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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
]]"r'ge}}
w&m;pmpOfukd "r'getjzpf rnforl qdk ul;,lciG hf yHEk ydS cf iG hf &So
d nf/
rmwdum ! *
rmwdum
pmrsufESm
pmrsufESm
tcef; (1)
rmwdum NyD;\/
!1
tcef; (1)
orm"dow
k e f 1
om0wded'gef;/y/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... pdwfwnfMunfrI ]orm"d}udk yGm;rsm;Muukefavmh? cspfom;
&[ef;wdkY... pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d&Sdaom &[ef;onf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrif\/ tb,fodkYvQif [kwfwdkif;
rSefpGm odoenf;
1/ ]]um; 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
2/ ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork', t&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
3/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&mjzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kueda&m" t&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
4/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&m (edAmef) odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh ]'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opm
(= r*t&d,opm)w&m;}wnf;}}[k [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ... pdwfwnfMunfrI ]orm"d}udk yGm;rsm;Muukefavmh? cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...
pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d&Sdaom &[ef;onf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrif\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...xdkYaMumifh omoemawmf ..
1
om0wded'geH/ orm" bdua0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ud ,xmblwH
yZmemwd? ]]'H 'ku} }Ed ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kuo
rk'a,m}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kue ad &ma"m}}wd
,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kue ad &m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ orm" bdua 0 bma0x? orm[dawm
bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
wom wd[ bdua0 ]]'H 'ku}}Ed a,ma*g u&PDa,m? ]]t,H 'kuork'a,m}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m? ]]t,H
'kueda&ma"m}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m? ]]t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m/ (oH?3?363/)
om0wded'geH/ em[H bdua0 avmaue 0d0'grd? avmaum0 r,m 0d0'wd/ e bdua0 "r0g'D auepd avmuo
0d0'wd/ ,H bdua0 ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/ ,H bdua0 twdorwH avmau
y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/
ud bdua0 ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? ,r[H ]ewD}wd 0'grd lyH bdua0 edpH "k0H owH t0dy&dPmr"rH
ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/ a0'em/y/ onm/y/ ocFg&m/y/ 0dnmPH edpH "k0H owH
t0dy&dPmr"rH ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/ 'H acg bdua0 ewdorwH avmau
y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/
ud bdua0 twdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? ,r[H ]twD}wd 0'grd lyH bdua0 tedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH
twdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/ a0'em tedpm/y/ onm/y/ ocFg&m/y/ 0dnmPH tedpH
'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH twdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/ 'H acg bdua0 twdorwH
avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/
twd bdua 0 avmau avmu"arm? wH wxm*awm tbdorKZwd tbdoarwd? tbdorKZw
d mG tbdoarwGm
wH tmpduwd a'aowd ynaywd y|aywd 0d0&wd 0dbZwd OwmeDua&mwd/
kyfur|mef;ydkif;
kyf (28) yg; Z,m;
kyftppf r[mbkwf "mwfBuD; 4 - yg; (edyE-r[mblwly)
1/ yx0D"mwf
(yx0D"mwk)
2/ tmayg"mwf (tmayg"mwk)
3/ awaZm"mwf (awaZm"mwk)
4/ 0ga,m"mwf (0ga,m"mwk)
+
Oyg'gkyf 24 - yg; (Oyg'gly)
kyftppf Oyg'gkyf 14 - yg; (edyE-Oyg'gly)
tMunfkyf
1/ rsufpdtMunf
2/ em;tMunf
3/ ESmacgif;tMunf
4/ vQmtMunf
5/ udk,ftMunf
(yom'ly)
(puKyom')
(aomwyom')
(Cmeyom')
(Zd0Sgyom')
(um,yom')
tmkHkyf
1/ lygkH = tqif;
2/ o'gkH = toH
3/ *EmkH = teHY
4/ &omkH = teHY
(5/ azm|AmkH =
tawGUtxd"mwf)
(a*gp&ly)
(ly = 0P)
(o')
(*E)
(&o)
(azm|A)
bm0kyf
1/ trsKd;om;jzpfaMumif;
2/ trsKd;orD;jzpfaMumif;
1/ [',0wK
1/ kyfoufapmifh"mwf
1/ uAVDum&tm[m&
= tqDtap; = MoZm
(bm0ly)
(yk&dobm0)
(wdbm0)
([',ly)
(ZD0dwd`Ed,)
(tm[m&ly)
(0dum&ly) vuPkyf
(v[kwm) 1/ a`ErjynfhpkHrD
a&S;OD;tpjzpfjcif;
(rk'kwm)
(urnwm) 2/ a`EjynfhpkHNyD;aemuf
tqufqufjzpfjcif;
3/ &ifhjcif; = XD
4/ ysufjcif; = bif
(vuPly)
(Oyp,)
(oEwd)
(Z&wm)
(tedpwm)
v[kyx0Dtkyfpk
1/ rmrI ...oabm
3/ Murf;rI ...oabm
5/ av;rI ...oabm
2/ aysmhrI ...oabm
4/ acsmrI ...oabm
6/ ayghrI ...oabm
2/ tmayg"mwf
1/ j'0bm0 = y*&PvuPm
2/ tmAEebm0 = tmAEevuPm
= ,dkpD;rIoabm
= zGJUpnf;rIoabm
3/ awaZm"mwf
1/ (u) OPSbm0 = OPSawaZm = ylrIoabm
( c ) oDwbm0 = oDwawaZm = at;rIoabm
2/ y&dygpebm0 = &ifhusufaprIoabm
4/ 0ga,m"mwf
1/ 0dwrebm0
2/ ork'D&Pbm0
= axmufuefrIoabm
= wGef;uefrIoabm
puKyom'
aomwyom'
Cmeyom'
Zd0Sgyom'
um,yom'
=
=
=
=
=
rsufpd tMunf?
em; tMunf?
ESm tMunf = ESmacgif;tMunf?
vQm tMunf?
udk,f tMunf?
lygkH
o'gkH
*EmkH
&omkH
azm|AmkH
=
=
=
=
=
= trsKd;orD;jzpfaMumif;kyf?
= trsKd;om;jzpfaMumif;kyf?5
kyt
f ppf (18) yg;
txufazmfjyyg (18)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk uuVw = cufrmrI paom rdrd rdrd\ Opmjzpfaom
udk,fydkifobm0vuPm = y&rw"robm0owd udk,fpDygaomaMumifh obm0kyf[kvnf; ac:onf/ (1)
4
rSwcf suf ---- yx0D awaZm 0ga,m "mwfo;Hk yg;udyk if awGUxd &aumif;onft
h wGuf azm|A"mwf[k ac:qdo
k jzifh
,if;"mwfokH;yg;ESifhwuG a*gp&kyf = tmkHkyf (7)rsKd; jzpfonf/ a&wGufNyD;onfudk xyfr,l&aom t*[dw*[P
enf;t& qdk&rl kyf (28)yg;ukd a&wGuf&m ,if;"mwfokH;yg;wdkYudk "mwfBuD;av;yg; xnfhoGif;a&wGufaomf tmkHkyf
(4)rsK;d wnf;/
5
rSwcf suf ---- a,bk,stm;jzifh trsK;d o;D trsK;d o;D jzpfaMumif;bm0kyw
f pfrsK;d om &S\
d ? trsK;d om; trsK;d om;jzpfaMumif;
bm0kyw
f pfrsK;d om &S\
d / wpfO;D wpfrsK;d pDom a,bk,stm;jzifh &Sw
d wf\/ bm0kyo
f nfvnf; wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk ysUH EHUS
wnf\/ ObawmAsnf; = vdif = Asnf;ESpfrsKd;&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkYvnf; &Hcg&SdwwfaomaMumifh a,bk,s[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf ,if;ObawmAsnf;wdkYvnf; bm0kyfum; wpfckaom tcsdefumvtwGif; wpfrsKd;pDom &SdEdkifayonf/
(tbd?|?1?359 - Munfhyg/)
6
ESvkH;tdrftwGif; ykef;nufaphcefY us,faom wGif;i,f wnf&Sdaom aoG;rsm; ysHUESHUvsuf jzpfyGm;aeMuaom [',
'ouuvmyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom [',kyfonf raem"mwf+raem0dnmP"mwf[laom todpdwfwdkY\ rSD jzpf&mkyf
jzpfaomaMumifh [',0wKkyf rnf\/ ya0gum& = cEmig;yg;&Sdaom bkHudk &nfTef;xm;onf/
7
kyfum; uHaMumifhjzpfaom urZkyfuvmyfwdkif; yg0if uvmyfwl urZkyfwdkYukd apmifha&Smufay;aom
urZkyfwdkY\ toufwnf;? wpfudk,fvkH; ysHUESHUvsuf wnf&Sd\/?
8
rSwfcsuf ---- y"meenf;tm;jzifh qdjk cif;wnf;/ urZ pdwZ OwkZ tm[m&Z kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f MoZm yg0ifvsuyf if
&S\
d / urZMoZm pdwZ MoZm OwkZMoZm tm[m&ZMoZm[k toD;toD; ac:qd\
k / (kyu
f r|mef;Z,m;rsm;wGif Munhyf g)
pm;rsKdtyfaom tpmtm[m&onf cEmtdrftwGif; rysHUESHUrD OwkZkyfuvmyfwdkY\ taygif;tpkrQomwnf;/ ,if;
kyfuvmyfwdkYwGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom MoZmudk y"meenf; ed'eenf;tm;jzifh uAVDum&tm[m&[k ac:qdkxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
tedyE yk f = kyt
f wk (10) rsK;d
(8) y&dap'kyf (1) yg;
1/ tmumo"mwf = kyfuvmyfwdkY\ tMum;tayguf = y&dap'kyf? 9
10
(tH?1?150/)
puK'gG &o [d puK-um,-bm0'ou0aoe wo urZlyged? Oywru
med ye awoH Owk-pdwm -[m&ork|memed
pwk0DowDwd pwkyPmo a[mEd/ wxm aomw-Cme-Zd0Sg'Gga&ok/ um,'Gga& um,- bm0'ou0aoe ap0
Owkork|mem'd0aoe p pwkpwmvDo/ raem'Gga& [',0wK-um,-bm0'ou0aoe ap0 Owkork|mem'd0aoe
p pwkyPmoar0/ (0dok'd?2?259/)
17
aoaook pwkork|maeok t|ok ZD0dwe0ua0 wDPd p MoZ|rumeDwd awwo lyged ygu#med a[mEd/
(0dok'd?2?223/ pmydk'f?664/)
aoaoolwd oEyem'd0aoe ap0 O'*Frm'd0aoe p y0awok awaZm0ga,maum|maook/ (r[m#D?2?352)
18
0dok'dra* ye aoaook pwkork|maeok t|ok ZD0dwe0ua0 wDPd MoZ|rumed pmwd awwo awwo
lyged ygu#med a[mEDwd 0kwH/ ww t|olwd ygpu*dtmoymo0Zdawok wDok awaZmaum|maook
yok 0ga,maum|maoolwd t|ok/ wd umravmauyd ouvo&D&AsmyDok awaZm0ga,maum|maook
vArmewm {wH ouvo&Da&{0 '|AEd/ (y&rw'DyeD?321/)
16
raem'Gg& [lonf
t&m t|uxmq&mawmf16u [',udk raem'Gg&[k ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;\/ uhJodkYaom
tokH;tEIef;ESifh qufpyf raem'Gg&taMumif;udk qufvufwifjytyfygonf/
oH,kwft|uxm20ESifh r[m#Dum21wdkY\ zGifhqdkcsufESifh tnD --1/ b0ifudkvnf; raem'Gg&[k ac:qdk\/
2/ raem'Gg&m0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0ifudkvnf; raem'Gg&[k ac:qdk\/
3/ [',0wKudkvnf; XmEsLypm&tm;jzifh raem'Gg&[k ac:qdk\/
XmEsLypm& --- b0ifonf wpfenf; tm0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0ifonf [',0wKudkyif rSDjzpf&\/
rSDwwfaom b0if\ wpfenf; rSDwwfaom tm0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0if\ raem'Gg&[laom trnfudk
rDStyfaom rDS&mjzpfaom [',0wKkyf wifpm; wpfenf;qdk&aomf XmeDjzpfaom b0if\ odkYr[kwf
tm0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0if\ raem'Gg&[laom trnfukd Xmejzpfaom [',0wK wifpm; Xmejzpfaom
(= rDS&m jzpfaom) [',0wKkyfukdyif XmEsLypm&tm;jzifh raem'Gg&[k ac:qdkxm;ayonf/
rSwfom;vG,fulap&ef 'Gg& (6)yg; wnf&SdMuaom kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm;ESifh kyfta&twGuf
trsKd;tpm;wdkYudk Z,m;rsm;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
19
(0dok'd?2?251/ pmydk'f?703/)
20
{w ye raemwd b0*FpdwH/y/ tm0ZeH b0*Fawm tarmapwGm raemwd o[m0Zaee b0* '|AH/ (oH?|?3?5??)
