Fatima Haidar (C)

2012/2013
FINAL YEAR PROJECT

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for
ENGINEERING DEGREE FROM THE LEBANESE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering- Branch III
Major: Civil Engineering
By:
Fatima Haidar
________________________________________________
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Supervised by:
Dr. Omar Assad
Presented on 4th of July 2013 in front of the jury:
Dr. Nayef Atrisi

Dr. Omar Assad
Dr. Bilal Assad
President
Supervisor
Member

..
.....
..... .....
1|Page
Acknowledgement
This project would not have been possible without the support of many people.
In the first place I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Dr.
Omar Assad for her supervision, patience, advice, and guidance from the
very early phase of this project as well as giving me an extraordinary
experience throughout the work .Above all, he provided me with an
unlimited encouragement and support in various ways.
I gratefully acknowledge the members of the jury: Dr. Nayef Atrssi and Dr. Bilal
Assad for sharing their precious time with me.
I wish to convey my sincere gratitude to all the facilities of civil Engineering

Department who have enlightened me during my studies.
The faculties and co-operation received from technical staff of civil engineering
department is thankfully.
Words fail me to express my appreciation to my family who deserve special

mention for their support and prayers. They have always been there for me
whenever I needed them, the encouragement they give to keep me going and
their love to empower me that never fails all the time. Their dedication, love
and persistent confidence in me have taken the load off my shoulder.
Special thanks to my friends and everyone who supported me along the way.
Last, but not least, I would like to thank the authors of various research articles
and books that I referred to.
2|Page
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Table of Contents
Dedication ............................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 0: History of Architecture ....................................................................................... 3
0.1
Definition: ............................................................................................................. 4
0.2
history : ................................................................................................................. 5
0.3
Parts of a Mosque:.................................................................................................8
0.4
Types of mosques: ................................................................................................. 9
0.5
The Relationship between the Mosque and the World: ........................................10
0.6
Conclusion: ..........................................................................................................10
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 11

1.1
Project Identification: ..........................................................................................12
1.2
Architectural Description : ...................................................................................14
Chapter 2: Structural system ..............................................................................................17

2.1
Aim Of The Project : ............................................................................................18
2.2
Methodology and calculation : .............................................................................18
2.3
Software: ..............................................................................................................18
2.4
Design Codes: ......................................................................................................19
2.5
Materials Strength and Characteristics :...............................................................19
2.6
Design Loads:.......................................................................................................19
2.7
Wind and Seismic Loads: ....................................................................................20
2.8
Load Combinations : ...........................................................................................20
2.9
Modifier Factors For Stiffness Modifications (ACI section 10.11.1) ...................... 22
2.10 Geological Characteristics: .................................................................................... 23

Chapter 3: MODELING ..................................................................................................... 24
3.1
Introduction : ...................................................................................................... 25
3.2
SEISMIC Analysis : ............................................................................................. 26
3.3
Seismic Analysis of mosque Using Robot Structural Analysis 2013 : ...................30
3.4
Tables from UBC code Used in seismic Analysis ................................................. 33
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
CHAPTER 4: THE DOME ................................................................................................. 37

4.1
GENERALITIES ..................................................................................................37
4.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................37
4.1.2
shell structure: ..............................................................................................37
4.1.3
Membrane theory of surfaces of revolution:................................................. 39
4.2
A STUDY ABOUT AL RAHBA-MOSQUE DOME : ...........................................41
4.2.1
Plans : ...........................................................................................................41
4.2.2
LOADS: ....................................................................................................... 42
4.2.3
Manual Design of the dome: ........................................................................ 42
4.2.4
Ring beam: ...................................................................................................45
4.2.5
Dome with robot : ........................................................................................ 48
4.2.6
Results : ....................................................................................................... 49
4.2.7 Ring beam with robot : ......................................................................................54

4.2.8
4.3
How to support the dome : ...........................................................................55
Drawings : ............................................................................................................57
Chapter 5: frame ................................................................................................................ 59

5.1
Introduction : ......................................................................................................60
5.2
LOCATION : ....................................................................................................... 62
5.3
LOADS: ............................................................................................................... 63
5.4
Supports :............................................................................................................ 64
5.5
Proposed Sections and Materials :....................................................................... 64
5.6
Calculation Using Robot Structural Analysis: ...................................................... 64
5.7
Analysis : ............................................................................................................. 65
Chapter 6: Slabs ..................................................................................................................71
ii
6.1
Introduction : ...................................................................................................... 72
6.2
Advantages of solid slab: .................................................................................... 73
6.3
slab selection:...................................................................................................... 73
6.4
Punching shear: .................................................................................................. 74
6.5
Load combinations :............................................................................................ 74
6.6
Deflection:........................................................................................................... 74
6.7
Two way solid slab design using robot structural Analysis 2013 program: ......... 76
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Chapter 7: BEAMS ..............................................................................................................81

7.1 Introduction T-BEAM & L-BEAM: ......................................................................82
7.2
T-Beam Analysis : ...............................................................................................83
7.3
Stirrups: ..............................................................................................................86
7.4
Crack width : .......................................................................................................86
7.5
beam design by Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis : ......................................... 87
Chapter 8:COLUMNS ........................................................................................................ 97

8.1
Introduction:.......................................................................................................98
8.2
Types of Reinforced Concrete Columns:............................................................ 100
8.3
ACI Code Requirements for Column Strength : column subjected to Axial load
only: .100
8.4
ACI Code Requirements for Column Strength : column subjected to Axial load
and moment:................................................................................................................ 100
8.5
Design using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis -2013: ...................................103
Chapter 9:FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................. 106

9.1
Introduction : .....................................................................................................107
9.2
types of foundations : .........................................................................................107
9.3
Design of rectangular footing : ............................................................................111
9.4
selections of foundations:................................................................................... 113
9.5
Footing design using robot structural Analysis 2013 program: ..........................114
Chapter 10:MINARET ...................................................................................................... 117

10.1
Introduction:...................................................................................................... 118
10.2 shear walls: .......................................................................................................... 118

10.3 Design steps : ....................................................................................................... 119
10.4 Model of shear walls -Etabs ..................................................................................122
Chapter 11: IMAM S HOUSE ...........................................................................................126
iii
11.1
Introduction : .....................................................................................................127
11.2
Software : ...........................................................................................................130
11.3
Procedure for modeling :....................................................................................130
11.4
Loads : ............................................................................................................... 131
11.5
Modeling ETABS : ........................................................................................... 131
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
11.6
Results from ETABS ..........................................................................................132
11.7
SLAB : ................................................................................................................135
11.8
Edges Beams: ....................................................................................................142
11.9
Columns : ..........................................................................................................143
11.10 Foundation : ......................................................................................................145

Chapter 12:Males Bathrooms ..........................................................................................148
12.1
Introduction : ...................................................................................................149
12.2 Description : ........................................................................................................149

12.3 Modeling : ...........................................................................................................150
12.4 Loads : ................................................................................................................ 151
12.4 Combinations : .................................................................................................... 151
12.5 Slabs: ................................................................................................................... 151
12.6 Beams : ................................................................................................................153
12.7 Columns : ............................................................................................................155
12.8 Foundations: .......................................................................................................158
Chapter 13:Bill OF QuantitiesBOQ ..................................................................................160
13.1
Introduction: ..................................................................................................... 161
13.2 BOQ : MOSQUE: .................................................................................................162

13.3 BOQ:Imams House: ...........................................................................................164
13.4 BOQ: Males Bathrooms ......................................................................................166
Chapter 14: REFERENCES ..............................................................................................168
iv
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
List of figures:
Figure0. 1:minaret ........................................................................ 8
Figure0.2: Prayer Hall..................................................................... 8
Figure0.3: Mihrab ......................................................................... 8
Figure0.4: Minbar ......................................................................... 8
Figure0.5: Dome .......................................................................... 8
Figure1. 1: AREA LOCATION-GOOGLE EARTH ........................................ 12
Figure1.2: site plan ....................................................................... 12
Figure1. 3: site plan -Rendering .......................................................... 13
Figure1. 4: Mosque Main Entrance-Rendering ........................................... 13
Figure1. 5: ground floor plan ............................................................. 14
Figure1.6: roof plan ...................................................................... 15
Figure1. 7: top of roof plan................................................................ 16
Figure3. 1: ROBOT Model -1.............................................................. 25
Figure3. 2: ROBOT Model -2 ............................................................. 26
Figure3. 3:distribution of lateral forces ................................................... 28
Figure3. 4: modal analysis parameters and analysis type ................................. 30
Figure3. 5: UBC97 parameters ........................................................... 30
Figure3. 6: dynamic analysis results ...................................................... 31
Figure3. 7: DISPLACMENTS ............................................................. 32
Figure4.1: stresses develop by dome ...................................................................................37
Figure4.2: classification of domes ...................................................................................... 38
Figure4. 3: section of dome ................................................................................................ 39
Figure4. 4: internal forces .................................................................................................. 40
Figure4.5: plan and section of dome -Autocad ....................................................................41
Figure4. 6: section of the dome's upper level ..................................................................... 42
Figure4. 7: section of the dome's lower level ...................................................................... 44
Figure4. 8: forces on ring beam ..........................................................................................45
Figure4. 9: My on ring beam .............................................................................................. 46
Figure4.10: Mx on ring beam ............................................................................................. 46
Figure4.11: Materials Definition - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .................................... 48
Figure4.12: table of loads -Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ................................................ 48
Figure4. 13: combinations Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ................................................ 48
Figure4. 14: Table of reactions - Robot Structural Analysis 2013....................................... 49
Figure4. 15: NYY- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .............................................................. 50
Figure4. 16: NXX- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ............................................................. 50
Figure4. 17: NXY - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ..............................................................51
Figure4. 18:Mxx- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ...............................................................51
Figure4. 19: Myy- Robot Structural Analysis 2013...............................................................52
Figure4. 20: Reinforcement Ax bottom - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ........................52
Figure4. 21: reinforcement Ax top- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ...................................53
Figure4. 22: reinforcement Ay top- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ..................................53
Figure4. 23; reinforcement Ay bottom - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ...........................53
v
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Figure4. 24: representation of load on beam - Robot Structural Analysis 2013.................54

Figure4. 25: table of load - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ................................................54
Figure4. 26 : diagram of bending moment-ULS-Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ..............54
Figure4. 27: Diagram of shear force -ULS- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .......................55
Figure4. 28:Deflection -Robot structural Analysis 2013......................................................55
Figure4. 29: Dome with supported beams-Autocad ............................................................55
Figure4. 30: Tables of load - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .............................................56
Figure4. 31: bending moment diagram-ULS-Robot Structural Analysis 2013.....................56
Figure4. 32: shear force -ULS- Robot structural Analysis 2013 ...........................................56
Figure4. 33: section of dome with reinforcement- Autocad.................................................57
Figure4. 34: section of beam 8-Autocad............................................................................. 58
Figure4. 35: section of beam 9-Autocad ............................................................................. 58
Figure5. 1: frame ................................................................................................................60
Figure 5.2: deformation of frame under load .....................................................................60
Figure5. 3: Various Ways to Model a frame ........................................................................61
Figure5.4: Frame top view and distances between axes ..................................................... 62
Figure5. 5: Primary frme 3D representation - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ................ 64
Figure5. 6: Dimensions of Frame- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ................................... 64
Figure5. 7: loads on frame- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .............................................. 65
Figure5. 8: bending moment in frame- Robot Structural Analysis 2013............................ 65
Figure5. 9: shear force in frame- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ..................................... 66
Figure5. 10: Deformations- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ............................................. 66
Figure5. 11: inverted T-section-- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ...................................... 67
Figure5. 12: Bending moment diagram-Robot Structural Analysis .................................... 67
Figure5. 13: shear force diagram-Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ...................................... 67
Figure5. 14:deflection- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .....................................................68
Figure5. 15: Reinforcement sections &details- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ...............68
Figure5.16: Drawings of column5- Robot Structural Analysis 2013................................... 69
Figure5. 17: 3D interaction diagram of a chosen load combination .................................... 69
Figure5. 18: reinforcement sections and details- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ............ 70
Figure6. 1: types of slabs .................................................................................................... 72
Figure6.2: minimum slab thickness ................................................................................... 73
Figure6. 3: Punching shear ................................................................................................ 74
Figure6. 4: maximum permissible computed deflection .....................................................75
Figure6. 5: : Mxx for ULS - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ............................................... 76
Figure 6: Myy for ULS-Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ..................................................... 76
Figure6. 7: Deflection foe SDS-Robot Structural Analysis ...................................................77
Figure 6.8: deflection for SDSL -Robot structural Analysis 2013 ........................................77
Figure6.9: deflection for SERVPL-Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .................................... 78
Figure6. 10: required steel in y bottom .............................................................................. 79
Figure 6.11: required steel in x top ..................................................................................... 79
Figure 6.11 required steel in y bottom ...............................................................................80
Figure 6.11 required steel in y top: .....................................................................................80
vi
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Figure7. 1: T-beam .................................................................................................... 82

