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VIDYALAYA
VAYU SENA
NAGAR
ARINDAM MISHRA
CLASS XII-C
BIOLOGY
PROJECT
PEDIGREE
ANALYSIS
Certificate
NAME : ARINDAM MISHRA
CLASS : XII C
ROLL NO. :12343
INSTITUTION : KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA VAYU SENA NAGAR
This is certified to be the bonafide
work of the student in the
(Teacher In-Charge)
(SCHOOL
SEAL)
(Examiner)
(Principal)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
biology mentor R. KOCHE for her vital
support, guidance and encouragement without
which this project would not have come forth
from my side.
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided
support and encouraged me to go my own way,
without which I would be unable to complete my
project.
INTRODUCTION
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity,
and variation in living organisms. It is generally
considered a field of biology, but it intersects
frequently with many of the life sciences and is
strongly linked with the study of information
systems.
The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a
scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied
'trait inheritance,' patterns in the way traits were
handed down from parents to offspring. He
observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits
by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This
term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous
definition of what is referred to as a gene.
MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE
Mendelian
inheritance is inheritance of biological features that
follows the laws proposed by Gregor Johann Mendel in
1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900. It was initially
very controversial. When Mendel's theories were
integrated with the chromosome theory of
inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they
became the core of classical genetics.
Mendels laws
Mendel's law of segregation describes what happens to
the alleles that make up a gene during formation of
gametes. For example, suppose that a pea plant
contains a gene for flower colour in which both alleles
code for red. One way to represent that condition is to
write RR, which indicates that both alleles (R and R)
code for the colour red. Another gene might have a
different combination of alleles, as in Rr. In this case, the
symbol R stands for red colour and the r for "not red" or,
in this case, white. Mendel's law of segregation says
that the alleles that make up a gene separate from each
other, or segregate, during the formation of gametes.
MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE
PATTERNS AND
GENETIC DISORDERS
Within a population, there may be a number of alleles for
a given gene. Individuals that have two copies of the
same allele are referred to as homozygous for that
allele; individuals that have copies of different alleles are
known as heterozygous for that allele. The inheritance
Autosomal dominant
If the phenotype associated with a given version of a
gene is observed when an individual has only one copy,
the allele is said to be autosomal dominant. The
phenotype will be observed whether the individual has
one copy of the allele (is heterozygous) or has two
copies of the allele (is homozygous).
Autosomal recessive
If the phenotype associated with a given version of a
gene is observed only when an individual has two
copies, the allele is said to be autosomal recessive. The
phenotype will be observed only when the individual is
homozygous for the allele concerned. An individual with
only one copy of the allele will not show the phenotype,
but will be able to pass the allele on to subsequent
generations. As a result, an individual heterozygous for
an autosomal recessive allele is known as a carrier.
exhibiting
action:
affected
have at
affected
individuals
least one
parent
the
generally
generation
phenotype
appears every
ANALYSIS OF MY
FAMILY
PEDIGREE
CHARACTERISTIC 1:
PRESENCE OF
ATTACHED EARLOBE
The earlobe character of whether it remains
attached to the head or remains free such that its end
hangs down from point of attachment is a characteristic
inherited from our ancestors (parents, grandparents etc).
The presence of an attached ear lobe is due to a
recessive autosomal allele pair or gene and the
presence of free earlobe is due to a dominant gene.
COMMENTS:
In the adjoining pedigree (of my family) it is
observed that in the first generation person 1(grandpa)
and person 2(grandma) have free earlobes therefore
genotypically both of them have a dominant allele for
this characteristic. In the next generation it is seen that
one of their sons (Person5: my 2nd uncle) has attached
earlobes making him homozygous recessive (i.e.ee) and
indicating that both the persons of first generation (i.e.
Grandma and grandpa) were heterozygous (i.e. Ee).
Their other four sons and the daughter remain
CHARACTERISTIC 2:
TONGUE ROLLER
This is the particular ability to roll the tongue into u
shaped tube. This ability arises due to the presence of a
dominant gene (may be homozygous or heterozygous).
