtas di-nua-na “Moreover, I have litigat (117:64-65; see also 118:1 co{mmissioner to] de| 4) "May the ki ilde between us. ® Why should thely be URU.MES-nu ana (12439) A group of eight other cases of exi: the genitive Sarri modifying the noun. Th the context makes clear expressions simply mean ‘royal provision’ and ‘royal garrison’. There are actually only two different sets of expres: himself already suggested this meaning 5 For the reconstruction, see 125:33118 ve worssodoad or o5n jou soop yg¢:¢c1 ut aBessed yoqered ayy, “oy oun Jo SuruusBoq ‘q1 pup oyt Funedishue Joxo yoquS o4 Yom Keus uo uonisodoud 9158 Tensnun 5 Supa seo Buoi ogy me eu Spent Loy ury 2u0 ay) uo suodeun a jagmiag WesIUOD a4} Sys0us aTBo_paLE 24 Jo Sunuo4y ay, “[enuarsix9 Wop soyres DARIO] S| aDUsTUaS 24 (Gupiogoy “areunuusstap stm shu, “[Z pu 6z SauE UY PauouaK jownaud ava og) oF 0304 (y) UE (LEONA) mumynu prow OUI, (os-Rb:811) oureGue, isureTe pue ous sure SEU OY, AON 2M-Df-uO-Pty NDA 8 PK-DI-NIOA PY aU OF SunLUM 293 tou op Lown ‘sovad Iw np Am SoqLD aI aus gy ‘SsOKOU aM 30} SY, (H axe Koy pur s “broorpaid axa J0 Sunuous 241405 uommueydaa om St WL. ‘Spuey pood ur axv Kou “2ou2q_ “2sfo ax04AUD 10U pur SOIQKEE ik MUA ane sutend Ae oop mip 190j 4p SossaNS UPPEH-GNA (E) UT v0 01 twayp 205 ure[ 8] ou st axoyL ang, (PS'S01) mou our ye ame AoW], MENS DEL! DUEn-[D] {Rseyip Jo ano 108 oy suena amp sop sy, (E (o¢-£2:¥0D -wsemA way aney Kou sauio S1Y ayer 9ANy puE I>UOESSPEILUOD SHO yNO WOALsP aay AatE SON, BEDI MUN HO-L] Du-nU-D ML-NS-DS DUD Ny-SAW ASA 2b} COP WIAS YING [n}esé-np ou-pu-T pemuup BY) SUITE | 241 91 Sour Jo sino Y “auouue santo axp 4940 foxtu00 Ku ti 104 op souo|ssiuniOg Fury By, “({) OF FERS st UoREMUS ou : ror) smmatg Nie “eepry oe suUL, o-e8-1¢ MIN sd f-Pes CIN PDP 4D NAN M-(;)ng-(jJog HUD or SHONUINGS GWESSILSIET GRY AALWOOT “E €9 von 9 Jody wopsnonp 98 OHSS AS AO {eseI191 paydna0 sey ‘omNsy PAV, JO vos ayy “eyieE-ng IMA MoUy “PLOY Aur Bury amp ABW, — et-the0D ‘aveuieur ain o: urvwios wrebay pur anuing, TWD Q'T Dun nie J) De-pb-a NAAN 8 u-muené CRIT. WH suOMUOUE pxOIH09 IWonbosqns up ‘paapuy "tummy Jo pu o4p ur SontD ay) Jo aBmyD UE CTYD (YD gna myyan aq 1 ‘arouse a¢p 07 YoU pur “ratdy, aUp 91 0) Su0faq puey ay req eapr ay! uO SareMuaouOD 1uoWIOIS sy CLL-OLE0D purr asnua ayn SBuojag t9qp OL, EUAN HOF mens-Dy -D _auneay 30 puey ayy pardnoo0 ancy Kou, — (1 aN 94 Tm saouaruas (epuarsixe uy astayd peuonsodaud 2 430 Aumgyssod au. ssouatuas aniteooy ase asamp try -(@)-(1) 22s “19pI0 asyanar ay Jo soqdumxe axe oxauy, ‘aseiyd unou ayp s9wye sn090 "RF sty Possnosip seauaruas ayp ur aseayd uonEsodaxd ou, passnasip 8SVUHd "TWNOLLISOSRA SHLO ALITNVAOW 1°€ WEETOEL ST-¥E HI-ET-ZEL ET “CLIC Osfe 998 ES 1-pI:S7I) au WIE wos peor ¥ sem Ab, DEI LeTVONT Hw-vs-Dw SaWe AT Atsnoraaid, —( (St-P1:1CE St-PCIOET OM 298 1-97-27) -tHSOdSIP SH oud yehos ame 810M, E-AON ATWONT Ho-fer-oa te (L ‘Sermo NVOVITY LAE NOLEN HERO OHO, eo8 Wor Onbex VatiATONINV THE AKKADIAN OF BYBLOS yam on the other, The repetition ‘against... adds to the contrast before the ki for the archers to eat," "There is no grain or food IDLLURU.KI-ni grain may be had from there. ( strong and be t now people fr ave Beirut...we will hould be in Yapu, a-su URU gu-mu-ra yu URU.MES LUGAL-ri cities of the nly Gubla is " note 1). lac us) da-an-na i kit Scr following Moran (1987, 365 3. Locate ano Ext 1 SusreNces ° ww? of the king, GIS.Z1-la-at of the king. Examples (1) through (7) contrastive purpose. The case of ther ina Wabliya has to be predical gdb-bu -na KUR a-mur-ri sai: musucnu (114:9-14) is the men whom I sent are men the land of Amurru is frei would be a contrastive predicate of jon cannot be considered as (D+) simply because there is no In all likelihood, the passage mear to Sumur that he has seized, , the ships). Here the prepositional phrase functions as complement in the previous verbal sentence. The meaning of GIS.Zi-la-at LUGAL-ri remains unclear. In any ese, it must be a const ‘oun,‘oDUIUDs sHa]QIO4 gy, 95 ‘onnuag UF HuOWOaIFE ysodeuixo Jo suOASun DSsn05Ip SMO au 30 5 suapuad sno PUL mefns/-O A UE Xx aba)” saw) Bur (Z) UE ‘orn wwowe| Bu oF spuodsa1s09 ny-pu-p suapued snses ay ture sotensuoutop souapiaa p01 [)e ay) Z1) Buy arp woyg uoste (40) su ‘ose dus uF ng, [1-H] Bue WTO Mh | SINT XT i) BBP [09 me] my DUD © er qesodsip a0 ‘us Buy ox Supppodg, mu « texas Jou wostiin8 s04) ,Supy amp woy oad oe 21043 PUL cay YUM UostIES Johor B sTarOUL, — ¢ pi] Aus 0 Fanti dao 1 -Su-Su-nu i-na Sap-ti-Su-nu "The mayors, as they have their cities, their peasantry is in their control. (125:33-36) ch (8) has no resumptive pronoun, it belongs to this group; with 7). LU.MES fa-za-nuta URU.MES<-na Sa-Su-nu'As he mayors, since the rs" (118:45-46) i; | 3, LOCATIVE AND EXISTENTIAL StitENces 3 ‘The data show that the casus pendens which is found with existential sentences does not correspond to the predicate. There is an explanation for this restriction, The resumptive pronoun in a ‘casus pendens construction makes the noun determinate, Yet, the noun that functions as predicate in existential sentences cannot be determinate, Hence the casus pendens never corresponds to the predicate of an existential sentences. Only the noun that funct complement can be determ hand, are in a quite different situati in 3.2, the subject, of locative sentences is determinate. Therefore, in the case of locative sentences, the casus pendens corresponds to the element of the subject that makes it determinate, namely, the possessive suffix as 3.6 THE USE OF ii AND haga The verb ili is used twice as copy locative sentence, ‘There is no attestation of its use in an existential sentence, 1) tna LU.MASKIM LUGAL-i Sa isu bmg URU sie-mue-ur ba-al-1d-a1 URO gub-la ‘Because of the king's commissioner, who is , Gubla is alive.’ (69:19-20) 18 Rainey (1973, 242 challenges the use ofthe verb din the sense lf Hebrew yai or Ugaritic “7 He mainiains that tho verb still keeps the sense of ‘to hove asin normal Akkadian, Ths he translates (1) as Byblos is sustained by the king's commissioner whom he (ihe king) has in Simyray’ and @) as .ifT hhave copper and ivory.” The fact that [fa is not used in existential sentences, gute unlike Hebrew tioning if no his solution. copula, but its use is estricted to Tocative sentences. Perhaps ifd is a Canaanite calque of the Akkadian copula ‘bakADE UND HE g-9- DE-DrMW YON Mle] Bful-mD So-MeDy (6 s+ undoa+ ap (1S-0S:Z11D -1e80dsip Au w asoas Supy 241 wos suorstaosd “rsnowsasa, PADI Pq TYDAT d-np-0g mepuDd — (g a+ eindon + g-0 corey ouy Sup 2 Seu, (01-6911) FUP] By 01 sBuojoq MYON DUD pacman’ Alan mu-t0-25-0q-4 “OK oF pauiodas sexs ae", d+ + ¥Indoo- (8§-Le-p8) ps0y Aux PAD “OOF, LTVONT Bu” yo-0§-0q mya OL Due ry O-gME NIN Iw-EMMED] —(g 01 Geidonafy 23 11) (ihiio- O+vndoo+g4+gy paisa ruAO||O§ DU. “9044 St uorSOd \doo sv suoniouy yyoq qioA sapuatuos 2ane90y Uy “penuaisyxa wwenbasuod “pos oy Suureeaay 9 Ku 94 10 JON PUDS LOW OP HOA JI, Ses-Dy i seary Ds (RIA MEP} y DUNE--DH-(; ut OD] eH>Hfj)PH “id Saw srounaalap axe oy auoyarain pue ramon st our 209 oany (@) ur SIayoHE Ne ss SHONALNS TWALCILEK aN saRR¥OOT *E i | xg) s0y spuey aut Le axe Hm aM, (OG-ssiEoD) ane sroyane 31, 20-05-01 (1-9 Fd SAW NRE (PH) G pao aun ae Suna0 ings 250909 ajdunexaroquno> sv svadly kv 2ouoiu9s Fexmorioy ag, “sauoTaas Tenuarsixa aun jo Burwuifaq ayy ve sunac0 Aiqetseaur quan ayy, (QE-6TSZ1) "19 OF Way? Joy UTI Sy enuy asa, men Ey-P BW-D VIREWNTAS 12-1 205-0 JUAN} 01 JJO DU0T anny Aausfead] x9 pu 9 013m 405 ues ou stato UY, &y Suny atp Jo somous oup suntv yoneus or 28104 OM aney 1309, (¢}-ZP:LOL) ;PMEMU-DE-sOUASIOROURYD SARI |, If-DE DUD Duemu-Dp-sDuiR] x SAIL Mg-04-[2] svouryp spy Fuope sasioy jo sued Qg aut aad og, — (E ‘soust9s ipaud =u TeqI9A UF YDO{4AS Ip “IoAyJa UF “SaUIODAG UNOU ayy, ROU SIE SE-QUDA OI YIM aOURTUAS [eO!IA E OIUE 99 suusoysien fjpemuoe aouaiv9s feMstxa UE UF N30 JO 28n aIwuN!ep sp ‘souaquas snoysaud ayy ut pouonuous mars pu raddoo atp o1 498q yorys ‘ioafqns otp sours aouauas 2amTEaoy ¥ Sx (z) SoUDIUAS, (rel) .i89uo porean Sppsnfin say 01 10 atu 67 Suojaq you op saddoo yo muujs arp pur soddoo oup ‘atoms 1, 35-y1-409 [OED] 1 ag-0r pup nanan nurs uv SAW NaNAA ns SOUT 9g BIG Jo Apery aus mucus 205 pus saddoa soy aus Summ ni sonmag so tawny aN VEYA HEH HOH, s56 Woxn Oxon Vat 18 BT ARKADIANORBYRLOS Sucut Moreover, that dog!” is in Mitanna,' (90:19-21) ‘but his eye is on Gubla. Note that the predicate ina Mitanna moves to the front to express emphasis, @. (Antecedent) + §a + copula +P 10) "May the king inspect the tablets of his father's house (for the time) when’ LU-lim Sa i-ba-af- i-na URU gub-la ‘the ruler who is in Gubla.’ (7411-12) ‘was not a loyal servant.’ 14) ‘What am I to do by myself?" MES fal-a i-ba-Su i-{na URUI-Lim “The people who ‘were in the city’ (134:16-18) ‘have deserted.’ E.(Antecedent) + Sa +P + copula 12) ‘All my cities’ Sa tna YUR.SAGWa-ar-ri t i-na a-hi a-ia-ab i-ba-ai-bu ‘which are in the mountains\a-ar-ri or along the sea’ (74:19- 21) have been joined to the ‘Apira’ 13) ‘Moreover, is it pleasing in the sight ofthe kin Sa kicma 41M a AUTU i-na $a-me i-ba-5i ‘who is like Baal and Sama in the sky..." (108:9-10) The following two examples do not have lexical subjects, Thus (14) is copula +P, and (15) is P + copula, 14) ‘Tmade connubium wi Tyre, For the reconstruction, see 84:35. 3. Locative aND ExisriseiaL SENTENCES a i-ba-Su i-na pa-ni-ia "They were on good terms with me. (89:19) 15) "Look, there is no mayor's residence like that of the residence in Tyre’ URIU Ugarit’ (89:50-51) ja-ri-ta i-ba-‘i ‘Wis like the residence in 3.7 THE SYNTAX OF yd The particle yanu is used to negate is usage is characte Old-Bat flonian ul ibaiii (CAD YJ, p. 323£ and GAG § 111) an The latter is more common 1971, 968). Before deseribin sentences, @ note on place, When it noun appears consistently in the accusative. In contrast, the standard Akkadian usage requires the nominative.'