21
raem'Gg&H emr om0ZeH b0*/ w ed,bm0awm [',0wKH oEm, eddwa0g[ma&e ]]raem'Gga&}}wd
0kwH/ ,w raem'Ggkywd/ (r[m#D?2?410/)
bm0'ouuvmyf
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&puK[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif puKyom'rSm yom'puKvnf; trnf&onf/
1/ aomw'ouuvmyf
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&aomw[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif aomwyom'rSm yom'aomw[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdonf/
um,'ouuvmyf paom usef (6)rsKd;aom kyfuvmyfwdkY\ oabmt"dyg,fudk a&S; puK'Gg& qdkcJhonfhenf;twdkif;yif rSwfyg/
1/ Cme'ouuvmyf = *EmkH (= teYH)\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom CmetMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (Munfaom) kyfuvmyf/
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&Cme[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif Cmeyom'rSm yom'Cme[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdonf/
1/ Zd0Sg'ouuvmyf = &omkH (t&om)\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom Zd0SgtMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (Munfaom) kyfuvmyf/
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&Zd0Sg[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif Zd0Sgyom'rSm yom'Zd0Sg[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdonf/
rSwfcsuf ---- (53)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&um,[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif um,yom'rSm yom'um,[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdayonf/ "mwfur|mef;
tus,fIyGm;enf; vm&Sdaom (42)aum|mo[lonf um,'Gg& (= udk,fXme) wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;rsm;udkyif xyfrH (42)ykH ykHum cGJjcm;pdwfjzm Ijcif;
jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf "mwfur|mef; tus,fIyGm;enf; tcsKdUtcsKdUaom aum|mo wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk a&wGufjy&m (53)[k awGUvQif txufyg
(53)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudkyif qdkvdkonf[k rSwfyg/
1/ [','ouuvmyf
= raem"mwf+raem0dnmP"mwf[al om todpw
d w
f \
Ykd rS
D jzpf&m [',0wKyk v
f Qif (10)ckajrmuf&adS om (rMunfaom) kyu
f vmyf/
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk oorm&[',[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif [',kyfrSm [',0wK[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdayonf/
auom
avmrm
ecg
'Em
wapm
=
=
=
=
=
qHyif
arG;nif;
ajconf; vufonf;
oGm;
ta& (ta&xl+ta&yg;)
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
=
=
=
=
=
53
53
53
53
53
= 53
0u yu
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
rHoH
ESmk
t|d
t|drdH
0uH
=
=
=
=
=
tom;
taMum
tdk;
dk;wGif;jcifqD
tndKU = ausmufuyf
=
=
=
=
=
53
53
53
53
53
yygo yu
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
[',H
= ESvkH;
,ueH
= tonf; (toJ)
udavmruH = tajr;
yd[uH
= tzsOf; = o&uf&Guf
yygoH
= tqkyf
=
=
=
=
=
53
53
53
53
53
wwfaom tajr;um; ta&xl\ atmuftzdkYrS tom;udk zGJU,Suf ajr;&pf wnfae\/ ta&xlESifh tom;udk
uyfoGm;atmif pyfay;aom aumfwpfrsKd; jzpfonf/22 xdktajr; ESpfrsKd;vkH; kyf (53)rsKd;pD &SdMuonf/
rwvk*F yu
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
tEH
tE*kPH
O'&d,H
u&DoH
rwvk*
=
=
=
=
=
tlr
= 53
tlodrf (tlxkH; = tlcsnfBudK;) = 53
tpmopf
= 8
tpma[mif;
= 8
OD;aPSmuf
= 53
tmayg"mwfveG u
f aJ om tmaygaum|mo (12) rsK;d
ar' qu
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
ydwH
aorSH
ykaAm
avm[dwH
aoa'g
ara'g
=
=
=
=
=
=
onf;ajc
ovdyf
jynf
aoG;
acR;
tqDcJ
=
=
=
=
=
=
53
53
8
53
16
53
rkw qu
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
tk
0om
acaVm
odCFmedum
vodum
rkwH
=
=
=
=
=
=
rsuf&nf
qDMunf
wHawG;
ESyf
tap;
usifi,f
=
=
=
=
=
=
16
53
16
16
53
8
awaZm"mwfveG u
f aJ om awaZmaum|mo (4) rsK;d
1/
2/
3/
4/
oEyeawaZm
ZD&PawaZm
!m[awaZm
ygpuawaZm
=
=
=
=
= 33
= 33
= 33
= 9
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf
=
=
=
=
9
8
8
8
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf
= 33
O'*Frm 0gwm
ta"m*rm 0gwm
ukpdo,m 0gwm
aum|mo,m 0gwm
t*Fr*FgEkom&daem 0gwm
= txufodkY qefwufaom av
= atmufodkY pkefqif;aom av
= 0rf;AdkuftwGif; tltjyifbuf wnf&Sdaomav
= tltwGif; wnf&Sdaom av
= udk,ft*FgBuD;i,fodkY tpOfavQmufaom
taMumtwGif; wnf&Sdaom av
6/ tmaom-ymaom = 0ifoufav-xGufoufav
=
=
=
=
33
33
33
33
= 33
= 9
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf
=
=
=
=
9
8
8
8
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf
= 33 rsKd;aom kyfwdkYwnf;/
kyu
f vmyf trsK;d tpm;rsm;
urZkyfuvmyf pdwZkyfuvmyf OwkZkyfuvmyf tm[m&Zkyfuvmyf[k kyfjzpfaMumif; ork|mef
tm;jzifh kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm; (4)rsKd; &Sdonf/ xdkwGif ---1/
2/
3/
4/
urZ kyfuvmyf
pdwZ kyfuvmyf
OwkZ kyfuvmyf
tm[m&Z kyfuvmyf
=
=
=
=
9
8
4
2
rsKd;
rsKd;
rsKd;
rsKd;
urZkyu
f vmyf (9) pnf;
1/ puK'ou uvmyf?
4/ Zd0Sg'ou uvmyf?
7/ ykrm0'ou uvmyf?
2/ aomw'ou uvmyf?
5/ um,'ou uvmyf?
8/ [','ou uvmyf?
3/ Cme'ou uvmyf?
6/ wdbm0'ou uvmyf?
9/ ZD0dwe0u uvmyf?
pdwZ kyu
f vmyf (8) pnf;
1/ pdwZ ok'|u uvmyf = pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom oufoufaom t|uvmyf = MoZmvQif (8)ck
ajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/ (6-'Gg&ESifh tcsKdU aum|mowdkY wnf&Sdaom MoZ|rukyfwnf;/)
2/ um,0dnwd e0u uvmyf = um,0dnwfkyfvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
(8+um,0dnwf = 9/)
3/ v[kwma'u'ou uvmyf = v[kwm ponfvQif (11)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
(8+ v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 11/)
4/ um,0dnwdv[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf = um,0dnwf-v[kwm ponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf &Sdaom
kyfuvmyf/ (8+um,0dnwf+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 12/)
5/ 0pD0dnwd 'ou uvmyf = 0pD0dnwf-toHvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+0pD0dnwf+toH = 10/)
6/ 0pD0dnwdo'v[kwm'd aw&ou uvmyf = 0pD0dnwf-toH-v[kwm ponfvQif (13)ckajrmuf
&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/ (8+0pD0dnwf+toH+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 13/)
7/ (tmo-ymo) pdwZ o'e0u uvmyf = (0ifoufav-xGufoufav) pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom
toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf? (8+toH = 9/)
8/ (tmo-ymo) pdwZ o'v[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf = (0ifoufav-xGuo
f ufav) pdwaf Mumifh
jzpfaom toH-v[kwm ponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+toH+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 12/)
tbd"rwo*F[ trnf&aom oN*K[fusrf; eHygwf (1)rS eHygwf (6)txd pdwZuvmyf (6)pnf;om
azmfjyxm;\/ odkYaomf 0dok'dr*t|uxm26um; - tmoymom pdwork|mem0 = tmoymowdkYonf pdwork|mefkyfwdkYom jzpfukef\[k zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh 0ifoufav-xGufoufavum;
pdwork|mefkyfyifwnf;/
0dok'dr*t|uxm27t& tmo-ymo aum|moum; toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf &Sdaom o'e0u
uvmyfkyfwdkY\ taygif;tpkrQom jzpfonf/ ,if; tmo-ymo aum|moum; ESpfrsKd; &Sdoifh\[k
q&mjrwfwdkY t,l&SdawmfrlMujyef\/ &Hcg toufS L aumif;\? ayghyg;oGufvuf\? acsmnuf\? tcsKd;us\/
&Hcg toufS L raumif; jzpfwwfjyef\? ayghyg;oGufvufrI r&Sd? acsmarGUrI r&Sd? tcsKd;us tqifajyrI r&Sd/
odkYtwGuf tmo-ymowdkY - v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm kyfwdkY yg-ryg ESpfrsKd; jym;oGm;onf/
odkYtwGuf pdwZuvmyf (8)pnf; jzpf&onf/
kyfuvmyfwdkYudk IyGm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom (6)'Gg&
(42)aum|mowdkYwnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;ygu ydkaumif;ygonf/ tenf;qkH; (6)'Gg&
wnf&adS om kyt
f ppfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;xm;Ny;D ol jzpf&ayrnf/ kyt
f ppfrsm;udk y&rwfoYkd Pftjrif qdu
k af tmif
IyGm;odrf;qnf;NyD;ygrS kyftwkrsm;udk odkYr[kwf kyftwkrsm;ESifh a&maESmaeaom kyfuvmyfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;
zdkY&ef vG,fulrnf jzpfayonf/
26
27
(0dok'd?1?346/)
wxm pdwaZ tmoymoaum|maoyd MoZ|rua0 oa'g pmwd e0/ (0dok'd?2?223/)
OwkZ kyu
f vmyf (4) pnf;
1/ ok'|u uvmyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom oufoufaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
2/ o'e0u uvmyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom toHvQif (9)ck ajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+toH = 9/)
3/ v[kwma'u'ou uvmyf = v[kwmponfvQif (11)ck ajrmuf&Sdaom OwkZkyfuvmyf?
(8+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 11/)
4/ o'v[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf = toH-v[kwmponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+toH+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 12/)
kyfuvmyfwdkYwGif ok'|uuvmyf o'e0uuvmyfwdkYum; kyftppfwdkYomwnf;? 0dyemIaumif;
aom kyfrsm;wnf;/ ok'|uuvmyfum; (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY xdkufovdk OwkZkyf jzpfcGifh&Sd&mwdkY
&&SdEdkif\/ o'e0uuvmyfum; 0rf;atmfoH paom toHygaom kyfuvmyfwnf;/ ok'|uuvmyfESifh
o'e0uuvmyfwdkYum; tZwvnf;aumif; A[d' ouf&Sdavmu oufrJhavmu ESpfrsKd;vkH;vnf;aumif;
wnf&Sd\/
trSwf (3-4) kyfuvmyfwdkYum; kyftwkrsm;ESifh a&maESmaeaom kyfuvmyfrsm; jzpfMu\/ v[kwm
rk'kwm urnwmwdkYum; 0dyem rIaumif;aom kyftwkrsm;om jzpfMu\/ ,if;kyf (3)rsKd;udk 0dyem
rIaumif;ojzifh z,fxkwfvdkufygu ok'|uuvmyfESifh o'e0uuvmyfwdkYom <uif;usefawmh\/ a&S;wGif
azmfjycJah om (6)'Gg&ESihf (42)aum|mowdw
Yk iG f tcsKUd aum|mowdYk wnf&adS om OwkZkyf u
I u
G w
f u
Ykd kd enf;rS;D
Iygav/ ,if;trSwf (3-4) kyfuvmyfwdkYum; kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;&m emrlyy&dap'Pfydkif;om
a&maESm odrf;qnf; IyGm;&rnfh kyfw&m;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;aom kyfuvmyfwdkYum; ted`Ed,A'
jzpfaom A[d' oufrJht&m0wKwdkY r&Edkif/ tZw A[d' ouf&Sdow0gwdkY oEmefom &Edkifonf/
28
(0dok'd?2?225/)
Ak't
bd"rm\ kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t,ltq
ow0gwdkY\ cEmtdrfum; y&rmPkjrLcefY tvGefYtvGef ao;i,faom kyfuvmyftrIefwdkY\ taygif;
tpkrQom jzpf\/ ,if;kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif; tenf;qkH; yrmPtm;jzifh yx0D-tmayg-awaZm0ga,m-0P-*E-&o-MoZm[k kyfy&rwfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd; &Sd\/ tcsKdUkyfuvmyfrsm; kyfy&rwf
oabmw&m; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd; ponf &SdMu\/
,if;kyfy&rwfoabmw&m;wdkYum; trIef r[kwfyg? twkH;tcJ r[kwfyg/ txnf0wK oPmef j'yf
r[kwfyg? y&rwfoabmw&m;oufoufrQom jzpf\/ rmrI ,dkpD;rI ylrI axmufrIpaom oabmw&m;
oufoufrQom jzpf\/ (8)rsK;d (9)rsK;d paom ,if;kyyf &rwfoabmw&m;oufoufrsm;udk aygif;pkwnfaqmuf
vdkufaomtcg kyfuvmyfac:onfh trIefuav; wpfrIef jzpfay:vm\/ yuwdrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkifaom
Pfrsufpdjzifhom jrifEdkifaumif;aom tao;qkH;aom kyfy&rwftzGJUtpnf; wpfckudk kyfuvmyf[k ac:\/
,if;kyfuvmyftrIefaygif;rsm;pGmudk aygif;pkwnfaqmufvdkufygrS qHyif arG;nif; ajconf; vufonf; paom
(32)aum|mo odkYr[kwf (42)aum|mo tpkta0;rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if; (32)aum|mo
odkYr[kwf (42)aum|mowdkYudk twdwfu uHpDrHonfhtwdkif; tcsKd;wus wyfqifvdkufygrS orKwdopme,fokH;
a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g ponf jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpf\/
odkYtwGuf vlom;wdkY\ cEmtdrf0,f rlvtajccHtusqkH; wnfaqmufxm;aom kyfwdkYum; rmrI
,dkpD;rI ylrI axmufrI paom oabmw&m;oufoufrQom jzpf\/ ,if;kyfy&rwfoabmw&m;wdkYum;
rjzpfcifu r&Sjd cif; jzpfNy;D aemuf r&Sjd cif;[k qdt
k yfaom r&Sjd cif;ESpcf w
k \
Ykd tv,fomvQif ,m,D tcdu
k t
f wefY
tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmMuaom "robm0wdo
Yk mvQif jzpfMu\/ ,m,D[o
l nf rnfrQtcsed Mf umonfh ,m,Denf;[k
ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm odkYwnf;/
{up&uaP aum#dowo[ocFg OyZdwGm edkZwd 29 = vufzspfwpfwGuf (= wpfpuefY)[k
ac:qdkxdkufaom tcsdeftcg umv twGif; emrfw&m;wdkYonf tBudrfaygif; uka# wpfodef;cefY jzpfNyD;
csKyfoGm;\[k zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh pdwuPac:onfh pdwfwpfck\ oufwrf; tcsdefumvum; vufzspfwpfwGuf
(= wpfpue)Yf tcsed u
f mvudk uka#wpfoed ;f ykyH gu wpfycHk efo
Y m oufwrf; &S\
d / kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk m; ,if;pdwu
P
(oH?|?2?295/)
30
(tbd?|?1?271 - Munhf/)
emrfur|mef;ydkif;
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m odrSwfp&m
pdwfonf tmkHudk odjcif;oabmtm;jzifh wpfrsKd;wnf;om jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; .. pdwfESifh ,SOfwGJ
jzpfMuaom apwodufwdkY\ ta&twGuf uGJjym;rI t&nftcsif;pGrf;tif uGJjym;rIudk taMumif;jyK ..
