Professional Documents
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1) ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION
(I) Nowadays, a number of countries have environmental radiation monitoring systems, so they are able to
obtain information on the possible harmful effects on populations of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapon
tests. They can also monitor the surroundings of nuclear installations, nuclear power stations, research
reactors, fuel processing plants, etc.
(II) At the present time, these systems are no longer the responsibility of national atomic energy commissions
alone. This responsibility is now divided and, in some countries, public health authorities, together with
producers and users of radioactive substances, are becoming progressively involved in the monitoring of
radioactivity levels in the environment. All of them are deeply concerned with preventing the radioactive
contamination of the population.
(III) Two types of monitoring should be recognised: 1) global or national monitoring; and 2) monitoring of
the nuclear-installation surrounding controlled zone. Samples of air, water, soil, food and biological tissues
have to be collected in different places and analysed for their content of different radioactive compounds.
(IV) It would not be advisable to evaluate the risk to population by physical monitoring alone and further
research on the biological effects of low levels of radiation and radioisotopes on human beings would be
required. Biological studies must be based on the evaluation of the genetic, carcinogenic and other somatic
effects of radiation on populations. A promising method in this field could be the study of chromosome
aberration rates in radiation-exposed population groups.
(V) There is a common problem in evaluating data from national monitoring systems: their incomparability.
This difficulty is caused by the use of different methods for measuring and interpreting results. To overcome
this difficulty, many international agencies are now developing programs of intercomparison measurements
of environmental samples in different countries.
(VI) Therefore, the evaluation of present and potential hazards to the population from different sources of
radiation is being progressively based on accepted international standards and norms; these are being
enforced by national systems of surveillance of global and local radioactive inspection. They aim at
controlling the emissions from consumer goods, industrial and medical sources of radiation, nuclear
installations, etc.
1) Elabore un breve resumen del texto (no ms de 2 oraciones por prrafo)
2) Traduzca prrafos (I) a (V)
3) Indique con S las oraciones que expresen informacin contenida en el texto y tambin el
prrafo donde se encuentra dicha informacin.
a. Hay ms de un organismo involucrado en el control de los efectos de la radiacin sobre el medio
ambiente.
b. Se proponen algunos mtodos para encarar la evaluacin de la radiacin recibida por la poblacin
que resulta del uso de equipos mdicos.
c. Los organismos que monitorean radiaciones han previsto la posibilidad de accidentes en los que la
radiacin puede extenderse ms all de las fronteras de un pas.
d. Es importante que los monitoreos incluyan estudios relacionados con los efectos biolgicos de la
radiacin.
e. Los mtodos de medicin de radiacin se estandarizan enviando muestras de cenizas de huesos a un
laboratorio central.
f. En general, los pases tienden a colaborar en el establecimiento de estndares internacionales que
permitan evaluar la contaminacin por radiacin.
3) Diga cules de estas afirmaciones son Verdaderas o Falsas. Corrija las falsas.
a) Los contaminantes conocidos como particulate matter presentan caractersticas uniformes en
distintos ambientes.
b) No se ha valorado adecuadamente el aporte domstico a la contaminacin del aire.
c) Las emisiones de los vehculos consisten en CO.
d) La luz solar es la responsable de la formacin de los photochemical oxidants.
e) El aumento de la contaminacin en los developing countries depende tanto de la cantidad
como de la calidad de los vehculos.
2 parcial Ingls I
1) THE BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER:
DISINFECTION EFFICIENCY
The comparative efficiency of disinfectants may be expressed in terms of either the
relative concentrations that are needed to attain the same rate of disinfection or the
relative rates of disinfection that are produced by the same concentration of disinfecting
agent. However, the different nature of the microorganisms and the difficulty of
standardising test conditions, such as pH, temperature and the chemical characteristics of
the water, do not allow generalised statements about the comparative efficiencies of
different disinfectants. Within these limitations, disinfecting agents may be grouped
according to their efficacy. Thus the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone is
preferable, yet for chlorine the pH should be less than 8.0. Chloramines are only slowly
biocidal, so their use as primary disinfecting agents for water-treatment purposes is not
recommended, yet they may be used for the maintenance of residuals in distribution
systems where the contact time is longer.
Similarly, in decreasing order, the relative resistance of different types of microorganisms
and their probable survival may be listed as follows: protozoan, cysts, enteroviruses,
enterobacteria. Yet there are distinct differences in the time required to inactivate
enteroviruses as compared with enterobacteria, the minimum conditions of disinfectantresidual and contact-time required to ensure a microbiologically safe water supply can be
achieved readily. It is therefore recommended that water from potentially polluted
sources should always be disinfected. This would ensure inactivation of certain
organisms, including some viruses, which may be relatively more resistant than faecal
indicator bacteria.
1) Haga la traduccin de este texto.
2) Elabore un resumen teniendo en cuesta estos puntos: a) formas de encarar la
eficiencia de desinfectantes b) inconvenientes para comparar las eficiencias de
distintos desinfectantes c) ejemplos de desinfectantes y de organismos a eliminar
d) diferencias entre enterovirus y enterobacterias.
3) Diga si estas afirmaciones son verdaderas o falsas y corrija las falsas:
a) Existe un consenso generalizado acerca de la eficiencia con que actan los diferentes
desinfectantes.
b) El cloro es mejor desinfectante que la cloramina.
c) Para ser efectiva, la cloramina requiere mayor tiempo de contacto.
d) No siempre es necesario desinfectar el agua contaminada.
e) La eliminacin de indicadores fecales puede no asegurar la eliminacinntotal de
contaminacin.
most significant threat from nitrate occurs in village situations in the developing world where
conditions of relatively primitive sanitation prevail. We report extensive surveys of the nitrate
concentrations in wells at many locations in Java and Lombock; these reports indicate that
millions of people in densely populated villages are drinking and cooking with water that
contains nitrate concentrations in excess of the World Health Organisations guideline value.
Most of this nitrate arises because of the nature of the sanitation in villages, whereby sewage is
discharged into the soil and the nitrogen is nitrified to nitrate which leaches into the
groundwater.
Two major surveys, which involved sampling wells in villages over a large part of East
Java, were done in July 1991 (dry season) and February 1992 (wet season). The methods of
collection and nitrate measurements have been reported previously. There was considerable
local and regional variation in nitrate concentrations. In areas of relatively similar population
density, this variation was related both to soil permeability and the nature of the aquifer. In
permeable soils with a medium to deep water table, nitrate concentrations were higher than in
areas with heavy clay soils and/or a shallow water table]. Shallow wells (less than 2 m depth)
almost invariably had low nitrate concentrations, probably partly because of denitrification in
the topsoil and partly due to the fact that the nitrogen from septic tanks which are deeper than
the groundwater table would be unlikely to nitrify significantly due to anaerobiosis.
A subsequent, separate, survey of the district of Purworejo in central Java revealed
invariably low or negligible nitrate concentrations. The reason for this may be a combination of
relatively low population density, high groundwater flow generated by the mountains to the
north and shallow aquifers in the coastal region. There was not only enormous variation
between regions and settlements, but also within them. A detailed study has been made of such
temporal and spatial variations in Kotagede.
1) en s mismo
2) cuando se convierte en nitrito
3) en asociacin con otras enfermedades
1) el uso de fertilizantes
2) condiciones sanitarias
3) combinacin de estos y otros factores
1) muy altas
2) bajas o despreciables
3) variables segn el distrito
2) Marque con una tilde las oraciones que indican informacin que se puede
encontrar en el texto.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1)Traduzca el texto
2)Con informacin del mismo complete estos enunciados, que representan un
resumen.
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