® smu-ta-na ‘pest by “AbdicAgira, on: M18). ALU, yd and u pil yaru ae attested se{veye sre (6s-¥S:E01) 906 0» Buruoear Kuo v 2q ow yeh aro wow, Ses-Dy ou-7 niPa-ar-n D-0 CpAN MWD} {SioYoU8 puss tow op NOK, (L (6a:8¢1) couro> soy ou proj aut Bury ax so UU OU R9R SEY BIOL, PLETE 2 1-24 WONT IY me-DEt Anaog oF BULAN wey YFAOWL, — (9 our sured du peaour sou seq a4, (€2-12:26) four o1 tno awioa pey rey doo AswHyAAe Ou sem d20m3, IDI WD a-D[S-D D]y Sor-DpH SIC NY Um-mW-D] MERU (S “asap aanefar ‘ay 01 wapadaiue se suoNouny (g)-(c) UL aN aif JO HORA ene] 2ANBIO + aN + MuRq (1E%6) ;Bunpou sem asoyp wy, Beate won-me-PH Pmoy oy pues, fy {WDHB IO maj 00% 2q AquFELA9 YA Kau, (O¢-67:296) SM8L wou wag OU HK BI9qL, 7-7 HUA) wMMWDY— (e .s9t4y sToMN Oo pu WE OH HAA NA T1NG, (8I-L1:Z9E) we SHOYDWE OW 94 THM OU... Sori Id SNWCNTARL Ma me-Dt Burkes arom Karp", (z umes szayoue HP pInom, 1 pao] Aut Suny om Jo ayes ays sos. (Ip:9¢1) a AN + upc AN + p61 9k, up aye st ‘oumn Jo 1wouraydauod Jo uondaoxa oy dip JO wontsod ayy -unow ay azosaq st uPA Jo voMsod SUL ‘sadki-qas [eroxss sey 941 yowg “wwoua[dwoo sv suorouny ae) asemyd Jeuonssodaud v yo aouasaid 40 aouasqe a1p oF Fulpi029" ‘nup yaya suonsnasuod Jo s9d41 oa Apfeoiseq sv axOu, “ase aun jo ssorpmoar saquas aun £q Bunion jo nun afBurs & sv uayer Sea TL MAIS UazON ¥ S| uEwaLIOD onaUOY sir yin uresBo80] 244, 79- wuoUro}dwoo atouoUd aun omLdS9p Are] OpIAIp Ou st asat, PUD DgqH nupC auasoudad IsHEE YOM (ZH61T) Du-DE 1g-¥g mu-D1 st ajdutox asnornsuy wy “sejdurexeziuN0> Wear tou omy (SLIT ‘cp:za) pind ga NPA pue “CS'S8) MY “CEEEPD MANO “ET'69) umy-G1T Suu, “AFojOUdION, ‘ay quasaider sdemje rom sop Yarya qewajduios snauoyd yp way pays;AULsIp Koy 9q Pinoys Sun axqei[cs aU (2:76) doon Kreqnscw, Sor-0-n SAWCT (CeiLET) wosuN, Sor-so-ni-vu SEW NTA (97E6) SHYOR, DF-Di-1d SAWN ue (BI:29¢ ‘Ov-TET ‘y6'6r'Be'OEISTD Sor Pisd SAWN, (1¥9€D Aresor paprarp, wo-m-ng yg OzSEL) sok, ou-v2-v SAW’ Pue (OL:LED Du-ve-ng (0:46) 4392, ousua-ap SOTEARTSONYICVCEYBILAT NDUVIRVA WO COMA ss |eo ou» Oxpen Vassar ARKADIAN OF BYBLOS (a) ia-rus-umn LO.MES KUR mi-is-ri [Sa] i-ri-bucnim an-na- am ‘then there will be no men from Egypt who will get in hore,’ (127:18-19, see also 127:21-22) Tn the following five examples, a dummy NP awtla is used as antecedent to the relative clause. » us fall upon Gub Ba-nwma ia-nucum LU-lum Sa yirr- sind iS-tu qa-ti-Sumu Look, there is no one who can rescue me from them.’ (6922-28) 10) Summa ifa-nu) LO-lim Sa w-Si-zi-bu-[8]i 1 qa-ti-wL "Look, there is no one who will save it from us, (74:32-33) 11) ‘...and accordingly Tam very, very afraid, ema [iJ-nuema iacnu LU a deke-ticb nu since in fact there is no sn.’ (74:43-44) -ni [i8J-ma gati- yn + relative clause Unlike (9)-(13), the following 14) "They are like dogs, | | 3, Locarive Axo 2 ia-me Sa yucbari ar-ki-iw wants to serve them. 15) Ria-nu Sa -a9- there was no one who said an; (79:21-29) 16) ‘Once he goes off” [a fa-nu Sa-a yurba-lu [DUB-phial a-na ma-hi-ka ‘there wil bbe no one to bring my tablet to you.’ (113:40-42) ‘Two examples have the relative particle agar ?? 17) AB iaemu afar firerfucbu a-fnfa maces LOMES) There will be no place where men 2° (71:34-35) can enter against him. 18) ia-nu a-Sar ir-ru-bu (LU.ME|S-tug a-na 3a-a-3u "There is no place where men 7! can enter against him,’ (76:21-22) ‘Type 2: ydau-+NP + C ‘The various sub-types given below are based on the semantic "9 GAG § 75a. 28 This reconstruction goes together with the reconstruction of 76:22 cited as (18), To be exact, in (18), the complement follows the subject of the relative clause, which is the normal word order, In (17), however, the reconstructed subject occurs aftr the complemert. This position ofthe subject is not attested anywhere else, 77 For the writing LU.MES-uug, see 106:39.Eco M2 uo poo 651861) MRK PEON Seo (08 121961) m0 om woansuose pO (os-6r68) Saokem ou st arom, ws-p-ng D-H] sat URAL M1 YOO], — (ze wostamdnoa.y 4 a 4 mune 9 pio 24 Uy [HAD Ou st a2zuy (Ie spaeoy oy UOT, — (OE “pu $N0K Yoosoud 01 vostaH w puss, (rrigg) (1 _AiI9 MOK UY 9u0 ou S} ara Sy, fo7)-AN Out NYT Mu-D/! DU-MUD] — (6z (05-6298) “spurt oun ‘ souainsad Ou st ax0K4L, SINAN DID DuDY-MU uERUDE — (ge tka MED + EN + ment -q ° SHONIINES TWunaisixa GNV aAIR¥O07 “¢ | | (Ge-ge1) cur ayY] soKwUE [Ror OU SHY BUP{ IHL, TVOA duce s-D/P DEFT CIVOINT Pu-22 oO ‘2uios ‘20a owos ‘Kauou wosues pred BuLAvy, (Cp-Zp: SBuypou savy Aayy, mu-ng-ng pup plu we -100% ou poy amp 99uIs, meng-ng mU-D HIS mv} SV-IPGY, Parry aany hoy, (bz spei6u) ancy 1, nu} "POO sH0y1 103 ou OF uOAIT aq Bunmpouos Keun, (Ez uty Ou aney (rm “p DD SEN MAM MED Jinnog oztos own prnoys, (ce (sevee! “Suny om won, BF--2q “TWOAI az CLOLLED ;vosums ou poy 9H, np-p-0g mu [Ser-a]o-Ds-ou SAYENTAA MeDET (OZ (p-1P61 1) 3794 PopIAp e ‘any 10U Op y astteo0q, IFPI Bful-D BUDE 1g-Yg MW-DY DULL au (0 SSoUPUIY amos suOP sey By UDIYO MOY SMOUy SUEY 24s, — (GT sassess0y + aK + mUDK ‘wuata}dwsoo o1p Jo ausIw09 sormaggsosvcoeny minis suv AGH CO w“ Woo Oxon VARustios VT AKADIAN OF BYBLOS Other examples are fo with other sub- types and will be discussed belo 4. yan + NP + Cpurpose 33) A-ua-na 3fa]-te-Su "But there was no water for him to drink: (85:53-54) 34) iene [SETIM a-na a-ke- ‘them to eat (105:84-85) u-nu "But there is no grain for 35) MLLA a-na a-ka-ifi)-ia "But there is no grain 25:25-26) na ANSE.KUR.RA (107:37-38) 36) ia-nu KU.BABBAR a-na na-da "There is no money to pay for horses (BS a-na na-sa-ar URU.KI gub-li be no men to guard Gubla, the city of the king, my lord.’ (362:37-39) If several complements occur, the longer and the more x is placed toward the end. Thus in (38) the long and complex expression of purpose ana nadéni GU.UN ana Mitanna ‘occu after the simple expression of possession ana Sau. 38) ia-nwGADA ZA.GIN NAgMAR\bu-bu mar (}) a-na Sa-Su () a-na na-da-ni GU.UN a-na KUR mi-a-na ‘and he had no {garments of lapis-lazali or MAR-stone\bu-bu-mar to give as 2 10) tribute™ to the land of Mitanna’ (10 % Reading GU.UN (bil) with Moran (1975, 188) instead of US iba in Knodtoa (1915) 3, LOCATINE AND EXISTENTIAL SeNTENCHS a 39) dia-nu ANSE-KURRA a-n NU.KUR LUGAI -gé ANSE.KUR.RA.MES re horses." (112:25-27) 41) "Fortwo years [have been ja-nu SEIM.ULA a-na aka: grain to eat! (85:10-11) As a matter of fact, the two prepositional -ydBimu in (41) have to be regarded as one complex complement of purpose. Thus the whole phrase is equivalent to Yana akalinu ki If the two complements are of the same categor sof place in (42), the more impor compiler 42) aomur a-nacke ia-rt ha mura Lo who is behind me’ (117: sna ar. jere is no mayor from Sumur ais the more import contains the suffix -ya complement is clear from the ich resumes the casus pendens1uouia|lusoa axp on spuodsass09 ‘suapuad snswo oy} aso sony ay@ ut ioafgns ays o1 payser unouod qedosiod jexrgns @ J2uLN0} By! UL "SaouaIUDS ToRUOISTX® pue aareao| UE ApuaaBp areIadO Suononastoa supuad sms ‘ofpprt o4p wt 40 ‘pus aun ve ‘Puruuifeq 241 78 sn990 ED 1 5; ‘2anteooy ut ang, Suquulseq 0 Ajuo uw yng quan Areyixne ay rsvyduo Jo asodind ayy x07 901 HOWIAAOLI B YRS ssoUDIUes “pantoyy 99 1ouur aseayd jeuopysodoad ox “soouatuas ‘suonwsado 2apro puom ayy suonipuos (syqdarg 9 atp Jo Tucuat axNeIO] 20 TeAUELSIXe aL AUYHINDS $¢ “(0p) UE De ne-uo eV 998 ‘anntesnoon oy. UE AoA Stwo> ‘SaoqEGONR AtfENbo sf “nu-uD KHO4s 300} ur souaiuas oy) nupog Jo uonrsod auy, “9 ‘243 Jo SutuULFaq mr san990 aun Jo iuoua|doD ays (p) aww anny 1d SAW NTR Dy muasug— (Ly peor aufayr Hg pin a0 om ay UI9HI0G UY S9LO GN ot 8g "2oustu2s puodss 94 UE sana20 aouonbas aie ay, "mE jo 4 1ad ay Inoge IYMoyLOYY UE sv suoRoURy (eb-zr60 Soy Supt og pur, U-TVOAT DMP YY DFM DUEsy MPD fey {Surf ayy Jo tueasss peo eM [YOO], Gy (sss: sFuBasas eXor E — nureduex ay1 IEAJas OU SI SUL 1-1 AL TUVONAT Ou rane Ry 0 9 (er 2(0) pu (0) 30 uoneuiquiod & st Yor 400} 195019 amnbas stuswia]dwoo [ws9A95 YILs SOoUDIUOS 32420 OM] sera 0 NenTNY aL NOUR EHC EON, 994. QUANTIFIERS kali AND gabbu 4.1 THE PROBLEM ‘There are about thirty verbal sentences whose subject is ‘Type (a): Verb + Subject: (Kaldlgabbu + NP} ‘Type (b): Subject: (kald/gabbu+ NP} + Verb ‘The discussions in this chapter aim to account for the choice of one 4.2. THR MEANING OF SV AND VS ‘The two types mentioned above express two different word orders in the rqata. (108:34-36) LU.MES ma-{sa)-ar-ti i8-1 URU su-rueraAs the entire gartison has fled from Sumur,’ 4 Quanmummns ald AND gabbu @ (103:36-39) ‘ma seem right in the silght] of the 43) 2 ka-li LO.MES ma-sa-ar-ti ja-a that is left of the garrison is in di ‘The garrison mentioned in (2) has to be same garrison spoken about Something about the gartison in (2) is thus already known iamely, The verb in (2) says lar garrison, namely, that its something new about garrison members who per would be an answer to the qi ) happens?’ In other information about something that is ) simply relates an event without presupposing any prior knowledge of it. ‘The distinction between the two types rests on the observation that the subject jn word order in the follo ‘The two passages are words, 3) nu-da-birs LU.MES } Rotlowing Rainey (1973, 256)© ni- ta vps av-vi-ow SW TH -pu-ut ng-$0-0q-1 qD-DE PHP WED Heww-DROVS YAH MIS PESAW'AUN GP? (@ St-+T90T re puw ‘anuung ur sem 1, (ETED-Pufy “pay aydoad sit SAW NT !G-G199 8 peynnsngie (6) By Re-De-DLF] SAWCT I-DY (g) pue (0 mrgawrnn 1-04 (9) PrgaWAAA 44 “© aldoad s1 Jo 1, SEWN 19-4fP8}) sxysns anyssassod ayy yo osm amp st sojdemexs SO]]0} 24 UL SSaUSIUUTUUREP Jo UOHEOTPUE seMea,D ay. (@) 344. NI Loatans SHL4O SSINALVNINWEIEE Cy u sage8 ony per soRUUXvads “y ue apes any Lom 8ups009y, gaa 100 “(AMNYN) 9] Owes Oi JO Lp ‘2 Sgion UO au x “smnont0yy °Z—"1 uOND2e | 2p 285 lames Kjtuosto #1 Poot 9 Weywopuoyy onde ay ‘up ‘spuom Joyo UT “3DU9pIAD [DUALOJ UO Poseq aq ose rsnUU (e) adéy oxy Ayjeanuewos s1oyytp (q) ad Ip uoReALaSqo OU, (2) 204 asoyy (q) 044 Surysmunsip ‘ut zo1oey auesoduny ur st ro9{qns oy2 Jo ssouoreurwsa1ep 4p yp aWawaREIS ay) SAEIOGOLIOD sISKTeUE STYZ, “(H) 240}2q SOUT 30 aydnoo e punos st yorum (g) ur aouauas ¢A oy epee azedioc waddoy pro soya noge Kduns weyr soypex “Bury ay 01 Op [Io Aanmoo aunua aya soya moae Surgvads aq asne BUtgy-IPaV, (F) UL Cov2y2) cua suede 29 9 Anuno9 aswue amp, NED DUD NOL UN AN) MaTOU EAA ANY 1-0y 1 {mo aw09 0s vans Suny ou pinogs, Cy HoyiaBor dowad ye ag siowysinep ue SuOS TIEN WYL (LE-9¢%7L) -AnUNOD asnuE am OF", DYMANYAY PP -[uoniod seo}9un] (9¢-FE¥L) “MALY, 241 01 poutof aq ells Anunos asus au w4A 08, ZVID SENT Mee DESI ANT ANN Oy sed ge W .'katunoa 9uN Wo4s sroKet 94) IO AAUP SH 19} YOK, EAA AN SrA JO NVIEIERY AUELNLNOULYIYA EHO HON, oen ‘Worb Oxon VaRATONIN THE ARKADIAN OF BLES ) a.gdb-bi KURA L[UGAL BE-ial KUR mi-ig-ri ti- né-ep-u a-na LU.MES SA.GAZ.MES ‘And all the lands of the king my lord, as far as Egypt, will be joined to the “apiru,’ (88:32-34) la-a ta-gt Consider he archers came ‘was not taken 12) gdb-bu i-na KUR a-mur-ri sal-mu-funu a N(ULKUR ‘Everyone in the land of Amuru is friendly them; Lam the enemy,’ (114:14-15) 13) numa if-te ha-Kavad Ma-ma-an-ap-pa a-na mu-hi- ia ka-li LU.MES GAZ.MES na-afd}-nu pa-ni-Su-nu a-na ia- fi a-nfa] KA\ pt-i ™IR-a-Si-ir-[ta] "Be informed that since the *Apiru have tumed against me at the urging of “Abdi-A¥irta’ (79:7-12) Examples (14)-(19) represent six other cases of type ‘whose subjert is nt clearly determinate. The preceding context, at Teast, makes clear that in one case the subj ke Yapaly-Hadda and I am not like Zimred: (gdb-bi SES.MES) have deserted me.’ The expression gabbi aki in > The position of beginning ofthe sentence. See i complement of time is normal, namely, atthe ssion in Chapter 8 section 83. “instead of Zalmiltunu, read salmiunu with the sense adopted here. For the verb sald, sce APtw (p, 10130). 4A, QUARTIERS Ral AND gadbu n deserted me.’ (106:18-21) Yet the subject of type (b) sentences in ( of the subject 15) BSlomé 8-1 UZU-KA LU.MES- tug 2 gdb-bi LU.MES i-ri f that...and everyone loves 0) 16) wurru) are longing day and archers, and , 17) Sarni-tas ka-ti LO M(ES fa-za-nu-te} sal-ma a-na MR-a-[3i4 San Np SUPE 26} AORN UL | (6206 yor 961) wen aes “wonmandr SH UE RaRaL ap 0g Somos upf om ano o4up Kear a yep suayam Jo oas0y oe 2 puss, wom Morn ssd-vp-mi 1 99-04 wpi3d SAWONTAH DeWe-gM (ST (ge-0€:€L) ;undy, 941 01 paUIOL 9q THM spuey aip ye puw ‘sm 05 Fume oures amp op Hi. ZVO SAWN PP SAWN APOE DID End MPU (ye, \F 10 sousrejor seuLMLaIOp om ue eppop-qry, yoy Mg, “2ass0uppE ©} wMOUy spuoy oy) oF suayar AtuTEIZe0 PUR] IT2, Wo}SSaudNa ax YEN pads sowuiny ou soalaoas spuey A (og) wBeous (Fz) Uy “axomssoquIN SLU ALTECTH ur suorssaudxa peoruepy st ngg08 oN prox seMNynD ou sop 395 ¢ 9kp ste 998 tZT:Z0T) euOR st SupAroag, ng-gpF at-qMevs Az (81-p1:89) “emdy, 34: 50 sdoon ay 01 par Ire 9] mung inoge wat SHINZVO'VS SAW NPHE 2-0 nG-4)98 gr-nd-p DyMuens ON M8 PNA TVONT Mf InbDer> Om (OT “(€2) Yanonp (92) ui anus v inom SuyAzaA, 30 adAs wy oafqas se LORIN YOR saseR4d MOU ay) Jo DUON, AOUFENS TLVNINWALLAGNT ANY (0) BAL °F -woygoad aunts oun swuasaud (®) ad&i somaya ourstexo or Aressaoau st 2x ‘uonwurjdxo sompmy Supjeos axojag,“oafqns ay JO uoRsod ayp 404 sunod0e OF aL Jou sf auoTe uorwurjdxs onuewos rey Moys sajdiuKs sou, (er0ED) -au suse Joa Tame spurl TLV, APE LD AD AN SAUNA -PY (GT (85-5:298) , 180 s1H09 01 ura stIBAL OY aU agi we yo ButwoD oyu 249 Jo J0ARy UE OU ax SOKO on Irv, Isat ad SAW NINA nim puny mute D0} aE-m-be-OH SAWCT IaGDs UBL :C-LE'06) “HUEY SPAY, p-ndy @ (S) 1m punos st sno sty 02 ouEsu9 seydiua anno Powop st ‘uosied up Suunod “eppEH-a WY st AIHWOUD aif, ssaudica 07 nye ‘sn 24 Jo Sajduuuxo 104p0 ay azw sou (eee) no Sunwwo> paxyjap uosiod uy ‘ox isured ostoy oy) poxzeg (2axpauq sper Gesqunusued| pae wpe: 30 20UDITTE ue axeM OF J9PIO UL BsNOY SI Oo: Hosued uy ‘oun rsuyete, pur 9 tg 0 ra BE NTN A MNO GHIA w | |AnADIAY OF BLO uM ‘Wonp Ores Vanarion 5.3 CONTRASTIVE JUXTAPOSITION In the following group of examples, the inte "But now, for my part, I write to my lord for troops, and even a garrison is not seat, and not given to me,’ (126:23-28) contrast jects are While reinforcing aipuru, the use of andku introduces with 'my lord ...” in the preceding sentence. The two put one against the other to build a contrastive effect. "Moreover, when I had gone to Hamraunira, my brother, the ‘one younger than J, turned Gubla into ry EHENDENT Paoxoust 5 Example (13) also contrast is strengehe alti ins two juxtaposed SV sentences. Here the: 13) a-na-{kJuma mi-ta-UD 2 DUMU.MES-ia IR. MES na LSGAL When Lam dead but my sons, servants of the king, ar write to the king” (138:136-187) The following example demonstrates 1 sufficient to build a cont 4) 1 pate TRS [i lu-ha- 8, my Jord, give heed ‘woops (and) the chariots"pju-a (61 “AS UL ase saouatuas ION "st90} axnsesnuod ssardxa oy unowoud uapuadapur } Loquny ayensnjy sodumxs Suyvorfos oseyy, tunouosd aq Jo nULISqS 09 KipALY [NOM st199} aatseNtOD sit ‘nO atHO9 o) ssayoLe oy SIURA OY “SIOKBEL 241 OU “oPPEH-aN St (65-86:296) ,ssausip envy ‘vovad avy Kou 40} Ino Suywo susyase ayy JO IOAN UE IOU ame SuOKELU A TTY, (QL ‘9p sosna0g 10 ajo oyu 01 soasas jouoad qwepuadepur ay) Jo asn ayy, SN904 FALSVHINOD GNV NNONOWd F's ROM QuOA aiTULy Y “ (U8 ag UBD aus 2H, 8 nowoug wsarnrses} ms sande.) wt uosssnoep gL, SEWED O'S (Ze-sz:z9e) -~-w1anD pronB “ued Kun 105 4'~-Buons us Aayi ‘eiqng aumdes Kay. JT saaaee y pir, ump mbt mun 91n-m4-pu rweng: op wiranand sawn’ onan Sinem pu a (LI) UE puny f ajdurexo axnonnsu A198 y gyPousm wep (auoTe) Pos 01 st -Du-po-Du DI-Dy DUD aU0D ap suDYTUANS YOY MUoUIONS V Lg poworpo St FoSsed yy, (9t-706) -EED sone Bop ayy, ot teyy o8 Sonia ano jo 1 anvu yiosimos nox, [STEM SUN "ZV mens. Pel] em or aqp sorreus aauatues aAneoauy a4 YJ, “DAD pur nyu Udamiog 198 my asenuoa & a1ayy ‘2| ey or uaisty Aj Apaads puas 01 p: Sussud oy Jo 984198 9M, Py SY, WoHarssgo our suUo: (62-82:88) P30] Sex Jo puoss ayp 1o97Sau OU STEAD RIYA LAE ROLLY EN CONN 388 ‘Won ORDER VARIATION TE ARKADIAN OF BYBLOS za-mett You other mayors, the one who writes to me more than all consideration. Rib-Hadda tres to convince the ke ‘Absi-Afirta, he is truly hone! oun at the beginning of the sentence conforms to the normal position of focus. Compare with the position assumed by the interrogative pronouns minu, mi ie sentence regardless of or complement. ‘The following example has a double focus, namely, ‘he! and "T, which are in contrast with each other. The position of andku after the verb results from a chiastic arrangement.” 7 “The chiastic arrangement also explains the unusual position of the ‘object. The conrast in this example is manifold. Boside tho contrast expressed by the pronouns, one may note the antithesis between ana bau and ana between adi and Summa, the antonymy between lunaa and dura durnama, Inter being strengthened by repeti 5. Tie IxpurNDEAY PaonoUN ¥ 22) -dfi s who seek power, only power, for my lord,’ (109 5.5 THE USE OF VS ‘The following example illustrates the use of VS. 23) ‘tis good for me tobe w h you, What ean Ido by myself?" Undoubtedly, Rib-Hadda to give weight to the idea of le cases treated in that section, here the pronoun follows after the verb. See also (24). 24) [uli di-{nja ana pa-ni a-[mpa PDUMU-bichara @ a-fnJa pla-nji Mia-ar-ha-mi ‘Let us the case before Aman... and DUMU-bi-ha-a and before Yankaanu,’ (105:33-36)Py 94, pur ‘iduny pe pasoued asa sey apy, DE-RUUD ALIA Z AMM] Du(/JOb-0p W Non zvp san Hb 4 IPH ” CAN SAW IIIT meoun-ou-(y) gnomeuD @ NnONOMG ascHONNISONT SH. °5 298 6 sd soyuiny 905 6.0961 weIDpy) jrabwt 30 poous aatsat 0x8} 10u Soop par “pndoyte 2B oN Og Sou pF Kany, 29 PM BH ET UY sojdumex9 earyy Fu}Moj[O} ay) 998 ‘IuOAD Sed v sayejaN aoUARIIAS uapuadap oyp Uoyat 320M 18 99 0} W995 10U SOP ADUANSZUOD TOPO, Grr-tv'9g) gsied oF om anos nok pussys sg 8 Fay 4s ep Sornan oemeng (Ge “eouatuSuoo jepout Jo ardurexa sayiour st (62) aqdurexa uoniau & ons signe 7'¢ ut sajdurexa AS otp Jo ouoU ‘\sesiuOD Up “aouaIUaS snozaaid ¥ 03 wapuodap sf saawaIues ¢A ay Jo yous om Tw soreompur sty, 2odotuiBuoo fepour ur am (fz) pu (€z) UI SqIDA OM, (Ue-96°S01) 5°*"Suyuta0u09 onp Au st yA Sox] NON ME-P-FY mEM|S] MPH foun Ava Komp $0 NYRI HLS NOLLNDAVA TNO THOM 059 ‘Woup Oxoon VARATION BVH AKEAIAN CE BYBLOS fence itself. VS is typical of | 1 of independent sentences. 