pdwftrsKd;tpm; tusOf;tm;jzifh (89)rsKd;? tus,ftm;jzifh (121)rsKd; jzpfay:vm&ayonf/ apwodufwdkY\
ta&twGuf uGjJ ym;rI t&nftcsi;f pGr;f tif uGjJ ym;rIukd emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;udk Munfyh gu tawmftoifh
oabmaygufEdkifygonf/ odkYtwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mudk tus,f razmfjyawmhbJ apwodufydkif;qdkif&m oabm
w&m;rsm;udkom wGif qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/
{ukyg'
{ueda&m"
{umvrP
{u0wKu
=
=
=
=
pdwfESifhwlaom
pdwfESifhwlaom
pdwfESifhwlaom
pdwfESifhwlaom
5) {u*wm
6) ZD0dw
7) reodum&
4) 0D&d,
5) yDwd
6) qE
5) avmb
6) 'd|d
7) rme
8)
9)
10)
11)
a'go
m
rp&d,
ukuKp
12) xde
13) rd'
14) 0dpdudpm
6) ta'go
7) wMwrZswwm
8) um,y'd
9) pdwy'd
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
um,v[kwm
pdwv[kwm
um,rk'kwm
pdwrk'kwm
um,urnwm
15) pdwurnwm
16) um,yg*knwm
17) pdwyg*knwm
18) um,kZkuwm
19) pdwKZkuwm
tyrnmapwoduf (2) vHk; ynda`Eapwoduf (1) vHk;
1) ukPm
1) ynm = tarm[
2) rk'dwm
oApw
d o
m"m&Papwoduf (7) vk;H
= pdwftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaom = pdwfwdkif;pdwfwdkif; ,SOfaom apwoduf (7)vkH;31
1/ z
2/ a0'em
31
3/ onm
= tmkHudk rSwfom;jcif;oabm?
4/ apwem = tmkaH y:odYk ,SOzf uf pdwaf pwoduf = or,w
k w
f &m;wdu
kY kd a&mufatmif aphaqmfay;jcif;
= EId;aqmfay;jcif;oabm?
5/ {u*wm = tmkH wpfckwnf;ay:odkY pdwf usa&mufaejcif;oabm?
= wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm?
= or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk zkdz&J rMuJapjcif;oabm?
6/ ZD0dw
= ,SOfzuf pdwfapwoduf = or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk apmifha&Smufay;jcif;oabm?
= emrfoufapmifh"mwf?
7/ reodum& = tmkHbufodkY pdwfudk = or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk OD;vSnfh wGef;ydkYay;jcif;oabm?
= tmkHudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;oabm?
=
=
=
=
= BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm?32
= tm;wufoa&m &Sdjcif;oabm?
5/ yDwd
= tmHkudk ESpfoufjcif;oabm?
6/ qE
= tmkHudk vdkvm;awmifhwjcif;oabm?
= tmkHudk jyKvkyfvdkjcif;oabm?33
0dwuf-apwem-reodum&
0dwufonf or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tmkHay:odkY a&mufatmif a&S;Iwifay;wwf\/ apwemum;
0dwufonf wifay;tyfaom or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tmkH ,SOfpyfay;\/ reodum&onfum; or,kwf
w&m;wdkYudk tmHkay:odkY ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf a&mufatmif jyKvkyfay;\? armif;ESifay;\/
tukov
kd f apwoduf (14) vH;k
tukovom"m&P apwoduf (4) vHk; = tukodkvfpdwftm;vkH;ESifh qufqHaom apwoduf
1/ arm[
6/ 'd|d
7/ rme
xyfr&H iS ;f vif;csuf
arm[udkyif t0dZm[kvnf; ac:qdk\/ (31)bHk twGif; wnf&Sdaom ouf&Sdavmu oufrJhavmu
= ouf&Sdt&m0wK oufrhJt&m0wKwdkYudk y&rwopmodkY qdkufatmif 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh
cGJjcm;pdwfjzm "mwfcGJMunfhEdkifojzifh -----1/ kyfw&m; tpktyHkrQom&Sdonf[k
2/ emrfw&m; tpktyHkrQom &Sdonf[k
3/ kyf+emrf tpktyHkrQom &Sdonf[k = cEmig;yg;tpktyHk tm,wewpfq,fhESpfyg;tpktyHk "mwf
wpfq,fh&Spfyg;tpktyHkrQom &Sdonf[k odonf jzpftHh? xdktodrSm rSef\/ emrlyy&dap'Pfwnf;/
Pfwnf;/
xdk ky-f emrf-aMumif;-usK;d w&m;pkwu
Ykd kd ocFg&w&m;pkw[
Ykd
l ac:qd\
k / xdo
k cFg&w&m;wdu
Yk m; jzpfNy;D vQif
ysufwwfonfh tedpw&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpuf
cH&onfh 'kuw&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
twr[kwfonfh teww&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokbw&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/ xdkaMumifh
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk -----1/ tedpw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
2/ 'kuw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
3/ teww&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
4/ tokbw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k odtHh? xdktodrSmvnf; rSefae\/ 0dyemPfrsm;yifwnf;/
xdkaMumifh (31)bHk twGif; wnf&Sdaom ouf&SdoufrhJ t&m0wKwdkYudk kyfw&m;tpktyHk emrfw&m;
tpktyHk kyf+emrftpktyHk = cEmig;yg;tpktyHk = tm,wewpfq,fhESpfyg;tpktyHk = "mwfwpfq,fh&Spfyg;
tpktyHkwdkY[kvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusKd;w&m;tpktyHkwdkY[kvnf;aumif; tedpw&m;
tpktyHk 'kuw&m;tpktyHk teww&m;tpktyHk tokbw&m;tpktyHkwdkY[kvnf;aumif; od&Sdaeygu
xdktodudk todrSef = orm'd|d = 0dZmPf[k qdk&ayonf/
xdkodkY trSeftwdkif; rodbJ a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m ponf[kvnf;aumif;
toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif twaumif[kvnf;aumif; a&T aiG opfyif a& ajr awm
awmif ponf[kvnf;aumif; edpw&m;tpktyHk okcw&m;tpktyHk tww&m;tpktyHk okbw&m;tpktyHk[k
vnf;aumif; ,if; ouf&Sd oufrJh 0wKwdkYudk ajymif;jyef odjrifaeygu ,if;todudk todrSm; = t0dZ m =
arm[[k ac:qdk&ayonf/34
wGif t0dZm = arm[ESifh 'd|d = rdpm'd|dwdkY\ oabmudk ydkrdk oabmaygufap&ef 0dyeme,f
ta&;wBuD; odxm;oifhaom twpGJESpfrsKd;udk qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
wpfzef A[d'o
ufrahJ vmuodv
Yk nf; 0dyemPfukd apvTwMf unfyh g/ ,if; A[d' oufrt
hJ &m0wKwYkd
(a&T aiG ...) wnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk Pfjzifh pdkufIyg/ kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udkom awGU&Sdrnf
jzpfonf/ ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkY rSm kyfuvmyfwpfck twGif; wnf&Sdaom awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifh qifhuJ
qifhuJ aU&SE Sihfaemuf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfaeaom OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYESifh &Hcg toHygaomf
OwkZo'e0uuvmyfkyfwdkYomwnf;/ xdkaMumifh oufrhJt&m0wKwdkYudk OwkZMoZ|rukyfw&m;tpktyHk[k
vnf;aumif; toHygcJhaomf OwkZo'e0ukyfw&m;tpktyHk[kvnf;aumif; odjrifcJhaomf xdktodonf
rSefae\/ a&TaiG ponfjzifh odcJhaomf xdktodum; rSm;ae\ = t0dZmwnf;? arm[wnf;/
ouf&Sdow0gwdkYudk kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; = ocFg&w&m; tpktyHk[k rodbJ tedp 'ku tew
tokbw&m;tpktyH[
k k rodbJ a,mufsm; rde;f r yk*Kd vf ow0g vl ewf jA[m ponfjzifh odcahJ omf xdt
k odum;
rSm;ae\/ t0dZm = arm[wnf;/ a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m ponfonf wu,f
xif&Sm;&Sd\[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfchJaomf pGJ,lcJhaomf cH,lcsufrSm;cJhaomf xdk pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI pGJ,lrI cH,lcsuf
rSm;rIonfum; avmua0g[m& twpGJ = avmuornm twpJGwnf; = vlwdkY ac:a0:oHk;pGJonfhtwdkif;
wu,f xif&Sm;&Sd\[k cH,lcsufrSm;rIwnf;/ rdpm'd|dwnf;/
oufrJht&m0wKwdkYudkvnf; kyfw&m;tpktyHk[k rodbJ a&T-aiG-pdef-ausmuf ponfjzifh odcJhaomf
xdktodum; rSm;ae\? t0dZmyifwnf;/ a&T-aiG-pdef-ausmuf ponfonf ]wu,f xif&Sm;&Sdyg\? wu,f
[kwfyg\}[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfcJhaomf pGJ,lcJhaomf cH,lcsuf rSm;cJhaomf xdkpGJvrf;,HkMunfrI pGJ,lrI cH,lcsuf
rSm;rIonfum; avmua0g[m& = avmuornm twpGJwnf;/ avmua0g[m&twdkif; pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI
cH,lcsufrSm;rIwnf;? rdpm'd|dwnf;/
2/ tw'|d pd J G ------ tw'd|dpGJ ..
(u) y&rw 'd|dpJG = y&rtw 'd|dpGJ
( c ) ZD0tw 'd|dpGJ[k tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd; cGJEkdif\/
(u) y&rw = y&rtw'd|dpGJ ------ avmuBuD;ESifh wuG ow0g toD;toD;udk zefqif;aeaom
zefqif;&Siftw = y&rw = y&rtw&Sdonf[k pGJ,lrI cH,lcsufrSm;rIonf y&rw'd|d = y&rtw
'd|dpGJwnf;/
( c ) ZD0tw'd|dpJG --- ow0g toD;toD;\oEmef tzefqif;cH&aom ZD0aumif = toufaumif =
vdyfjymaumif = 0dnmPfaumif = twaumif &Sdonf[k pJG,lrI ,HkMunfrI cH,lcsufrSm;rIonf
ZD0tw'd|dpGJwnf;/
y&rw ZD0tw[k todrSm;rIum; t0dZmwnf; = arm[wnf;/ y&rw ZD0tw wu,fxif&Sm;
&Sdonf[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI pGJ,lrI cH,lcsufrSm;rIum; tw'd|dwnf;? rdpm'd|dwnf;/
= pdwfcufxef Murf;wrf;jcif;oabm?