Figure7. 2: Effective Overhang of T &L beams .............................................................. 82
Figure7. 3: stress &strain case1 ..........................................................................................84
Figure7. 4: stress &strain case2 ..........................................................................................84
Figure7. 5: stress &strain case3 .......................................................................................... 85
Figure7. 6: top view of beam B3 to be studied in level 5.85............................................... 87
Figure7. 7: beam 3 in 3Dmodel Robot Structural Analysis ................................................. 87
Figure7. 8: Reinforcement OF BEAM- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ............................. 96
Figure7. 9: reinforcement of span 1-Robot Structural Analysis 2013.................................. 96
Figure8. 1: Failure Modes in short and Slender Columns................................................... 99
Figure8. 2: Values of K ....................................................................................................... 99
Figure8.3:Centric Loading ............................................................................................... 100
Figure8. 4: Eccentric Loading .......................................................................................... 100
Figure8. 5: Interaction Diagram .......................................................................................101
Figure8.6: Column view....................................................................................................103
Figure8. 7: 3D interaction diagram of a chosen load combination-combination producing
total compression ............................................................................................................ 104
Figure8. 8: reinforcement Layout .................................................................................... 104
Figure8.9: ties layout ........................................................................................................105
Figure9. 1: uniform and rectangular footing .....................................................................107
Figure9. 2: combined footing ........................................................................................... 108
Figure 9.3: strap footing................................................................................................... 108
Figure9. 4: wall footing .................................................................................................... 109
Figure9. 5: Raft Footing ................................................................................................... 109
Figure 9.6: Piles foundation ..............................................................................................110
Figure9.7: critical section in two way shear ........................................................................111
Figure9.8: critical section for one way shear .....................................................................112
Figure9.9: critical section for flexure.................................................................................112
Figure9. 10: column of foundation to be designed ............................................................114
Figure9. 11: dimensions ....................................................................................................114
Figure9. 12: dimensions 3D .............................................................................................. 115
Figure9. 13: Soil parameters ............................................................................................. 115
Figure9. 14: factors of safety .............................................................................................116
Figure9. 15: reinforcement table .......................................................................................116
Figure9. 16: Drawings of foundation .................................................................................116
Figure10. 1 :model shape -mode11-Etabs 9.7.1 ................................................................. 118
Figure10. 2: 3D model of minaret -ETABS9.7.1................................................................. 118
Figure10. 3: typical floor plan -Autocad ............................................................................122
Figure10. 4: typical floor plan - Etabs ...............................................................................122
Figure10. 5: Modal Participation Mass Ratio-ETABS........................................................122
Figure10. 6: story drift due to Qx1 .....................................................................................123
vii
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Figure10. 7: story drift due to Qy1 .............................................................................. 123

Figure10. 8: load on shear wall from S- concrete ......................................................... 124
Figure10. 9: Dimensions on S-concrete ...................................................................... 125
Figure10. 10: Results from S-concrete ........................................................................ 125
Figure11. 1: ground floor plan .................................................................................... 127
Figure11. 2: mezzanine plan ...................................................................................... 128
Figure11. 3: Elevation 2 ............................................................................................. 128
Figure 11.4: elevation 4 ............................................................................................. 129
Figure 11.5: section B-B............................................................................................. 129
Figure11. 6: model from ETABS ................................................................................. 131
Figure11. 7: typical floor modeling.............................................................................. 132
Figure11. 8: Modal Participation Mass Ratio-ETABS ................................................... 133
Figure11. 9: M11 diagram for UDSL combo ................................................................. 136
Figure11. 10: M22 diagram for UDSL combo............................................................... 136
Figure11. 11: deformation diagram for SDS ................................................................. 137
Figure 11.12: deformation diagram for SDSL ............................................................... 137
Figure11. 13: deformation diagram for SERVPL .......................................................... 138
Figure11. 14: punching result from safe ...................................................................... 139
Figure 11.15: Bottom Reinforcement in X-direction ..................................................... 139
Figure11. 16: Bottom Reinforcement in X-direction .................................................... 140
Figure11. 17: Top Reinforcement in ........................................................................... 140
Figure11. 18: Bottom Reinforcement in Y-direction ..................................................... 141
Figure11. 19: area of steel in edges beams at bottom and top (cm2) - SAFE .................... 142
Figure11. 20: area of steel for shear (cm2)-SAFE .......................................................... 142
Figure11. 21: dimensions in S-concrete ....................................................................... 143
Figure11. 22: steel reinforcement in S-concrete ........................................................... 143
Figure11. 23: loads in column from S-concrete ............................................................ 144
Figure11. 24: steel reinforcement from S-concrete ....................................................... 145
Figure11. 25: L, B calcul-Excel ................................................................................... 145
Figure 11.26: general data-Excel ................................................................................ 146
Figure11. 27: check for punching shear-Excel .............................................................. 146
Figure11. 28: reinforcement at long direction-Excel ..................................................... 146
Figure11. 29: reinforcement at short direction-Excel.................................................... 146
Figure11. 30: temperature steel - Excel ....................................................................... 147
Figure12. 1: plan of ground floor ................................................................................ 149
Figure12. 2: Elevation 1 ............................................................................................. 149
Figure12. 3: section D-D........................................................................................... 150
Figure12. 4: model - Robot Structural Analysis 2013.................................................... 150
Figure12. 5: required steel in x bottom ....................................................................... 152
Figure12. 6: required steel in y bottom ....................................................................... 152
Figure12. 7: required steel in x top ............................................................................. 152
Figure12. 8: required steel in y top ............................................................................. 152
Figure12. 9: beam to be designed (element 30 )........................................................... 153
viii
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Figure12. 10: : section of beam................................................................................... 153

Figure12. 11 :beam view ............................................................................................ 153
Figure12. 12: bending moment (ULS)-Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .......................... 154
Figure 12.13: shear force (ULS)- Robot Structural Analysis 2013................................... 154
Figure 12.14: reinforcement- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ....................................... 154
Figure12. 15: drawing of beam 30 - Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .............................. 155
Figure 12.16: column 8- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .............................................. 155
Figure12. 17: column view ......................................................................................... 156
Figure12. 19: 3D interaction diagram of a chosen load combination .............................. 156
Figure12. 20: reinforcement- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ....................................... 157
Figure12. 21: drawing of column 8- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .............................. 157
Figure12. 22: dimensions 3D ..................................................................................... 158
Figure12. 23: dimensions .......................................................................................... 158
Figure 12.24: loads ................................................................................................... 158
Figure12. 25: reinforcement- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 ....................................... 159
Figure12. 26: drawings of foundation- Robot Structural Analysis 2013 .......................... 159
ix
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
List of tables:
Table0. 1:examples of mosques at different eras .................................................................. 6
Table 0.2:types of mosques .................................................................................................. 9
Table1.1: compenents of ground floor .................................................................................14
Table2. 1: Slab:Loads .........................................................................................................20
Table2. 2: SEISMIC LOAD.................................................................................................20
Table3. 1:16-I -- SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z ..................................................................... 33
Table3. 2: 16-J SOIL PROFILE TYPES .............................................................................. 33
Table3. 3: 16-K -OCCUPANCY CATEGORY....................................................................... 33
Table3. 4: 16-N -STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ....................................................................... 34
Table3. 5: 16-R - SEISMIC COEFFICIENT CA................................................................... 34
Table3. 6: 16-R: SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Cv ................................................................... 35
Table5.1: Table of load ....................................................................................................... 63
Table5. 2: load of dome ...................................................................................................... 63
Table5. 3: Edges load ......................................................................................................... 63
Table6. 1: thickness of slab ................................................................................................. 74
Table7. 1: Effective Overhang .............................................................................................83
Table8. 1: Types of Reinforced Concrete Columns ........................................................... 100
Table11. 1: slab:loads ......................................................................................................... 131
Table11. 2: Story Drifts Due To Earthquake Loads ............................................................133
Table11. 3: Lateral Drifts Due To Wind Loads ..................................................................135
Table12. 1:slab:loads ......................................................................................................... 151
AL RAHBA - MOSQUE: History of Architecture
Chapter 0: History of
Architecture
3|Page
0.1 Definition:
A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. Muslims often
refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid.
The Arabic word masjid means temple or place of worship and comes from the
Arabic root sajada (root "s-j-d," meaning to bow or kneel) which means he
worshipped in reference to the prostrations performed during Islamic prayers.
A mosque is symbolically very important to Muslims, and is a humble way for
man to recreate pure divine presence on earth. But mosques are not built
according to divine patterns (as is alleged by many other religions) -- they are
simply divinely guided. There are no very clear rules to what a mosque should
look like, indicated in the central religious scriptures.
Mandatory elements to the mosque are that it clearly must indicate the direction to
Mecca (this direction is called qibla). The indication is in most mosques a
mihrab, a niche in the wall. The area in front of the mihrab must be roofed. In the
wall of the mihrab there can be no doors.
Mosques are centre of cities, or of neighborhoods in cities. This function does not
always have to be structured, but can be connected to mentality, and the
establishment of a new mosque often makes a centre emerge. This mechanism was
strong in older days, but is becoming more and more unusual.
4|Page
0.2 History :
The first mosque is the one in Mecca. It is built around on the area that
surrounded the Ka'ba in pre-Islamic times. These mosques, and the Ka'ba, are the
holiest shrines of Islam.
Mosque - Traditional mosques
The idea of having a dome centered over the prayer hall was pioneered by the
mosques of the Ottoman Empire. The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, although
originally built as a church, exemplifies the design with a dome in the center and
minarets around the outside. Since then, mosques have incorporated the dome as
a marker of the center part of the prayer hall. The thick, large columns seen in
the Mezquita in Cordoba were hallmarks of the Abbasid caliphate. Another
popular style was the "T-type" mosque which called from a slightly longer hall
leading up to the mihrab at the front-center of the mosque. Sometimes, "T-type"
mosques would also be accompanied with more than one dome with the largest
being at the intersection of the two segments of the "T". Over the centuries,
however, the Abbasid mosques and especially the Ottoman central-dome
mosques remained the basis of Islamic places of worship.
Mosque - Modern-day mosques
Mosques do not have to be elaborate with minarets, courtyards, columns, and
domes to be considered mosques. Mosques simply have to hold the five prayers
daily. As a result, many present-day mosques, especially in the Western world,
are converted buildings without those features usually associated with Islamic
places of worship. Muslims in prayer will face in the direction of Mecca even if
there is no qibla wall denoting it. The imam will offer his Friday sermons
(khutbas) and lead prayers about a meter in front of the first line in prayer. At
mosques without minarets, and even at some mosques with minarets, the
muezzin will issue the call to prayer from inside the mosque. Modern mosques
with public address systems will often broadcast the call to prayer over a
loudspeaker so Muslims in and around the mosque can hear it.
5|Page
Example for mosques at differents eras :

Persian Architecture
The Isfahan, Maydan-i-Shah

Mosque in Isfahan, Iran
Moorish Architecture
The Mezquita
Turkistan (Timurid)
Architecture
Registan Square is the
ensemble of three madrasahs,
in Samarkand
Ottoman Turkish Architecture
Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the
Blue Mosque) in Istanbul
Fatimid Architecture
Al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo
6|Page

Mughal Architecture
Taj Mahal in Agra
Sino-Islamic Architecture
The Mosque of Xi'an, China
Afro-Islamic Architecture
The Mosque of Djenn in Mali
Contemporary Architecture
The Faisal Mosque, Islamabad,

Pakistan
Table 0.1 : examples of mosques at different eras
7|Page
0.3 Parts of a Mosque:

Minaret:
A minaret is a slim tower rising from a mosque. They vary in height, style,
and number. Minarets may be square, round, or octagonal and are usually
covered with a pointed roof. Originally used as a high point from which to
make the call to prayer (adhan), minarets remain a traditionally decorative
feature of most mosques.
Figure 0.1: minaret
Prayer Hall:
The central area for prayer is called a musalla (literally, "place for
prayer"). It is deliberately quite bare. No furniture is needed, as
worshippers sit, kneel, and bow directly on the floor. There may be a few
chairs or benches to assist elderly or disabled worshippers who have
difficulty with mobility. Along the walls and pillars of the prayer hall,
there are usually bookshelves to hold copies of the Qur'an, wooden book
stands (rihal), other religious reading material, and individual prayer
Figure0.2: Prayer Hall
rugs. Beyond this, the prayer hall is otherwise a large, open space.
Mihrab:
The mihrab is an ornamental indentation in the wall of a mosque, which
marks the direction of the qiblah. Mihrabs vary in size and color, but are
usually shaped like a doorway and decorated with tiles and calligraphy to
make the space stand out.
Figure0.3: Mihrab
Minbar:
The Minbar is a raised platform in the front area of a mosque, from which
sermons or speeches are given. The Minbar is usually made of carved wood,
stone, or brick. It includes a short staircase leading to the top platform,
which is sometimes covered by a small dome.
Dome:
Many mosques are decorated with a dome rooftop, particularly in the
Middle East. This architectural element holds no spiritual or symbolic
significance, and is purely aesthetic. The interior of a dome is usually
highly decorated with floral, geometric and other patterns.
Figure0.4: Minbar
Figure0.5: Dome
8|Page
0.4 Types of mosques:

type
characteristic
Arabic type
is the most orthodox

type,
having a continuous
hypostyle hall covered
by a flat roof, around
the courtyard.
Persian type
has four Iwans facing

each other around the
courtyard,
having inherited its
form from Sasaniyan
palace architecture
Turkish type
has a large
hemispherical dome
enclosing the huge
astylar interior space,
just like a membranous
tent
Indian type
has a prominent
worship hall on Makka
side of the vast
courtyard,
just like a freestanding
building in an plaza
Table 0.2:types of mosques
9|Page
Example
0.5 The Relationship between the Mosque and the

World:
It is one of the main components of the religious, social and cultural reality which
contributes to cultural education, religious guidance and the establishment of
solid relations of brotherhood between the different members of Muslim
communities and minorities.
The mosque plays an important role in maintaining relations of coexistence in
non-Muslim societies. It is a place of religious and cultural teaching and guidance
which spans such various fields as interpersonal relations, ethics,
Principles of good neighborhood, respect of the other, religious tolerance and
abstinence from wrongdoing. The authorities in non-Muslim countries are fully
aware of the role played by the mosque in regulating the conduct of
Mosque goers, and strengthening attachment to virtue, values and good morals
which contribute to reduce crime rates and delinquency.
In non-Muslim countries, the mosque is not only a place of worship but an
academic center where conferences are given by resident or visiting intellectuals.
Certain known mosques are managed by graduate people who see to promoting the
educational and scientific role of the mosque, in such a way as to enrich and activate
the Islamic cultural action outside the Islamic world.
However, the truth about building such a structure is taking the audience to some
spiritual space with the language of arts which itself makes the audience to think
and reach a deep knowledge.
0.6 Conclusion:
For the aim to flourish and develop mosque of ALLAH and because mosque is
one of the most fundamental bodies in ISLAM . I have chosen my project to be
concerned in such project. In addition to that the increasing number of projects
nowadays pushed me to enter the competitive vortex as an attempt from me to
add something new.
10 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION
11 | P a g e
1.1
Project Identification:
The AL RAHBA MOSQUE project located 50 Km North of Abu Dhabi.

