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Activity 1:
Mole
Fraction
Component
(xi)
Molecular
Weight
(MWi)
Viscosity
(i)
(cP at
MSC)
xi MWi
i xi MWi 10-3
Methane
0.9376
16.0426
0.0107
3.7554
40.1828 x 10-3
Ethane
0.0314
30.0694
0.0090
0.1722
1.5498 x 10-3
Propane
0.0062
44.0962
0.0080
0.0412
0.3296 x 10-3
Butane
0.0020
58.1230
0.0071
0.0152
0.1079 x 10-3
Pentane
0.0007
72.1498
0.0066
0.0059
0.0389 x 10-3
Nitrogen
0.0203
28.0130
0.0170
0.1074
1.8258 x 10-3
Carbon
Dioxide
0.0018
44.0100
0.0180
0.0119
0.2142 x 10-3
Total
m =
4.1092
44.2490 x 10-3
i xi MWi
xi MWi
44.2490 10-3
= 0.0108 cP or 10.810-6 Pa.s
m =
4.1092
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 2:
Location
Height
above sea
level (m)
Pressure
(bar)
Corrected
Pressure
(bar)
500
70
0.856
74.5
500
100
0.805
106.4
50
100
0.805
101.5
50
50
0.895
51.3
100
20
0.955
21.2
gas
air
0.7
Pb exp 0.03417
S.h
.P
Z.T t
0.7 500
0.856 288
71.01325 74.5bar
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 3:
a)
LPgaugecorrectionfactor a g g.h a 1
g
g.h a 1s g.h
a
0.12 1
1.225 1
9.81
12 1
b)
Manufactured Gas:
LP 0.12 10.5
120 7.2mbarincreaseingaugepressure
This compensates to some extent for the pressure loss when gas is flowing
and is therefore an advantage.
c)
LPG
LP 0.12 11.93
120 13.4mbardecreaseingaugepressure
This must be added to any pressure loss caused by flowing gas and therefore
increase the required distribution pressure by this amount.
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 4:
Re 25043
105
Qs
25043
26295PartiallyTurbulent
100
d
Activity 5:
a) Re 25043
Qs
d
25043
b) (i) Re 25043
Qs
(ii) Re 25043
Qs
3
20
3756
25043
250
25043
180
34782
1000
1.25 10
c)
The service pipe is just below the partially turbulent flow criterion. It could be
partially turbulent but is likely to be in the critical zone.
The distribution pipe is an order of magnitude grater and well into the partially
turbulent region.
The transmission pipe, largest in operation in the UK represents just about the
largest value Re likely to be experienced within British Gas. It is on the border
line between partial and full turbulence. Virtually all practical flow problems in
the gas supply industry fall in the partially turbulent region.
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 6:
Total Energy, head line (no losses)
2
U1
2g
ht
Actual energy head line
2
U2
2g
g
g
Direction of Flow
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 7:
Starting with the Hagen-Poiseuille equation:
d4 P
128L
Q
Substitute for
P ghf
Q uA
To give:
uA
d4 ghf
128L
Rearranging gives:
hf
128uAL
d4 g
And since:
A
d2
4
We have
hf
128ud2 L Lu2 32
.
dg ud
4d4 g
And since:
Re
ud
We have
hf
Lu2 32 4Lu2 16
.
dg Re
2dg Re
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 8:
a)
RelativeRoughness
Re 25043
0.01
0.0006
16
Q 25043 3
4696
16
d
0.01
0.00005
200
Q 25043 200
25043
200
d
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 9:
a)
did you remember that 20 m/s is the actual velocity? To find the value of Re
you need the velocity expressed at MSC.
Did you remember that the maximum velocity occurs at the downstream end
of the pipeline? The pressure there is not 70 bar(gauge), under maximum flow
conditions it could be something like 50 bar(gauge). Try the calculation again
using this pressure.
Maximum velocity at the downstream end is 20 m/s. if the downstream
pressure is 50bar then the maximum velocity is:
umax u
Pgauge Patm
51.01325
20
1006.9 ms atMSC
1.01325
Patm
Q uA 1006.9
Re 25043
d2
m3 st
3600
6
hr
4 10
Pgauge Patm
71.01325
20
1401.7 ms atMSC
1.01325
Patm
Q uA 1401.7
d2
m3 st
3600
6
hr
4 10
8
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Re 25043
Q
1401.7 10422 3600
25043
1.03 10
d
1042 4 106
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 10:
P1 2 P2 2 d5
S.L.Z.T
7.574 Ts 1
104 Ps f
7.574 288
1
10 1.101325
51.01325 580
71.01325
0.6 10 0.9 293
Q
And also the relative roughness =
21661
f
0.038
580
0.00006
Try1:
f 0.004 Q 3.4 105 Re 25043
Q
1.5 107
d
Try 2:
at this value of Re and also with relative roughness which we found above, go
to moody chart and find another friction factor
f 0.00275 Q 4.1 105 Re 25043
Q
1.8 107
d
Try3:
at this value of Re and also with relative roughness which we found above, go
to moody chart and find another friction factor. We can see that the friction
factor is same as the one in Try2.
Therefore the friction factor for the pipe is f=0.00275 and Q=4.1x105 m3/hr
The flow is virtually fully developed turbulent.
10
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 11:
frommoodyChartforsmoothpipes
Q
Re 25043 Re 2.7 107
f 0.004
d
P1 2 P2 2 d5
S.L.Z.T
7.574 Ts 1
104 Ps f
In this equation:
Ts 15
P1 P2
P1 2 P2 2
104
7.574
104
7.574
Ps
Ts
1.01325
288
P1 2 P2 2
f.S.L.Z.T 2
Q
d5
3413.96
f.L 2
Q
d5
f.L 2
Q
d5
In this equation:
3
P1 2 P2 2
P1 3bar gauge
3.12
4.01325bar abs
11
2.6bar gauge
293K
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 12:
frommoodyChartforsmoothpipes
Q
Re 25043 Re 3756
f 0.01025
d
5.712 1
104 f
P1 P2 d5
S.L
P1 P2 d5
f.s.Q2
In this equation:
3
12
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 13:
Procedure:
Assume values of Re number on moodys chart
Calculate x, then f from the Transco Equation
For some Re number get the f from the moodys chart assuming
smooth pipes
Graphicate Re vs. f using logarithmic scale for Re.
Compare the values for f
13
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 14:
Q
Re 25043 Re 5.6 10
d
x log 10 Re 5 x 0.25
1
fsp
The pipe is jointed using electrofusion couplers, so from Fig. 3.17 (page 60)
di 157.2mm,Re 5.6 104 e 0.99
Using equation 3.37:
104
5.712
P1 P2
P1 P2
P1 P2 d5
S.L
5.712 e
104 fsp
104
5.712
S.L.fsp .Q2
d5 .e2
350
P1 P2 5.30
31.01325P2 5.30 P2 25.71325bar abs
14
24.7bar gauge
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 15:
15
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
Activity 16:
3
fsp
factual 0.0041
e2
d
2
And also
P2
Ps .us
u
In this equation:
us
Q
A
4Q
us 71.3 ms
d2
u2
P2 (abs)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
28.75
30.28
32.09
34.27
36.96
40.40
45.02
51.72
62.70
86.08
254.04
2.51306
2.38580
2.25135
2.10834
1.95490
1.78835
1.60459
1.39687
1.15230
0.83925
0.28439
P2
(gauge)
1.50
1.37
1.24
1.10
0.94
0.78
0.59
0.38
0.14
-0.17
-0.73
From L=900 the pressure is negative and then no flow must happen.
16
GASFLOWINCIRCULARPIPES
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