= zsufqD;vdkjcif;oabm?
9/ m
=
=
=
=
10/ rp&d,
=
=
=
=
pdwfxdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabm?
pdwfr&Tifvef; rxufoefjcif;oabm/
,SOfzuf apwodufwdkY xdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabm/
,SOfzuf apwodufwdkY r&Tifvef; rxufoefjcif;oabm/
rSwfcsuf ---- um; jcHKiHk a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ae&mXmeodkY vdkuf cGJjcm;,lwwfzdkY vdkayonf/
1/ bk&m;*kPfudk tmkH,l&m bk&m;*kPf ,HkMunfrI
2/ w&m;*kPfudk tmkH,l&m w&m;*kPfudk ,HkMunfrI
3/ oHCmh*kPfudk tmkH,l&m oHCmh*kPfudk ,HkMunfrI
4/ oDvydkif; oDvodum oDvusifhpOfudk ,HkMunfrI orm"dydkif; psmeform"dodum = orm"dusifhpOfudk ,HkMunfrI
ynmydkif; kyfemrfy&rwfwdkY\ obm0rSefudk xGif;azmufodonfh ynmodum = ynmusifhpOf ,HkMunfrI opm
av;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odatmif usifh&onfh ynmodum = ynmusifhpOf ,HkMunfrI
5/ twdwfudk I&m twdwfcEmwdkY wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfrI
6/ tem*wfudk I&m tem*wfcEmwdkY wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfrI
7/ twdwf+tem*wf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk I&m twdwf+tem*wf cEm ESpfrsKd;vHk; wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfrI
8/ aMumif;-usK;d -qufE,
G rf I = y#dpo
rkyg 'fwu
Ykd kd I&m aMumif;-usK;d -qufE,
G rf I y#dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;wdYk ,HMk unfr?I
odkY ponfjzifh tIcHtmkHodkY vdkuf ,HkMunfrIrsm; uJGjym;yHkudk oabmaygufygav/
rm,mESifh omaX,s
xif&Sm;&Sdaom tjypfudk zHk;uG,fxm;jcif;oabmum; rm,mwnf;/
xif&Sm;r&Sdaom *kPfudk xkwfazmf csD;rGrf;jcif; = xif&Sm;jyjcif;oabmum; omaX,swnf;/39
=
=
=
=
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH - "rmkv
H ikd ;f - raem'Gg& psmeormywd0 x
D Zd ,m;
[',&Sd rSD&m0wKkyf
yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef
pwkwpsmef
63
r
12
12
12
12
63
y
34
34
34
33
63
O
34
34
34
33
63
Ek
34
34
34
33
63
a*g
34
34
34
33
63 ...
Z ... (psmefaZm tBudrfrsm;pGm)
34 ...
32 ... (0dwuf+0dpm& jyKwf)
31 ... (yDwd - xyfjyKwf)
31 ... (okcjyKwf - Oayum0if)
uodP
k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH - "rmkv
H ikd ;f - raem'Gg& psmeormyw0d DxZd ,m;
[',&Sd rSD&m0wKkyf
yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef
pwkwpsmef
tmumomem,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
63
r
12
12
12
12
12
/
/
/
63
y
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/
63
O
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/
63
Ek
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/
63
a*g
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/
63 ...
Z ... (psmefaZm tBudrfrsm;pGm)
34 ...
32 ... (0dwuf+0dpm& jyKwf)
31 ... (yDwd - xyfjyKwf)
31 ... (okcjyKwf - Oayum0if)
31 ... (Oayum - {u*wm)
/
/
/
/
/
/
(34)vkH;wdkY jzpfMuygonf/
63
aZm (7)Budrf
63
63
o[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf (0g) t[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf
1/ puKtMunf"mwf[k - 12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
33
33
32
(0g)
/
/
/
(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)
2/ kyfw&m;[k -
12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
33
33
32
/
/
/
/
(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)
3/ tedp[k -
12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
33
33
32
/
/
/
/
(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)
4/ 'ku[k -
12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
33
33
32
/
/
/
/
(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)
5/ tew[k -
12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
33
33
32
/
/
/
/
(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)
6/ tokb[k -
12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
33
33
32
/
/
/
/
(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)
oabmayguf&ef
puKtMunf"mwfudk ..
1/ puKtMunf"mwf[k odaom pdwfapwoduf
2/ kyfw&m;[k odaom pdwfapwoduf
3/ tedp[k odaom pdwfapwoduf
aomwtMunf
CmetMunf
Zd0SgtMunf
um,tMunf
tmayg"mwf
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
wdbm0kyf
yk&dobm0kyf
[',0wKkyf
ZD0dwkyf
MoZmkyf
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
63
aZm (7)Budrf
20 (19^22^21)
20 (19^22^21)
18 (20)
19 (21)
19 (21)
19 (21)
16
16
63
63
t[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf (0g) o[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf
12 (11^12^11)
12 (11^12^11)
11 (11)
/ /
/ /
/ /
12 (11^11)
/ / /
(0g)
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
34^33^33^32
34^33^33^32
33^32
/ /
/ /
/ /
34^33^33^32
34^33^33^32
raem'Gg&0Dxd
kyf = [', = 63 puK = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63
y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#dp dKif; oED&P
0ka|m
aZm (7) w'gkH (2)
b0if raem'Gg&m0Zef; aZm (7)
w'gkH (2)
qifjcif
1/ lygkH[k
11
11
11
11
j rif o d
8
8
8
8
vufcH
11
11
11
11
pkHprf;
qkH;jzwf
12
11
12
11
lygkH[k
12
12
12
12
aZm (7)
34
33
33
32
w'gkH (2)
34^12^11
33^11^11
33^12^11
32^11^11
b0if
34
34
34
34
qifjcif qkH;jzwf
lygkH[k
12
12
12
12
2/ kyfw&m;[k 12
3/ tedp[k
4/ 'ku[k
5/ tew[k
6/ tokb[k
12
12
12
12
34
33
33
32
34
(33^33^32)
/
/
/
/
34^12^11
33^11^11
33^12^11
32^11^11
34
(33^33^32)
12^11
/
/
/
/
11
raem'Gg&0Dxd
oED&P
0ka|m
aZm (7)
w'gkH (2)
b0if
12
12
34
34^12^11
34
o'g-ynm
o'g-ynm
tkyfpk
tkyfpk
o'g-ynm todpdwf
w'gkH (2)
34
34^12^11
o'g-ynm
o'g-ynm
tkyfpk
tkyfpk
emrfw&m;
emrfw&m;
(34)
(34)
todpdwf
todpdwf
todpdwf
todpdwf
todpdwf
a0'em
a0'em
a0'em
a0'em
a0'em
emrfw&m;
emrfw&m;
onm
onm
onm
onm
onm
(34)
(34)
apwem
apwem
apwem
apwem
apwem
(0g)
apwem
(0g)
{u*wm
{u*wm
{u*wm
{u*wm
{u*wm
t[dwf
{u*wm
t[dwf
ZD0dw
ZD0dw
ZD0dw
ZD0dw
ZD0dw
w'gkH
ZD0dw
w'gkH
12^11
reodum&
12^11
tkyfpk
emrfw&m; a0'em
(34)
onm
reodum&
0dwuf
0dwuf
0dwuf
0dwuf
0dwuf
0dpm&
0dpm&
0dpm&
0dpm&
0dpm&
t"darmu
rSwfcsuf/
0D&d,
t"darmu
0D&d,
/ oED&P aomrea0'emESifh ,SOfaomf yDwd yg0ifojzifh pdwf-apwoduf (12) jzpfonf? Oayuma0'emESifh ,SOf yDwdrygaomf
pdwf-apwoduf (11) jzpfonf/
raem'Gg&0Dxd
= 63 = 63 = 63
= 63
raem'Gg- aZm
y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#dp dKif; oED&P
0ka|m
aZm (7)
w'gkH (2) b0if
w'gkH (2)
&m0Zef; (7)
1/ avmb-'d|d
11
8
11
12
12
20
34^33^12^11 34 12 20 34^33^12^11
2/ avmb-'d|d
/
/
/
11
/
19
33^32^11^11 /
/
19 33^32^11^11
3/ avmb-'d|d
/
/
/
12
/
22
34^33^12^11 /
/
22 34^33^12^11
4/ avmb-'d|d
/
/
/
11
/
21
33^32^11^11 /
/
21 33^32^11^11
5/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
12
/
20
34^33^12^11 /
/
20 34^33^12^11
6/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
11
/
19
33^32^11^11 /
/
19 33^32^11^11
7/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
12
/
22
34^33^12^11 /
/
22 34^33^12^11
8/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
11
/
21
33^32^11^11 /
/
21 33^32^11^11
9/ a'go
/
/
/
/
/
18
33^32^11^11 /
/
18
/
10/ a'go
/
/
/
/
/
20
/
/
/
20
/
11/ a'go-m
/
/
/
/
/
19
/
/
/
19
/
12/ a'go-m
/
/
/
/
/
21
/
/
/
21
/
13/ a'go-rp&d,
/
/
/
/
/
19
/
/
/
19
/
14/ a'go-rp&d,
/
/
/
/
/
21
/
/
/
21
/
15/ a'go-ukuKp
/
/
/
/
/
19
/
/
/
19
/
16/ a'go-ukuKp
/
/
/
/
/
21
/
/
/
21
/
17/ O'p
/
/
/
/
/
16
/
/
/
16
/
18/ 0dpdudpm
/
/
/
/
/
16
/
/
/
16
/
rSwfcsuf - a'go-ukuKp jyKNyD;'kpdkufudk tmkH,l (2)csuf? rjyKvdkufrdaom okpdkufudk tmkH,l (2)csuf? aygif; (4)csuf Iyg/
t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif;
ul#m*g&okwe af umufEw
k cf suf40
&[ef;wdkY ...wpfa,mufa,mufaom yk*dKvfu ..
1/ ]]igonf 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
2/ 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork',t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
3/ 'kuc sKy&f mjzpfonfh t&d,mwd\
Yk trSew
f &m; ]'kue ad &m"t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
4/ 'kucsKyf&m (edAmef)odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh ]'kueda&m"*grdeDy#dy'g t&d,opm (= r*t&d,
opm)w&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;jzpfonfh edAmefodkY a&mufatmif igjyKvkyfaytHh}}----[k ajymqkdvmjim;thH? xdkyk*dKvf\ xdkuJhodkYaom ajymqdkcsufonf ajymqdkonfhtwdkif; jzpfEkdif&maom
taMumif;t&mrsKd;onf r&SdEkdifonfomwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY ...wpfa,mufa,mufaom yk*dKvfu ..
1/ ]]igonf 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}udk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;?
2/ 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork',t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;?
40
a,m [d bdua0 {0H 0a',s ---- ]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kuork',H t&d,opH
,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H t&d,opH
,xmblwH tebdoarp orm 'kuEH u&dmrD}wd - aewH XmeH 0dZwd/y/
a,m p acg bdua0 {0H 0a',s -- ]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp/y/ 'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H
t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp orm 'kuEH u&dmrD}wd XmearwH 0dZwd/ (oH?3?394? pmydk'f?1114/)
'kuo
pm[lonf
cEokwef
om0wded'gef;/ &[ef;wdkY... cEmig;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; Oyg'geuEmig;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;
a[mMum;awmfrlaytHh ..? xkdw&m;awmfudk em,lMuukefavmh ...../
&[ef;wdkY... cEmig;rsKd;wdkY[lonf tb,fwdkYenf;
&[ef;wdkY...twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom twGif;-tjyifvnf;jzpfaom tMurf;-tEkvnf;
jzpfaom t,kw-f tjrwfvnf;jzpfaom ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom kyt
f m;vH;k udk lyuEm [k qkt
d yf\/ twdw-f
tem*wf-ypKye v
f nf;jzpfaom twGi;f -tjyifvnf;jzpfaom tMurf;-tEkvnf;jzpfaom/y/ a0'emtm;vH;k ud/k
y/ onmtm;vHk;udk/y/ ocFg&tm;vHk;udk ocFg&uEm[k qkdtyf\/ twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom
twGif;-tjyifvnf;jzpfaom tMurf;-tEkvnf;jzpfaom t,kwf-tjrwfvnf;jzpfaom ta0;-teD;vnf;
jzpfaom 0dnmPftm;vH;k udk 0dnmPuEm [k qkt
d yf\/ &[ef;wd.Yk .. w&m;wdu
Yk kd cEmig;rsK;d wd[
Yk
l qdt
k yf\/
&[ef;wdkY...Oyg'geuEmig;rsKd;wdkY[lonf tb,fwdkYenf;[lrl - &[ef;wdkY...