This mosque comprised of the main hall (310 worshipers), secondary praying hall
(40 worshipers), open hall (100 worshipers) and women praying hall (25
worshipers).
And we have in this project Imams house and Bathrooms for men.
Figure1. 1: AREA LOCATION-GOOGLE EARTH
Figure1.2: site plan
12 | P a g e
Figure1. 3: site plan -Rendering
Figure1. 4: Mosque Main Entrance-Rendering
13 | P a g e
1.2 Architectural Description :

AL RAHBA MOSQUE in general has a rectangular shape from outside.
1.2.1 Ground floor :
The total area of ground floor is 490 m2.
Description
Main hall
Hall prayers
Women prayer hall
Toilettes and Ablution area
Studying room
Store
Area
(m2)
288
45.5
22
18
37
12.7
Height (m)
remarks
5.85
4.85
4.15
4.15
4.15
4.15
Have a opening for dome in the middle
Table1.1: compenents of ground floor
Figure1. 5: ground floor plan
14 | P a g e
For woman
1.2.2 Roof plan :

In roof plan, we have a 12m2 mechanical room with a height equal to 2.45m.
Figure 1.6: roof plan
15 | P a g e
Figure 1.7: top of roof plan
1.2.3 Dome:
The dome is located in the middle of the main hall in the mosque. It
has a height equal to 7.7 m and a radius equal to 4.6m
1.2.4 Minaret :
The minaret is located in the main Entrance of the mosque in which it starts from
level 0 till 25 m.
16 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Chapter 2: Structural
system
17 | P a g e
2.1 Aim Of The Project :

The aim of this project is to design the structural elements of the AL RAHBA
MOSQUE against applicable loads, winds and earthquakes loads.
In chapter 11, we will show the reinforced concrete design of the Imams
House.
And in chapter 12, we will show the reinforced concrete design of the Male
Bathrooms.
And in chapter 13 , we will show the bill of quantities for the concrete works.
The structural system is as follows:
Mosque :
Foundations , columns
Flat slab with beams
Dome
Minaret
Imams house and Male Bathrooms :
Foundations , columns
Flat slab with beams
2.2 Methodology and calculation :
The structural design has gone through more than iteration of thorough finite
element evaluation and calculation, to optimize the building performance and to
provide the most adequate structural system that serves the project
functionality and the construction duration. The 3 D finite element Model was
updated and refined according to the structural system.
2.3
Software:
Autodesk AutoCAD 2012: for structural drawings.
Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2013: for structural
analysis of elements and seismic design of mosque and Male
Bathrooms.
ETABS 9.7.1: is used for modeling the Imams house and Minaret.
SAFE 12.3.1: is used to design slabs of Imams house and foundation for
minaret.
S-CONRETE 7.02: is used to design beams, columns of Imams house
and shear walls of minaret.
Excel -sheet programmed for the ease of calculation.
18 | P a g e
2.4
Design Codes:
ACI 318-05: Uniform Building Code (USA) is the Structural design code
that is being to check the capacities of RC slabs, columns, walls and footings
due to the applied loads on the structure.
UBC1997: Uniform Building Code (USA): For seismic and wind
design.
2.5 Materials Strength and Characteristics :

Concrete cubic compressive strength: 3500 T/m2 for vertical elements
(columns, footings, shear walls).
Concrete cubic compressive strength: 3500 T/m2 concrete for
horizontal elements (beams, slabs).
Steel reinforcement Yield Strength: 42000T/m2.
Transversal Steel strip Strength: 22000T/m2.
2.6 Design Loads:
2.6.1 Dead load :
Consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into
the building or other structure (UBC SECTION 1602).
Dead Load per m2=
x slab thickness (
=2.5 T/m3)
For slab thickness=25cm, then dead load per m2=0.625 T/m2.
For slab thickness=20cm, then dead load per m2=0.5 T/m2.
2.6.2 Superimposed Dead Load :
iiiiiiivvviviiviii-
Block walls load:0.15 T/m2

Ceiling load: 0.015 T/m2
Mechanicals Ducts Allowable :0.02 T/m2
Lighting Fixture : 0.01 T/m2
Tiles : 0.225 T/m2
Isolations :0.04 T/m2
Plaster 0.03 T/m2
Edges loads : parapet : h=1.6 m ,
=2.5 T/m3
Parapet load =1.6 x 2.5 x 0.3=1.2 T/m
2.6.3 Live Load :
iii-
19 | P a g e
Slabs of dome: 0.1 T/m2.

Slabs of residential : 0.25 T/m2
2.6.4 Loads on slabs of mosque :

Table2. 1: Slabs : Loads
Level
22.55m
7.30m
5.85m
4.85m
4.15m
2.7
SDL (T/m2)
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.5
0.12
LL (T/m2)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
Edges load (T/m)

1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Wind and Seismic Loads:

Wind Load: basic wind load were provided according to UBC 97 and ASCE 9-02, due to 3sec gust of 100 Mph.
Seismic load : seismic hazard in ABU DHABI is low Risk :
Eccentricity Ratio
Time Period Ct(ft)
Seismic Coeff. Ca
Seismic Coeff. Cv
Over strength Factor ,RX
Over strength Factor , Ry
Soil Profile Type
Seismic Zone Factor
Importance Factor
=0.05
=0.02
=0.09
=0.13
=5.5
=5.5
=SC
=0.075
=1.25
Table2.
2:
SEISMIC
LOAD
2.8 Load Combinations :

2.8.1 Service Combinations :
SDS = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL
SDSL = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 1 x LL
SDSWXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 1 x WLX
SDSWXN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL - 1 x WLX
SDSWYP= 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 1 x WLY
SDSWYN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL - 1 x WLY
SDSEQXPYP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.7 x EQX + 0.21 x EQY
SDSEQXPYN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.7 x EQX - 0.21 x EQY
SDSEQXNYP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL - 0.7 x EQX + 0.21 x EQY
SDSEQXNYN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL - 0.7 x EQX - 0.21 x EQY
SDSEQYPXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.21 x EQX + 0.7 x EQY
SDSEQYPXN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL - 0.21 x EQX + 0.7 x EQY
SDSEQYNXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.21 x EQX - 0.7 x EQY
SDSEQYNXN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL - 0.21 x EQX - 0.7 x EQY
SDSLWXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL + 0.75 x WLX
SDSLWXN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL - 0.75 x WLX
SDSLWYP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL + 0.75 x WLY
SDSLWYN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL - 0.75 x WLY
SDSLEQXPYP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL + 0.536 x EQX + 0.16 x EQY
SDSLEQXPYN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL + 0.536 x EQX - 0.16 x EQY
20 | P a g e
SDSLEQXNYP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL - 0.536 x EQX + 0.16 x EQY

SDSLEQXNYN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL - 0.536 x EQX - 0.16 x EQY
SDSLEQYPXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL + 0.16 x EQX + 0.536 x EQY
SDSLEQYPXN = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL - 0.16 x EQX + 0.536 x EQY
SDSLEQYNXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL + 0.16 x EQX - 0.536 x EQY
SDSLEQYPXP = 1 x DL + 1 x SDL + 0.75 x LL - 0.16 x EQX - 0.536 x EQY
2.8.2 Ultimate Combinations :

UDS = 1.4 x DL + 1.4 x SDL
UDSL = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 1.6 x LL
UDSWXP = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 0.8 x WLX
UDSWXN = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL - 0.8 x WLX
UDSWYP = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 0.8 x WLY
UDSWYN = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL - 0.8 x WLY
UDSEQXPYP = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL + 1.1 x EQX + 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQXPYN = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL + 1.1 x EQX - 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQXNYP = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL - 1.1 x EQX + 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQXNYN = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL - 1.1 x EQX - 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQYPXP = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL + 0.33 x EQX + 1.1 x EQY
UDSEQYPXN = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL + 0.33 x EQX - 1.1 x EQY
UDSEQYNXP = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL - 0.33 x EQX + 1.1 x EQY
UDSEQYNXN = 0.99 x DL + 0.99 x SDL - 0.33 x EQX - 1.1 x EQY
UDSLWXP = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 1 x LL + 1.3 x WLX
UDSLWXN = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 1 x LL - 1.3 x WLX
UDSLWYP = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 1 x LL + 1.3 x WLY
UDSLWYN = 1.2 x DL + 1.2 x SDL + 1 x LL - 1.3 x WLY
UDSEQXPYP = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL + 1.1 x EQX + 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQXPYN = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL + 1.1 x EQX - 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQXNYP = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL - 1.1 x EQX + 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQXNYN = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL - 1.1 x EQX - 0.33 x EQY
UDSEQYPXP = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL + 0.33 x EQX + 1.1 x EQY
UDSEQYPXN = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL - 0.33 x EQX + 1.1 x EQY
UDSEQYNXP = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL + 0.33 x EQX - 1.1 x EQY
UDSEQYNXN = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL - 0.33 x EQX - 1.1 x EQY
SPEC1 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL + 1.1 x SPECX

SPEC2 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL - 1.1 x SPECX
SPEC3 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL + 1.1 x SPECY
SPEC4 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x LL - 1.1 x SPECY
SPEC5 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x SPECX
SPEC6 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL - 1.1 x SPECX
SPEC7 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL + 1.1 x SPECY
SPEC8 = 1.32 x DL + 1.32 x SDL - 1.1 x SPECY
21 | P a g e
2.9
Modifier Factors For Stiffness Modifications

(ACI section 10.11.1)
2.9.1 Slabs:
Membrane f11 modifier factor
Bending moment M11 modifier factor
0.25
0.25
0.25
Shear V1-3 modifier factor
Mass modifier factor
Weight modifier factor
2.9.2 Shear Walls (Core Walls)

0.70
0.70
0.70
22 | P a g e
2.9.3 Frame Members (Columns)

Cross section (Axial Area) modifier factor
Shear area in 2 direction
Torsional constant
0.01
Moment of inertia about 2 axis
0.70
0.70
2.9.4 Frame Members (Beams)

Cross section (Axial Area) modifier factor
Torsional constant
0.01
0.35
0.35
2.10 Geological Characteristics:

a) SOIL
Referring to soil Investigation Report
The bearing capacity of the soil is 4 kg/cm2.
The soil profile is SC(soft rock)
b) Ground water level
Soil Investigation Report has detected the absence of underground
table.
water
The water table does not exist underground. Therefore, water proofing system is
not required for underground structures.
23 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: MODELING
Chapter 3: MODELING
24 | P a g e

3.1
Introduction :
We use Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2013 to model the
mosque.
First, we draw a complete 3D model of mosque with dome and minaret.
Figure3. 1: ROBOT Model -1
But in order to have precise results, the load of dome was fixed on the beams.
And we have done a study other than that for both the dome on chapter 4 and the
minaret on chapter 10.
25 | P a g e
Figure3. 2: ROBOT Model -2
3.2 SEISMIC Analysis :

