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Satellite
A spacecraft placed in orbit around the earth
which carries on board microwave receiving
and transmitting equipment; repeater,
capable of relaying signals from one point
on earth to other points.
1940s 1950s
- moon was the first passive satellite used
1945
- Arthur C. Clarke proposed message
transmissions via
satellite
1954
- the U.S. Navy conducted the Earth Moon
Earth experiment
1957
- Russia launched the SPUTNIK 1 the first
active satellite
1958
- the U.S. launched the SCOREwhich
rebroadcasted Pres. Eisenhowers
Christmas message.
1960
- NASA, Bell Labs and Jet Propulsion Lab
launched the Echo;
accomplished the first transatlantic
transmission
1962
- AT & T launched the TELSTAR 1 the first
duplex satellite transmission
1963
- AT & T launched TELSTAR 2 for
telephone, TV, fax and data transmission
1965
- COMSAT launched the EARLY BIRD
which transmitted messages to five earth
stations with 66 telephone circuits using
FDM techniques
1966
- The National Development Company and
POTC established the DOMSAT ushering
satellite technology to the Philippines
1967
- PHILCOMSAT; Philippines, installed the
first earth station at the foot of Sierra Madre
Mountains, Mount Pinugay, Baras, Rizal
1970
- China launched its first satellite
1972
- USA launched LANDSAT 1 for remote
sensing missions
1974
- Western Union launched the WESTAR for
TV and data transmission
- Russia launched RESURS-0 for remote
sensing mission
1976
- Indonesia launched its first satellite;
PALAPA A-1
1986
- France launched the SPOT-1 for remote
sensing service
1988
- India launched its first satellite; INSAT-C
- Russia launched the OKEAN for remote
sensing
1993
- Thailand launched its first satellite;
THAICOM 1.
- They also launched the Microsatellite
Program through United NASA and GE
1997
- Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation
launched AGUILA II; the first Philippine
Satellite
Syncom I
- was the first attempt to place
geosynchronous satellite into orbit but was
lost during orbit injection
Syncom III
- used to broadcast the 1964 Olympic
Games from Tokyo
Satellite Link
A communications path formed between two
or more ground stations transmitting and
receiving radio communications traffic via
satellite
a. Uplink
- that portion of the satellite
communications link involving the
transmission of traffic from the ground
station up to the satellite
b. Downlink
- that portion of a satellite
communications link involving the
transmission of traffic from the satellite to
earth terminal
Categories of Satellites
According to Function
1. Passive Satellite a communications
satellite not equipped with electronic
devices to retransmit communications.
Such satellite acts only as a reflector of
radio waves.
2. Active Satellite a satellite equipped
with electronic devices to receive,
amplify, convert, and retransmit signals
Categories of Satellites
Based on Orbit
1. Non-Synchronous or Orbital rotate
around the earth in low altitude elliptical
or circular pattern. (s e)
Orbital Terminology
Orbit the path of a celestial body or satellite
in unpowered flight.
Ascending Node point where the orbit
crosses the equatorial plane going from South
to North
Descending Node point where the orbit
crosses the equatorial plane going from North
to South
Apogee the highest point of the orbit or it is
the point in an earth satellite orbit, which is the
farthest away from the earth; lowest velocity
Perigee the point in an earth satellite orbit,
which is the closest in the earth; fastest velocity
Eccentricity a number between zero and
one which describe the shape of an ellipse. A
circle has an eccentricity of zero.
Elliptical Orbits
Major Axis the longer axis of the
ellipse, the line adjoining the perigee and
apogee thru the center of the earth, called the
line of apsides
Minor Axis the shorter axis of the
ellipse, the line perpendicular to the major axis
and halfway between the perigee and apogee
Access Techniques
- refers to the way a communications system
uses a satellite transponder.
Multiple Access
- in communications satellites, those satellites
so equipped that they may function as a portion
of a communications link between more than
one pair of ground stations simultaneously.
Multiple Access Back-Off refers to the
satellite output power that is lost due to the
necessity for backing off on earth station
radiated power to avoid generating excessively
high intermodulation products in the satellite. It
ranges from 1 to 2 dB
Satellite Multiple Access Technique
1. Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
a satellite transponder is divided into
smaller frequencies hand segments where
each segment is assigned to use for his uplink
or downlink frequency.
a. Pre-assigned a given number of
available voice hand channels from
each earth station are assigned
dedicated destinations. This method is
only economically feasible in situations
where sources / destination locations
have very low traffic density during the
busy hour.
b. Demand Assigned (DAMA) voice
band channels are assigned on asneeded basis. It provides more
versatility and more efficient use of the
frequency spectrum.
Link budget
- The performance of any communication link
depends on the quality of the equipment being
used.
- Link budget is a way of quantifying the link
performance.
- The received power in an 802.11 link is
determined by three
factors: transmit power, transmitting antenna
gain, and
receiving antenna gain.
- If that power, minus the free space loss of the
Fresnel Zone
-
The First Fresnel Zone is an ellipsoidshaped volume around the Line-ofSight path between transmitter and
receiver.
Radio Mobile
-
Introduction
The old earth stations and antennas
were large sizes.
The Satellite was suffering from weak
transmission and the impact of higher
noise on the ground stations.
So the receiving stations must be large
size and complex installation.
These satellites have developed
and become a high transmitter.
So the ground stations changed
to small size Stations with less
expensive and less complex and
called VSAT.
What is a VSAT?
A very small aperture terminal
(VSAT) is a small telecommunication
earth station that receives and transmits
data, video or voice via satellite.
The "very small" component of the
VSAT acronym refers to the size of the
VSAT dish antenna-typically about 60
cm to 3.8 m.
Components of VSAT
It has two basic components:
a. Ground Segment (earth segment),
which is divided into:
- Outdoor Unit (ODU), which contains
the antenna.
- Indoor Unit (IDU), which contains the
interface between the VSAT and the
customers
Equipment (PCs, TVs,
Telephones).
b. Space Segment namely
satellite.
Uplink & Downlink
VSAT uses different frequencies:
Summary
VSAT is a perfect solution in answering
voice, data and video, especially in the
absence of terrestrial transmission
coverage.
Utilizing VSAT offers maximum benefit,
which enables company to expand very
fast without affected by lack of local
telecommunication network
infrastructure.
VSAT is available anywhere in the
Kingdom with the ability to connect
remote areas.