1/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;
jzpfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom kyftm;vHk;udk lykyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
2/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom
a0'emtm;vHk;udk a0'Ekyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
3/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom
onmtm;vHk;udk onKyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
4/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom
(a0'em-onmrS <uif;aom apwoduf) ocFg&tm;vHk;udk ocFgkyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
5/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;
jzpfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom 0dnmPftm;vHk;udk 0dnmPkyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
&[ef;wdkY...w&m;wdkYudk Oyg'geuEmig;rsKd;wdkY[l qkdtyf\[k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/41
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum/42
txufyg "rpuy0weokwef r[mowdy|meokwef ponfh xkdxkda'oemawmfwdkY vm&Sdonfh
twdkif; - lykyg'geuEm a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEmwnf;
[laom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;onf 'kuopmw&m;rnf\/ ,if;odkYjzpfvQif lykyg'geuEmponfh Oyg'geuEm41
(oH?2?39/ cEokwef/)
42
(oH?3?369/ r?1?82/)
ork',opm[lonf
bk&m;&Sifonf tbd"rm0dbif;ygVdawmf43 ..
1/ wPSmudk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
2/ wPSmESifh wuGaom udavomtm;vHk;udk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
3/ wPSm <uif;udavomtm;vkH;ESifh wuG tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;udk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
4/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;ESifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHk,l&mjzpfaom
oHo&m0#fudk vnfywfapwwfaom tavmb ta'go tarm[[laom ukovrlvw&m; oHk;yg;udk
ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
5/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHk,l&mjzpfaom
oHo&m0#fudk vnfywfapwwfaom tavmb ta'go tarm[[laom ukovrlvw&m; oHk;yg;ESifh
<uif;avmuDukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif; ----odkYvQif ork',opmudk ig;enf; cGJjcm; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkYaMumifh oarm[0daem'eD
t|uxmESifh 0dok'dr*t|uxmBuD;44wdkYu atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMu\/
]]ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQudk apwem apwemESifh ,SOfzuf or,kw"r[k txl; rajymawmhbJ
ork',opm[k txl;rr omrntm;jzihf op0dbif;ygVdawmf bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/}}
wpfzef t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm,weokwef45 ork',opmudk bk&m;&Sifu odkY
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ ../
43
uwr bdua0 'kuork',H t&d,opH t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m? ocFg&yp,m 0dnmPH? 0dnmPyp,m emrlyH? emrlyyp,m oVm,weH? oVm,weyp,m zam? zyp,m a0'em?
a0'emyp,m wPSm? wPSmyp,m Oyg'geH? Oyg'geyp,m ba0g? b0yp,m Zmwd? Zmwdyp,m
Z&m-r&PH aomu-y&da'0-'ku-a'grek-yg,mom or0Ed/ {0arw au0v 'kuuE
ork'a,m a[mwd/ 'H 0kpwd bdua0 'kuork',H t&d,opH/
]]&[ef;wdkY ...'kujzpfaMumif; ork', t&d,opmw&m;[lonf tb,fenf; ---1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh
ocFg&wdkY jzpfukef\/
2/ ocFg&wdkY jzpfjcif;aMumifh
0dnmPf jzpf\/
3/ 0dnmPf jzpfjcif;aMumifh
emrfkyf jzpf\/
4/ emrfkyf jzpfjcif;aMumihf
oVm,wejzpf\/
5/ oVm,we jzpfjcif;aMumifh
z jzpf\/
6/ z jzpfjcif;aMumihf
a0'em jzpf\/
7/ a0'em jzpfjcif;aMumihf
wPSm jzpf\/
8/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumihf
Oyg'gef jzpf\/
9/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh
b0 (Oyywdb0 + urb0) jzpf\/
10/ b0 (urb0) jzpfjcif;aMumihf Zmwd jzpf\/
11/ Zmwd jzpfjcif;aMumifh
(12) Z&mr&P jzpf\? aomu y&da'0 'ku a'gre
Oyg,mowdkYonf jzpfay:vmMuukef\/
odkYvQif csrf;omrzuf oufoufaom 'kuwHk; 'kutpktyHk\ jzpfaMumif;w&m;onf wpfenf;
'kuwHk; 'kutpktyHk\ jzpfjcif;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay\/ &[ef;wdkY... aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI =
y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;wdkY\jzpfpOfudk 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;[l ac:qdktyf\??}}
wdwm,weokwef taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'f
oabmw&m;wdkY\ jzpfpOf tm;vHk;udk ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfenf;
txufygtwdkif; bk&m;&Sifonf ork',opmw&m;awmfudk uRwfxdkufool a0ae,s ow0gwdkY\
tZmo,"mwfcH[lonfh tvdktBudKuf pdkuf0goemodkY vdkufvnf;aumif; o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d
ynm[lonfh a`E ig;yg;wdkY\ tEkHYtxuf tEkt&ifhodkY vdkufvnf;aumif; em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef
odrYk [kwf xd;k xGi;f odjrifEikd &f ef enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh ork',opmw&m;awmfukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / txufwiG f
wifjyxm;aom op0dbif;ygVdawmf vm&Sdaom enf; (5)enf;wdkYwGif a&SU(4)enf;wdkYum; ork',opmudk
t<uif;tusefESifhwuG a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom om0aooenf;rsm; jzpfMu\/ oHo&m0#fudk vnfywf
apwwfaom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQudk ork',opm[k a[mMum;awmfrlaom yrenf;onfum;
ork',opmudk t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif a[mMum;awmfrlaom tem0aooenf; jzpf\/ xdk
ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQu ork',opm jzpfaeykHESifh ywfouf vufawGUIuGufudk IwwfEdkif&ef
Tejf yawmfrv
l o
kd nft
h wGuf tEkavmry#dpo
rkyg 'fw&m;awmfukd ork',opm[k txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom
wdwm ,weokwe w
f iG f bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl ahJ yonf/ xdt
k Ekavmry#dpo
rkyg 'fa'oemawmfukd
t&Sio
f m&dyMk wm ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D uvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f Ykd orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifEdkifa&;twGuf vufawGUIuGufudk Iwwfa&;twGuf IuGuftusOf;csKyfudk y#dord'gr*
ygVdawmfBuD;46wGif odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\ ../
46
yk&drurb0o arma[m t0dZm? tm,l[em ocFg&m? eduEd wPSm? Oy*reH Oyg'geH? apwem ba0g? ar y
twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;
a&S;twdwfb00,f ypKyefb0odkY a&mufaMumif; uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhpOfu ..
1/ t0dZm = t&d,opmav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrI a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m
ponfjzifh todrSm;rIoabm?
2/ ocFg& = ypKyefb0 cEmig;yg;&&Sda&;twGuf tm;xkwfaMumif;jzpfonfh ukodkvf pdwf-apwoduf
emrfw&m;tkyfpk (tcsKdUtcsKdUaom ypKyeftukov0dygufrsm;twGuf tukodkvf pdwf-apwoduf
emrfw&m;tkyfpk)?
3/ wPSm = ypKyefb0 cEmig;yg;udk wG,fwmrufarmrI eduEd?
4/ Oyg'ge = ypKyefb0 cEmig;yg;tay: pdwfuyfa&mufpGJvrf;rI (wPSm'Vw)?51
5/ b0 = urb0 = uH = ,if;ocFg&w&m;tkyfpkwGif tusKH;0ifaom ukodkvfapwem (tukodkvfapwem)?
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;um; ypKyefb0wGif 'kut&d,opmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmaMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;wnf;/ ,if;twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh
b0wGif 'kut&d,opmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&\/ ,if;'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwdkYrSm odkY jzpfMu\/
ypKyeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;
ypKyefb00,f xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom ..
1/ 0dnmP = b0wpfckESifh b0wpfckudk (= cEmwpfckESifh cEmwpfckukd) qufpyfwwfaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfaom y#doEd0dnmPf?
2/ emrly = trd0rf;wGif;odkY ouf0ifbdouJhodkY jzpfaom y#doEd0dnmPfESifh twl,SOfwGJjzpfay:vmaom
apwodufemrfw&m;pkESifh kyfw&m;pk?
3/ tm,we = puK aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, rewnf;[laom twGif;tm,we (6)yg;?
4/ z = puKor aomwor Cmeor Zd0Sgor um,or raemorwnf;
[laom tawGU (= z) (6)yg;?
5/ a0'em = puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? aomworudk taMumif;cH
jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Cmeorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Zd0Sgorudk
taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? um,orudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em?
raemorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'emwnf;[laom cHpm;rI (= a0'em) (6)yg;?
tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;um; twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm&aom ypKyeftusKd;w&m;ig;yg; 'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwnf;/
ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;
ypKyefb00,f tm,we (6)yg;wdkY\ &ifhusufvmjcif;aMumifh jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom ..
1/ t0dZm = t&d,opmav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrI a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m
ponfjzifh todrSm;rIoabm?
"rm yk&drurb0o " y#doEd,m yp,m/
" y#doEd 0dnmPH? MouEd emrlyH? yoma'g tm,weH? zka|m zam? a0',dwH a0'em? ar y "rm
"lyywdb0o yka&uw ur yp,m/
" y&dyuwm tm,wemeH arma[m t0dZm? tm,l[em ocFg&m? eduEd wPSm? Oy*reH Oyg'geH? apwem
ba0g? ar y "rm " urb0o tm,w y#doEd,m yp,m/
tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;
aemiftem*wfb00,f xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom ..
1/ 0dnmP = b0wpfckESifh b0wpfckudk (= cEmwpfckESifh cEmwpfckukd) qufpyfwwfaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfaom y#doEd0dnmPf?
2/ emrly = trd0rf;wGif;odkY ouf0ifvmvwHUaom y#doEd0dnmPfESifh twl,SOfwGJjzpfay:vmaom
apwodufemrfw&m;pkESifh kyfw&m;pk?
3/ tm,we = puK aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, rewnf;[laom twGif;tm,we (6)yg;?
4/ z = puKor aomwor Cmeor Zd0Sgor um,or raemorwnf;
[laom tawGU (= z) (6)yg;?
5/ a0'em = puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? aomworudk taMumif;cH
jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Cmeorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Zd0Sgorudk
taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? um,orudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em?
raemorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'emwnf;[laom cHpm;rI (= a0'em)?
tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;um; ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm&aom tem*wftusKd;w&m;ig;yg; 'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwnf;/
odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfBuD;udk udk;um;awmfrlvsuf IuGuftusOf;csKyfudk
em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef t|uxmBuD;rsm;47u odkY tusOf;csKyfum xyfrH&Sif;vif;wifjyxm;awmf
rlMu\/
twDaw a[wa0g y? 'ged zvyuH/
'ged a[wa0g y? tm,w zvyuH/
xdk&Sif;vif;csuf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\ ../
twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom twdwf
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',opmw&m;aMumifh ypKyefb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z
tm,w y#doEd 0dnmPH? MouEd emrlyH? yoma'g tm,weH? zka|m zam? a0',dwH a0'em? ar y "rm
tm,w Oyywdb0o " uw ur yp,m/
wdar pwkoacFay wa,m ta' wdoE 0Dowd,m tmuma&[d y#dporkyg'H Zmemwd ywd tnmwd
y#d0dZwd/ (y#doH?50-51/)
47
(tbd?|?2?182/ 0dok'd?2?214/)
b,fwkef;u wPSmvJ
odkYaomf "rpuy0weokwefponfh xdkxdka'oemawmfwdkY y"meenf;tm;jzifh wPSmudk ork',opm
[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ b0opfudk arQmfvifhawmifhwonfh wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf &SdolwdkYu
jyKpkysKd;axmifvkdufaom uHuomvQif b0opfudk xyfrHjzpfay:apEdkif\/ wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf
cef;ajcmufaeol &[Emt&SifjrwfwdkYtzdkY t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfodkY rqdkufa&mufrDu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom
xdkukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQwdkYonf b0opfudk vkdvm;awmifhwonfh wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf\
tm;ay;axmufyhHrI tultnDudk r&&SdMuonfhtwGuf b0opf[lonfh tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:apEdkifonfh
pGr;f tm;um; r&SMd uawmhNyD jzpf\/ odt
Yk wGuf y"meenf;tm;jzifh wPSmudk ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlcJh\/ odkYaomf t&m qef;ppfoifhaom tcsufwpf&yfudk xyfrHum wifjyvdkayonf/
wPSmudk ork',opm[k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd 'kuopm
w&m;pk\ taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaom ork',opm trnf&onfh wPSmum; b,fwkef;u jzpfcJhonfh
wPSmenf;[k pl;prf;qifjcifoifh\/
]]kyfemrfESpfyg;onf cEmig;yg;wnf;? xkdcEmig;yg;onf 'kuopmwnf;? xdk'kuopmudk jzpfapwwfaom
a&S;a&S;b0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom wPSmonf ork',opmwnf;/}}48
txufyg t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ zGifhqdkcsufESifhtnD twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom wPSmonf
omvQif b0 'kuopm\ taMumif;&if; jzpf\? b0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom wPSmum; b0
'kuopm\ taMumif;&if;um; r[kwfay? tem*wf 'kuopm\om taMumif;&if; jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;
qdk&aomf twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif;
ork',opmw&m;uomvQif b0 'kuopm\ taMumif;&if; jzpfayonf/ b0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmif
aeaom t0d Z m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH w nf ; [l a om ork ' ,op m w&m;pk u m; aemif t em*wf
'kuopm\om taMumif;w&m; jzpfayonf/ tu,f twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif; ork',opmw&m;udk b0 'kuo
pmw&m;\ taMumif;&if;tjzpf
vufrcHEdkifcJhbl;qdkygu b0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifaeaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom
taMumif; ork',opmw&m;wdkYu aemiftem*wf 'kuopmw&m;udk jzpfapEkdif\[laomtcsufudkvnf;
pOf;pm;&awmhrnf jzpfayonf? yg&rDukodkvfuHrsm;udkvnf; xlaxmifzdkY vdkrvdkudkyg xyfrHpOf;pm;&awmhrnf
jzpfayonf/
t0dZd m \ t"dyg ,f
wpfcsdefwGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u bk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY csOf;uyfNyD;aemuf bk&m;&Sifudk uJhodkY
ar;jref;avQmufxm;awmfrl\ ---- ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...]t0dZm t0dZm}[k ajymqdkaeygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
tb,fudk t0dZm[kac:qdkygovJ jrwfpGmbk&m; tb,frQaom twdkif;t&Snfjzifh t0dZmodkYa&muf&Sdaeonfh
yk*dKvf[k ac:qdkygovJ jrwfpGmbk&m;}} .. odkY xdk&[ef;awmfu jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ar;jref;avQmufxm;\/
odkY ar;jref;avQmufxm;onfhtcg bk&m;&Sifu atmufygtwdkif; tajzay;awmfr\
l ../
48
1/
2/
3/
4/
{urEH edodaEm acg aom bduK b*0EH {w'a0gp -- ]] ]t0dZm t0dZm}wd baE 0kpwd/ uwrm Ek acg baE
t0dZm udwm 0wm p t0dZm *awm a[mwD}}wd ]],H acg bduK 'kau tnmPH? 'kuo
rk'a, tnmPH? 'kue ad &ma"
tnmPH? 'kue ad &m"*grde,
d m y#dy'g, tnmPH? t,H 0kpw
d bduK t0dZm / {wm0wm p t0dZm *awm a[mwD}}wd/
(oH?3?376? pmydk'f?1087/ t0dZmokwef/)
50
y&rwawm t0dZrmaeok wdyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZrmaeokyd cEm'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZm/ (tbd?|?2?127/
0dok'd?2?157/)
51
]ww uwrH umrkyg'geH a,m umarok umrpaEm umr&ma*g umreED umrwPSm umraoa[m
umry&dVma[m umrrkpm umraZmomeH -- 'H 0kpwd umrkyg'ge}Ed tm*wwm oacFyawm wPSm'VwH 0kwH/
wPSm'VwH emr yk&rd wPSmOyed,ypa,e 'VorLwm Ow&wPSm {0/ ......a,bka,se p tmv,&mrwm
yZm, ygu#H umrkyg'geH e w&med/ (tbd?|?2?172-173/ 0dok'd?2?204-205? pmydk'f?645/) 52 (tbd?2?389/)
eda&m"opm[lonf
1/ wPSm\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
2/ wPSm <uif;udavomwdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
3/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;
4/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom ukovrlvw&m;
(3)yg;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
5/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom ukovrlvw&m;
(3)yg; tmoa0gw&m;wkdY\ tmkHjzpfaom <uif;ukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd
tuket
f pif csKyNf ird ;f jcif;udv
k nf;aumif; eda&m"opm[k op0b
d if;ygVdawmf55 a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l /
wpfzef bk&m;&Sio
f nf t*kw
F & edum,f wduedygwf wdwm ,weokwe 56
f wGif odYk a[mMum;xm;awmf
rljyef\ ../
53
wpfckckrSmaomfvnf;aumif; tem*wfwpfcsdefcsdef0,f t&[wr*fodkY qdkufa&mufonfhtcgwGif t&[wr*fPf\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkYonf t<uif;tusef r&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Murnf
jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mujcif;aMumifh
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwo
Ykd nf b0 t&[wr*foYkd rqdu
k af &mufrrD mS yifjzpfap twdwb
f 0xdx
k u
kd yifjzpfap
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh ocFg& uHwdkYudk tem*wfb0opf jzpfay:vma&;twGuf taxmuftyhH ray;EdkifMuukef/
uJhodkY t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY\ tm;ay;axmufyHhrI tultnDudk r&&SdMuonfhtwGuf t&[wr*fodkY
rqdkufa&mufrD oHo&mwpfavQmuf jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh ocFg& uHwdkYonf aemiftem*wfb0opf[k
ac:qdt
k yfonfh tem*wfb0 cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk kd jzpfapEdik o
f nfh pGr;f tifrsm; ukecf ef;oGm;Mu\? t<uif;tuserf &Sd
csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkY t&[wr*fPf\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom
taMumif;ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusef r&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;MuonfhtwGuf aemif
tem*wfb0 cEmig;yg;wdkYudk jzpfapEdkifonfh taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm; r&SdMujcif;aMumifh aemiftem*wf
b0opf tusKd;cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYonfvnf; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh pGrf;tifrsm; r&SdMuawmhjcif;aMumifh tusK;d cEmig;yg; 'kuo
pmw&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; y&deAd m epkwu
d kd aemufq;Hk xm;um t<uif;tuserf &Sd
ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ odkY taMumif;-tusKd; ESpf&yfvkH;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif
csKyfNidrf;rIudk eda&m"opmw&m;[k wdwm,weokwefwGif bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhayonf/
eda&m"opmw&m;onfum; O',A,mEkyemPf (= O',A,0dyemPf) jzifh xd;k xGi;f od&rnfh
eda&m"opmw&m; jzpfayonf/58
oOyg'daooedAmefESifh tEkyg'daooedAmef
uJhodkY O',A,Pfponfh 0dyemPfwdkYjzifh xdk;xGif;odjriftyfonfh eda&m"opmtaMumif;udk
qufvufum aqG;aEG;wifjytyfygonf ../
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfh ,ckuJhodkY O',A,Pfydkif;odkY qdkufa&mufvmonfhtcg O',A,Pfudk
tm;opfaeqJ tm;xkwfaeqJtcsdeftcgwGif ykxkZeftqifhrSmom wnf&Sdaeao;\/ qufvuf 0dyem
bm0emur|mef;udk tpOftwdkif; tqufrjywf tqifhqifh qufvuf BudK;yrf;&OD;rnfom jzpfonf/ xdkodkY
BudK;yrf;vdkufonfhtcg yg&rDw&m;taygif;wdkYuvnf; &ifhanmif;vmcJhaomf b0 odkYr[kwf aemiftem*wf
b0[lonfh wpfckaom tem*wf wpfcsdefcsdefwGif t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufrnf jzpfonf/
uJo
h Ykd tem*wfwpfcsed cf sed w
f iG f rdr&d &Sad wmhrnfh t&[wr*fPf\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwYkd
OD;aqmifaeonfh udavomxk tpdkiftcJwdkYonf t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd;udk &nfTef;
awmfrlum bk&m;&Sifu wdwm,weokwef ponfh xdkxdkokwef a'oemawmfwdkYwGif..]]t0dZm, awG0
taoo0d&m*eda&m"m}} ..ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhayonf/
uJhodkY udavomwddkY\ csKyfNidrf;rIudk aemufxyfwpfzef jyefvnfum rnfonfhtcgrS jzpfay:jcif;
tvQif;r&SdMuawmhonfh csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd; jzpfonfhtwGuf tEkyg'eda&m"[lvnf; ac:qdkayonf? aemifwpfzef
jzpfay:jcif; tvQif;r&Sdonfh csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd;[k qdkvdkayonf/ uJhodkY udavomtylrD;wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rIudk
udavoy&dedAmef[kvnf; ac:qdkayonf? oOyg'daooy&dedAmef[kvnf; ac:qdkayonf/ oOyg'daoo
y&dedAmef[lonf udavomawGu t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;aomfvnf; cEm (5)yg;um;
<uif;usefaeMuao;onfhtwGuf y&dedAmefpHonftxd qufvuf wnf&SdaeMuOD;rnf jzpfjcif;aMumifh
oOyg'daooedAmef[k ac:qdkjcif; jzpfayonf/
aemufwpfrsKd;onfum; cEy&dedAmef jzpfayonf/ uJhodkY t&[wr*fPf\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef[lonfh udavomxk tpdkiftcJwdkYonf t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muonfh
58
(0dok'd?2?267-268/ r[m#D?2?423-424/)
y&deAd K awmwd a'G y&deAd m emed udavoy&deAd m e ,m oOyg'daooedAm e"mwk? cEy&deAd m e ,m tEkyg'daooedAme"mwk/ (ax&*gxm?|?1?55/)
0'kuu
ad vo'ku
mwd 0'ku
ap0 udavo'ku
p/ oOyg'daooedAm eOd udavo'ku
tEu&PH?
tEkyg'daooedAmeH 0'ku/ (r?#D?2?432/)
60
ww udavoy&dedAmeH aAm"dyvauF ta[mod? cEy&dedAmeH ukodem&m,H/ ('D?|?3?83/ r?|?4?81/ tH?|?1?70/
oarm[0daem'eD?413??)
61
uwar "rm tocFwm a,m {0 aom "arm typa,m? aom {0 aom "arm tocFawm/ (tbd?1?219??)
e awe edAme"mwk,m ODewH 0g yl&wH 0gwd toacsFa,syd uay Aka'ok tEkyaEok {uoawmyd y&dedAmwkH e
oaumwd? w'gyd ]]wkpm edAme"mwl}}wd e oum 0wKH/ Ak'umav p ye {auuo orm*ar toacsF,smyd owm
trwH tm&ma"Ed? w'gyd e oum 0wKH - ]]yl&m edAme"mwl}}wd/ (tH?|?3?221/)
63
edAmeH edpH "k0H owH t0dy&dPmr"rH (uxm0wKygVdawmf?101/)
tbm0 ynwfrQom
t&m oOyg'daooedAmefESifh tEkyg'daooedAmefwdkYonf wpfenf; - udavoy&dedAmefESifh
cEy&dedAmefwdkYonf O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyemPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odjriftyfaom eda&m"opmw&m;
jzpfcJhvQif eda&m"opm trnf&Muonfh ,if; oOyg'daooedAmefESifh tEkyg'daooedAmefwdkYonf wpfenf;
udavoy&dedAmefESifh cEy&dedAmefwdkYonf avmuD eda&m"opmw&m;avavm odkYr[kwf avmukw&m
eda&m"opmw&m;avavm[k ar;jref;Mu\/ t&m0,f anmifvGefYawm&q&mawmfbk&m;u rdrd\
edAm ewyumoeDusr;f wGif ]]oOyg'daooedAm ef odrYk [kwf udavoy&deAd m ef[o
l nf udavomwd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f rI
qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI ]tbm0}oabmrQom jzpf\? tEkyg'daooedAmef[lonf odkYr[kwf cEy&dedAmef[lonf
cEmwd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f rI qdwo
f Ok ;f rI r&Srd I ]tbm0}oabmrQom jzpf\}}[k qk;H jzwfxm;awmfr\
l / tmudnm,we
psmefpdwfonf tmumomem,wepsmefpdwf\ qdwfokOf;rI uif;qdwfrI r&SdrI ]ewdbm0}oabmudk tmkH
jyKouJhodkY tvm;wlyif O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyemPfonfvnf; udavomwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI
qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI tbm0oabmudk cEmwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI tbm0oabmudkom tmkHjyK\/
tmudnm,wepsmef\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh ewdbm0oabmudk ewdabmynwf[k qdkouJhodkY t&m
udavomwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI cEmwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI tbm0oabmudkvnf;
tbm0ynwf[kyif qkH;jzwfxm;awmfrlonf/
r*opm[lonf
r*opmonfvnf; ..
(1) orxykdif; r*opm?
(2) 0dyemykdif; r*opm?
(3) t&d,r*fPftcdkuf avmukw&m r*opm - [k (3) rsdK;&Sd\/
orxykdif; r*opm
tmemygeur|mef;uJo
h aYkd om orxur|mef;wpfcck u
k kd psmef&atmif yGm;rsm;olwt
Ykd zdYk yxrpsmeform"d
tcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; &Sdayonf/ tmemygeyxrpsmefudk pHxm; wifjyaytHh/ tmemygeyxrpsmef
ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;
vlyk*dKvfrsm;twGuf ..