6. SUBJECT - VERB ORDER 6.1 THE SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS foreover, do not you nu longs day and night not been distressed \na-ag- le has to be taken as an exception expression i see the almost identical among themselves: determinate as well as V cited under 5.2 as example (7). | different personal names, various geographical nouns of various subcategories. The syntactic con VS that can be isolated in the preceding i he factors determining the movement of the left of the verb will have to be sought in the various contexts of the SV cases themselves. ‘YS sentences are not found with contrastive juxtapos (6.3) oF contastive focus (5.4). In other words, these. two 6.2 SV AND EXPLICIT CONTRAST: use of pindiu..., anni Ss @ contrast between the past and the present, rovides a clue to the understanding of subject fronting, SV and VS examples are 1) parna-nu [LUGAJL KUR mi is the syntactic status of the Blea [y]i-na-mu-su-nfa al If itis a dependent sentence, the pronoun occurs after times past; whenever the king of Mitanna was at, is an independent sentence, the pronoun precedes the our anbooma Your qaneuiead dis aor daseir er aa verb. This syntactic rule explains the word order variation, (1005vonros (1) adams st posnap oma A of gH aEdnD ‘westoroung 219 jo Suns gE E51 S88 21 94048 WEAAWO'ONG '$z'9¢F Ht woUDoUFy ans out km aed, *aIPA=LIO¥N 20} HoMB GEES paspysuo9 sy NE TA e (6S-LS:41D) oF aro 29] 104 saop uppeH-udeg mou ‘mou yng, py PED Wip2-Dtyy [Ej)nueng-mu-sp-01 v2) aem-0 1 (es-ps-p11) ‘enue, yo pur, St way suors}soud 103 Kujuesead duu ‘Aysnotsang, DEIg-dn 7 NCD meriy-pgm emu oR NSM Me DfwDld — (y ne 28 43/00] Suv uonuaKL rou sop 2ouRtU9s puosas 24 asnvoaq Ayduns aavjd 19430 uw Yara IseNUCD UE pueAs 10U Sop joNPUIOIUT IuEUOULY amos si¥aq NEA X wrONs, uaatdeI0D 9u) YBNoY, "sqzaa ay) soe m950 stoalgns jworxa] asou eH SION “eppery-ivde, pus Anuusead &i lueyp soqrex siuaAa aya udoonioq st (p) (c6-S6'8¢1) ;papaoyun qps st prom Ka uw Top ways annogy ue Buta ene 1 mo} Po yran str 0-99 DAY ARN 9 oun Duen-D (6-P6:8E1) pros Sax P94 10U py HF eG} OF a} pInOM { “AisMOINaId, BDO Musi hay WVONT we maend-so muvuend — (g passaudo Kqqeorx9] ou are sioafgus aip asmvoag £jduns ‘uonvms suosaud aep pus juana ised 217 Ueoiataq seNuOD ¥ a¥OAO AquO Udo aBEssvd oun BIH “Ce) IE anndwog nidy, ay so diay ayn quia pres roqioun Sueded mou St 3040 aun ‘pa 134N2} Jo son 86 wamI9 IA - ALANS “9 £901 ur wowseatixo UIs © 295 “Jng-og vJu-b 10} woos ynoUD sy axon SUITES unare s:a1499 uo ur stoafgns oma a fale aly, SasDHUY Jo sn203 ayp Ssaudxa 10U Op () {qn op 1oye uomsod yeuoU sou BuECdnI9Q, (IZ-6UZEL) PUR curd, ayy ye parowied sey any mou Ing, SAIN'ZVO SAW OT Mol mete-by Aptiend vw-vuy femeun (8L-OL:ZE1) {uorssassod siy yim saqaiioy eungy PAV, ,J9swny 40} 9381 10U ay PIP PUR Sy, “sUTEF snok on sious pur ‘ou payoenr mappa, sorEeE, (np-of Duro cut mp vb fOp-ar 2-H [Pet PD U7 0-06 PSO VENDA Mat SDA Mee Kemer — (C saajastuanp aqdoad ‘om 9g usowaiog wows soureI ‘Mou auop isnt sey nuTZY wea pur sed PIP EMIEY-Ipay, 1U4y UD9HIIq IsOAUOD H NQEYNE MOIEG (2) UT SeouaTuas S.A a4 “PTY JoMRO 349 UO) IseNUOD aI SoNTdU ‘sonsOD auasaid seppeH-gny Jo royiey >in “eutgy-pqy, 01 pordde ,Jop ue sueatos, (1) wf uontsodde ayy, IV, Jo suos aun pur Bawexyy Jo Suny ox ‘Ajaureu sioalqns oss ay ur pareooy st wasaud ‘uf PUB ISU ay ooyIag ISENUOD ay) ‘aAogE aouRUES AS oH: UT (er 62601) ,Suiqiou prp nok apy ‘sonqosunayt 305 HIEPEY OO! ‘ous sou oup ase Kaus ‘osvayd aun se wnt zou sty 30 S910 au pu Suny axp Jo santo amp uo3xey 2404 ‘op pur JaBALDs au ‘BUISY-IPAY, JO SuOS D4 “MON, DI-D]-DD x MU-nE [TD FIFTER nu-ng-ng bub if -[ernld SAW TAC AYN) 8 IWOOT OPT oan wll) eae 1¢-e- Tel SAW AWA IeM-u [a fsemayta0 SV SL NLNOLLYEEVA RT) COA 6' 96 “Woab Ono VaRtaTONIN THE AKKADIAN GF YO ‘contrast is achieved by er than by the occurrence of a lexical to the subject Most pnd... annd constructions have one subject-promi- nent SV examples show that some pro is assigned to the subject of the present event, 3) pacna-nu da-ga-li-ma (LJU KUR [LUGJAL.MES KUR Previously, on seeing a man from Egypt, the kings of Canaan fled before him, (109:44-46) [2] an-nu-¢ DUMUMES [R}-a-81-ifr-ta gi)-da(!)-lu-na LO.MES KUR mi-is-ri fkima URL.KU.MES "bat now the sons of *“Abdi-A8irta make men from Egypt run around bi 4" (109:47-49) dogs ice in (5) stresses that now the sons of *Abdi-Adirta, fans look like dogs. This is in contrast with the uation when the presence of one Egyptian was enough to fear. The contrast is strengthened by the opposition between 66.7 which describes a similar activity with the one in (8) here. But note that there the subject is emphatic * Reconstruction after Moran (1987, 309, note 11). 6. Sumrecr - Venn Onven 9 “men from Egy plural) and ‘a from Egypt’ (singular), The succession of three SV sei subjects even more contrastive, The cot of the first (nothing). For the contrastive use of the subject pronoun the second sentence, see Chapter 5 section $.3 example (11). 6) E.GALMES: fidu-smu> a "Previously, ‘were sent from the palace ord would send troops to them.” 126:18-23) Ra-nucma a-na-ku ak-pu ERIN.MES marsa-ar- nu [la-a]-mi yu-da-nu [a-na iJa-Si But now, when 1 ‘write to my lord for troops, not even a garrison is sent,and nothing at all is given to me.' (126:23-28) 7) a-«na»-[mJur pa-na-nu LU.MES.MASKIM Sa-a URU su. ra yul-pa-ri-su be-ri-nu ‘Look, previously the com: missioner of Sumur would decide® between us, (118:50-53) 5 For the econstruction ofthe expression anus 130221 uy See 122:11 and ® Singular yaguiu,¢ ign in LO.MES. MASKING the“E961) ony 80s usose eonsodand 0 , #16 Due OF 6 YC Ut punoj ae sjdumss ara OU 5 yoolqns ayy uo sousuptuoud persads éu “oRj Jo zoHUULB sy ,Y9a{Gns axa 30 aouEMOduN 2x Sukypour ouoye, ss. fewl) orans A ‘ue yons sonuep (1) ursuoumaness ou 19 OU Tey UvOUT AqTRIHTOT pIHOM Sty, seouaues yuun “-nupupd st asanuos eu aso} “Yxe1U09 Suypaoaid SISSHSUNY ONY AS €°9 ‘pr suo9 suey supe pars or AP UID SEY YH DL “MON, “BsO DUORK w P 66 Ror nee oy nein sippy ER sed 99 ul uonse Keewostn SqE>qpUE MLO FemIOR (1 oat azoyararp st nj2noWp YonpY “UoRpuOD poo$ wi UosEANE UO sry daay or poy aprrosd or pope soxou jfosuity 2ury ay) UDA puT SoppeRT-ana yam asaq2 sem wostas¥® sty -gof sty op or past Bury a4 ‘osed ayn uy “Suro amp puagap pur ay Bury 919 Moy puIsz9pun LOU SSop BPPUH-aT 2xp proud pu sjosinos puny", 1919] ay Jo SpOq om B0q 24) 18 pouD sapr0 S Bury au 04 3suodsar & St SZ JN] SOS pu Gays 100 oxo DION AVON Hu0-Ds-0u SAWCT MmDd —(g naofgns oy) 4 aouaurusord ayn oF sppe stp pure Soafqns om spuedxa ("D4J-nut ons Qn. -ps sauKep ayy, ‘a¥pal v se 398 PID ‘ised atN UI ‘ouM antang Jo souoyssreumoo oy} Jo Suny oy Sumpururax £q wonbax sey options o1 SurAn st eppep-ary “sonal soy wojd v yoUy ut SY ron ‘1OWN ALLL, BLISY-IPAY, JO SUOS oip ISUTERU ase sry aZpE or HANA €S-Ce PUR CT-PERL SAL JO RMYTEY SL NENOULYMIV TKD OJ, 860 “Woo Ono VARATONIN THE AKKABAN OF RYELOS ‘The subsequent context of much thought: 2 yu-ba- Apitu to fall upon me (=Rib-Hadda, in Gubla), Hence the use of SV limits the antithesis to the subject. re are the other examples of SV used in antithetical ges which are in the mountains or along the sea ave been joined to the “Apiru. URU gub- qa-du 2. URU MES ir-t-)u a-na ia and two towns remain to me (74:22) “The SV sentence in (4) is meant to stress that Rib-Hadda has je the fact that he sent # second of the subject expresses Rib-Hadda's hoped weer Would be able to convince the king of his need for reinforcements. But in the king never sends any of his troop, and worse, he detains 6, Susser - Vaso Onnee n 4) "A second man (I sent) —a man of his was taken [J DUB pi LUGAL la-a na-di-ing [i)-na qa-at Lia and a tablet of the king was not put in the hand of my man.’ 5) 5 ta-a yu-Sa-rfuj ‘(but 40) ‘and my messenger yo {OOPS are not sent.” not allow to come out at his messenger rect an the messenger of the king of Akka. The emphasis plac ‘the messenger of the king of Akka’ as subject of the ant statement is even more conspicuous in view of the subse: context which mei king of Akka. 6) ‘Gubla is a loyal city of the kin; ancient times," 3d-ni-tas LU.DUMU KIN} LUGAL URU at-ka ka, rw LU. DUMU Si-ip-r[i-ial nJa-ad-nu ANSE.KURRA Sap-li-[$]u ‘for furnished him with a horse.’ 2 Following Knudvzon (1915). It shoutd be noted, however, that AF only rarely expresses causal meaning adopted her.ay posnssip soxduexs zg 241 -HulUNIBO9 219 1 a jonasu0> aneydina puedo BF aau 210 01 08 on pasoddas are 1p sdiys spppEI-aY sxOOIG “yreos ax ‘uous “epperr ude go Aqumsuoo TUIZY “SOpIs [Te Woay siRaZyI Pa @ ay{980y are] suowor su, Bu a $0-9f¢-1] 2p} DD] U (ZOOS: re apeus savy vppay-jude, ey 1 syseydso j2afqns aut Jo uawasonE xy, uwondafraiut yo ash au, AS + Dunuontn 30 997070 cor swim ig - roarmas 9 's uopoes ¢ sde4s wr aes st 1p a4) 296 "sanuOD seoxdxa ‘nye 5) quan ous, aD 895 ewe ‘spxaiu0 Yons Uf BU MOUS [TIM SuoISsNOstp FULMOTIO] aU, “su Jo 98m om WIE aprouros Kew a0udH rout “32A9MOFy “I90Lgns oy} O1 IsEOS 2un stu] Suuoys roofyas wy pue rs {HIM SePIOUIOD Ag ‘SUONZaS SMoTAaId a4p ays ayeur OF SE Ag JO ounUR oy p Jo wa1409 funexa wands ay JOT Spring wip ‘Ag Jo asn ay ams EIT MOUS BADGE PESSTOSIP S G18 iNS-DE DUD BUL-SI DD} |B Burkes doy ‘oyu Ke usu yBnouy, (ops 40 spuoms ai ps « Suny omp Jo eases peor Aquo o1p Jo J, amp pure Au aIp uF opdoad Inpreyun ayp usossiog snip st siseyHUE ay, az UO spy LOAD SOTUAR{ 0 NMHY LLAINOLVTRY A HII,‘Wow Onn VARIATION I THE AKKADIAN OF BYRLOS land of Yarimuta to import gr hasis on the ‘This situation is described in (1b) ng of one of the ships and on the the imminent danger to other ships. Hence, the main concern of the VS sentence is in Yapal-Hadda's hostile acts, In (1a) the same situation I presented as important, as is clear from the use of the agai nt af the subject to the fi Hadda into the focus of the statement, jada, the helpless one. The in (1a) brings Aziru and Yapah- The use of SV to locate emphasis is also evident in (2b). Unlike the factual report in (2a), the SV sentence in (2b) states that Egypt Hadda to regain Byblos now that he is forced to sojourn in Beirut ‘The expression ‘to him in the subsequent context cited in (2b) points at the fronted subject, £e., Rib-Hadda. 2a) i-nu-ma a8-ba-ti a-na {URU A.PU 2] i-ia-nu LU LUGAL, be-li $a iLLikd "Though I am living in Beirut, there has been no man from the king who has come. (138:88-90) 2b) "The city keeps saying! al-lu-mi riba} «-3-ib a-na URU APU "Look, Rib- Addi is living in Beirut.’ (138:90-91) a-ya-mi LU-lu $a a-lik i. KUR.MES mi-ig-ri a-na MAH-sa ‘Where is the man ‘who has come from Egypt tol? him?" (138:91-92) 1 Reading ana MAH-fu = ana shu assuming a confusion mous MAH= siru ‘lolty’. Otherwise one has to posit a scribal om h-cri>-fu. Such a homonymy is documented in a Res Shamta polyglot ocabulary published in Ugarrica V (p. 244) as Text 137 line 34° MAH 6, Sussecr - Vena Oxoex ros If the subsequent context contains an imperative, as in (3) and (4), the sentence introduced by alli: expresses the forthe ‘command."