SPECTRUM OF HELIUM ATOM

Dian Ariani *), Aeman Hakim, Titin Fatmawati

Modern Physics Laboratory Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences
Universitas Negeri Makassar
Abstract: It has been done experimentally spectrum line of different types of atoms (atomic
theory of Bohr). This experiment aims to determine the wavelength spectrum of the noble gas atoms
line of Helium (He). The data obtained is done in a way to squeeze vertical lines on the spectrometer
with color lines formed then measure the angle formed by the scale on the spectrometer. Based on
observations and analysis of the data obtained that the minimum wavelength starting from purple to
red with the largest wavelength. The results obtained in accordance with the theory that each atom
emits a spectrum of different colors with different wavelengths correspond to the atom characteristic.
And from analysis of the data concluded that the color purple, blue, yellow, green, orange and red in
accordance with the theory. And from the result of data analysis of the Rydberg constant for each
spectrum, we can know that the values obtained in the lab nearly equal to the value of the Rydberg
constant empirically derived. This proves that the spectral lines of helium atom (He) comes from the
transition of electrons in the atom.

KEYWORDS: wavelength, spectrum, Rydberg constant.

INTRODUCTION
This experiment purpose to
determine the wavelength spectrum of gas
atoms of helium (He). An emission
spectrum that can be produced by an atom
can be observed by using a spectrometer,
The spectrum forming a row of colors of
light at different wavelengths. The
existence of spectrum produced by each
element consisting of a row of color with
a wavelength different first observed in
hydrogen gas by Niels Bohr. [4]
If a gas is placed in the tube and
then an electric current is passed into the
tube, the gas will emit light. The light
emitted by each of the different gases and
is the characteristics of the gas. Light is
emitted in the form of lines spectrum and
not a continuous spectrum. The fact that
the gas emits light in the form of line
spectrum is believed to be closely related
to atomic structure. Thus, the atomic line
spectrum can be used to test the
correctness of a model of the atom. [4]

This
experiment
was
then
performed to make the observation of line
spectrum generated from gas atoms and
determine the wavelength of each
spectrum line produced by the atoms, the
atoms were observed spectrum is helium
(He). Observations were made using an
optical spectrometer and grating to
determine the angle formed every
spectrum color that will be analyzed to
obtain the wavelength of each row of the
color spectrum that resulted by the atom. .
THEORY
The spectrum of molecular gas or
vapor miolekular contain tapes consist of
a lot of lines that are located very close.
The line arise because of rotation and
vibration of atoms in the excited
molecules electronic. Altought when white
light is passed through the gas, the gas
turns it will absorb light of a particular
wavelength of wavelengths contained in

the emission spectrum. The spectrum of

absorption lines occur many consists of a
bright background in riding with a dark
line corresponding to a wavelength that is
absorbable. An example is the Fraunhofer
lines in the spectrum of sunlight arises
because portions brighter than the sun
radiates so arises because portions of light
from sun radiated so that the resulting
temperature difference of 5000 K,
surrounded by a gas cooler which absorb
light at certain wavelengths only . [5]
If the gas and metal vapor low
pressure (below atmospheric pressure) is
excited, the emitted radiation has a
spectrum that contains only certain
wavelengths. Each element shows the
unique
line
spectrum.
Optical
spectrometer can be used to determine the
wavelength spectrum of the line gas atoms
and metal vapor. [2]
Grating is used to separate the
spectrum lines. Light has difacted,
experiencing the same wavelength
superposition and generate maximum
intensity. The relationship between
diffraction and the wavelength is linear
(sin ~ ) in the normal spectrum. We can
determine the wavelength coming from a
light through the grid by using a
spectrometer.
The
equation
for
determining the wavelength spectrum of
the line is

n.N
sin

101\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

With : n = Order of Spectrum, =

summary of angel between the
spectrum lines right and left, N = number
of lines in kisi used, and = wavelength.

FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram for

definitions of angles
Electromagnetic
radiation
of
various atoms can be grouped into a
continuous spectrum and the spectrum of
discrete or line. In a continuous spectrum,
the wavelength of the radiation emitted
spanning from a minimum value, may be
0, up to a maximum value, may be
approached . The fluorescent radiation
from the object is one example of which
fall within this group. It is known that
white light is a mixture of all colors of
visible light. Thus, a glowing hot object
emits all frequencies of visible light
spectrum. If, on the contrary, we cause an
electric spark jumps in a tube containing a
small amount of gas or vapor of a
particular element, such as mercury,
sodium, or neon gas, it is just a set of
discrete wavelengths of light emitted
certain. [3 ]
We can see a line spectrum of atoms
derived from the transitions of electrons in
the atom by comparing the constants of
the equation for each spectrum line
formed on the atom with Rydberg constant
empirically derived ie R = 1.097 x 10 7 m
-1.
Where equation for calculating constant
empirically for each spectrum is:

1
1
1
=R
+ 2
2

n A nB

telescope in the right direction slowly so

the observed color line first on the order
of 1 (n = 1). Then squeeze the sign
vertically on a telescope with color lines
first and read the appointment of scale in
the spectrometer as right, with work
procedures at observing the lines of the
next color in the same order and stripes
next color on the order of 2 (n = 2) and
record each appointment scaled as right.
Furthermore, the spectrometer optics
telescope rotate slowly to the left and
repeat the same procedure working as a
reading right and read each appointment as
spectrometer scale on the left.