3.2.1 Static Force Procedure:
The UBC 97 recommends that the static lateral force procedure of Section 1630 may
be used for the following structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone
1 and in Occupancy
Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force
resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-N, except where Section
1629.8.4, Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion
where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as
being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the
average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire
structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as
a separate structure fixed at the base. [1--- 1629.8.3]
26 | P a g e
3.2.1.1
Static Force Criteria:
Step 1: Finding appropriate values of the different constants defined

below.
Basis for Design:
The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be
determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy,
configuration, structural system and height.
Occupancy Categories:
For purposes of earthquake resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of
the occupancy categories listed in Table 16-K.
Seismic Importance Factor I = 1.25
Ip =1.5
Wind Importance Factor Iw = 1.15
Site Geology and Soil Characteristics:
Soil Profile Type is SC composed of very dense soil and soft rock, defined in Table
16-J
Seismic Zone Factor:
This structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z = 0.075 since it is in zone 1,
according Table 16-I
Seismic Response Coefficients:
This structure shall be assigned a seismic coefficient: Ca
= 0.09 (Z=0.075 & Soil profile type SC) ;
Cv = 0.13 (Z=0.075 & Soil profile type SC)
Determination of Response factor R:
In seismic zone 1 , the parameter which effects the reduction from elastic
response seismic force to design (inelastic) seismic force levels is called the
"Response Modification Factor R" and is equal here to 5 .5, according to table 16N.
Step 2: Base Shear Calculation:
Base shear (V) is the total lateral force or the shear at the base for which a
building is a seismic zone is to be designed. The total design base shear in a given
direction shall be determined from the following equation:
V min =0.11CaIW<V= Cv IW/R T < V max= 2.5Ca IW/RW.
27 | P a g e

Step 3: Finding Period of the Building Structure
UBC 97 provides two methods to calculate T:
Method 1: The period T is the fundamental period of the structure. The value of T
shall be determined from one of the following methods:
TA
= Ct (h n)
hn
= the height of the structure in meters
Ct
=0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment- resisting frames and

eccentrically braced frames.
= 0.0488 for all other buildings.
Method 2:
TB is calculated through the software.
Constraints:
In seismic zones 1, 2 and 3, T= min( 1.4 TA ; TB) In
seismic zones 4, T=min (1.3 TA ; TB)
Step 4: Finding the Distribution of Lateral Forces
Figure3. 3:distribution of lateral forces
28 | P a g e

In accordance with section 1630.5 in UBC97, the total force shall be
distributed over the height of the structure according to the general
formula:
V=Ft+Fi
The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn, shall be
determined from the formula:
Ft =0.07*T*V
The remaining portion of the base shear shall be
distributed over the height of the structure
according to the following formula:
Ft need not exceed 0.25V and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7 second or
less.
3.2.2 Numerical calculation of mosque :

Fundamental period of vibration:
The period T is the fundamental period of the structure.

T= Ct (h n) =0.073 (7.3) =0.324 sec
Base shear :
W is the total seismic dead load: w =705T

V min
=0.11CaIW=0.11 x 0.09 x1.25 x w =8.72 T
= C v I W/R T= 0.13 x 1.25 x w / (5.5 x0.324)=64.29T
V max
= 2.5CaIW/R =2.5 x0.09 x 1.25 x w/5.5=36.05 T
Base shear = V max=36.05 T

Lateral force :
Ft =0.07*T*V =0.07 x 36.05 x 0.324=0.817T < 0.23 V ok
29 | P a g e
3.3 Seismic Analysis of mosque

Structural Analysis 2013 :
Using
Robot
First of all, we define new load case concerning seismic analysis, which is modal
analysis.
Figure3. 4: modal analysis parameters and analysis type
Then, we define a new load case: seismic according to UBC 97.
Figure3. 5: UBC97 parameters
30 | P a g e
3.3.1 Results from ROBOT: Modal Participation Mass Ratio:

The following tables of all modes obtained are listed down in the followings
tables. They show the period of all the modes with their percentages of
participation of mass that must be greater than 90 %.
The UBC -97 recommends that adopted modes should lead to more than 90%
participation of the source mass and period which is verified below:
Figure3. 6: dynamic analysis results
3.3.2 Story Drifts Due To Earthquake Loads:

The maximum story drift was checked against UBC code requirements and found to
be satisfactory:
M=0.7 x R x S shall not exceed 0.025 times the story height for structures
having a fundamental period of less than 0.7 second. For structures having a
fundamental period of 0.7 second or greater, the calculated story drift shall not
exceed 0.020 times the story height.
Where:
31 | P a g e

M = Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, which is the
total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is
subjected to the Design Basis Ground Motion, including estimated elastic and
inelastic contributions to the total deformation.
R=as the numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over strength
and global ductility capacity of lateral- force-resisting systems.
S= Design Level Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total
story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected to the design seismic
forces.
Figure3. 7: DISPLACMENTS
The maximum drift is 0.82mm

M = 0.7*5.5*0.97*10-1= 0.3734cm < 0.025*580 = 14.5cm OK
32 | P a g e
3.4 Tables from UBC code Used in seismic

Analysis
Table 3.1: 16-I -- SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z
Table3. 2: 16-J SOIL PROFILE TYPES
Table 3. 3: 16-K -OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
33 | P a g e

Table 3.4: 16-N -STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Table3.5: 16-R - SEISMIC COEFFICIENT CA
34 | P a g e
Table 3.6:16-R: SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Cv
35 | P a g e
AL RAHBA - MOSQUE: THE DOME
CHAPTER 4: THE
DOME
36 | P a g e
4.1 GENERALITIES
4.1.1
Introduction
A dome is a space structure covering a more or less square or circular area. The
best known example is the dome of revolution, and it is one of the earliest of the
shell structures. Excellent examples are still in existences that were built in
Roman times. They are formed by a surface generated by a curve of any form
revolving about a vertical line. This surface has double curvature and the
resulting structure is much stiffer and stronger than a single curved surface,
such as a cylindrical shell. The simple dome of revolution is a portion of a
sphere. However, other curves are also satisfactory, such as the ellipse, the
parabola, other conic sections, or random curves.
4.1.2
shell structure:
4.1.2.1
Definition
A thin shell is defined as a shell with a relatively small thickness, compared with its
other dimensions.
The half-dome shell responds to transverse loads by development of membrane
forces. Note that lines on the shell retain approximately their original shape.
The primary response of a dome to loading is development of membrane
compressive stresses along the meridians, by analogy to the arch .The dome
also develops compressive or tensile membrane stresses along lines of latitude.
These are known as hoop stresses and are tensile at the base and compressive
higher up in the dome.
`
Figure4.1: stresses develop by dome
37 | P a g e
4.1.2.2
Classification of domes:
Domes can be classified in the following ways:
According to the plan form:

On a circular plan (dome revolution)
On a elliptical (elliptical dome)
On a polygon (polygonal dome)
According to the form of the meridional:

Circular
Elliptical
Parabolic
Conical
Depending on the layout at the top:

closed dome
open dome
By the rise of the dome:

The dome base (h <a / 2)
The dome top (h> a / 2)
Full dome center (h = a / 2)
According to the design of lower edges:

Flexible dome
Dome with ring beam
Figure4.2: classification of domes
38 | P a g e
4.1.2.3
Two type of stresses are produced:
1.
Meridional stresses along the direction of the meridians.
2.
Hoop stresses along the latitudes.
Bending stresses are negligible, but become significant when the rise of
the dome is very small
( if the rise is less than the about1/8 the base diameter the shell is
considered as a shallow shell).
4.1.2.4
Assumption of Analysis
1.
2.
Deflection under load are small.

Points on the normal to the middle surface deformation will
remain on the normal after deformation.
Shear stresses normal to the middle surface can be neglected.
3.
4.1.3
Membrane theory of
surfaces of revolution:
r 1 = radius of curvature
r2 = cross radius of curvature
N =Resultant meridian force unit
length
N =Resultant ring force per unit
length
Figure4. 3: section of dome
H=horizontal thrust of shell per unit length

W =sum of vertical forces above level Z
39 | P a g e
=0
W /2 r=N sin
N = W /2 r sin
But
R=r2sin
then
N = W /2 r2 sin2
H=W /2 rtan =N cos
N ds d
=(H+dH)(r+dr)d - H r d
N = d(H r)/ds
If the dome were simply supported the
maximum ring force at the lowest strip
would be max.
N =H rmax
For the element
ds1 x ds2
The external forces on the element = Pr x

ds1 x ds2
From equilibrium
Figure4. 4: internal forces
40 | P a g e
4.2
A STUDY ABOUT AL RAHBA-MOSQUE

DOME :
4.2.1
Plans :
Figure4.5: plan and section of dome -Autocad
41 | P a g e
4.2.2
LOADS:
The thickness of dome is 20 cm.
Dead load :
Self weight : (concrete)x thickness
=0.5T/m2
insulation: 40kg/m2 =0.04T/m2
DL(total)= 500+40= 540 kg/m2=0.54T/m2
=2500kg/m3x0.2=500kg/m2
live load :
live load=LL = 100kg/m2 =0.1T/m2
service load :
qs= DL+LL=540+100=640 Kg/m2 =0.64T/m2
ultimate load :
qu =1.2DL +1.6 LL= 1.2 x 540 + 1.6x100=808 kg/m2=0.808T/m2
4.2.3
Manual Design of the dome:
To simplify the calculation we can divide the dome into two levels; the upper
level is supported by the lower level.
4.2.3.1
Design of the domes upper level :
Figure4. 6: section of the dome's upper level
42 | P a g e

N = -W /2 r sin
( the negative sign is for compression )
W =sum of vertical forces above level Z

dW=qu (2 r)x dl Wu=2 r1 r2 qu sin
r1=6.90m and r2=2.1164m
r=r2sin =2.1164sin(47)=1.55m
with =17 =0.2967 rd
Wu=2 x 6.9 x 2.1164 x 808 x sin47 x 0.2967=16087.29 kg=16.087T
N =
=-2258.6kg/m
Pour =47
=0
N =-473.48 Kg/m
N =-1017.28 Kg/m
H= N cos =2258.6 x cos47=1540 kg/m

La force du traction F=HxR=1540 x1.55=2387 kg/m
Reinforcement: the forces are compression , N is maximal
=
=1.13 kg.m
u=
0.2 x f28=0.2 x350=70
<0.2 x f28
Minimum reinforcement: As(min)=0.35% of section =
u
7/1.13=6.2 use 7
43 | P a g e
/m
x 20 x 100 = 7cm2/m

4.2.3.2
Design of the lower level :
Figure4. 7: section of the dome's lower

level
The load of upper level :

Ru=16.087 T
P=
=1.7 T/m
Wu= 2 (d+r sin ) x qu x r x d =

2 x( 0.6106 +1.7 sin 127) x808x1.7x1.78=30.237 T
Wu( total)= 16.078 +30.237=46.324 T
N
=
=-4459.7 kg/m
H=N cos 127 = 2683.4 kg/m
F=H x r = 2683.4 x 2.1=5574.6 kg
Reinforcement:
u
=2.23 kg.m
0.2 x f28=0.2 x350=70

u <0.2 x f28
Minimum reinforcement: As(min)=0.35% of section =
7/1.13=6.2 use 7
(meridian)
44 | P a g e
/m
x 20 x 100 = 7cm2/m

r1=1.7 m and r2 =3.566 m
Pour =127
=26
u
N =9356.6Kg/m(traction)
N =9352.2 Kg/m
=
fct =1.78
=4.678 kg.m < fct
=33.3 kg/cm2
Minimum reinforcement: As (min)=0.35% of section =

7/1.13=6.2 use 7
4.2.4
x 20 x 100 = 7cm2/m
/m (parallel).
Ring beam:
The ring beam is considered to be like a horizontal circle of constant section

and a rayon r . This circle supports a uniform vertical loads and it sits on
vertical supports by angle 2 .
Figure4. 8: forces on ring beam
A cut is done with two symmetrical axes to isolate a sector with angle: 2 GG0.
The elements of reduction of force from right and left are show in the figures
above.
45 | P a g e

The elements of reduction of forces from right in point G
characterized by the angle are:
N=0
Ty=0
Tz=PR
Mx=moment of torsion =PR2(
sin - )
My=moment of flexion =PR2(1-
Mz=0
The moment My has an extremes values:
For
My=-PR2
/6
For
My=-PR2
/3
Figure4. 9: My on ring beam
The moment Mx has extremes values:

For
and
For
Mx=0
Mx=PR2
/9
Figure4.10: Mx on ring beam
46 | P a g e

In our case, we have 4 supports:
Wu=the weight of dome+weight of beams
=(46.324/(2 (2.1))+1.4(0.3x1)=3.97 T/m
Pour
For
My=-PR2
/6=-(3.97)x(2.1)2x(0.785)2/3=-3.51 T.m
For
My=-PR2
/3=- (3.97)x(2.1)2x(0.785)2/3=-1.756T.m
Mx=PR2
/9
= (3.97)x(2.1)2x(0.785)3/9
Tu(min)=0.135(0.85)x
=0.53T.m
=7.5 T.m
Tu=Mux<Tu(min) we can neglect T :torsion.