* It will be observed t prominence assigned to the subject continues in the subsequent context: ‘them in @) and es. ‘to him’ in (4) point at the subjects of the SV sent 3) ‘Look, they have gone off to the sons of “Abd Sidon, and Beirut at-la-mi DUMU.MES ™1R a Si-i-ta NULKUR ana LUGAL, “As the sons of “Abdi-ASirta are hostile to the king,...'5, (118:28-30) uf.ii-ra LU.MASKIM yi-I-qa-Su-nu'send the ‘commissioner to take them!” (118:32-33) 10 4) ‘she not always committing or plotting a crime?’ al-tu-mi Mia-pa- 41M i-sfi-p}u-[u8] ar-na‘As Yapah-Hadda ted a crime,’ (113:7-9) li-ma-ad ‘be informed! king done to him? The word anumma functions very much like al introduces an important statement. See example (5). at it 5) *...Ehave been unable to go! @ a-muema URU an-pi NU.KUR.TU[M] it-ti-ia ‘Now Ampi is at war with me, (102:20-21) ‘Know that the magnate and Tofty’and line 35° MAW = génu ‘countrysde! or back. The same’ phenomenon is found 169) on hinndh-sentence followed by an imp "5 Thre neomplete id ) URI e king's (any longer)ano Bunoous9 sn weap aedy G61) wen 250 ae JON a 2.0" Scot) Ae 28 ‘assed se bn Hap uex9 "Gg WORDS JOKED 905 g ta0q soy ¢,9ur SuSE sem Ad we MOU PUY, gmond-pu-rult 18 [FTP SWFA PeuD-Dt at 1d (nu pfo-ou vn) b-nu-ns-of Sag ens Sor-ps IOERL 0 ,uoxEvinGY IPA, OU EM, (OT “kypanoadsax puuouy pu (4001, 40 2998 3up Ur) Dung aavy sojdumxa om TUyHsOHOF IU, or Wuewaiduios pauog v 6a, ‘sou 9 puueouy rua 09 Powtodg ¥ Yue soYaTO% S908 Kjpensn Puen E:0€1 !Suapued saseo 10 wor ncuo wea, 89 Dutumnup so saouaxnss0 241 P209K9 385 “ET 1 org q pamomtoy mutwnun Jo saouarmoo0 ayy, (¢ soIdey wf SuOISSNOSTD 205) 1oa{qns se unouord iopuadapur ue oauy AS + DUwUNUD 30 sojdurexe soyp0 AOL] 483901 LETS TTL BETBO OsTe 99g ‘no ewod you op Kaxp © snus Wd4Bq wioyy uaa oss BON NT Z duemun “Bury amp @ tue | ‘tno auoa you aaxy Kou se MOU Puy, ow BuDy omg or ger aia Hag sam Ou HUE Om SOHN St ETON Du? jd-gnid Den-9g-na Mme EY Z BUEMUD 9 Souped 94 01 IH AU FUG o1 2u0 ou SLANAY,, CL pysf-mu pup tu uoREM BurnEy SUP am OLSY, — © “Ag + muon yo soydunexa Jay10 aBW asDILL “doURIIDS Ag OU UE IDAKqNS se smaddt fay Jo spuoy 242 pur aiwurea yearasqo stn suuUOD TxaNKOD erp aoalqns aun ur seseudisa aun sarea0] (C) uF aoUaIUES AS 244, cesy APGY, JO SuOS 9M YUH spuaHS az AID 241 Jo spu0] 242 senna 20 NEY ALN NOULRYA, aD sor108 ‘Worb Osc Vas HONE ARKADAN OF BYBLOS waged, (92:10-11) & a¥-tap-pdr D[UJB-pt-ia & L[U.DUMU KIN.ial dT sent my tablet and my messenger to the king my lord. b. Subject expanded with a relative clause. A relative clause may expand the subject. In cases like that, the subject becomes more dete relative clause, All examples ofthis construction are in the form of S ‘relative clause + V, However, there is not enough evidence to state that when a subject is followed by a relative clause, it will invatiably precedes the verb. The point being made here is that this kind of subject is a prominent subject, and that the prominence coincides with two things: 3 addition of a defining relative clause, led subject to the left of the verb. Here are four other examples of subject expanded with a relative clause. 12) {The war] is very severe 2 LU.MES DUMU Séip-riSfaal-kuy if-mu B.GAL [Maca ti- Mec #-ri-ba [a}-na (URJU seemura'And the messengers who came from the palace were unable to get into Saumur’ ‘phrase given in Aro (1963), 2 The position of the com ment of time at the beginning of the 6, Susser - Vena Oxncx 13) ‘Here is my (Rib-Hadda’s) situation: there is not a mayor from Sumur on who supports me, and indeed everyone is turned against me." from Egypt whom I sent to the palace 117:12-14) 'Did I not write to the king, 14) (Forma ip-Su Sava la a- pi fifS-m dari. (a]-p638 a-na URU guib-la "A deed that had not been done from time immemorial has been done:to Gubla’ (123:9-12) (ujé-8i-ir Mpi-hu-ra [LUL.MES KUR su-te 'Pibura sent Suteans, d/a-ku LU] Fe irda-ni They ki janu-pe {2 Ua-git 3 LG ‘and they took three men.’ (2 SJu-ri-bu muchi] KUR mi-ig-ri'and they brought (them) into Egypt.’ (123:13-18 see also 122:41-44) 15) 2 fifarpu\ha mud Fa-a far na-di-in ia-a-$i The nice thing that was sent from the king, my lord, has not been given to me! a-na URU-ia SEEM) i- ta-al \ha-st-ri ‘From my city, 7! grain is held back.” (138:126-130) ‘And what is Hammuniri going to say? sentence is normal. However, the contexts ‘Ot is, wien iti dark, uhat Rib-THad ‘emphasis cannot bo marked by the postion of in Chapter § section 8.3, * Complement fronting for prominence, see Chapter 8 section 8.5.pur ‘paisny 2q or 10u sea snoysaud of aqpSuans (qc) uy soouniuas Ag fprTered om ayy ese. ayer eae Soup MON ‘preaye tow ame Koy kiupiosoy, Ceoe son rdéag yo] ‘wowsaide ue Aq ‘sdiys stom puy, MSI-RW YON Mgt B-PY Ouny Ds” MUMS SAW'YI'SID t “6USOD) “Kem Way 20U Sea _uosssossod stay tH BITEY-IBaY, Jo Aizadoxd 90 UB, YB-my D-Dy Mu-ng-wst DI-A819-0- fay WOT 1p-Dy sepemy Jo ajdoad axp so asvo ayy saprst0g, 3} YET cparsna 99 vos sty ura mag “0s Buroq smn es Self Appanty “(os) wr wwacuares a “sdeys oy 01 pouaddey rey saquosap aouaiuas ofoysa amp 20urs wwouruoud éqrenbo 8 30 ro2fgns ays say ‘uisy-tpqy, fo duadoud ays jo 'y 131deYD UE possnasip (q) addi on sSuoqaq 4a pauywusotop st (p) we aouai0s ag sy afqns au, Jonysts Aaa mouy Atui sanjaswray Lom sem, NN asoJaq sea aur and sn 324, (EE-Te:s01) -wotsssassod siq up Auiadoud au 30 asneooq ae 30 st uppededex, ny-v1 AEWA Wp “24-0, 8 94 01 OF 0} ajquun we T, Damwens (RIN BW” Hep DEAD my D}-D 9-9 deo 885A - sons -9 sdrys am, ‘souaiuss Ag puoras axp yemmg "Wwouradd s1 yoalgns ays “souaey sunddey wy sanms aouaqies ae, m ppoy s9yNUEAD oy « “pied wes Seats s9piscun0s om uy aq pinor tisy-Ipay, Jo suos ag pur ‘sdiys EN axOK 24 Pifioa sania sour ‘unuing SupaIUa Sem {wp Oy «XaqpI» COW DINOS, (Eb-OFPOL) (OU IAEA 208 Ie exe pra, eseTig “URE “Ida Jo SOMO auy, 1f-07 DMD ANSE MP snacha ORIN PEEL IM MEN BH-D8-§ crn Iw Air anuung o1 £q7euossod of outro 1 GE-LEPOL) De-muns Duy wep] -DI-D N-2}-1 0-0] MY-DW-D U (Le-9eH01) cOP TENS TEU, (7 “mou Avepue st azays farosaq Aspen sum a804L, (EF-ZT:29E) {U9 9g TH BIAN puE, Nb H-gn-gnd SAW AYN T Cree) TM sangosino am uaun, mm-me-mu gay Sony Bente (Sioyare pos you Soop ‘ploy Ata “Busy aup 3, (T ‘001 ‘wonowe asuaiur autos skunaq SoMto asaxp, Jo woNUaKE aX (© %4(E) pue (1) wi rxotW09 wanbasqns yp Aqyet0adse 99s ‘uoROMID aqp Kytsuarur szounues \g puosss oxy, Huyf99p asuayut owos ssaidxa (E)-(1) ur soouatuas Ag 18H atp "(Z's s9puN ¢ serdeys 298) unouord quspuadepuy ai Jo asm ay JO MIIA Uf “Mojaq PoI!D sajduuwxs 942 wuogy ze9[o st SE 1xz1U0D Surpaoaud aun Wat MAIO aoNaIAS AS, 1814 941 S20p ION, zaIPO Yee YO ISARUOD n ssatdxa SoOUDTUDS AS ypttesed ayn op sadessed au: yo auow uy aye BuyMoHIO} 9H ‘saouatuas Ag om aavy safessed x1 BuoI{o) ay Jo yey SAONGINAS ASTATIVAVE £9 Sos ADNIERY SLA NOLLYIIVA, YD OA, on‘Won Onnex Varixmon THs AKKADIAN OF BYaLE8 ura] W lava Yi-is-mw-fnal i-na ‘ha-i{p] said the same thing to Pawura so ten to the words of Hla"ip."(132:37-40) Sb) Su nu-ki-ir UR[U, MES} 'His father has tured the ci 1324) nra-da-[an} URU su-mu-ra ‘Now Hip has handed over Sumur.’(132:42-43) 6 is-sa-bat URU ar-[dJa-ta (75:30-3 u- ‘and just now the men of Ammiya have killed their lord.’ (75:32-34) a pfa-fal-ha- kie'And 1 am terrified’ A special case of parallel SV sentences appears in 102: * Moran (1987, 254 note 4) reads Ma-dfurna LUGAL} URU ir'gatla) ‘ear B (LTUMES GAZ). 2A) MEIS] it ia-ra fa sia>-ag-bi 6. Sunincr - Vera Onoee us ‘The passage cont ‘The repetition of ide i ‘use of SV locates the emphasis in the subj TD [tfideimema NU.KUR.TUM.MES KALAG.GA 1 A thud i-le-hlE] ala-[kdJm a NUKORTUM nu-ma> LU.GAL a L.MEs DUMU.MES MIR.af-ra la-kén fide i-mw-ma ‘gab Sari lai a t-na-an-na ki-ra-an-na pal- ha 28 "Know that the war against me is severe and I have been unable to with the sons of *Abdi-Agirta. And go. Know tha traitors and you ‘The sentence has been diseased in the see Chapter 9 section 9.6. 78 From saldimu, see Altw (p. 1014),a ton Supra -( OU “TE “LHD MON BuHMONOS 6, IF opUBgE wary YO} Maw ‘AUD sey SoTe ng (ran 4-02 TOA pu-wng eAoqe ay, ‘PUI aM x ‘yp 'stiodar s pppepy-gy Aquqeus9 neve yD [Du)-nut-gn-ns 0} 4 g8PI0M snoraYDeAN aHLIM NOK Op fi hod puy {pr0y Aw ot spiom snousyoean FUN 999 1 PEH, (eRIS:LET) "PHOT Aus Bury amp soy 210}9q Se 4 pron mY Ua“ yOARy au SMOYS KyoUOszad vomit 2u-9 ond py foray 1 WONT Pawns ‘ogat ‘ou pron soup muy pu-navs- “oafns oun or souountoudporoads sont ag yo aon 241 ‘stsopode tf so siswuord wy roy “2941 Aquo porsout 241 UE J9pI0 AS UE pue siseIoud Oy) UL 39 ‘asienes oy, Jepio JouNOU ¥ uF stsopode ay PUL AS U ‘aif UA seauaiUas yeuoMIpuod Jo sojdumwxa xIS anv 9394, SAONALNIS TYNOLLIGNOD ONY AS 9°9 Tfpuanbasvon ‘won ‘Saqtaua Ku wo out SA 40 SMENITRY SIU MINOLTA AKO ION, ett116 ‘Wonb Oxoes VARATION SN TIE ARKADUAN CP BYBLOS me.’ (126:46-47) ‘Send a man of yours to guard The SV sentence in (8) belongs t0 type (b) has been shown that in such constru }) has no lexical subject. concern na LUGAL-ru UR.TUM a-na Sa-Su ‘Should n the entire country will be 8) umm ap-pie nama a ka-li KUR.KUR.KID the King even so come out him,’ (74:39-40) Swn-ma f-na-na gacla-ta ow you are tay in Kumidi. f the protass is ly one example is found, namely, (362: section 5.3 example ( 6. Sumer - Venn OnDex s small group of SV 1B its context hitherto ‘The food shortage mentioned in the previous context of (1) is 0 The st meant to give the answer: ‘Yapath-Hadda, Thus the use ofS ighlights the ides ) rmuvta "Yapa-Hadda does not ft my (105:85-86) ‘and I cannot send them (t because of the ships of Arwada.’ The purpose of (2),below is to stress placed ‘Abdi-Aita over the people of Amurru isthe king himself. °° Yasimuta isthe source on which Byblos cies fr gran; ‘Previous my peasantry got provisions from the land of Yarimata, ut aow, now Yapal Hada does not let ukem go,’ (114:55-60) and (gain for 40 mex) vith Vana Hada, Lok, Puneya ole story in your presence. th your ask ian to tel i inthe sight ofthe king, pro{dulced in the land of Yarimuta(9 0100 Eo6 “L861 ROW 205 ¢ “ou yaya rosdn 4190, Hs DSM oa I-AA Dw NE-DS-H MEST cum Sux eseajar pur api oni8 osje Bury ain Atyy, yons ut oafgns axa jo Ainuap Saouiaiues TumMolfoy ayy wy a90fqns 941 Jo Tun wo. sup ‘onoge pues U99q Sey THY JO SIStG a4 UD ‘ ‘womeoy aun so8uaittyo Aypxsqs oy (5) uy “siogose ayp Jo Sumy amp puryoq Sem Oy SPPOH-ORA st 1 sn srouorsstunUD 34 uoAdas [eo] sty sure SiapURTS 2m Or uoRUaN ou kod 247 ey sty Jo sueasas pedo] w we | HY MOU BuDy aM AQP ADK [fe AOQE Yor UU 201 S0UIS, (IZ-6T6TI) .'S40UOIR JeAOs (awi0s) Jo ypeap Sut Posteo St PPPLE-AN., -TVONT 19-Vi-4d SaN'N Ag Wp -Qi-tys Fury 241 01 pouodas Suoq su orsy, — (¢ ‘osmoastp oy) Jo xa}u20 a4 oxy yoafqns axa ind oy AS J0 980 219 Jo aydusex9 sa\poum sy souDquEs SuusoTOy UL i Cie-o¢:e8) ings Hig bu-piio pue (Og-62:2E1) Limsip]s ‘oy mueijung ru sanesadtat 0 95 JON “possanis sLasonbar ayp a1344 Sopuojs 941 CL uORUaiWY OW Aed RUPG aM OWN, (OZ-6ET) “18 “OY WONT ate $H4K -f1]adasexd §. stHN pts (p) asvdebory Au9 1260 w st tang, M-FY ARID BP-gnd AAD SC-PTLTD ,geStOpUNS OM Moge wARY cHOY axFMbut wax fH5A - sossa0§-9 Jrostuyy Fury om Aepy, JS uO-VPY MD) 1-]0-0$-4 TON [no TOR] st owequex FTE), uy ‘ou Aq paw s1n0osip at, 899 Siy SUOP sey OY LUpPEH-any tou ‘Hasuny Bury ayp <\pargnopun sp aurejg or aUE aL (G1-21:26) -s9uassour Kun soU 19]qe1 Avo 30 spuom aut seytfau oF pavarst, sey Bupy ay ang, 7a go) OFRISTPL 4 oryd-ana sawn POT ff -Paoy Kua Bury 94 0} saFuassour Lux pue y9Iqor Aw 9s |, PAE WONT afr DUD BENT UNE N18 OFIe-aLNia pd-dorsoe (E -uomnys snofiopuae uv suqiyxa oqdumex Bausorfo} 2, Mumury 01 08 01 You au op 30 segs amp pw santo sanyyaep > Buy axn 2271 -Koyy ou, meng 7-3 (EOE TOL) “Wa JOAO Ay Pde yp Fup 9q7 sea Ip, MENSA MS-UPH-OES -TVONT (OESTIOD ye HV SpqV, Patty 2404 (nazmeny yo pose! ap Katy soy “atH9 nummy woss {9 yea wy wea e1ng {Suny ap or tou 1 $f (Fuojaq Sani asamp op Woy on, CE SEAL ID NVIGYERY SDL NENOHLYRV XD CE str120 nD 8) SV sentence does not cor This usage, though presents no di ASALMESsa ing naval ‘nd wih respect ny ‘Wonp Oaoen VaRiaTION B78 AKKADIAN OF BYBLOS 36) ut. ‘release him, especially®? that man!" "Thave been attacked™ — with respect to my orchard." "And there is no grain for my food,’ @ LUMES (hu) -up(! ba-8i SEIM[BIL.A off to the towns where there is grain for their 125:27-30) "You have said indeed," rimarily functions to mark a transition to x. The pre 1g about the lack of garrison in isnot documented in any other place. * For the rendering, ee Chapter 7 section 7.5 on example (3). as For a different reading, see Yo 4972, 3560 [a have been against Rib-Hadda, TI sequent context, There me there is no garrison nor provis 2 Mpa-hurra a-pa-al ip-Sa n against me- (122: "eS not move to another subject fact, the subject sentence. In Yanhamu to (sakle the money ...J for the people of [Gulbla in the land of Yarimua Sarni-tag LUGAL KUR -2 YAN TON emp ile UN WO uo SO TVONT HOOP] “Supa sue -~ ny yor au ou stataH, —(T noafgo oxp 01 souraurtuosd soywadd v aa o7 urate 5} yoafgo Jo 199350 SISVHEWY GNV AO TL Tes Sunwoxy 130f90 4 powasaul 9q UoKp TEA 1399795 go 50 199559 ay aq4.asap asm sw Jojdeyo iuasard 9 ur pomoffog stsspeun 4 ainpasaid ays “uoseax ya Jog “Bunuoxs 1afgas uo medETUTIS 2xou! sf Bu 08s snus, rwonbasjuy sp saousntas AO MH Stozseydusa jo asn exo 50 uorssaidxa to YUM oproutod SeouaIUeS Ag Jo Ktuofwu ox svaraKLA, DNLLNOW LOSES SASHIA ONUNONALOEKHO TL YACYO PATA - LOALAO “Lh uLOD AS xOym soouEISUE aay BUT IoAfqns 2x9 0} aousurtnosd jeroads sufrsse s9ps0 Ag Jo asn atp mY MOUS ose soousquas [ouonIpuoD ‘woURMONd A{Jenba sowoseq s2aK}4es {og Jo r99fqns ax ‘Mas v UE N90 saUDIUAS AS AOU JO OA YOY noafgns axp 01 aousuywosd Teroads saat Ag Jo as ayn ‘passoxdxa st SEUOD OU Dy Laas TUELLOdr soUtO99q 199fqNS ‘ur paquiosap uonae 10 BAS 21p1 Waxy UOAUONE Jo YTYS a4 UF SIIRSaZ Ag Jo as OUT, AAVINNIS §°9 ~ ASINOOSE 1WBIOIIP OA SEY AS IBY UROYS Sey YODA connall Kyawanxa St uopemIs dul Vostar stip 403, ue-pu-pu-ty (Gy LP" } au Jo SoqUgUD OL, PI-< Us mom Ye axe Bury out nepourtwon ng nro 93 0g prom 1 “aK Y>I95 19} 01 D1QRUR axe NOK Jf, (01 suayoue puas uaK SPURT um st o1 pousMIaZ oy SIULEP OF way 40} s21UM OU Sean BID SF, SHAR, 40 VERY EL AINDELYEY, ETH CION, zr14 ‘Woup ORDER VARUATION TH AKKADIAN CE BYBLOS Eldata, and the king of Irqata, and the commissioner of the king, my lord, (139:14-16) Sentence (1) plainly enumerates the victims of Aziru's destructive tions, Then comes an OV sentence (2) which mentions another we, namely, Azin's breaking into Sumer. 2 a (URE Sumi mu-ra pa-la-Sa Aad he (even) broke into * (139:17) ‘The use of OV in (2) intensifies the climactic progression which starts in (1); the killing of the city the killing of the king's commissioner, and in the end, the breaking of Sumur. The information in (2) that even Sumur was broken into is undoubtedly meant to give the strongest possible reason for the warning that follows, cited in (3): 3) [Ranwmal i-na-an-na yu-ba-é [i ar- i-na LUGAL ‘And indeed he is now intent on committing a crime? against the king,’ (139:18-19) A Tong passage in letter 140, cited below as (4)-(6), exhibits 4 different set of emphases to the same happenings described in (1) @). 4) "He (Aziru) does as he pleases.’ a-mur a-zi-ru ‘Look, speaking of Aziru Mg-du-na LUGAL KUR ir-ga-ta da-ak ‘he killed Aduna, King of Irqata,' (140:10-11) LUGAL KUR am-mi-ia ad LUGAL KUR ar-da-ta aLO GAL ? Sec tines 22 and 40 for the reconstruction. 7. Owe - Vern ORDER ws da-ak he and a magnate. ed the king of Ammiya and the king of Ardata 140:11-13) 5) 2 la-qa URU.MES-Su-nu ‘He (Aziru) took their citios’ Sabu URU sumu-ra a-na Sa-Su URU-MES LUGAL-ri'To him belong Sumur, to him belong the cities of the king. 1- en URU gub-la GIS.ZI-a-at farri ‘Only Gubla is ..3 of the king. (140:13-17) ©) Sa-nitas.a-mur URU su-mucra GURU ti "Moreover, he broke into Sumur and U1 [SJa-nictas a-mur ar-na-mla yil-pucui(!) Pa-zi-ru ficpla ure nebi-fu [g-nJa muchi-ka (!) Moreover, Aziru even committed a crime when he was brought unto you (=the king).' (140:18-23) "The crime (arnu ) was ag -ds-s pa-ta-ta In (4), the slaughtered king of (1) now becomes attention, The fronting of the object is in fact sufficient to create the emphasis. In addition, the series of killing described in (1) is now rephrased into two sentences, both of which are in OV. The killings are thus mentioned one by one. The succession of two OV sentences in @) produce the same effect. The first ofthese explicitly states the taking of Sumur, which is only implied in (5).> The second cx ins * The meaning of GIS-Zi-La-at LUGAL-i clear. Tn any case, it must be a construct feminine noun, * Kknudwon (1915) construes ina urrubise ana mubhika with the subsequent verbless sentence arnu complement normally follows after the 3 sections 3.1 and 34. * the fronting of the prepositional pease to him and its repetitionBunun jo Ae 710} sou 1 161) worspnuy £3 popstar gue ay Huqgunsstaeony ‘isu {°8gNH Jo ame sip Jo soumenua axp wouy ono Jou ancy Aoin sdoon nady, se (EMISV-IPGY,) 2EL 19-9 7m TPS SANAIDIO'$ID ¥ SAWZVD'VS $3 “emyy-pay, ses vunsiog tnsaz v se pus “CGoduossau seppeH-a {ays sdoon ou oxo asom rey! pay (BIS Y-IPQY,) ay UHL, — (1 ISUOIUE 405 SPURS WoRE|SUED PaZIorTET {M0134 ( SEAQ J098N STL, 1) wo 2} Kidaop pus asuanut wowanns op saxysus roolgo ogi uo siseydins wl2y wous parnds you st antang woo ing YUNRUOD [WAOE OY JO aouapIsax ay) St af asnboeq Son sayno axp MOY MALAY St Souda a4oqr (2) NOLVOLISNIINE NV AO €L tuoYy atp 0 430 sapeus 1u9say jo quowoaout au way y[nsar wp siseudtaa OP ILL suonses SusoTT03 aU, \§ 01 140K ONT SancaIOWy, (OT [Bay | OAoTRYAL pu ‘OUD Pro] Au BeSof mos wwe or na IaH MA * Jou “L “7 uonD9s ¢saudo4:) mY passNonp SF STL THO toy Jo SiseyUO an am ou, (6¢-EC'R01) «Poy Ker Busy 9 av 10 MOLY | LBARTEYAN Pu TUBAKDS TEAO] AMOK LE T, DENT UTWONT OD [njend-sp aways) 0-05 0 2p-1D-n$ DDH “wuALDS [OKO MOK WET, (6 ay {(patvurep afessed ywonbasans 1p Pf 94} 01 puas YPEAAIDY 1, “ov:ozn) “fa & Si 30 spuom ain paoy Buy amp Avy, (LE-9E-LED “Bury ova yo aouasard op ott ‘pioy Aur “Bury aun yo weases BUOS UiKO Att puas 24: IONT 404 pu UD Awad Pw-mw-D 2 Pr9y Kur Bupy oy Jo goussard ayp sow i0U yeYsT, — (L ‘sisoydiuta areas oF 1uarougns st auoye Sunuosy uv (p) Uoomiaq uosuieduico y *(0}) pur 430 siseydue Jo Worssardx2 au0 YUL aprouloa tou Op Ag Jo seduEAsUL May Syuo Iw WaOYS sea I} sordeys Fumpeooud ay) UL jun yo Su said 9) Jo 2outantas 145 a4p ut smn HORDafrOVNY aq WH} OSB BION “AULD sys 20 v so ser128 ‘Woan Ono VARIA ONIN THE ARKADIANOF RLS 2) "The entire land of the king as far as Egypt willbe joined to the ‘Apia. : Sd-ni-tas afta) la yu-S¢-bi-labe-li a-na YR:Xlu) ki-ma ar Ai a-na DUB.pf’Moreover, my lord has not had any word his servant” by tablet with all speed.’ (88:34-36) archers are on hand,’ kali KUR.MES ni-il-gié a-na LUGAL+ri ‘even the entire country we will take for the king.’ (103:56-57, end of the tablet) 4) ‘As for the Egyptians who got out of Ullasa, they are now with me, But there is no grain for them to eat since Yapah- Hadda does not let my ships into Yarimata, nu nd URU stemuera [lana i-le-fi ai 3Jum MES URIU ar-wa-da ‘and, because of the ships of Arwada, T cannot even send them to Sumur’® (105:86-88) 5) "The king, my lord, knows that the gods of Gubla are holy, and the pains are severe,’ 2 he-e-tl ip--ti a-na DINGIR.MES ‘for I committed? Reconstruction after Moran (1987, 276, not 9. © The subsequent sentence is badly damaged, Kaudtzon ‘auously restored tas fa) und facagsua-feuca ji if IM lal gle “la "Look, he (Ypal- Haka) says,"Rib-Hadda wok it, and also he 915) 360, note 4), Compare 89:19 and 113:11 for reads ep-ti Tconfessed, but this meaning of ted elsewhere. Albright 123 (p, 483) Thave vow) assumes ep, aro us in Byblos, 7. Opnice - Vexs Onve 19 Thave become afraid of my is T keep writing to the palace en from Meluhha.’ own peasantry, fora gartison and ‘Everything (belonging to me) may the king, my lord, take is admiuedly alas having a SV expressing a contrast with the preceding rr ately discussed in Chapter 6 sectnous 21-19-00 puow oMp asoy> pu pur sy PaBT wa ‘519 J0 was as an ots 04 pores pe sa4os ap Kideoxe wenda8q em: Aq pron peag-ob pur ‘Suadosd jou OY PIC, “HOWE s SUPE juoo spun MSY-IpqY, and ot doon sa8ze] v 30 wsanbas seppoyy-qny Aqsomuoy wip ses 194 (1) JO 1x9MU09 Suupadacd ayy, “smusEAyD 5 sanwy PULL Twawiofimze onseIyD yitm aproutoo Kew FunuoxsI3—fq INTDNADNYWAY OUSVID ONY AO SL Buon axe fain mou os pay, (92-¥2:S0D .Sv0s a on ans8 Kowp eMISy-pqy, 01 SurBuoqoq Bunpdrong “aye on aains & wT pup nu-plp]-ou vs. rue H-DY 10mg paren pa 10, wo anvY kau MON, \Buons axe Keun A18urpsoooe Wy Buons oy) oF aA1F wuNgy -UP-OP MVONT b-cims wy BIOL ea Bury aya o1 let waaHo OHA - AoAKHO *L (a « Ip Aa HEPA YEH Se nm GR) OH YBNOND fa ABS aT BUY gy onda “8:¥6) ¢ sp0% ays , preay soy pur spom ay! pauruuexs soy “pray Aus Suny OM, 1-29 TVOMT «by pur(j)st fas-vor-n T W[8-vips aon + P10] Sux “Bury auf 01 plow snoxsysean ue ywods10U op |, (T “AQ Jo 280 seman nd su Jo saydumexo somo [es9ADS amy ary “C1) UE AU ‘suits yp Jo sqrerap asow quasasd (yp) ur saouaIuas AO) RP seORAL Zz oNDas UF (p) pur (1) woam1a4 wos SHONGINAS AO OLLVHAWG TETIVAVE YL 9 01 SsoUpUTy awOs auop sey oy UaYO MOY sMONY FUNY 2H, GE6ID /Mpehoy Kw sMoUr 24 AxqeKoy Kur pauodas sey ays 240 PEN MTOR Rend un 7 1 vena 20u Bulpy aun sey Ayn, WESTIE 249 01 aura fo uous meron [avin v7-4n8 plain (ores0un rxe1u09 amount) — _Soau0y-onosan ips SuopR UY puas S71 40 XVID SLAB NOALYTVA ENG TAOA ost132 ‘Woop Ota VanuamonN Ti AKKADIAN OF BYALOS king cares litle for Rib-Hadda, He is even annoyed by the latter's pleas for help 10 ward off “Abdi son, Aziru (see intense feeling. 1) awnete jaruta as-ta-pa-ru a-na EN ove tiga-bu v a-na mi-ni tetS-ta-pa-ru a-warte Sa-rwta yco “Had I been writing treacherous words to my lord that you say, "Why do you keep writing treacherous words?" (217:29-31) ‘To give vividness to his statement, Rib-Hadda repeats the king's produces aa clequae cchiasmaus. And, as nama even more emphatic, 7, Osnsce - Vue OnnER ha 2) -ng dunes @p-HrTID “tUIGY, oy JO , au amy Se SHEMET 40 syed 8 pu ants 30 (S}ONRYS) ET PLEA T, ZV M1 Sos 80 p-bu-po-DU I§-0g-JO-DU JOd-D1 | SAW WEAVE CL uing ovr vx Teusou sip up sXtis ‘sdiys yp so anyy ayy “st seg) “uonemeyar duoual ao ay apiwm ‘qiea axp Jo yop oy UO suvadde (z) ut Auadoud aq9 30 Aacquenb ax 40 (1) ut wauaed arp uo uoReaLOTY stgloods auour ayy, “sured ont onur ids st (z) paw (1) ut s99Fqo ou, ‘adusn jupsods © stiqiyxa woRORNsuOD sump ‘SSafayUAADN “suOLLD—s snoynard ay} uf poquosop sinoyjo uLspisuaiut m1 aonpoud YOU Soop Si 3exOMOpy SouaTEIDS ay Yo FuuURHaq amp ye uNOW payaueNb ‘aun aogid ot jesnrew asoyasoyp sta] “umo sfo4p JO aauouRtrard atos sey peouany © Aq pouIEUDI9p st YoryM unou aiLf, saquINU SH ZULAIS oste suvow Funjpawos Jo Anueab ap Suy roaud s NOLLVOERINYAD ONV AO 9°L Sora a0 MVD AL NE NCALYTIYA HO THON, ve136 ‘Won Quoin VARIATION NT ARKADIANF BYBLOS they brought (them) into Egypt.’ Enumerating the enormities against Gubla one by one produces emphasis, The intrusion of an OV 1e chain and only weaken the emphasis. placed after the verb. 7.7 SUMMARY ‘The infrequent use of other emphatic devi such as interjections or contr sentences indicat in OV sentences ve constructions that abound in VS. self is a strong emphatic ‘OV expresses intense emotion, OV may also present details of that would appear only globally in a normal VO sentence. Contrastive use like that of SV is found only in conjunction with chinstic arrangement and parallelism. The emphatic use of OV is not found with quantified object. 8. POSITION OF THE COMPLEMENT 8.1 DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMPLEMENTS The term "complement" refers to the various expressions modifying the whole predicative structu x regardless of its order. C which normally takes the form of a ‘The following semantic categories cover differ complements, a. Beneficiary:! '., ‘troops advan (1241213), Afirta, (83:25) 4. Manner: “This man of mine, may the king send him ki-ma ar-hi- * rom the form as prepositional objec, is complement can also be analyzed dative or indiset object.ara (up mppou peo $+ nbay 249 OF nba + § ae. + pba se88 aeq o+mgeu LV6EL 611388 ate nsedo Svea peo 0+ snyade 8 pee (Nn) nyeda m2 E9EI yoyo 08:01 (up mypq0 souarayoy sumionng aanvorpaig “9pI0 peuLTOU 941 uioNy saxmea aouanibas duexs ip soreorpuy ystowse aM, sapu0 aatteyar romp Sussoro} au, ssina90 Jonou siuaaydasos od sounyses og ' paquosop aq 01 ssoumsumRaND od frunsou sit dno90 yours at AH FO+PHOHGEE wOyos “aN + uonEsTED ext sLetreragnog si 40 NoIusO4“s + souunun + womrueduonse + o9eid + Azero1jau99 :s1 souanbas [eopL ‘yp ‘aouanbas wu ut 1n990 stusuia[dito9 a40UL 10 OM! UOYAN, SLNAWETTENOD ONOWY WICAO TALLVTTY 78 sama dazoo 1990 01 5juo soride asmonuns 94 430 9] 249 OF 1uaMIOnOIy *¢'g WoH}DeS ur passtostp 3q Toney ayn qua s2yn38on woUIaTEIs Sip Loy 2qUDpIAD 9 antvorpaud a “omionns aanvoypaxd oip Jo 14S 941 Ho Sund90 “aN Jo auLHa| HOD ay) ide0x9 “‘onoge parsi| siuowaldwos oy8 Jo yor uw oajoaut oer i Komp ep 2u0 of, WYS'aN Du Jo angsaz ay) 0} -v 08 o1 ayqnun we 1, (Lp-9P:E01) ut, ag-tens-ou pu-p anaung or poods (fe quia oaz0y -Asoyrxne us puss pus’, (punos3/uoseax/asodind) uonesne:) “2 (ce-9¢:001) ssauorssrumto> (s smug) SI SU, S-WIASVI'T 24-1 nweque, puss oy 0 Aaypedea/rouumus oy uy, vapt ay a10uap sauuEyy jauraasSe Aq, 31 {yet sdnys ayom pur, “(RL:LTT) -sIsey SOTA 2 HREVORY STUNINUNTEVA EHO CHON, ae140 Worn Onna VARIATION TAS AKKADIAN OF BYBLOS Predicative Smucture Complements naddinu + 0 bee 0+ nadanu bere gab ate akan d+O+d Salarw ard Saparu+ 0 ate Spar bte Sapane ate Soparu bre Soparu ard fru (precatD)+ suff. b+e wuz bebet uzuzzu (impy) bet (wabiu®)+8 — atded S + (whast a+b S+ (was bre (whuiiure + 0 atd (w)ufwutS+O b+t (wuifuru + Sui, esas fee (w)uktura +0 arb 0+ (wyukturu bed (whadSuru (Impy) +O a+b (w)usSuru (Impy) +O. b+d Reference 108:17 109:40 137:100 107:22-24* 85:56; 117:91, 19:1 124:36 96:32 71:25, see 8.3 (25) 113337 102:15, see 8.3.(27) 88:35 105:21* 109:63 73:84 19: see 8.3 (26) 82:18* 87:10 89:23, 8215 133:13, 8. Posts ot 8 wor Ma Predicative Structure Complements Reference (wjukturu (Impy)+O d+b+e+£ 103264 see 8.3 (28) (ovjustiaru (Impy) +O db te S+(whuiiura+O od ‘Here are the seven sentences which exhibit variation from the normal sequence, 1) 3) 4) 5) Qa-na-ku laa ile-tta-ta-kém a-na til-la-ti a-na URU sume ra’...and 1am unable to go to the aid of Sumur’ (105:29- 31) a yi-pu-uS(!) ki-ma SA. i-na KUR.MES for he has acted as he pleased in the lands of the (139:11-12, also 88: ing.” na ka-tas andi na na-sa-ar ZI-ka'L will send him the coming out of the ona (URI siemu-ra aa MES pl-td-at LUGAL-ri peed order to, aia sabi pita Sari, see 8.3) Rus Sra sl-a-ta ki-ma ar-hi-18 a-na URU su-mutra a-na na- ga-ri-ke '...and send an auxiliary-force with all speed to(e960) ‘ory 20s ‘sunou fuypour sasesyl peuonrsodard wo uojssnas ¥ 30 € 9W paysene say oj UND SAW AWN enon ZR if-Dg-purue OW WYVLEDuMD — (E (ov-spita) p Same stpuour Z vid Sal PP] SAW LZ Pueumg — (% lerorly ‘sui09 srayart OH eK SHA gL, U-—pfi 19 SION PH-DI-NK ep BesLe-ufo ga MusuME — Cf “sopyd say tuoxd aap uOy stn 3tp aveoRpUE SINT 4O.LNENEANOD €°8 ‘tnafgo-iwautrayduto-qio4 2ouanbos peasnun nso oy, -aimonas St siseydure 20y Sunway pue yqord ay) ‘saasmoy Sif 01 Bunuody axe19}01 you op spoows sanounfu igs Dut LaUUELH Jo waUID|duOD ax) paid ajoys oyp You pur meus a}qeisadsaz on ss.) SL, 30 NONISOG (S161) WIIgvIVDT eH up axmtuguy oy enim sonasuod 19 apiou pup aseayd ayy, -ng- wal 1qB8 mpob puersropun 01 150q aq Sq parsadsax uous v souoyssiuiwos Cavola wmu-ve-o9 sawn pend [p}H Pgn4 IS WDISYINOT _ gf C e800 ea ae wowooute Aa sy D4 PY, E + SAW YW gIO Te (uy-rreoD ppuend 01 sop ng, ‘som D VICI LL AINOUY TENA aIO HOM terM44 ‘Wono Onnin VastaTions im AKKADUANoF Bates times, This year an we ast) 2 years T have been repeatedly robbed of my grain. (85:8-10) "We have no grain to eat! 4) 3 6 mma UD.KAM i musta d-qa-mu ERIN.MES pf-1é-at LUGAL EN-ia ‘I am now awaiting day and night the archers of the king, my lord.’ (136:37-39) D ala "Formerly they were saying, (362: 8) ‘For my part I keep saying,’ [ium-ma UD.K]AM.MES smu LUGAL-ru [a UD].KAM.MES yi- ‘MU. The plundering, as teported in 86:38-3 ‘Moreover, the normal position of the time complement verb, comoborates the analysis, ® This is an example of MES sign that does not i Compare with 117263 ina UD.KAM t-spionae'i a day they ‘Compare also with URU MES as singular in 1293 and 62:25. 9) 12) 13) 4. Posri08 oP Tue ConpesneaT Ms. will take them. 109:16-19) andi mucka Suri broughi (1128-50) sa-na» URU su-mucra ‘Truly, muda tucba-lu-na & mu-Sa tu-te-ru-na LIC.MES DUMU Si- ip-ri 3a-a LUGAL- messengers must bring (ne by night because of the dog.’ (24)-(28), ka$a-ad ™a-m d that appa ana ka-li LU-MES GAZ.MES na-ad-nu px against me.’ (79:8. Ja UD.KAM.MES Suwa. -ep-Sa-at KUR.MES a-na x, since your father’s return the from Sidon, fro: “Apiru, (85:69-73) «a la-gf ‘When the archers came ot ASirta in their possession was nrucsoyet 92 0 399 “eet “se61) Sour 1 paidoa08 “p61 "Zz oudonut seyI0 30 “QI ‘SHY se SumoRDHINy pyDw 30 a 1 Supeasfeusiacad Y (89-99:Z9¢) ; PHOT Aun “Bury ax 30 Spud] ap asurese Tuyo are widyp JO [Te smOMp Mow, NOK 12d WONT weDHns v-Dy (zz a res 09 100 vg-bnnkin-p (Iz 27(01 1ouues yuaure;dwoo sy -wuoUIe|daI0D [euuou-uow ay seonposd (gz)-(L2) UL stseydewa oun ‘Hs JOUER stopsaudaa aso Jo wonsod ay ‘snoMoH| “Hci om fo Jo 2809 atl “siseyuud aansenuod ued UoRTSOd Sif 19K “aT au 40 ,uado al (01) Paw (6) ur audi 4g, oye uorssasdxa ou, “wisrueqooen SunUo ar SRHUTHINOD HL 40 NOLO “a ‘ou soya ag 25am aps Hasson SW TAVITA 90 5 (6 2104 og "2g61) WEIN 296 woRaudsoE SH PUP BUgpEDL AAO ‘ay Jo asn ayeu rouULD awe uo sfseydiMa UP “arManns aAnworpard ‘3p 30.49] 2m 01 spurs Kpwaiye our yo muaKa|dut09 aX OoUIg (9:98) tne gatos nok Kup aug, ime rue MUD pucsmu-D — (QZ (esusen) {SuquoU sno} 407 BUPA a4 YU souaIpNE WE EY YOU SEH, 24 “uTag| UE pankie {Faye spuooas aoeed yusou 24 Aun mos [ yBNOGL, TOT Reed tu antetf) neg! NON'IVD'S 2 AUN mEeD Df or (9-P°yED) /Spo8 ayp “eign wry Soane ‘2uo8 ou ancy Kou eoUoKE ou WOH, [TAT ATONIC Br prvomT nan: a 99°11) SHE oe Ths Aout ep v UL, ag-pu AVN AN er OT (85-£5:801) I ,AuAT s,p20] SOT 0 SMIERY LAENGLIVTIYA HO.TION148 Woo Onn VARIATION TA ARKADIANCEBYELOS 23) "Send royal twul-gi ka-lfi) KUR tena KAMMES land may be taken in a day." ! (3a: 4 -na-sa-ar [KUR}KL be lta adi asé (ERIN). Tay guard the land of my lord until archers comes out! (127:37-39) 25) 26) 27) iz a-na URU gu-mu-i ka-Sa-di-ia "Go, stay in Sumur * (102:15-16) 28) 1y-foree with al speed to Somur in he arrival of the archers of the king, order to guard it the Sun’ (103:25-29) ‘The form u + qatala in (29) expresses a volitive mood. Accordingly, it takes the first position. This explains why the complement of time stands to the right of the predicative structure. 29) apoas-fu DUMU.MES a 1DUMUMMES a- dan UD.KAM.MES '...so that the sons and dav, 7 See note 6 above for the otiose plural siga in UD-KAMMES. 8. Posrttox oF tae Conus us peace forever.’ (74:37-38) The complement of time in (30) occurs before a verb in the imperative mood, which is anomalous, 30) isn UD.KAMMES /an-ni) ‘And at this time, send a large! force. (85:79-80) If the complement of time stands after the predi ‘meaning of the sentence will be ‘Send a large force certainly not what Rib-Hadda wants to say in (3 (23) in which ina UD.KAM.MES really means 'in a day’. It seems, therefore, that the anomalous order here is meant to mark the difference in meaning, 8.4 EXCURSUS ON urra mila ‘Though it looks like other noun phrase nas time complement func ve structure, Hence the expression is an adverb. Whereas complements stand out the predicative structure, the expression urra milla may stand immediately before the verb, as in (1)-(3), or after, as in ( There is, however, not enough evidence to is after and sometimes before the verb. 1 the space i too sms proposed GAL, compare wth 75: IN MES dap avia-bi LUGAL ‘Senda large force of archers thatbiey Ducnu-n y :oreudeur a4 oF uyewn eyebsy pow ants, suvaras feo} [1no}k 1 1UDs | HE VISE nus Du-p nfs] DL§-DY PAN Drv Duums wesouBUTY 29mRO IP ASE YOO], (E ‘ (66-v61 1) -08 wrap 19] 104 s9op uppopy-fjude A ‘mou ang “eINMUEA 30 PUR] ay oxy suotstaoud 108 Knuvsvad Aur Ajsnoragsa, 1u7y- MAME wld Burmoyoy ayy, “emu, rajqoud 241 st eppuyy-edog, 15 919 UULOJUE 0251 YON salys Au own] Dr SAW'YW'st ara Aq palsoy suond ag 9 smouy (amung Wt Supt a ajdurexe Buyaoyioy 941 29g “20U9U sumjpnuns oapeaipasd au 40 3p woud at0UU UBS OF {10} S9Aouu waUajdu209 a4, ONLLNOW INENETANOD $°8 st saw ps0 soRis08 8 (e-Se¢8) .. Bupy 24) OF uos sno ann nog, “WYRIU pu Kop BuyKes) ‘ox TVD uD mu B-[0u] Pane sey py Du LIDTED) Og-n pu Da-an pur £eq, (OS-L¥'78) {849yore 10} 1ySta wy JO PUL| dy TEI MOUS JOU FJasINOx pue ep sBuoy NOK Op “aACaIOW, gsr (j) nam Dees TA (so-r9°7D Buoy 1 wy st SKY Df s)-mu Baan B04 slosh & op 1 wv> wwyAA "ROX ra ag 02 aU2 405 POOR S111, Py Dump (cz-0z¢L) -1n0 axHoo 01 stoyare a1p 404 14H pur Sep Surfuoy am 4ary PLISY-IPY, qiem Aqpust Buraq mou jou are Koyy 400", (b1-21i99) cour ssuree som out wr mB puL up payoene ssou aa¥y Ko¥p IOAORIOYY, -NDN PS $a iy [Og nue vscan ng-muet Sagan avy DL NINOUNDIYA DIO HOH is & ic @ a ost12 ‘Woab Onn VAKLATONIN TH AKKAIAN OF ByB8 "Indeed have now been in Saumur, "because the magnate is in difficulty due to the 3) (Rib-Hadda's @UGU URU gu- aloats over the war which is 39-40) 9 wrote to the king, he would not 7? "They would attack me, and I would be unable to get out and Gubla would be joined to the ‘Apiru.’ a-na URU i-birs-ta al- ka They have gone to Ibirta’ (104:52-53) a p[u)-tt ing-né- ep-$a a-na LU.MES GAZ.MES ‘and an agreement has been made! with the ‘Apiru. ‘The fronted com complements of place, Cor the above examples are all ements of beneficiary and causation I must be a syllabic writing for UR. Gly = albu. Compare ilar phenomenon in 13628 DU;qGAXTUKA where the glose is a syllabic writing ofthe Sumerogram. hhave undersiond the sentence as ‘and there too the city has gone over to the ‘Apiru. Yet this would be the only documented instance of the putative Canaanite wor, 8. Rosiriow oF tz Comes 153, Iso move to the front, see (8). 0) and (12) respectively, “They (the people of Tyre) are afraid’ summa a-na ha-za-ni URU gur-ri laa -i-lu LUGAL-ru ‘Will the king not yyor of Tyre?’ (89:44-45) "For his % to ‘Abdi-Hadda the *.. (unclear passage) when decision was announced.” (120:35-36) wee] was heard, no. 10) ‘What ean T do by self have been negligent of your cites so that the *Apiru dog takes them 2 @-na ka-ta rnavad-naetfi pa to you (alone) that Ihave turned.” (90:26-27) 11) "May the king my lord not be negligent about Sumur, lest all ta-at URU gub-la commissioner who is in Sumur, Gubia is alive, (68:19-21) 12) mayors are being friendly jim.’ ki SA u-na GIS. MAM as they please,’ (126: they need." ‘Their ships go wy fetch what 12) ‘and 45 Taking tas salma, rather than fam. For the meaning of the root, s0e Aitw (p. 10130.ay MIOIOYIP IYsSdULOs 1 o[duNXa BuEAon[os au, (8e-LE: a4p «ods, soy psom aun Sunvadas Aq aouaiuas puooas ap ut pauseisns araaas 4:94 st, ojorpasd yo siseydar oy, SONAWHIOD NOM ONLLNOW 9°8 SGA 50 NVRVONY STUN DURA OHO TOA, st156 Woo Onn Vawux ONIN THE AKKADIAN OF BYBLES Cease eae reer eee complements of place ‘in Sigata’ and 'from Batruna’ move to the front, ila [kJa-felas'L ‘you did not heed ‘As stated imperative or However, in three cases innperative in (1), or the volitive in (2) and (3). 'So now ‘Abdi-ASi stead of Koudor 5) yuwastfora land of Yarituta, let grain be given for lus to eat.’ (86:46-48) 'Or send ships,” An alternative rendering of (1) may be tempting: "So now "Abdi-Afirta has writen to the troops in the temple of NINURTA. “Assemble and then let us fall upon Guba.” the complement of place belong: where.'* But a command to assem to where one she the complement ‘may be proposed to solve the problem in (2! yaSi with the preceding sentence Consequer the case of (3), the conjunction ‘and’ excludes the possiblity to consider ‘from Yarimuta’ as belonging to the previous sentence. Therefore (3) has to be taken as aan exception to the rule that a verb in the first position. 8 Peuie apud Youngblood (1972, 1 14), © Kendtzon (1918)98 sob sO (SLL 165-49 181-94 0 ‘88 ‘wopwodop Jo uSwAtan okt Cee 29 » infuos 2p Kq peonponur aq Keun aouaitias 94) UI paguiosap mmeyje Jo ows 40 ywOAa Jo 20uanbasuoo feniony v sassaxdxa aousIias aanieynsal Y ® Yong -souaqu9s SSONSINAS TALLVLATNSTY 7°6 {anunisqns pur ‘qeodwat lj 20) esodind ‘oannynsar “oy ‘sauo8o19 onus au} oF 2uipuoooe paruosard are sagustuas 1wepuadap au, “soualuas [wfouu 94) 2 wonejax uy Sosuatuas uepuodap asaya Jo uoRISod xp 2qu989p 02 pure ssouarues ruapuadap Jo sod wax9\yRp UE Zopuo pAoA 24 Sururex9 01 Sune asojarzys Jaxdeyo styl ‘saoueIuos apuadop 30 sadai somo oyp oF sade waned axp sayraya se 01 areEMNESoy j0 Ao awwo oy JO ssoqpseSox M9 seoUaIUDS Yons rayrOYN. (ns9u papuotUr ue 40 ysas fenIaNy B ‘soouanuas juapuadap se saouaties Su Jo smuis oyi Aq pauruarop st ¢ pu p siotdeya ur passnosip Tpofns Jo spury ureuiso Gus BuoLE GA Jo a9104 au, ‘yesnv9 SIDNHLNGS INTONSJIC ONY NIVIK 1°6 SHONALNAS LNACGNAdHC FHL *6 30 14Hur oun oF puras Ateansow yore stuaUro}duN0:) “spout antuadat 10 OANA 24 UE ST QUDA a\N Ways azMIONUNS AAROYpaLd ‘1p Jo.yStr orp oF soaow aun so auowa}dito> aq, “um + uoResME9 + s2uuman + wounuedwooe + ond + Areys1j2u9q :st aouanbas 24) Ut Jopso au, amranns aqmwarpaid 3 WHMIS 8g SOMA 0 NMYSBY ME NINOLYRIVA RHO OA, ast160 Woan nner INTHE AKEADIANOF BYBLOS 1) she the ing of Mitanna, or the king of Ka&Su’ [yJu-ba-i la-ga KUR LUGAL a-na Sa-a-Su ‘that he strives to take the land of the king for himself?” (76:15-16) 2) "You yourself have been negligent of your cities LU GAZ.MES [UR.KU] 'so 24-26) thatthe “Apiru dog? takes 3) "Who are they’ u-$u ar-na tt da-a-ku LU.MASKIM sti-ki-na ™pf- that they have committed a crime and killed the commissioner\si-ki-na Pevrure?' (362:69) See also 84:8-10; 92:41-42, All the examples of iniima-sentences fe meaning exhibit verb-first order. The sentence ter the main sentence. A coordinate sentence introduced by w may also function as a sentence. The verb occurs consistently at the beginning. fe sentence follows after the main sentence. “Abdi-ASirta, servant and dog,' qi KUR LUGAL a-na Sa-a-fu ‘that he takes the land, 2 Reconstruction according to Moran (1987, 280, note 5). 9. Tie Devunent Senvences 161 6) "What are the do; please and ities of the king? (125:42-45) See also 83:15-16; 85:64-65; 88:10-11; 91: 69, 22-24; 116:68 9.3. PURPOSE SENTENCES A purpose sentence expresses an inte factual consequence, of an Purpose sentences are only sentences introduced by the conjunc! main sentence: indicative, then » his ka-[1J7 URUMES ‘Now he is in fact gathering together all the 2) aenami-nim gatatai aw trig-bu ana LUGAL ri dua: vena ERINMES psd ‘Saumur?! (71:10-16)