(1.2)

With : = wavelength of each spectrum

line; R = Rydberg constants for each
spectrum; nA and nB = the quantum
numbers for each atom. [1]
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
The tools used in this experiment is
Optical Spectrometer, Lattice Rowland,
Spectral Lamp He, transformers, 6 V AC,
12 V AC and Universal Choke, 230 V, 50
Hz. The research method is done by
setting or adjustment on an optical
spectrometer before use. How tuning that
is, by installing spectrum Ne lights on the
tube, and then on the Universal choke. See
the telescope and make sure you look to
see the light line vertical. Positioning
lattice prism table and align it with the
telescope so that light passes through the
slit grating and spectrum can be observed
in the telescope.

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

Based on the results of experiments
that have been done obtained the
following results:
Table 1. Results of observations on the
spectrometer
Orde

Color of
spectrum
Purple
Indigo
Blue

kiri

kanan

|15,70 0,02| |15,32 0,02|

|16,92 0,02| |16,90 0,02|

|17,70 0,02| |17,22 0,02|

|18,54 0,02| |18,02 0,02|

Green

|20,68 0,02| |20,56 0,02|

Yellow

|21,16 0,02| |20,80 0,02|

FIGURE 2. The series of experiments
Helium atom line spectrum
First, to determine the line spectrum
Uh, we must first straighten colimator
position and telescope optic spectrometer.
Then make it squeeze between line of
light visible in the telescope with vertical
thread on the telescope, once that is done
by rotating the spectrometer optics of the

Orange

|24,24 0,02| |23,66 0,02|

Red
Purple
2

|33,56 0,02| |32,16 0,02|

|35,74 0,02| |34,56 0,02|

Indigo

|37,70 0,02| |36,26 0,02|

Blue

wavelength is violet color line spectrum

Green
|37,58 0,02| either on first order or on the second order.
The results obtained in accordance with
|46,66 0,02|
Yellow
the theory that each atom emits a spectrum
|47,06 0,02| |44,24 0,02| of different colors with different
Orange
wavelengths correspond to the atom
|52,62 0,02|characteristic.
Red
While the results of the analysis to
Based on the analysis by using the
determine the value of the Rydberg
formula (1.1) the results obtained for each
constant by using the formula (1.2)
spectrum length of each order as follows:
obtained the results of the Rydberg
Table 2. The wavelength of each spectrum
constant for each spectrum of each order
Color of
Orde
Wavelength (nm)
as follows:
spectrum
Table 3. Rydberg constant of each
|445,67 32,09|
spectrum
Purple

|38,52 0,02|

Indigo
Blue
1

|484,83 31,90|

Orde

|500,00 31,80|

Purple

|522,83 31,66|

Indigo

Green

|587,00 31,20|

Blue

Yellow

|596,67 31,12|
Orange

|676,50 30,44|

Indigo
2

|452,17 13,99|

Orange

|479,75 13,62|

Red

|501,25 13,31|

Purple

Blue

|513,58 13,12|

Indigo

Green

|595,92 11,65|
Orange

Based on the table wavelengths for

each spectrum of colors above it can be
seen that the atom of helium (He)
produces discrete spectral lines. Where the
spectrum consists of a row of purple,
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and
red. Where the spectrum has the shortest

Green
Yellow

Red
Purple

Color of
spectrum

Blue
Green
Orange

Rydberg constant (m-1)

|0,94286 0,06788|107
|0,88034 0,05793|107
|0,86956 0,05530|107
|0,86036 0,05214|10 7
|0,80952 0,04307| 107
|0,89600 0,04677|107
|1,05710 0,04757| 107
|0,92941 0,02872|10 7
|0,89060 0,02529| 107
|0,86739 0,02307|107
|0,87703 0,02236|107
|0,89493 0,01745|107

Based on analysis of the Rydberg

constant for each spectrum, we can know
that the values obtained in the experiment

nearly equal to the value of the Rydberg

constant empirically derived. This proves
that the spectral lines of helium atom (He)
comes from the transition of electrons in
the atom.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental results it
can be concluded that the quantization of
energy that can be controlled electron in
an atom can be evidenced by the spectrum
of discrete / lines of helium atoms were
observed which indicates that the atom
can only absorb specific frequencies of
light. In addition we can also know that
the line spectrum of atoms of helium (He)
comes from the transition of electrons in
the atom by observing the Rydberg
constant obtained by experiment value is
nearly equal to the value of the Rydberg
constant empirically.

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Universitas
Indonesia:Jakarta
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Eksperimen
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Unit
Laboratorium
Fisika
Modern
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