Reaction of support:
Ru=2 Wu R
=2 (3.97) x(2.1)x(0.785)=12.933T
Reinforcement:
The cross section of beams : 100 x30 cm
d=100-(4+0.8+1.2/2)=94.6cm
Ku=Mu/bd2=1.3 <Ku min
Use
As=0.0034 x 94.6 x 30 = 9.6cm2
Use 6T16 As= 12.1 cm2 ok
47 | P a g e

4.2.5
Dome with robot :
4.2.5.1
Material used :
Figure4.11: Materials Definition - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.5.2
Loads :
Figure4.12: table of loads -Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.5.3
Combinations:
Figure4. 13: combinations Robot Structural Analysis 2013
48 | P a g e
4.2.6
Results :
4.2.6.1
Reactions :
Figure4. 14: Table of reactions - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
49 | P a g e
4.2.6.2
N : Membrane forces :
Figure4. 15: NYY- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
Figure4. 16: NXX- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
50 | P a g e
Figure4. 17: NXY - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.6.3
Moment :
Figure4. 18:Mxx- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
51 | P a g e
Figure4. 19: Myy- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.6.4
Reinforcement:
Figure4. 20: Reinforcement Ax

bottom - Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
52 | P a g e
Figure4. 21: reinforcement Ax

top- Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
Figure4. 22: reinforcement Ay

top- Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
Figure4. 23; reinforcement Ay

bottom - Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
53 | P a g e
4.2.7
Ring beam with robot :
We suppose the circular beam is divided into 4 beams and each beam have its
own fixed supports.
The length of each beam is: (2 r)/4=3.26 m
Figure4. 24: representation of load on beam - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.7.1
Load: (46.324/(2
(2.075))=3.55 T. m
Figure4. 25: table of load - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.7.2
Diagrams :
Figure4. 26 : diagram of bending moment-ULS-Robot Structural Analysis 2013
54 | P a g e
Figure4. 27: Diagram of shear force -ULS- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
Figure4. 28: Deflection -Robot structural Analysis 2013
4.2.8 How to support the dome :

We choose to support the dome on 2 main beams(B1), and 2 secondary
beams(B2*). The secondary beams are supported on the main beams and the
main beams are supported on the columns.
Figure 29:Figure4. 29: Dome with

supported beams-Autocad
55 | P a g e

The length of beam 8 is : 2.4 m
4.2.8.1
Load:
We have concentrated load in each beam The value of this load is

equal to the reaction of support: 13 T
Figure4. 30: Tables of load - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
4.2.8.2
diagrams:
Figure4. 31: bending moment diagram-ULS-Robot Structural Analysis 2013
Figure4. 32: shear force -ULS- Robot structural Analysis 2013
56 | P a g e
4.3 Drawings :
Figure4. 33: section of dome with reinforcement- Autocad
57 | P a g e
Figure4. 34: section of beam 8-Autocad
Figure4. 35: section of beam 9-Autocad
58 | P a g e
AL RAHBA - MOSQUE: FRAME
Chapter 5: frame
59 | P a g e
5.1 Introduction :
5.1.1 Definition :
Frame structures are the structures having the combination of beam ,column
and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually
used to overcome the large moments developing due to applied loading.
Rigid frames are identified by the lack of pinned joints within the frame. The
joints are rigid and resist rotation. They may be supported by pins or fixed
supports. They are typically statically.
Figure5. 1: frame
5.1.2 Behavior:
The relation between the joints has to be maintained, but the whole joint
can rotate. The amount of rotation and distribution of moment depends
on the stiffness (EI/L) of the members in the joint .End restraints on
columns reduce the effective length, allowing columns to be more slender.
Because of the rigid joints, deflections and moments in beams are reduced
as well.
5.1.3 Behavior of Frame Structure under Load:

`
Figure 5.2: deformation of frame under load
60 | P a g e

5.1.4
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry:
Figure5. 3: Various Ways to Model a frame
5.1.5 Advantages of Frame structures:

1- One of the best advantages of frame structures is their ease in construction.
It is very to teach the labor at the construction site.
1- Frame structures can be constructed rapidly.
2- Economy is also very important factor in the design of building systems.
frame structures have economical designs.
5.1.6 Disadvantages of Frames:
In frames structures , span lengths are usually restricted to 40 ft when
normal reinforced concrete . Otherwise spans greater than that ,can cause
lateral deflection.
61 | P a g e
5.2 LOCATION :
The long span that exists in the prayer hall requires the study of frame.
Here well show the detailed analysis and that results using Robot
structural analysis 2013.
Figure5.4: Frame top view and distances between axes
62 | P a g e
5.3 LOADS:
The loads on the frame are:
a) Uniform: dead load
i.
Self-weight
ii.
The weight of slab supported by this frame :
b) Uniform: live load:
LL x distance supported by beam
x
0<x<4.92
4.92<x<9.82
9.82<x<14.74
Dead Load (T/m2)
0.8
0.8
0.8
distance supported by frame(m)
6.6
6.6
TOTAL DEAD load (T/m)
5.28
3.2
5.28
Live load (T/m2)

TOTAL live load (T/m)
0.1
0.66
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.66
TOTAL ultimate load (T/m)
7.392
4.48
7.392
Table5.1: Table of load
c) Ultimate load =1.2 DL+1.6LL

d) Concentrated load: this load come from dome and beams which
support the dome in ultimate combination.
We have 2 types of concentrated load:
i.
At x=4.62 and x=10.12: supported beam 8 and 9 and the
weight of dome over 8.
ii.
At x=4.62 and x=10.12: supported beam 8 and the weight of
dome over 8.
load
At x=4.62 and 10.12
At x=6.6 and 8.14
Beam 2*
10
Beam 8
1.728
3.456
Dome
6.5
6.5
Total
18.228
9.956
Table5. 2: load of dome
iii.
At x=0 and x=14.74 : edges loads

x=0
edges loads (T/m)

loads(T)
ultimate loads (*1.2) (T)
Table5. 3: Edges load
63 | P a g e
x=14.74
1.2
7.896
9.4752
1.2
7.896
9.4752
5.4 Supports :
The supports are considered to be fixed .The height of columns is
5,85m.
5.5 Proposed Sections and Materials :

The minimum depth 0f 14.74 m length beam in order to prevent excessive
deflection is span /16 simply supported), that 0.93m.
For the frame to be functioning well the inertia of sections of columns and
beam must be approximately equal; the proposed sections are:
Beam : 60cm x 120 cm
Column : 60cm x 90cm
The materials are the same proposed for the whole structure.
5.6 Calculation Using Robot Structural Analysis:

5.6.1 Representation of frame:
Figure5. 5: Primary frme 3D

representation - Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
Figure5. 6: Dimensions of
Frame- Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
64 | P a g e
Figure5. 7: loads on
frame- Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
5.7 Analysis :
5.7.1 Bending moment :
Figure5. 8: bending moment in frame- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
65 | P a g e

The maximum positive moment: 150.59 T.m , while
The maximum negative moment is -235.3T.m .
5.7.2 Shear force :
Figure5. 9: shear force in frame- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
The maximum absolute shear value is 108.47 T

5.7.3 Deformations:
The maximum exact deformation in beam is 0.136cm.
Figure5. 10: Deformations- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
66 | P a g e
5.7.4 Structural Analysis 2013 :

5.7.4.1 Section:
We decided to use inverted T-beam.
Figure5. 11: inverted T-section-- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
5.7.4.2 Diagrams:
Figure5. 12: Bending moment diagram-Robot Structural Analysis
Figure5. 13: shear force diagram-Robot Structural Analysis 2013
67 | P a g e
Figure5. 14: deflection- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
5.7.4.3
Reinforcement of beam by Robot structural Analysis 2013:
Figure5. 15: Reinforcement sections &details- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
68 | P a g e
5.7.5 Reinforcement of columns:

5.7.5.1
Column View:
Figure5.16: Drawings of column5- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
5.7.5.2
Column Analysis :
Figure5. 17: 3D interaction diagram of a chosen load combination
69 | P a g e
5.7.5.3
Reinforcement of column by Robot structural Analysis 2013:
Figure5. 18: reinforcement sections and details- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
70 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE : SLABS
Chapter 6:
Slabs
71 | P a g e
6.1
Introduction :
Slabs, used extensively in roof and floor systems, are structural elements
whose width and length are large compared with their thickness. Except
for a small number of heavily loaded slabs, the minimum thickness of
slabs is controlled by deflection limitations. They can be supported by
beams or walls on one or more sides , can be supported directly on
columns, known as flat slab ,be solid or consist if ribs to reduce weight.
If the slab is supported so that it bends in one direction only, termed
cylindrical bending, it is classified as a one-way slab .In the design of one
way slab , the assumption is made that the slab behaves like a series of
individual beams placed side by side.
Two way slabs, i.e. slabs that bend in double curvature, require
reinforcement in two directions to prevent excessive cracking and to limit
deflection. The reinforcement is normally positioned parallel to the sides of
the slab. Most two way occur in reinforced concrete buildings in which floor
slabs are supported on rows of columns.
In choosing the type of slab to be used in designing any project, many
constraints correlate affecting the choice: architectural, structural,
economical, etc ..
Figure6. 1: types of slabs
72 | P a g e

Structurally, the choice of the slab was controlled by deflection
limitation. To ensure that floors will be level within acceptable
tolerance specified by the ACI code, the deflections must be limited by controlling
the slab thickness. The thickness is related to the spans of the project. Each type
of slab has a certain limitation on the slab thickness so that we get an acceptable
deflection.
6.2 Advantages of solid slab:

1) The weight of slab is bigger than one way ribbed slab and increase the
stiffness of the structure.
2) Less coast of form work.
3) It reduces the overall height of the structure.
4) safe
Since there is no large voids, or a need to reduce the overall high of the hotel we
can use one way ribbed slab for typical floor and benefiting from its good
properties against sound isolation and fire resistance in addition to its large
thickness against shear problems.
6.3 slab selection:

On our project we decide to use two -way solid slab with beams.
ACI code stipulates in section that the use of one-way solid slab is restricted to
situations where the ratio of the long to short span is greater than 2 , else the slab is
considered to be a two -way slab. The case of one-way solid slab is not
applicable in this project and hence the slab will be considered two-way.
The preliminarily design of two way slabs starts from Table 9.5( c ) depending on
the clear span length , the position of beams , and the usage of drop panels or not.
Figure6.2: minimum slab thickness
73 | P a g e

Using without drop panels .
level
Maximum span(m)
fy(psi)
3.4
7
7.7
6.2
60000
60000
60000
60000
7.30
5.85
4.85
4.15
Table6. 1: thickness of slab
h min (m)
(without drop panels)
Ln/33=3.4/33=0.11cm
Ln/33=7/33=0.21cm
Ln/33=7.7/33=0.23cm
Ln/33=6.2/33=0.18cm
We decide to start with 25 cm thick slab for level 5.85 & 4.85, 20cm slab for level
7.30 & 15 cm thick for level 4.15 with beams in both directions.
6.4 Punching shear:

Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high
localized forces. In flat structures this occurs at column support points. The
failure is due to shear. In all of the slabs the punching shear doesnt make any
problem due to the structural systems used. The drop beams being on relativity
large sections of columns in the floors are enough to resist thus type of failure.
Figure6. 3: Punching shear
6.5 Load combinations :

The slab model was analyzed under the effect of dead loads and live loads in
service and ultimate combinations.
SDSL =1.0 DL+1.0 SDL+1.0 LL
SDS=1.0 DL+1.0 SDL
SERVPL =1.0 DL+1.0 SDL+0.4 LL
UDSL=1.2 DL+1.2SDL +1.6 LL UDS
=1.4DL+1.4SDL
6.6 Deflection:
Deflection is calculated due to service load combination as stipulated by ACI
C0de.Unless values are obtained by a more Comprehensive analysis , additional
long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
74 | P a g e

(normal weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined by
multiplying the immediate deflection caused by the sustained load
considered , by the factor
Where
shall be the value at mid span and continous pans , and at support for
cantilvers.it shall be permitted to assume , the time-dependent factor sustained
loads , to be equal to :
5 years or more........................................................ 2.0
12 months................................................................ 1.4
6 months ................................................................. 1.2
3 months ................................................................. 1.0
Figure6. 4: maximum permissible computed deflection
75 | P a g e
6.7 Two way solid slab design using robot

structural Analysis 2013 program:
We will study the slab in level 5.85.
6.7.1 Moment diagram :
Figure6. 5: Mxx for

ULS - Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
Figure6.6: Myy for

ULS-Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
76 | P a g e
6.7.2 Deflection :
Figure 6.7: Deflection

foe SDS-Robot
Structural Analysis
The maximum
deflection
is 0.97 mm
Figure 6.8: deflection for

SDSL -Robot structural
Analysis 2013
The maximum
deflection
is 1.03 mm
77 | P a g e
Figure 6.9: deflection for

SERVPL-Robot Structural
Analysis 2013
The maximum
deflection is 1 mm.
the short term deflection calculated under the effect of live load:
st= SDSL - SDS = |1.03- 0.97| = 0.06mm < L/360 =19.44mm
the long term deflection due to the acting permanent loads is:
LT= st + SDS+ sus
Where:
LT = long term deflection
st = short term deflection
sus= sustainable deflection
sus= sll - SDS =|1 - 0.97| = 0.03mm
=
=1.73
LT = 0.06+1.73x0.97+1.73x0.03 =1.79mm < L/240 = 29.16mm

these conditions are satisfied and deflections are admissible.
78 | P a g e
6.7.3 Reinforcement :
Figure6. 10: required steel in y

bottom
Figure 6.11: required

steel in x top
79 | P a g e
Figure 6.12: required

steel in y bottom
Figure6.13: required steel in y

top
Use 12 @ 20cm at bottom in both directions and

10@20cm at Top in both directions.
80 | P a g e
AL RAHBA - MOSQUE: BEAMS
Chapter 7:
BEAMS
81 | P a g e

