CYTOLOGY I

By :
Name

: Safira Dwi Oktaviani

Student Number

: B1B015002

Section

: D1

Group

:5

Assistant

: Ulia Nur Isnaeni

LABORATORY REPORT
PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2016
I. INTRODUCTION

The study of cells is called cytology. All living organisms are composed of cells,
either unicellular or multicellular. Each cell is the smallest unit of the functional and
structural forms of life (Setiowati, 2000). Plant cells have the shape, size and
structure are varied and very complicated. However, all have similarities in basic
terms.
Plants and animals are organisms whose body is composed of cells. Plant cells
and animal cells is a variation of one type of basic unit or unit structure. This leads to
the theory of cells that expressed by Schwann and Schleiden (1838), based on the
concept, the cell is a unitary structure and function of living organisms because the
cells have in common in terms of the configuration of the metabolism and
macromolecular.
II. OBJECTIVE(S)
The objective cytology 1 laboratory are :
1. To observing the form of plant cells
2. To observing the part of a living cell, such as nucleus, cytoplasm and
carotene.
MATERIALS

III.

The material used in cytology 1 laboratory are fruit hair of Ceiba pentandra
(kapuk tundra), cork of stem Manihot esculenta (cassava),inner membrae of Allium
cepa (onion),the longitudinal section of Capsicum annum (chili) and water.
The tools used in cytology 1 laboratory are object glass, cover glass, razor,
pipette, needle, cutter, and light microscope.
IV.

METHODS
Methods used on Cytology I laboratory activity are :
Observing the form of plant cell
1) Take 2-3 stards fuit hair of Ceiba pentandra (Randu) and palce it on the center
of object glass then place a small drop of water.
2) Make a thin longitudinal slice the manihot esculenta cork of dtem, then place on
the center of clean slip on to the microscope slide.
3) Starting with a 45 angle, gently lower a cover slip into the microscope slide.
4) Observed under the microscope, starting wth the lowest magnification (40x) and
switching to the nest higher powe objective
5) Draw a sketch of your cell and give some description. Show each the forms of

cells.
Observing
carotene.

the parts of a living cell, such as the nucleus, cytoplasm and

1) Take inner membrane of Allium cepa tube, then place on the center of clean
object glass and place a small drops of water.
2) Starting with a 45 angle lower a cover slip into the microscope slide.
3) Make a thin longitudinal slices of the capsicum annum fruit, then place on the
center of clean object glass and place a small drops of water, gently lower a
cover slip into the microscope slide.
4) Observed under the microscope starting with the lowest magnification (40X) and
switching to the next higher power objective.
5) Draw a sketch of your cells and give some description.
V. RESULTS
Description:
1
2

1. Air Space
2. Cell Wall
3. Cell Shape Silindrical

Image 1. Fruit hair Ceiba pentandra( Kapuk Randu) Magnification 400X

Description:
1

1. Nucleus
2. Cell wall
3. Cytoplasm
2
4. Cell Shape Elongeted

Image 2. Inner membrane in Allium cepa tuber (onion) Magnification 400X

Description:
1
1. Cytoplasm
2. Cell wall
3. Cell Shape Hexagonal
2

Image 3. The longitudinal section of Manihot esculenta (cassava)

Magnification 400X

Description:
11. Cell Wall
2. Caratine
2

Image 4. Amylum from Camsium annum (chili) Magnification 400X

IV. DISCUSSION
Neither of plant cells or animal cells composed of several components which
consist of organelles and other compilers. Distinctive bodies in plant cells other than
the cell wall and plastids are vacuoles. Cell wall is the outermost part of the plant
cells and is the part that differentiate between plant cell and animal cell. After cell
growth occurs secondary plant cell wall is divided into three layers, middle lamella,
primary wall and a secondary wall. The cell walls serves to provide mechanical
strength so that the cell has a fixed form and provide protection against the cell
contents, and because of the nature traits hydrofil can hold and transmit water and
water soluble compounds in it to protoplasts that called imbibition (Hasnunidah,
2007).
Vacuole is a membrane, storage organelles that help in regulating turgor
pressure on plant cells. Vacuole also helps in digestion intracellular complex
molecules and excretion of waste products. Plastids are organelles that exist in plant
cells but does not exist in animal cells (in general). Based on the color, plastids are
grouped into leukoplas and chromatophores. Leukoplas (colorless), as a storage of
food reserves. Chromatophores, a pigment containing plastids. chromatophores are
grouped into, kromoplas, containing pigment carotene, xantofil chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. feoplas contain pigments fikoxantin redoplas
when pigment contained is fikoeritrin (Hasnuidah,2007).
The main differences between plant cells and animal cells is the cell wall,
animal cells only have a cell wall in the form of plasma while the plant cells have a