It is an inherited characteristic and follows the Mendelian
laws of inheritance. Non rollers are homozygous
recessive.
COMMENTS:
In the adjoining pedigree, we can observe person 1
(of generation I: my grandfather) is unable to roll his
tongue hence he is homozygous recessive (rr).Person 2
of generation I (my grandmother) posses the ability to
roll her tongue, hence she may be homozygous
dominant or heterozygous. In the second generation it is
observed that out of the six progenies, person 1 and 11
(my fist and 6th uncle) are unable to roll their tongue and
the others posses this ability hence confirming two
things:
Person 2 of first generation (grandma) is
heterozygous dominant (Rr).
Persons 1 and 2 (of generation II: my uncles) are
homozygous recessive (rr). Persons 3, 5, 7 and 9 of
generation II are heterozygous (i.e. Rr).
In second generation person 1 gets married to person
2 who is homozygous dominant (RR, able to roll the
tongue) and have a daughter person1 (of generation III:
my cousin) who naturally is a tongue roller and hence
heterozygous dominant (Rr). Person 3 (of generation II:
my father) marries person 4 (of generation II: my
mother) who is heterozygous dominant (Rr). They have
2 children (person 2 and 3 of generation III: me and my
brother). Out of this person 2 (of generation III: me) is a
non roller and hence homozygous recessive (rr), while
his brother (person 3, generation III) is a tongue roller
and hence heterozygous dominant (Rr). Person 5 (of
generation II: my uncle) gets married to person 6 (of
generation II: my aunt) who is a non roller and hence
homozygous recessive ( rr). They have a son who is
also a non - roller and hence his homozygous recessive
(rr). Person 7(of generation II) gets married to person 8
who is homozygous dominant (RR, a Tongue roller).
They have 2 sons (persons 5 & 6 of generation III), both
of them being tongue rollers may be homozygous
CHARACTERISTIC 3 :
INTERLACED
FINGERS.
On interlacing the fingers of our hands the way in
which our thumbs are crossed is controlled by an
inherited gene. It follows the Mendelian Laws of
COMMENTS:
In the adjoining pedigree person 1 of generation I
(grandfather), shows homozygous recessive trait (ff) as
his right thumb covers over his left. However person 2(of
generation 1: my grandmother) shows a dominant gene
as her left thumb over laps her right. She must be
heterozygous as three of her six children show
recessive trait, i.e., persons 1, 5, 7 (of generation II: my
uncles) show homozygous recessive trait (ff).
Person 1(of generation II: my uncle) gets married to
persons 2(of generation II: my aunt) whose right thumb
overlaps the left hence she is homozygous recessive
(ff).They have a daughter (person 1 of generation III: my
cousin) who is also obviously homozygous recessive
(ff). Person 3(of generation II: my father) who is
heterozygous (Ff) marries person 4(of generation II: my
mother) whose right thumb overlaps the left; hence she
is homozygous recessive (ff). They have two children
(person 2&3 of generation III: me and my brother), both
of them are homozygous recessive (f f).
Person 5 (of generation II: my uncle) who is
homozygous recessive marries person 6 (of generation
CHARACTERISTIC
4:HITCHHIKERS
THUMB
Hitchhikers thumb is a kind of bent thumb that a
person possesses. It is seen when a person gives a
thumbs up! to some one. If the thumb is straight a
dominant gene either homozygous or heterozygous (i.e.
SS or Ss) is indicated. The bent thumb is the hitchers
thumb and people with such thumb have homozygous
recessive gene (ss).
Comments:
In the adjoining pedigree we see that
person 1 of generation I (my grandfather)
possesses the hitchhikers thumb as he is
homozygous recessive (ss). She marries
person 2 (my grandmother) who as a
straight thumb. She may hence be
heterozygous/ homozygous dominant
(Ss/ss). However it is evident that she is
heterozygous as out of their 6 children
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Source:
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
DK WORLD MAGAZINE