1/ ow 0PdZm = vufeufudk ukefoG,fjcif;
2/ ow 0PdZm = vludk ukefoG,fjcif;
3/ rHo 0PdZm = tom;wdk;yGm;atmif arG;jrLa&;vkyf ukefoG,fjcif;
4/ rZ 0PdZm = ao&nf ao&uf rl;,pfaq;0g;udk ukefoG,fjcif;
5/ 0do 0PdZm = tqdyfudk ukefoG,fjcif;[k ---&wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaeaom Oygoum-'g,um Oygodum-'g,dumrwdkY rjyKusifh
rjyKxdkufaom ukefoG,frI (5)rsKd; vm&Sd\/ ,if;ukefoG,frI (5)rsKd;aMumifh &&Sdaom ypnf;rsm;udk rokH;pGJbJ
a&SmifMuOfrIoabmonfvnf; ormtmZD0yif jzpfonf/64
0dyemydkif; r*opm
xkdopmav;yg;wdkYwGif a&S;jzpfukefaom 'kuopm ork',opm ESpfrsKd;wdkYum; oHo&m0#f vnfywfae
aom 0opmw&m;rsm;wnf;/ aemufjzpfukefaom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfwnf;
[laom avmukw&m eda&m"opmESifh ,if;eda&m"opmudk xGif;azmufodjrifwwfaom t&d,r*fPfESifh
,SOw
f aJG eonfh r*iw
f &m;ud,
k f (8)yg;wnf;[laom 'kuc sKy&f m eda&m"edAm efoYkd a&mufaMumif; usiphf Ofjzpfonfh
avmukw& m r*t&d,opmwdu
Yk m; oHo&m0#frS uif;&m csKy&f mjzpfonfh edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfEiS hf ,if;edAm efoYkd
a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfw&m;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtwGuf 0d0opmwnf;/ xkd 0opm 0d0opm ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif
0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0opmjzpfonfh 'kuopmESifh ork',opm w&m;pkwdkY 0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif;trIudk jyKvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ 0d0opmw&m;
ESpfrsKd;wdkY 0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif;onf r&Sday/65
64
(tH?2?183/ 0PdZmokwef/)
65
ww yk&drmed a'G opmed 0H? ypdrmed 0d0H/ awok bduKaem 0a ur|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a ewd
tbdeda0aom/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
,if; 'kuopm trnf&onfh twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du (=tMurf;) okckr
(= tEk) [De (= t,kwf) yPDw (= tjrwf) 'l& (= ta0;) oEdu (= teD;)[k ac:qdktyfonfh (11)rsKd;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;ESifh ork',opm trnf&onfh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uHwdkYum; rdrdwdkY\ qdkif&m qdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYu jyKjyifay;rS jzpfay:vmMu&onfh w&m;wdkY
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY rnfMu\/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYum; vuPma&; okH;wefodkY wifum 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHwdkY jzpfMu\/
0dyemqdkonfrSm bmvJ
tedpponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh 'kuopm"r+ork',opm"r [lonfh
ocFg&"r (= ocFg&w&m;)wdkYudk IyGm;wwfaomaMumifh 0dyem rnf\/66
txufyg t|uxm\ &Sif;vif;wifjycsuft& 0dyem[lonf 'kuopm"rESifh ork',opm"rjzpfMuonfh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k trsK;d rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mwdjYk zifh IymG ;ok;H oyfjcif;udk
qdkvdkayonf/
xdkaMumifh 0dyemydkif; r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMu\/
1/ orm'd|d = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
2/ ormouFy = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&may:odkY pdwfudk a&SUIwifay;jcif;
oabm?
3/ orm0g,mr = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;
oabm?
4/ ormowd = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk trSwf&aejcif;oabm?
5/ ormorm"d = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mtmkH pdwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnf
aejcif;oabm?
0dyembm0emur|mef;udk tm;rxkwfrDESifh tm;xkwfqJumvwdkY BudKwif aqmufwnf usifhokH;
xm;tyfaom usifhokH;aeqJjzpfaom oDvr*if (3)yg; jzpfonfh ..
6/ orm0gpm = 0pD'kpkdufrS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGefrSefuefaom pum;udk ajymMum;jcif;?
7/ ormurE = um,'kpkduf okH;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGefrSefuefaom vkyfief;&yfudk jyKvkyfjcif;?
8/ ormtmZD0 = rdpmtmZD0trsKd;rsKd;ESifh rtyfaom ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;wdkYrS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGef
rSefuefaom qGrf;cHjcif; v,fvkyfjcif; ponfjzifh toufarG;jcif;?
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf 0dyemydkif;tcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; jzpfonf/
wpfzef txufwGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyemPfonfvnf;
opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifonfjzpf&m 0dyemPftcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom opmav;yg;udk jcHKiHk
qdk&aomf avmuD0dyemPfjzifh opmav;yg;udk odjrifckdufvnf; r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg;wdkY &SdaeMu
ayonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMu\ ../
(1) orm'd|d
= opmav;yg;tmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
(2) ormouFy = opmav;yg;tmkHay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;Iwifay;jcif;oabm?
(3) orm0g,mr = opmav;yg;tmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm?
66
67
vrf;rBuD;0,f ..
pGefYypfxm;aom trIdufykHtwGif; ...
arT;BudKifvIdifxHk ESpfoufzG,f&Sdaom y'krmMumyef;onf
aygufa&mufaeouJo
h Ykd ....
udavom trIu
d o
f kdufwdkYjzifh xlajymvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh
trIdufykHozG,fjzpfaom ow0gwdkYtv,f wnfaeonfh
ormorK' bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uonf ..
y&rwft&mudk odjrifwwfonfh Pfynmrsufpd r&Sdjcif;aMumifh
tumPf;ozG,fjzpf aeMuonfh ykxZk efwu
Ykd kd ..
y&rwfudk xGif;azmufodjrifwwfonfh Pfynmjzifh
omvGe
f wifw
h ,fay\ ..../
("ry'? *gxm?58-59/)
! 63
tusO;f csKyf
2/ &[ef;wdkY ... c&D;vrf;onf .. ow0gwdkY\ pdwf"mwf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&ef pkd;&drfylyefjcif;
ikda<u;jcif;wdkYukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf&ef ukd,fqif;&Jjcif; pdwfqif;&Jjcif;wdkY csKyfNidrf;&ef t&d,r*fukd &&Sd&ef
edAmefukd rsufarSmufjyK&ef wpfaMumif;wnf;aom c&D;vrf; jzpfay\? ,if;onfhc&D;vrf;um; owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wdkYyifwnf;/
tb,fav;yg;wdkYenf;[lrl ---- &[ef;wdkY... omoemawmf &[ef;onf ..
2-1/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdonf jzpf orZOfPf&Sdonf jzpf owd70&Sdonf
jzpf avmu71 tbdZsm72 a'gre73ukd y,fazsmuf um, um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpf ae\/
68
1/ {0H ar okwH ---- {uH or,H b*0g uklok 0d[&wd urmo"rH emr ukleH ed*arm/
wMw acg b*0g bduL tmraEod - ]]bdua0g}}wd/
]]b'aE}}wd aw bduL b*0awm ypamokH/ b*0g {w'a0gp ----Oa'aom
2/ {um,aem t,H bdua0 ra*g owmeH 0dok'd,m aomuy&da'0geH orwdurm, 'kua'gremeH
tw*Frm, , t"d*rm, edAme opdud&d,m,? ,'d'H pwma&m owdy|mem/
uwar pwma&m " bdua0 bduK ..
2-1/ uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH?
0ifoufav-xGufoufavukd Iqifjcifjcif;tcef;
orxydkif;
3/ &[ef;wdkY... tb,fodkYvQif &[ef;onf um, um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf jzpf aeoenf;/
&[ef;wdkY... omoemawmf &[ef;onf awmodkY oGm;a&muf jzpfap opfyif&if;odkY oGm;a&muf
jzpfap qdwfNidrf&modkY oGm;a&muf jzpfap wifyvifacGNyD;vQif ukd,fukd ajzmifhrwfpGm xm; owdukd
(ur|mef;tmkHodkY) a&SUIjzpfapvsuf xkdif\/ xkd&[ef;onf owd&SdvsufomvQif 0ifoufavukd jzpfap\?
owd&SdvsufomvQif xGufoufavudk jzpfap\?
3-1/ &Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
3-2/ wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
3-3/ (0ifoufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH}}[k
usifh\?
2-2/ a0'emok a0'emEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH?
2-3/ pdaw pdwmEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH?
2-4/ "arok "rmEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH/
Oa'aom ed|dawm/
um,mEkyem - tmemygeyAH
orxydkif;
3/ ux ye bdua 0 bduK uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd " bdua 0 bduK t&n*awm 0g kur v
l *awm
0g oknm*g&*awm 0g edoD'wd yvu tmbkZdwGm OZkH um,H yPd"m, y&drkcH ow Oy|aywGm? aom oawm0
towd oawm0 yowd/
3-1/ 'DCH 0g toaEm ]'DCH tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
'DCH 0g yoaEm ]'DCH yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
3-2/ &H 0g toaEm ]&H tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
&H 0g yoaEm ]&H yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
3-3/ ]oAum,y#doHa0'D todmrD}wd oduwd?
(xGuo
f ufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqH;k tukev
f ;kH udk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odvsuf xGuo
f ufavudk jzpfaptH}h }
[k usifh\?
3-4/ ]]kefY&if;aom 0ifoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\?
]]kefY&if;aom xGufoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\/
4/ &[ef;wdkY...Oyrmaomfum; uRrf;usifaom yef;yGwform;onfvnf;aumif; yef;yGwform;\
wynfhonfvnf;aumif; ..
(yGwfBudK;ukd) &Snf&Snf qGJiifvQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf qGJiifonf}}[k od\?
(yGwfBudK;ukd) wkdwkd qGJiifvQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd qGJiifonf}}[k od\/
&[ef;wdkY...twlyif &[ef;onf ..
4-1/ &Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
4-2/ wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
4-3/ (0ifoufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH}}[k
usifh\?
(xGufoufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf xGufoufavudk
jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\?
4-4/ ]]kefY&if;aom 0ifoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\?
]]kefY&if;aom xGufoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\/
0dyemydkif; - yxrqifh
5-1/ (u) odkYvQif tZw um,rlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\?
]oAum,y#doHa0'D yodmrD}wd oduwd/
3-4/ ]yr,H um,ocFg&H todmrD}wd oduwd?
]yr,H um,ocFg&H yodmrD}wd oduwd/
4/ ao,sxmyd bdua0 'aum bruma&m 0g brum&aE0goD 0g ..
'DCH 0g t aEm ]'DCH t mrD}wd yZmemwd?
&H 0g t aEm ]&H t mrD}wd yZmemwd/
{0ar0 acg bdua0 bduK ..
4-1/ 'DCH 0g toaEm ]'DCH tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
'DCH 0g yoaEm ]'DCH yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
4-2/ &H 0g toaEm ]&H tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
&H 0g yoaEm ]&H yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
4-3/ ]oAum,y#doHa0'D todmrD}wd oduwd?
]oAum,y#doHa0'D yodmrD}wd oduwd/
4-4/ ]yr,H um,ocFg&H todmrD}wd oduwd?
]yr,H um,ocFg&H yodmrD}wd oduwd/
0dyemydkif; - yxrqifh
5-1/ (u) wd tZwH 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd?
0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
5-2/ (u) um, jzpfaMumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf; ae\?
5-2/ ( c ) um, csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;ae\?
5-2/ ( * ) um, jzpfaMumif; csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif; csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nf
jzpfrlvnf; ae\/
0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
5-3/ xdjYk yif ]]um,onfomvQif &S\
d }}[k xk&d [ef;tm; owdonf a&S;Ixif\? (xko
d wdonf) 0dyemPf
tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom jzpf\? 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfaom owd tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom
jzpf\?
0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
5-4/ (xk&d [ef;onf wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zif)h rrSrD wG,rf
l vnf; ae\? (Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom) avmu
wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;ukdrQvnf; (ig ig\ Opm[k) pJGvnf; rpGJvrf;/
6/ &[ef;wdkY...odkYvnf; &[ef;onf um, um,udk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/
0ifoufav-xGufoufavukd Iqifjcifjcif;tcef; NyD;\/
5-1/ ( c ) A[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd?
5-1/ ( * ) tZwA[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/
0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
5-2/ (u) ork',"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd?
5-2/ ( c ) 0,"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd?
5-2/ ( * ) ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd/
0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
5-3/ ]twd uma,m}wd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
5-4/ teddawm p 0d[&wd? e p udd avmau Oyg'd,wd/
6/ {0rd acg bdua0 bduK uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/
tmemygeyAH ed|dwH/ ('D?2?231-232/ r?1?70-71/)
69
tmemyge orxydik ;f
tmemyge orxusifhpOfydkif;wGif ..