cell wall that is real. In addition to these differences, the plant cells found their
plastids and vacuoles of cells that can be enlarged, while animal cells are not.
Basically, living cells have the ability to reproduce themselves (Setiowati, 2000).
In general, cell wall constituent of important compounds are cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin, and protein. After the secondary growth, plant cell wall is
divided into three layers, middle lamella, primary wall and a secondary wall of the
secondary wall is a layer of cells that form the wall of the inside of primary wall
plant cell after the growth. A secondary layer of a substance composed of cellulose,
lignin and hemicellulose. Lamella is the middle layer of the cell wall that serves as
an adhesive cells with other cells in the network. This layer cell wall composed of
chitin substance. In woody plants, there has been a primary layer. Wall lignification
the lamella, is part of the cell wall are first formed and during the development phase
of plant cells. Layer cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In
the primary wall is sometimes found lignin (Hasnuidah,2007).
Protoplas a living part of the plant cell, although there are the various inorganic
compounds. Protoplasts consists of four main parts, namely: the cytoplasm, nucleus,
vacuole and materials ergastik. The cytoplasm is part of a complex of cells, a liquid
material that contains many molecules, including the form of a colloidal suspension
and membranous organelles. Ergastic substance can be divided into three groups:
products in the form of food, such as the secretion products and waste products
(waste product). Based on the shapes generated from Reviews These products into
three components ergastic divided into two Ergastic intensive and Ergastic that are
liquid. Ergastic solid, Among others starch (starch grains), aleurone and egg white
crystals (Noorhidayati, 2012).
Nucleus is the control center in plant cells. Nuclei controlling all functions of
cells by determining the various chemical reactions and also the structure and
function of cells. Nuclei are round or elongated organelle wrapped in a blanket core.
The function of the nucleolus is for the synthesis of r-RNA and ribosomes. This
nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm by sending mesenjer shaped
molecular RNA. (Campbell, 2002).
Based on the results, At amylum in Capsium annum are caratine that gives the
red color to the cells. fruit hair shape is sillindrycal Patendra ceiba, the shape of the
inner cell membrane Allium cepa is elongetade, and cell shape of Manihot esculent is
hexagonal. Differences in the shape of cells caused by cell wall that gives shape to

the cell and also protecting cells. The cell wall serves to provide mechanical strength
so that the cell has a fixed form and provide protection against the cell contents
(Hasnuidah,2007).
VI.

CONCLUSION(S)

1. Plant cells have a distinctive component as a differentiator between plant cells and
animal cells, namely cell wall, plastids, and vacuole
2. The cell walls serve to protect and give the cell shape, as the photosynthetic
plastids, vacuole as a place to store food reserves and as a secretion in plant cells
3. amylum in Capsium annum are caratine that Gives the red color to the cells. fruit
hair shape is sillindrycal Patendra ceiba, the shape of the inner cell membrane adaah
elongetade Allium Cepa, and cell shape of Manihot esculenta is hexagonal
VII.

SUGGESTION(S)

The suggestion for this laboratory is that I can put forward in this practicum if it
is possible to at the time of making report in gave time concession to the execution
report, in relation to us is a graduate student new so help in being led by lebsih first
in order to be understood. The error of making report at least in gave instructions that
all better.
REFERENCES
Campbell, Reece Mitchell. 2002. Biologi. Erlangga : Jakarta.
Hasnunidah, Neni. 2007. Buku Ajar. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Universitas
Lampung : Bandar Lampung.
Noorhidayati dan St. Wahidah Arsyad. 2012. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Umum.
Banjarmasin: Jurusan PMIPA FKIP UNLAM.
Setiowati, Tetty. 2007. Biologi Interaktif. Jakarta: Azka Press