7.1
Introduction T-BEAM & L-BEAM:
In our project we decide to use

T-BEAM and L-BEAM.
Beams with T-shaped cross
section are used extensively as
components of concrete
structures .the occur most
Figure7. 1: T-beam
frequently when concrete beams
are poured monolithically with
slabs to form the floors of buildings.
A T-shaped cross section is most efficiently used when the flange is placed in
compression .the wide flange not only permits a large compression force to
develop but also maximizes the arm of the internal couple by positioning the
resultant of the compression stresses near the compression surface.
NB: In some cases, the provision of the beam below the slab may be undesirable
from architectural or other point of view. In that case, the beam is provided above the
slab, forming what is known as INVERTED T-BEAM system. In such a case, the
ceiling, composed of the roof slab, is plane and the beam projects above the top of
the slab. The slab is thus provided at the 'tension side' of the beam and is there is not
helpful in resisting the tensile stress with the beam.
The beam, therefore, acts as a simple rectangular beam, which may either be
singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. The depth of the beam will equal to the
depth measured between the top of the beam and the bottom of the slab. Though the
slab is cast monolithic with the beam it is tied to the beam by providing
suitable vertical ties or stirrups. The design of the Slab, however, is done in the
same manner as for an ordinary T-beam roof.
L-Beam: The interacting flange and web produce the cross section having the
typical L-shape, thus the L-Beam gets its name . Sometimes an L-beam is called
Spandrel or Edge Beam (beam with a slab on one side only.
Figure7. 2: Effective
Overhang of T &L beams
82 | P a g e
7.2 T-Beam Analysis :

Analyzing the beam T -section to determine
its moment strength and thus defining the beam section to be one of the
following cases:
Case 1: The depth of the compression block is within the flanged
portion of the beam, i.e, the neutral axis N.A. depth is less than the
slab thinness, measured from the top of the slab. This case exists if
moment strength is larger than ultimate moment.
Case 2: The depth of the compression block is deeper than the
flange thickness, i.e. the neutral axis is located below the bottom of the
slab. This case exists if the moment strength of T -section beam is less
that the ultimate (factored) moment.
7.2.1 EFFECTIVE OVERHANG, r
Assuming T-beams are symmetrical, the following design dimensions are used:
T - BEAM
r smaller :
1. r 8 hf
2. r ln
3. r L
Table7. 1: Effective Overhang
83 | P a g e
L - BEAM
r smaller:
1. r 6 hf
2. r ln
3. r 1/12 L
a)
Case-1: Depth of N.A c < hf
Figure7. 3: stress &strain

case1
0.85fc b a = As fy
a = As fy / [ 0.85fc b]
Mn = As fy (d - a/2)
b) Case-2: Depth of N.A c> hf
i-
a < hf :
Figure7. 4: stress &strain case2
0.85fc b a = As fy
a = As fy / [ 0.85fc b]
Mn = As fy (d - a/2)
84 | P a g e
Figure7. 5:stress &strain case3
ii) a > hf :
Part-1
0.85fc bw a = As1 fy
Part-2
0.85fc (b-bw) hf = As2 fy
0.85fc bw a + 0.85fc (b-bw) hf = As fy
a = [As fy - 0.85fc (b-bw) hf ] / [ 0.85fc bw]
7.2.2 Moment of resistance of the section
Mn
Mn1
Mn2
= Mn1 + Mn2
= As1 fy (d - a / 2)
= As2 fy (d - hf / 2)
7.2.3 Balanced Reinforcement Ratio (
b)
b = (bw / b) [
b+ f]
Asb / bwd = 0.85fc ab / (fy. d)
= 1 ( 0.85 fc / fy) [ 87,000 / (87,000+fy)]
= 0.85fc (b-bw) hf / (fy bw d)
0.75 b
b=
7.2.4
Min. reinforcement is greater of the following:

min
85 | P a g e
200 / fy
7.3 Stirrups:
Shear strength of concrete Vc=2
c bwd
If the beam is shallow (the depth of the beam is less than one half of this
width)then: Vu< VC if not the cross section must be increased since it is reinforced for
moment only(
For not shallow beam :
When the shear stress , Vu
VC , no shear reinforcement is required.
i.When
VC Vu VC use minimum reinforcement : Av=50bws/fy
Where s is spacing of web reinforcement , fy is yield strength of steel , Avis cross
section area of web reinforcement ,bw is width of beam web.
S is min of {d/2; 3Avfy/b;600mm}.
ii. When Vc Vu use Vu= (Vc+Vs) , where Vs is shear strength provided by shear
reinforcement .
Then we calculate : Vs=
If Vs 2/3 bd
then the cross section must be increased .
If Vs 2/3 bd
then;
S is min { d/2 (but less than 600mm for Vs

300mm for Vs 1/3bd
1/3bd
);d/4(but less than
); Avfyd/Vs }
7.4 Crack width :

Z= fs (dc A)1/3
Fs: stress in the steel due to service loads : fs=0.6fy
Aeffective tension area of the concrete divided by the number of reinforcing
bars.
dc : distance from tension surface to center of the row of reinforcing bars closet to
outside surface .
86 | P a g e
7.5 beam design by Autodesk Robot Structural

Analysis :
Consider the beam shown below:
Figure7. 6: top view of beam B3 to be studied in level 5.85
Figure7. 7: beam 3 in 3Dmodel Robot Structural Analysis
7.5.1 calculation option :

We have chosen the following in calculation options :
cover 4cm ( bottom, top , side) to transversal reinforcement
deflection < l/240
T14,T16 ;T20, T25 for longitudinal reinforcement.
for transversal reinforcement.
7.5.2 Reinforcement pattern :
Reinforcement for Whole beam
14mm as minimum diameter for main reinforcement
87 | P a g e

6cm minimum spacing
2layers maximum in top and bottom
reinforcement
7.5.3 Calculation note :
1
Level:
Name
Reference level
Fire rating
:
: --: 0 (h)
Beam: Beam407...409
2.1
Number: 1
Material properties:
Concrete
: fc' = 3497.63 (T/m2)
Unit weight
: 2501.36 (kG/m3)
Longitudinal reinforcement
:
(T/m2)
Transversal reinforcement
:
(T/m2)
2.2
fy = 42828.08
fy = 22433.76
Geometry:
2.2.1 Span
Position
L.supp. L
R.supp.
(m)
(m)
(m)
P1
Span
0.60
4.07
0.60
Span length:
Lo = 4.67 (m)
Section
from 0.00 to 4.07 (m)
0.30 x 0.60 (m)
without left slab
Right slab 0.00 + 0.25 from 0.00 (m)
Right slab overhanging: 0.45 (m)
2.2.2 Span
Position
L.supp. L
R.supp.
(m)
(m)
(m)
P2
Span
0.60
5.50
0.60
Span length:
Lo = 6.10 (m)
Section
from 0.00 to 5.50 (m)
0.30 x 0.60 (m)
without left slab
Right slab 0.00 + 0.25 from 0.00 (m)
88 | P a g e
2.2.3 Span
L.supp. L
R.supp.
(m)
(m)
(m)
P3
Span
0.60
4.07
0.60
Span length:
Lo = 4.67 (m)
Section
from 0.00 to 4.07 (m)
0.30 x 0.60 (m)
without left slab
Right slab 0.00 + 0.25 from 0.00 (m)
2.3
Position
Calculation options:
Regulation of combinations : ACI318_2002

Calculations according to
: ACI 318-02 metric
Precast beam
: no
Axial force taken into account : no
Shear force reduction near support taken into account
Seismic risk
: low
Cover
: bottom c = 0.04 (m)
: side
c1 = 0.04 (m)
: top
c2 = 0.04 (m)
2.4
: no
Calculation results:
2.4.1 Internal forces in ULS

Span Mtmax.
Mtmin.
Ml Mr Ql
(T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T)
(T)
P1
6.86 -1.11 3.94 -13.27 4.51 -13.10
P2
9.66 -0.00 -10.00 -10.27 12.55 -12.79
P3
6.32 -1.24 -13.82 3.30 12.87 -4.37
89 | P a g e
Qr
-20
[T*m]
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
[m]
25
Bending Moment ULS:
Mr
10
12
14
16
Mc
20
[T]
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
[m]
0
Shear Force ULS:
Vr
Vc(stirrups)
10
12
14
16
Vc(total)
2.4.2 Internal forces in SLS

Span
Mtmax.
Mtmin.
Ml
(T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T)
P1
5.13
7.27
4.72
P2
P3
-0.85 2.90 -9.71 3.36

0.00 -7.42 -7.61 9.33
-0.98 -10.17 2.46 9.60
Mr
Ql
(T)
-9.76
-9.51
-3.25
Qr
-12
[T*m]
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
[m]
6
8
0
Bending Moment SLS:
Mr
10
12
14
16
Md
10
[T]
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
[m]
-8
-10
0
Shear Force SLS:
90 | P a g e
4
V
6
Vr
Vd
10
12
14
16
2.4.3 Internal forces in ULS - accidental combination

Span Mtmax.
Mtmin.
Ml Mr Ql
(T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T)
(T)
P1
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
P2
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
P3
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qr
2.4.4 Required reinforcement area

Span
P1
P2
P3
Span (cm2) Left support (cm2)

Span (cm2/m)
bottom
top
bottom
splice reinf.
3.31 0.00 1.89 0.00
4.66 0.00 0.00 4.89
3.04 0.00 0.00 6.82
Right support (cm2)

top
bottom
0.00 6.54
0.00 5.03
1.59 0.00
top
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
[cm2]
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
[m]
8
10
0
Reinforcement Area for Bending:
6
Abt
8
Abr
10
12
14
16
Abmin
8
[cm2/m]
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
[m]
8
0
Reinforcement Area for Shear:
91 | P a g e
6
Ast
8
Asr
AsHang
10
12
14
16
2.4.5 Deflections
d(L) - initial live-load deflection
d(D) - initial dead-load deflection
d(LS) - initial sustained live-load deflection
d(LT) - total sustained live-load deflection
d(LT),lim
- allowable deflection
Span
d(LS) d(L)
(mm) (mm)
0.28
0.28
0.83
0.83
0.25
0.25
P1
P2
P3
d(D) d(LT)
d(LT),lim
(mm) (mm)
(mm)
0.83
0.83=(L0/5599)
19.46
2.47
2.47=(L0/2472)
25.42
0.72
0.72=(L0/6476)
19.46
-30
[mm]
-20
-10
10
20
[m]
30
0
Deflections:
2.5
92 | P a g e
4
d_s(D+LS)
6
d_l(D+LS)
8
d_s(D+L)
10
d(LT)
Theoretical results - detailed results:

2.5.1
P1 : Span from 0.60 to 4.67 (m)
Abscissa
(m)
0.60
0.77
1.23
1.70
2.17
2.64
3.10
3.57
4.04
4.50
4.67
ULS
M max.
(T*m)
3.94
4.66
6.08
6.86
6.35
5.63
3.20
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
SLS
M min. M max. M min. A bottomA top
(T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (cm2) (cm2)
-0.00
2.90
0.00
1.89
0.00
-0.00
3.45
0.00
2.24
0.00
-0.00
4.54
0.00
2.93
0.00
-0.00
5.13
0.00
3.31
0.00
-0.00
4.73
0.00
3.06
0.00
-0.00
4.16
0.00
2.71
0.00
-0.00
2.28
0.00
1.54
0.00
-1.11
0.07
-0.85
0.14
0.52
-5.45
0.00
-4.00
0.00
2.64
-11.05 0.00
-8.06
0.00
5.42
-13.27 0.00
-9.71
0.00
6.54
12
d(LT),lim
14
16
Abscissa
(m)
0.60
0.77
1.23
1.70
2.17
2.64
3.10
3.57
4.04
4.50
4.67
2.5.2
SLS
Q max. A splice reinf.
(T)
(cm2/m)
3.36
0.00
3.01
0.00
2.04
0.00
-0.57
0.00
-1.54
0.00
-3.84
0.00
-4.82
0.00
-5.79
0.00
-8.44
0.00
-9.41
0.00
-9.76
0.00
Abscissa
(m)
5.27
5.58
6.19
6.80
7.41
8.02
8.63
9.24
9.85
10.46
10.77
P2 : Span from 5.27 to 10.77 (m)

ULS
SLS
M max. M min. M max. M min.
(T*m) (T*m) (T*m) (T*m)
0.00
-10.00 0.00
-7.42
0.00
-6.11
0.00
-4.56
2.32
-0.00
1.60
0.00
7.29
-0.00
5.34
0.00
9.03
-0.00
6.73
0.00
9.66
-0.00
7.27
0.00
9.56
-0.00
7.13
0.00
7.38
-0.00
5.41
0.00
2.28
-0.00
1.59
0.00
0.00
-6.31
0.00
-4.71
0.00
-10.27 0.00
-7.61
Abscissa
(m)
5.27
5.58
6.19
6.80
7.41
8.02
8.63
9.24
9.85
10.46
10.77
ULS
Q max.
(T)
12.55
11.70
10.02
8.34
2.60
0.93
-1.71
-8.58
-10.26
-11.94
-12.79
2.5.3
Abscissa
(m)
11.37
11.54
12.00
12.47
12.94
13.41
13.87
14.34
14.81
15.27
15.44
93 | P a g e
ULS
Q max.
(T)
4.51
4.05
2.77
-0.85
-2.14
-5.22
-6.50
-7.79
-11.36
-12.64
-13.10
SLS
Q max.
(T)
9.33
8.69
7.42
6.15
1.98
0.71
-1.27
-6.32
-7.59
-8.86
-9.51
A bottom A top
(cm2) (cm2)
0.00
4.89
0.00
2.96
1.11
0.00
3.51
0.00
4.36
0.00
4.66
0.00
4.62
0.00
3.55
0.00
1.09
0.00
0.00
3.06
0.00
5.03
A splice reinf.
(cm2/m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
P3 : Span from 11.37 to 15.44 (m)

ULS
SLS
M max.
(T*m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
2.79
4.72
6.05
6.32
5.41
4.00
M min. M max. M min.