1/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ t&Snfudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
2/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ twdkudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
3/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvkH;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwf&ef75
4/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufavudk Nidrfatmif Nidrf;atmif csKyfNidrf;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef ----odkYvQif tqifh (4)qifh cGJum TefMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ xdkwGif ]]t&Snf-twdk}}udk t|uxm
#Dumrsm;76u odkY &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;Mu\/
t&Snf-twdk
]]tcsed u
f mv cyfMumMumjzpfaeaom 0ifoufav-xGuo
f ufavudk ]t&Sn}f [kvnf;aumif; tcsed u
f mv
cyfwdkwdk jzpfaeaom 0ifoufav-xGufoufavudk ]twdk}[kvnf;aumif; od&Sdygav/}}
yr,H = tmemygecsKyfNidrf;rnfhtcsdef
tEkykAeda&m"okwe77
f
&[ef;wdkY...tpOftwkdif; csKyfNidrf;jcif;wdkYonf ukd;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tb,fukd;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ..
1/
2/
3/
4/
oAum,y#doHa0'D todmrd/y/ yodmrDwd oduwDwd ouv tmoum, tm'drZy&da,momeH 0d'dwH ua&maEm ygu#H ua&maEm todmrDwd oduwd/ ouv ymoum,
tm'drZy&da,momeH 0d'dwH ua&maEm ygu#H ua&maEm yodmrDwd oduwd/ {0H 0d'dwH ua&maEm ygu#H
ua&maEm Por,kwpdawe towd ap0 yowd p/ wom ]]todmrd yodmrD}}wd oduwDwd
0kpwd/ (0dok'd?1?265/)
76
,m ye awoH 'DC&wm? om t'ge0aoe a0'dwAm/ (0dok'd?1?263/)
t'ge0aoemwd 'DCumv0aoe/ (r[m#D?1?320/)
77
]]e0,dar bdua0 tEkykAeda&m"m/ uwar e0 --1/ yXrH psmeH ormyE umronm edk'g a[mwd?
2/ 'kwd,H psmeH ormyE 0dwu0dpm&m edk'g a[mEd?
3/ wwd,H psmeH ormyE yDwd edk'g a[mwd?
4/ pwkwH psmeH ormyE tmoymom edk'g a[mEd?
5/ tmumomem,weH ormyE lyonm edk'g a[mwd?
6/ 0dnmPm,weH ormyE tmumomem,weonm edk'g a[mwd?
kyfur|mef;ydkif;
orxydkif; ur|mef; (40) &Sdonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf 0dyemydkif;um; kyfur|mef; emrfur|mef;
[l ESpfrsKd;om &Sdayonf/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif kyfur|mef;udk a[mMum;awmfrl&m "mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;ESifh
"mwfur|mef;tus,fenf;[k enf;ESpfrsKd;udkom a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ "mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;udk
r[mowdy|meokwef 82wGif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ "mwfur|mef;tus,fenf;udkum; r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef83ponfwdkYwGif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/84
81
"mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;
1/
2/
3/
4/
emrfur|mef;ydkif;
1/
2/
3/
1/
2/
3/
emrfur|mef;ydkif;IuGufwGif ...
zu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepf?
a0'emu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepf?
todpdwf 0dnmPfu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepf?
[l enf;pepf (3) rsKd; &Sd\/ xdkwGif ...
zu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepfum; "rmEkyemowdy|mefwGif tusKH;
0if\/
a0'emu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepfum; a0'emEkyemowdy|mefwGif
tusKH;0if\/
todpdwf = 0dnmPfu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepfum; pdwmEkyemowdy|mefwGif tusKH;0if\/
(0dok'd?2?226? pmydk'f?670/)
89
(r?|?4?60/)
0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
2/ (u) um, jzpfaMumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf; ae\?
2/ ( c ) um, csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;ae\?
2/ ( * ) um, jzpfaMumif; csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif; csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nf
jzpfrlvnf; ae\/
tydkif;wGif .. bk&m;&Sifonf ....
1/ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfonfh yp,y&d*[Pf?
2/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvokH;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&SdMu
ukefaom tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr) t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw) ta0; (= 'l&)
teD; (= oEdu)[lonfh (11)rsdK;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk
tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum IyGm;okH;oyfwwfonfh oroePf?
3/ (u) ,if; (11) rsdK;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk
cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Pfjzifh jrifatmif MunfhIvsuf vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum
IyGm;okH;oyfwwfonfh cPawm O',A,'ePf?
(c) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opm
w&m;)aMumifh 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusdK; Oyg'geuEmig;yg;
(= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudk Ijrifwwfaom yp,awm O','ePf?
(*) (b0tem*wfwGif odkYr[kwf aemiftem*wfb0wpfckckwGif t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufEdkifavmuf
atmif 0dyemPfrsm; &ifhusufvmaomtcg a,m*Dyk*dKvf &&Sdawmhrnfh t&[wr*fPf\
pGrf;tm;aMumifh) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;rsm; t<uif;tusef r&dS ukefpifatmif aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh t&[wr*fodkY rqdkufa&mufrD
ypKyefb0wGifvnf;aumif; twdwfoHo&m tqufqufuvnf;aumif; jyKpkysKd;axmifchJonfh
ocFg&+uHwdkYonfvnf; y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufwGif aemufxyfwpfzef b0opfudk jzpfapEdkifonfh
pGr;f tifrsm; ukecf ef;oGm;Mu\/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;)wd\
Yk t<uif;tusef
r&dS ukepf ifatmif aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd ; Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkYonfvnf; y&dedAmepkwdtcdkufwGif t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif
aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkYaom csKyfNidrf;rIudk tEkyg'eda&m"
[k ac:qdk\/ ,if;tEkyg'eda&m"oabmudk IyGm;wwfaom yp,awm 0,'ePf?
txufazmfjyyg yp,y&d*[Pf oroePf O',A,Pftm;vkH;wdkYudk pkaygif;um a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlayonf/
xdkaMumifh a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf tydkif;wGif t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;) xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ypKyefb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf
oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusdK; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:
yHkudkvnf; Pfjzifh odatmif jrifatmif I&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfzef ypKyefb0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;)
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh aemiftem*wfb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom
tusdK; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf; Pfjzifh odatmif jrifatmif
I&rnfjzpfonf/
0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
3/ xdjYk yif ]]um,onfomvQif &S\
d }}[k xk&d [ef;tm; owdonf a&S;Ixif\? (xko
d wdonf) 0dyemPf
tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom jzpf\? 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfaom owd tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom
jzpf\?
tydkif;um; b*FPfrS p txufydkif; 0dyemPftm;vkH;udk &nfTef;xm;awmfrlayonf/
xdak Mumifh a,m*Dy*k Kd vo
f nf tydik ;f wGif umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&MdS uukeaf om Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh
vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpD wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIEdkifojzifh 0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif;
w&m;wdkYudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;aomtcg ,if;cEmig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIudk rIawmhbJ
ESvkH;roGif;awmhbJ ,if;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkom tmkH,l 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk qufvufum
pD;jzef;vdkufaomtcg ,if;kyfemrfwdkY\ tjzpfudk rjrifawmhbJ tysufoufoufudkom Ijrifaeawmhrnf
jzpfonf/ xdktcgwGif ,if;Oyg'geuEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ ..
(u) tysufoufoufudk tmkH,l tedp[kvnf;aumif;?
0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
5-4/ (xk&d [ef;onf wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zif)h rrSrD wG,rf
l vnf; ae\? (Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom) avmu
wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;ukdrQvnf; (ig ig\ Opm[k) pJGvnf; rpGJvrf;/
tydkif;um; &ifhusufvmaom tqifhqifhaom 0dyemPfwdkY\ tqkH; jzpfay:vmMuukefaom
av;qifhukefaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYESifh av;qifhukefaom t&d,zdkvfPfwdkY tqifhqifh jzpfay:vmykHudk
Tefjyawmfrlaom tydkif; jzpfayonf/ xdkav;qifhaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYu tqifhqifh qdkif&m qdkif&m
udavomwdkYudk y,fowfvdkufMuojzifh t&[wr*fodkY qdkufa&mufaomtcg ,if;t&[wr*fu t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gefwdkYudk t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif y,fowfvdkufayonf/ odkYtwGuf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY
tay: pGJvrf;rIrsm; vkH;0 r&Sdawmhay/ ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}}b0odkY a&muf&SdoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/
a'oemawmfe*d ;Hk
]]cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...
odkYvnf; &[ef;onf um, um,udk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/}}
ed*kH;csKyf w&m;pum;awmfum; .. tmemyge orxusifhpOf jzpfonfh pwkwpsmeform"dudk
0dyemPf\ tajccH yg'upsmeftjzpf xlaxmif tqifhqifhaom 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk
t&[wzkdvfayguf usihfMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkygu ]]odkY usifh&rnf}}[k Tefjyawmfrlaom
a'oemawmfed*kH; jzpfayonf/
azPyd@Lyrokwe t
f wGuf BuKd wiford w
S &f ef
azPyd@Lyrokwe u
f kd em,laeMuukeaf om &[ef;awmfwu
Ykd m; tm;aumif;armif;oefonfh 0dyem
[laom Av00dyemydkif;odkY a&muf&SdawmfrlMuNyD;onfh &[ef;awmfwdkY jzpfMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYonf
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHkjzpfMuukefaom 'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m;[lonfh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem
Iaewwfolrsm; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
xd&k [ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf pwkwp smeform"duo
hJ aYkd om psmeform"dwpfcck u
k jkd zpfap "mwfur|mef;uJo
h aYkd om
Oypm&ur|mef; wpfckckudk tmHk,lum Oypm&orm"dudk jzpfap 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf orm"dudk
xlaxmifNyD;aemuf ---twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmef ESpfyg;twGif; ..
(1) kyfw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom lyy&d*[Pf?
(2) emrfw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom tlyy&d*[Pf?
(3) kyf-emrfwdkYudk yl;wGJum IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom lyglyy&d*[Pf?
(4) emrf-kyfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;wwfaom emrly00wmePf ---PftjrifwdkYudk &&dSxm;NyD;jzpfMuojzifh twdwf tem*wf ypKyefponfh (11) rsdK;aom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf
odrf;qnf;wwfNyD; jzpfawmfrlMu\/ wpfzef ..
(5) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opm
w&m;) aMumifh ypKyefb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusKd; Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;) xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif;?
(6) tvm;wlyif ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;)aMumifh aemiftem*wfb0wGif
tvm;wl tusKd; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;) xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif;?
(7) enf;wlyif twdwftqufquf tem*wftqufqufvnf; taMumif;ork',opmw&m;aMumifh
tusKd; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif; ...
IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfonfh
yp,y&d*[PfwdkYudkvnf; &&dSxm;awmfrlNyD;Muonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
(8) xdk 'kuopmw&m; + ork',opmw&m;wdkYudk tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum
wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem Iwwfolrsm;vnf; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
(9) twdwftqufquf tem*wftqufqufwdkY .. taMumif;ork',opmw&m;aMumifh tusKd;
Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkom IyGm;wwfMuonfom r[kwfao;? aemifwpfcsdef
tem*wfwGif (ypKyefb0 tem*wf odkYr[kwf aemifvmrnfh tem*wfb0 wpfckckwGif) t&[wr*fudk
rdrd&&dSaomtcg xdkt&[wr*f\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif
aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifY t&[wr*fodkY rqdkufa&mufrD ypKyef
b0wGifvnf;aumif; twdwfoHo&m tqufqufuvnf;aumif; jyKpkysdK;axmifchJonfh ocFg&+uHwdkYonf
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(1) cspo
f m; &[ef;wd.Yk .. Oyrmaomfum; **Fgjrpfonf Bu;D rm;vSaom a&jrK ypf idk Bf u;D wpfcu
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MunfhI&m\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifav&m\/ xkda&jrKyfpkdifBuD;ukd MunfhI aeaom
pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xkda,mufsm;\
todPf xdka&jrKyfpkdifBuD;onf ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh oabmw&m;[lomvQif
xifvmav&m\? cdkifrmonfh tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&
bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvmav&m\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... a&jrKyfpkdif cdkifrmonfh tESpfom&[lonf
tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom? tZw A[d'vnf;
jzpfaom? tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr)vnf;jzpfaom? t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw)vnf;
jzpfaom? ta0; (= 'l&) teD; (= oEdu)vnf;jzpfaom kyfw&m;tm;vHk;ukd a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
0dyemPfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcif\/
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xdk&[ef;\ todPf xkdkyfw&m;onf edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh
oabmw&m;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESprf rS;D tcsn;f ES;D [lomvQif xifvm\?
edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvm\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... kyfw&m;
edp okc tw okb[lonfh ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&onf tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
(2) cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmaomfum; wefaqmifrkef;vtcg rkd;BuD; onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;vwfaomf
a&jyifay: a&yGuo
f nf jzpfvnf; jzpf\? csKyv
f nf; csKyyf su\
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MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom
xkda,mufsm;\ todPf xdka&yGufonf ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh oabmw&m;
[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? cdkifrmonfh tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? ckdifrmonfh
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