Statistics- Practice of collecting, analyzing and

Parameter- unknown numerical measurement describing

interpreting data.

the characteristics of a population

-Everything that deals even remotely with

the collection, processing, interpretation and presentation

Statistic- known numerical measurement describing the

characteristics of a sample.

of data belongs to the domain of statistics.

Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Branches of Statistics

Quantitative data- all data that is expressed by

a. Descriptive Statistics- provides concise

numbers

summary of data.
- gives information that

summarize data we already have.

or

count)
a. Discrete- countable
b. Continuous- uncountable

describes the data in some manner.

- When you illustrate or

(amount

Qualitative data- all data that is expressed by

quality, characteristics, class or category.

b. Inferential Statistics- uses a random

sample of data taken from a population to
describe and make conclusions about it.
- When we attempt, test

Primary and Secondary Data

Primary Data- original or direct source
Secondary Data- taken from secondary source

or predict about the group we havent

examined directly.

Types of Data (Levels of Measurement)

-methods

for

1. Nominal level- known as categorical or

drawing and measuring the reliability of

qualitative

conclusions about population.

-characterized by data

Sample and Population

Population- complete and entire collection of
elements to be studied [ N ]
Sample- subset of population.
'

that

consist of names, labels

or

categories only.

(e.g.

Sex and
Area Codes)
2. Ordinal level- data that maybe arranged in
some order but differences
between data

values

either

cannot

be

Slovi n s Formula :

determined or meaningless. (e.g. grade level

N
1+ Ne2

and
grading system involving letters)
3. Interval level- help determine meaningful

amounts of differences between

e=margin of error|5 0.05|

data and there is no absolute

zero
degrees)

value

(e.g.

4. Ratio level- zero is an absolute value/ true zero

exists.

e. Multi-staged Random Sampling- using

more than one sampling.
2. Non- Probability Sampling- the sampling is not

Methods of Data Collection

a proportion of the population.

1. Direct method- known as interview method.

-there is the personal presence
of

Types of Non Probability Sampling

a. Quota Sampling- specified number of

interviewer and interviewer.

-most

expensive

way

persons of certain types

b. Convenience Sampling- picking out

of

collecting data
2. Indirect method- known as questionnaire

people in the most convenient and

fastest way to get reactions immediately.
c. Purposive Sampling- based on certain

method.
-most wide used/ cheapest/ can cover

criteria lay down by the researcher.

wide area
3. Registration method- known as documentary
analysis
4. Observation method- can be done if the first
method is not applicable
5. Experimental method- based in facts and
evidences. -to see the cause and effects
Sampling Techniques
1. Probability Sampling- all sample is equally

Presentation of Data
1. Textual Presentation- combines text and figures
in a statistical report.
2. Tabular Presentation- statistical tables present
numerical data in a systematic way
3. Graphical Presentation
a. Bar Graph- x/y coordinate system
b. Pie Graph
c. Pictograph- by pictures or symbols

have a chance to be selected

(sample is
a proportion of the population)
Types of Probability Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling- everyone in
the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
-Known as lottery sampling
b. Systematic Sampling- every nth name in
the list may be selected.
c. Stratified Sampling- Population is
grouped into more or less
homogeneous classes.
d. Cluster Sampling- grouped into
heterogeneous classes
(Area

Sampling)

Frequency Distribution- arrangement of data into

mutually
showing its

exclusive

frequency

category
in

tabular

form.
Variable- quantity varies from one observation
Constant- quantity does not vary under a given condition
Lower Class Limit- smallest data belongs to the interval
Upper Class Limit- largest value belong to the interval
Class Width- difference between the upper class limit
and lower class limit
Range- difference between highest score and lowest
score
Midpoint- halfway between the class limits
Array- arrangement of data according to magnitude