You are on page 1of 21

Normal strain components resulting from the stress

components may be determined from superposition

x
y
z

x y z
E

x
E

y z
E

x y
E

z
E

The steel block shown is subjected to a uniform


stress on all of its faces. Knowing that the change
in length of edge AB is -0.03 mm determine (a) the
change in length of the other two edges, (b) the
stress applied on the faces of the block. Assume E
= 120 GPa and = 0.29.

Strain along AB
=

0.03
= 3x104
100

Since the stress is the same in all


directions, the strain is the same in
all directions:
= 75 3104 = 0.0225
= 50 3104 = 0.015

Using generalized Hookes law:


3104

=
/
+
120,000
120,000 120,0000
= 85.71

http://academic.udayton.edu/PaulBenson/phl316/citicorp.htm

In June 1978, prompted by a phone call by a civil engineering student studying the
building, Diane Hartley, LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building, including
quartering winds. This recalculation revealed that with a quartering wind, there was a 40%
increase in wind loads and a 160% increase in the load at all connection joints.

http://academic.udayton.edu/PaulBenson/phl316/citicorp.htm

In June 1978, prompted by a phone call by a civil engineering student studying the
building, Diane Hartley, LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building, including
quartering winds. This recalculation revealed that with a quartering wind, there was a 40%
increase in wind loads and a 160% increase in the load at all connection joints.

The story remained a secret until writer


Joe Morgenstern overheard it being told
at a party, and interviewed LeMessurier.
Morgenstern broke the story in the New
Yorker in 1995.
Hartley didnt know that her inquiry
about how the building deals with
quartering winds led to any action on
LeMessuriers part. It was only after
seeing another documentary that she
began to learn about the impact that her
undergraduate thesis had on the fate of
Manhattan.

Design considerations
Strength
Serviceability
Economy

If you were the


designer,
would
you let the actual
stresses approach
the stresses the
material
can
handle?

Youtube Video

To ensure safety:
Allowable (Actual) Stress < Material Strength
Variability in strength of material
Variability in loadings
Safety reserves a portion of the load-carrying
capacity to assure its safe performance.
()

= . . =



NOTE: FS > 1
value depends on several factors

FAILURE: state or condition in which a member or


structure no longer functions as intended

Some Types of Failure:


1. Elastic failure: excessive elastic deformation
2. Slip failure: excessive plastic deformation due to slip

3. Creep failure: excessive plastic deformation over a


long period of time

4. Fracture: complete separation of material

Two forces are applied to


the bracket BCD as shown.
Given the failure stresses
and factors of safety of the
components of the system,
determine
the
most
economic a) diameter of
steel rod AB, b) diameter of
pin C, c) thickness of
bracket supports at C.
Member

Ultimate Stress

FS

Steel rod AB

Normal stress, 600 Mpa

Pin C

Shearing stress, 350 Mpa

Bracket Supports at C

Bearing stress, 300 MPa

The load W is supported by


two tie rods. The properties
of the tie rods are as follows:
Rod A
12 mm
u = 270 Mpa
FSfrac = 4

Rod B
9 mm
u = 340 Mpa
FSfrac = 4

Determine the maximum safe


load W that can be
supported.

Member B is subjected to a compressive


force of 3600 N. If A and B are both made of
wood and are 10 mm thick, determine to the
nearest 5 mm the smallest dimension h1 and
h2 of the support. For member A,
bearing,ult=6500 kPa, and ult = 4000 kPa. Use
FS=1.5 for bearing, FS=2 for shear.
A
B

3600 N
5
12

h1
h2

The rigid bar AB shown in the


figure is supported by a steel
rod AC having a diameter of 20
mm and an aluminum block
having a cross-sectional area
of 1800 mm2. The 18-mmdiameter pins at A and C are
subjected to single shear.
Determine the maximum load
P that the system can carry
given the properties of the
materials below.
Member

Ultimate Stress

FS

Steel rod AC

Normal stress, 680 Mpa

Pins A and C

Shearing stress, 900 Mpa

Aluminum block

Normal stress, 105 MPa

Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of


materials. 6th Ed. SI. McGraw-Hill

Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of


materials. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall

Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is


correct. If the statement is false, write a word or group of
words to replace the underlined words to make the
statement true.

1. The region after yielding in which additional


load can be applied is called kissing.
2. In true stress-strain diagram, the stress
decreases after the ultimate since the actual
cross-sectional area is used.
3. Proportional limit is the limit before which
stress no longer proportional to strain, but
still exhibits elastic behavior

Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is


correct. If the statement is false, write a word or group of
words to replace the underlined words to make the
statement true.
4. The area under the whole stress strain diagram is the
modulus of resilience.
5. The slope of the shear stress-shear strain diagram is
called the shear modulus.

You might also like