(T*m)
(T*m)
(T*m)
-13.82
0.00
-10.17
-11.64
0.00
-8.57
-6.14
0.00
-4.55
-1.24
0.00
-0.98
-0.00
1.98
0.00
-0.00
3.46
0.00
-0.00
4.50
0.00
-0.00
4.72
0.00
-0.00
4.08
0.00
-0.00
2.99
0.00
A bottom A top
(cm2)
(cm2)
0.00
6.82
0.00
5.72
0.00
2.98
0.09
0.59
1.34
0.00
2.27
0.00
2.91
0.00
3.04
0.00
2.60
0.00
1.92
0.00
3.30
-0.00
1.59
2.46
0.00
0.00
Abscissa
(m)
11.37
11.54
12.00
12.47
12.94
13.41
13.87
14.34
14.81
15.27
15.44
2.6
ULS
Q max.
(T)
12.87
12.41
11.13
9.85
5.29
4.01
2.73
-1.35
-2.63
-3.91
-4.37
SLS
Q max. A splice reinf.
(T)
(cm2/m)
9.60
0.00
9.25
0.00
8.28
0.00
7.31
0.00
3.93
0.00
2.96
0.00
1.98
0.00
-0.96
0.00
-1.93
0.00
-2.90
0.00
-3.25
0.00
Reinforcement:
2.6.1 P1 : Span from 0.60 to 4.67 (m)
Longitudinal reinforcement:
bottom ()
3 T20 l = 5.07 from
0.04
to
assembling (top) ()
3 T20 l = 4.89 from
0.04
to
support ()
3 T20 l = 3.76 from
2.74
to
Transversal reinforcement:
main ()
stirrups 15 8 l = 1.22
e = 10*0.27 + 5*0.26 (m)15
e = 10*0.27 + 5*0.26 (m)
pins
15 8 l = 1.22
e = 10*0.27 + 5*0.26 (m)15
e = 10*0.27 + 5*0.26 (m)
4.97
4.93
6.49
l = 1.57
l = 1.57
2.6.2 P2 : Span from 5.27 to 10.77 (m)

bottom ()
3 T20 l = 6.11 from
4.97
to
11.07
assembling (top) ()
3 T20 l = 6.02 from
5.01
to
11.03
main ()
stirrups 20
8 l = 1.22
e = 1*0.21 + 2*0.26 + 15*0.27 + 2*0.26 (m)20
8 l = 1.57
e = 1*0.21 + 2*0.26 + 15*0.27 + 2*0.26 (m)
pins
94 | P a g e
20
8 l = 1.22
(m)20
e = 1*0.21 + 2*0.26 + 15*0.27 + 2*0.26

8 l = 1.57
e = 1*0.21 + 2*0.26 + 15*0.27 + 2*0.26 (m)
2.6.3 P3 : Span from 11.37 to 15.44 (m)

bottom ()
3 T20 l = 5.07 from
11.07 to
16.00
assembling (top) ()
3 T20 l = 4.89 from
11.11
to
16.00
support ()
3 T20 l = 3.76 from
9.55
to
13.30
main ()
stirrups 15 8 l = 1.22
e = 1*0.07 + 5*0.26 + 9*0.27 (m)15
1.57
e = 1*0.07 + 5*0.26 + 9*0.27 (m)
pins
15 8 l = 1.22
e = 1*0.07 + 5*0.26 + 9*0.27 (m)15
1.57
e = 1*0.07 + 5*0.26 + 9*0.27 (m)
3
Material survey:
Concrete volume
= 4.56 (m3)
Formwork = 20.29 (m2)
Steel
Total weight = 348.07 (kG)
Density
= 76.39 (kG/m3)
Average diameter
= 13.5 (mm)
Survey according to diameters:
Diameter
(mm)
8
8
20
20
20
20
20
95 | P a g e
Length
(m)
1.22
1.57
3.76
4.89
5.07
6.02
6.11
Weight
(kG)
0.48
0.62
9.27
12.07
12.51
14.86
15.07
Number Total weight

(No.)
(kG)
50
24.08
50
31.02
6
55.65
6
72.44
6
75.08
3
44.58
3
45.22
l=
l=
7.5.4 Drawings by Robot Structural Analysis :
Figure7. 8: Reinforcement OF BEAM- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
Figure7. 9: reinforcement of span 1-Robot Structural Analysis 2013
96 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: COLUMNS
Chapter 8:
COLUMNS
97 | P a g e
8.1 Introduction:
Columns are structural compression members which transmit loads from the
upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through the foundations.
Since columns are compression elements, failure of one column in a critical
location can cause the progressive collapse of adjoining floors, and in turn, even the
collapse of the entire structure.
The majority of reinforced concrete columns are subjected to primary stresses
caused by flexure, axial force, and shear. Secondary stresses associated with
deformations are usually very small in most columns used in practice.
These columns are referred to as "short columns." Short columns are designed
using the interaction diagrams. The capacity of a short column is the same as the
capacity of its section under primary stresses, irrespective of its length. Long
columns, columns with small cross-sectional dimensions, and columns with little
end restraints may develop secondary stresses associated with column
deformations, especially if they are not braced laterally. These columns are
referred to as "slender columns". Failure of a slender column is initiated either by
the material failure of a section, or instability of the column as a member,
depending on the level of slenderness.
The classification of a column as a short column or a slender column is made on
the basis of its Slenderness Ratio, that is : klu/r .
where, lu is unsupported column length; k is effective length factor reflecting end
restraint and lateral bracing conditions of a column; and r is the radius of
gyration reflecting the size and shape of a column cross-section.
The following are the limiting slenderness ratios for short column behavior:
)
Non-sway frames: Klu/r
Sway frames: Klu/r 22
M1 and M2 are the end moments acting on the column . M 2 is the larger (in the
absolute value) of the two end moments.
Non-sway frames are frames that are braced against sideway by shear walls or
other stiffening members. They are also referred to as braced frames. Sway
frames are frames that are free to translate laterally so that secondary bending
moments are induced due to P- effects.
98 | P a g e
Figure8. 1: Failure Modes in short and Slender Columns
Figure8. 2: Values of K
99 | P a g e
8.2 Types of Reinforced Concrete Columns:
tied
Spiral
Longitudinal
steel
= pitch
Spirally reinforced column
Tied column
Table8. 1: Types of Reinforced Concrete Columns
8.3 ACI Code Requirements for Column Strength : column

subjected to Axial load only:
Pn Pu
Spirally reinforced column: Pn
max
0.85 0.85 fc Ag Ast
f y Ast
=0.7(ACI 318-02 , 05)
Tied column:
Pn
max
0.80 0.85 fc
Ag Ast
f y Ast
=0.65 (ACI 318-02 , 05)
Figure8.3:Centric Loading
8.4 ACI Code Requirements for Column Strength : column

subjected to Axial load and moment:
Figure8. 4: Eccentric Loading
100 | P a g e
i.
Step 1:
Check slenderness:
A slender column deflects laterally under load. This increases the moments in the
column and hence weakens the column. In our project here, it is permissible to
neglect slenderness if lu/h 8.4 , where lu is the unsupported height of the
column from the top of floor to the bottom of the beams or slab in the floor
above.
ii.
Step 2:
Calculate e = Mu/Pu.
If e/h < 0.1, then use spiral columns.
If 0.1 < e/h <0.2, or if we have moments in both axis, then use bars in 4 faces.
If e/h >0.2 , then use bars in 2 faces.
iii.
Step 3:
ACI requires a clear concrete cover of not less than 1.5 in (4 cm) to the ties or
spirals in columns. More cover may be required for fire protection in some cases.
The concrete must be able to flow out between the bars and the form.
dstirrup =assumed diameter for stirrups
db =assumed diameter for main steel bars
If #10 (T32) longitudinal bars or less are used, then #3 (8) ties should be used.
Compute = h/h = h-2(cover + dstirrup + 0.5 db)/h.
iv.
Step 4:
Calculate Mu/Agh and Pu/Ag.

Using the interaction diagrams,
the value of gives us the value of .
If > 3-4%, then choose larger section If
< 1%, then use 1%
or use smaller section.
Figure8. 5: Interaction Diagram
101 | P a g e
v.
Step 5:
Select reinforcement Ast= Ag.

The minimum number of bars in rectangular column is 4.
vi.
Step 6:
1.5x2 = 3 cm.
Select the spacing of stirrups X = max
4cm;
1.34x2 = 2.68 cm
vii.
Step 7:
Design lap splices: ld = 20 db . Splice length = 1.3 ld

Bars are chosen to avoid excessive splice lengths.
viii.
Step 8:
Check the maximum load capacity Pu,max using the interaction diagram.
Pu should not exceed Pu,max.
ix.
Step 9:
Design of ties:
Check spacing of ties: S max= min
- 16 db
- 48 d stirrup
- Min (b, h)
The ends of the ties are anchored by a 90 or 135 bend around a bar, plus an
extension of at least 60 tie bar diameters but not less than 2.5 in (6 cm).
For seismic design, transverse reinforcement in the form of spirals or hoops must be
provided over a height of l0 from each end of the column to confine the
concrete and restrain the longitudinal bars from buckling.
l0 = max:
102 | P a g e
- the depth of the column at the face of the joint

-1/6 x the height of the column
- 18" (50 cm)

Within the length l0 , AC I requires that the spacing of the transverse
reinforcement shall be:
Smax = min:
-1 /4 x min(b,h)
- 4" (10 cm)
x.
Step 10:
Check S for shear: Vc = 2(1+PU/2000AG )*

If Vu 0.5Vc Smax = d/2
*bw*d
8.5 Design using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 2013:

After modeling we have chosen the column C2, that we have given an approach of its
design using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 2013.
Figure8.6: Column view
103 | P a g e
8.5.1 Analysis :
Figure8. 7: 3D interaction diagram of a chosen load combination-combination producing total

compression
8.5.2 Reinforcement :
Choosing to use only T16 as longitudinal steel and
have the layout below.
Figure8. 8: reinforcement Layout
104 | P a g e
10 as transversal , we will
The longitudinal section is shown below:
Figure8. 9: ties layout
8.5.3 Material survey:

Concrete volume
= 1.00 (m3)
Formwork = 9.99 (m2)
Steel
Total weight = 130.90 (kG)
Density
= 131.03 (kG/m3)
Average diameter
= 13.1 (mm)
Reinforcement survey:
Diameter Length
(m)
10
0.89
10
1.54
16
6.11
105 | P a g e
Weight
(kG)
0.55
0.95
9.65
Number
(No.)
23
23
10
Total weight
(kG)
12.64
21.79
96.47
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 9:
FOUNDATIONS
106 | P a g e
9.1 Introduction :
9.1.1 Definition : Footings are structural members used to support columns and
walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the
load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded, excessive settlement,
differential settlement,or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against
overturning or sliding is maintained.
9.1.2 Choosing a kind of foundation depends on :
the ground conditions
the groundwater conditions
the site, the environment (the buildings nearby)
the structure of our building
9.1.3 Requirements:
structural requirements: safe, be able to carry the load of the building
constructional requirements: schedule, minimal resources, minimal cost
9.2 types of foundations :

9.2.1 Shallow foundations:
Shallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength within a short
depth below the ground level. They need sufficient plan area to transfer the heavy
loads to the base soil. These heavy loads are sustained by the reinforced concrete
columns or walls (either of bricks or reinforced concrete) of much less areas of
cross-section due to high strength of bricks or reinforced concrete when
compared to that of soil.
iIsolated footings :
used to support single columns. This is one of the most economical types of footings and is
used when columns are spaced at relatively long distances
Figure9. 1: uniform and rectangular

footing
107 | P a g e
ii-
Combined footings :
Figure9.2: combined footing
When the spacing of the adjacent columns is so close that separate isolated
footings are not possible due to the overlapping areas of the footings or
inadequate clear space between the two areas of the footings, combined footings are
the solution combining two or more columns.
iii-
Strap footings :
Figure9. 3: strap footing
Consist of two single footings connected with a beam or a strap and support
two single columns. This type replaces a combined footing and is more
economical.
108 | P a g e
iv-
Strip foundation or wall footings
Figure9. 4: wall footing
These are in long strips especially for load bearing masonry walls or reinforced
concrete walls.
v-
Raft or mat foundation :
Figure9. 5: Raft Footing
These are special cases of combined footing where all the columns of the building
are having a common foundation (Fig.11.28.11). Normally, for buildings with
heavy loads or when the soil condition is poor, raft foundations are very much
useful to control differential settlement and transfer the loads not exceeding the
bearing capacity of the soil due to integral action of the raft foundation. This is a
threshold situation for shallow footing beyond which deep foundations have to be
adopted.
109 | P a g e
9.2.2 Deep foundations:

Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground
surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is
usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. Deep foundations can be used
to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if
unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
Deep foundations are used when there are weak (bad) soils near the surface or
when loads are very high, such as very large skyscrapers.
Deep foundations derive their support from deeper soils or bedrock.
Types of Deep Foundations are :
Pile foundations
Piers
Caissons
Compensated foundations
Figure 9.6: Piles foundation
110 | P a g e
9.3 Design of rectangular footing :

9.3.1 Required area of footing base and establish length
and width:
Where:
Areq is the area required to satisfy allowable stress
P is the name for axial force vector
is net allowed soil bearing pressure
q allowable = allowable soil bearing stress in

allowable stress design.
Hf=height of a concrete spread footing
is the unit weight of concrete
is the unit weight of the displaced soil

For rectangular footing we choose : L x B Areq
9.3.2 Check two-way (slab) shear:
Figure9.7: critical section in two way shear
Punching shear force

= Factored load - (Factored upward pressure x punching area
of footing)
Perimeter of the critical section = 4 (a+d)
nominal shear stress in punching or punching shear stress V is computed
as:
( =0.85)
Allowable shear stress :
111 | P a g e
9.3.3 One way shear :
Figure9.8: critical section

for one way shear
total Shear Force along critical section considering the entire width
B is:
The nominal shear stress is given by:
ok
9.3.4 Design for flexure:
Mu=[total force ] x[distance from CG from critical section]
Figure9.9: critical section for

flexure
112 | P a g e

9.3.5 Remarques:
W=
< 0.3
=
Development length :
Req ld =0.04 x Ab x fy/fc
Available ld=1/2(B-C)
Reqld< req available
Check load transfer :
Pnc=0.85 fc Acol
Allowable bearing force in footing : o,85 fc x Acol x
where
cannot exceed 2.
A1 = area of column in spread footing design

A2 = projected bearing area of column load in spread footing
design
Pnc(footing) > Pn(column)
Dowels strength :
Minimum of 4 bars
Minimum As(min)=0.005A col
Ld (req)=0.0 fy d0/
9.4 Selections of foundations:

In our project, we use an isolated footings, because, the spans are long, the loads are
small and the bearing capacity of soil is huge.
113 | P a g e
9.5
Footing design using robot structural Analysis 2013

program:
9.5.1 Dimensions:
Let us consider the foundation (F2) of column (c2) 60cm x 30cm :
Selected and designed under the following conditions:
Fc=3500 T/m2
Fy=42000 T/m2
Bearing capacity :40 T/m2
Figure9. 10: column of foundation to be designed
The foundation dimensions were found to be 200cm x 170 cm , its height was 0.4
cm.
Figure9. 11: dimensions
114 | P a g e
Figure9. 12: dimensions 3D
9.5.2 Soil properties:
Figure9. 13: Soil parameters
115 | P a g e
9.5.3 Results:
The global safety coefficients concerning stability, settlement, sliding,
punching etc are satisfied
Figure9. 14: factors of safety
Figure9. 15: reinforcement table
The bottom reinforcement was found to be T16 @20cm in both longitudinal and
transversal directions and for temperature we use T12 @40cm.
Figure9. 16: Drawings

of foundation
116 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: MINARET
Chapter 10:
MINARET
117 | P a g e
10.1
Introduction:
In our project, we have a 25m height minaret. This study must
be done in a seismic and wind conditions. The minaret is build up of shear walls.
We use the ETABS 9.7.1 program to model the minaret, S-concrete to design the
shear walls .
Figure10. 1: 3D model of
minaret -ETABS9.7.1
Figure10. 2 :model
shape -mode11-Etabs
9.7.1
10.2 shear walls:

10.2.1Definition:
A shear wall is a wall which is designed to resist shear, the lateral force which causes
the bulk of damage in earthquakes. Many building codes mandate the use of shear walls
to make homes safer and more stable, and learning about shear walls is an important part
of an architectural education. Architects are obliged to think about shear walls and other
safety features when they design a structure, so that they can accommodate the walls to
make the structure sound while also aesthetically pleasing.
118 | P a g e

10.2.2
Forces Resisted By Shear Wall:
Shear walls resist two types of forces: shear forces and uplift forces.
Connections to the structure above transfer horizontal forces to the shear wall. This
transfer creates shear forces throughout the height of the wall between the top and
bottom shear wall connections.
Uplift forces exist on shear walls because the horizontal forces are applied to the top of
the wall. These uplift forces try to lift up one end of the wall and push the other end
down. In some cases, the uplift force is large enough to tip the wall over. Uplift forces
are greater on tall short walls and less on low long walls. Bearing walls have less uplift
than non-bearing walls because gravity loads on shear walls help them resist uplift.
Shear walls need hold-down devices at each end when the gravity loads cannot resist all
of the uplift. The hold-down device then provides the necessary uplift resistance.
10.2.3
Function of Shear Walls:
Shear walls must provide the necessary lateral strength to resist horizontal
earthquake forces. When shear walls are strong enough, they will transfer these
horizontal forces to the next element in the load path below them. These other
components in the load path may be other shear walls, floors, foundation walls,
slabs or footings.
10.3 Design steps :

i-
External Load:
Pu Mu Vu
ii-
Boundary Element Check:

Ig
fc
If fc
3
w
bh3 bwl
12
12
P MC
A
'
0.2fc then boundary elements are not required.
Then choose the one of:

lb
(0.2
0.25)l
lw
lb
(0.2
0.25)l
lw
119 | P a g e
iiiLongitudinal Reinforcement:
At least two curtains of reinforcement are needed in the wall if the in-plane factored
shear exceeded a value of:
A cv f
'
c
With: Acv
6
if
if
lw
Vn
Vu
Vu
1.5
f'
Vn
c
cv
0.6
Vn
4A
cv
'
max
6
iv-
Minimum Reinforcement:
if Vu
f'
cv
6
v
h
if Vu
for bar
for bar
120 | P a g e
cv
0.0025
0.0025
f'
c
6
T16
v
0.0012
0.0020
0.0015
0.0025
T16
fn y
6
f'
c
cv
n y
lw bw

v-
Verification of Shear Wall Section at its Base:

Mu
P
Mu
Pu
,
interaction diagram
Ag wl A
As
Asb
As
Asb
area of reinforcement in boundary elements
area of reinforcement in (l
sv
sv
(0.2 0.25)l
2l )
b
bb
vi-
bw
lw
Boundary Element Transverse Reinforcement:

'
0.09 Sh f c
c f yh
0.3 Sh
sh
sh
Ag
f'
1
A ch
f yh
bc
hc
121 | P a g e
10.4 Model of shear walls-Etabs:
10.4.1 section of shear walls: The thickness of shear walls is 200 mm .
Figure10. 3: typical floor plan - Etabs
10.4.2
Figure10. 4: typical floor plan -Autocad
Modal Participation Mass Ratio:
Figure10. 5 Modal Participation Mass Ratio-ETABS
122 | P a g e

10.4.3
Drifts :
Figure10. 6: story
drift due to Qx1
Figure10. 7: story drift

due to Qy1
123 | P a g e

The given data show that the maximum story displacement0.07cm:
d<
= 0.28 cm. OK
The maximum drift for story 9 is 0.000035m= 0.0035 cm

M = 0.7*4.5*0.0035= 0.011 cm < 0.02*300 = 6 cm OK
The max displacement under wind load is 0.0021 cm <1/500 of building
height=5cm.
10.5 Design of shear walls:

For the design of shear walls, we use the software S-concrete.
We should remark that the design of every wall is being done alone.
Figure10. 8: load on shear wall from S- concrete
124 | P a g e
Figure10. 9: Dimensions on S-concrete
Figure10.10: Results from S-concrete
125 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: IMAM S HOUSE
Chapter 11:
IMAM S HOUSE
126 | P a g e
11.1 Introduction :
This chapter will show the reinforced concrete design of Imams House.
11.1.1 Architectural Description :
The Imams House consists of a ground floor and mezzanine.
The area of each floor is around 137 m2.
The height of each floor is 3.5 m, so the total height of the house is around 7m.
i-
Ground floor :
The ground floor contain 3 bedrooms, 1 kitchen (area 12.2 m2), 1 living
room (area 23.6 m2) and 2 baths.
Figure11. 1: ground floor plan
ii-
Mezzanine:
The mezzanine contains 2 bedrooms, 1 kitchen

(area 12.2 m2 ), 1 living room( area 20 m2) , 2 baths and a terrace (area
23 m2).
127 | P a g e
Figure11. 2: mezzanine plan
Figure11.3: Elevation 2
128 | P a g e
Figure11. 4: elevation 4
Figure11. 5:section B-B
129 | P a g e
11.2 Software :
11.3
ETABS 9.7.1 is used for modeling the structure. Safe is used to design the
slabs , S-concrete is used to design columns and beams , and excel sheet is
using to design footings.
Procedure for modeling :
Modeling with ETABS was done with the following steps:
1. Draw in AutoCAD separate layers for: columns (rectangles), shear
walls and beams (lines along their center lines), slab limits and openings
(polylines).
2. When two columns are not well aligned horizontally or vertically,
we can align them in AutoCAD, draw meshing lines in AUTOCAD to
consume effort and time.
3. Save the file in DXF format.
4. Export the files to ETABS.
5. In ETABS, transform the rectangles into elevated columns;
transform the slab limits into slabs; draw openings, beams, shear walls,
and foundation.
6. Define the loads applied on the structure.
7. Define appropriate load combinations as specified previously.
8. Run the model according to the defined seismic code(static
runVstatic)
9. Define response spectrum loads and cases with a scale factor=g in X and
Y direction and =2/3(g) in Z direction.
10. Rerun the model according to the defined static loads ,seismic
loads, and response spectrum cases(dynamic runVdynamic)
11. Check the drifts of the slabs, the period and the modal participation
mass as a dynamic analysis.
12. Correct the dynamic shear by decreasing this shear (dividing by
R=Vd/Vs ) since shear should be the same in static equivalent method or
dynamic method.
13. Run the analysis and use the results (deflection and stresses) for
design.
130 | P a g e
11.4 Loads :
Table11. 1: slab:loads
Block walls load

Plaster (T/m2)
Mechanical ducts allowance
(T/m2)
Lighting fixture(T/m2)
Tiles (T/m2)
Ceiling load (T/m2)
SDL(T/m2)
live load (T/m2)
Loads
0.15
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.225
0.015
0.45
0.2
11.5 Modeling ETABS :
Figure11. 6: model from ETABS
131 | P a g e
Figure11. 7: typical floor modeling
11.6 Results from ETABS

11.6.1 Seismic and wind load:
I=1 & R=4.5
11.6.2 Fundamental period of vibration:
The period T is the fundamental period of the structure.
T= Ct (h n) =0.048 (7) =0.2066 sec
11.6.3 Base shear :
From ETABS: V Used = 10.06 tones.
11.6.4 Lateral force :
From ETABS: F Used = 0 tones.
132 | P a g e

11.6.5 Modal Participation Mass Ratio:
Figure11. 8:Modal Participation Mass Ratio-ETABS
11.6.6 Story Drifts Due To Earthquake Loads:

The maximum drift for story 2 is 0.000055m
M = 0.7*5.5*0.000055 = 0.021cm < 0.025*350 = 8.75cm OK
Story
Item
STORY2 Max
Drift X
STORY2 Max
Drift Y
STORY2 Max
Drift X
STORY2 Max
Drift Y
STORY2 Max
Drift X
STORY2 Max
Drift Y
STORY2 Max
Drift X
STORY2 Max
Drift Y
STORY2 Max
Drift X
STORY2 Max
Drift Y
STORY2 Max
Drift X
133 | P a g e
Load
QX1
Point
X
Y
Z
793 101.936 23.864
DriftX
7 0.000012
QX1
726 109.686 22.864
QX2
789 103.286
13.064
QX2
193
97.486 22.864
QY1
793
101.936 23.864
QY1
726 109.686 22.864
QY2
789 103.286
13.064
QY2
398
97.486
13.764
SPEC1
789 103.286
13.064
SPEC1
398
97.486
13.764
SPEC2
789 103.286
13.064
7 0.000004
DriftY
OK
0 OK
0.000013
OK
0.000001 OK
0.000001
OK
0.000013 OK
0.000001
OK
0.000013 OK
0.000055
OK
0.000004 OK
OK
Story
Item
STORY2 Max
Drift Y
STORY1 Max
Drift X
STORY1 Max
Drift Y
STORY1 Max
Drift X
STORY1 Max
Drift Y
STORY1 Max
Drift X
STORY1 Max
Drift Y
STORY1 Max
Drift X
STORY1 Max
Drift Y
STORY1 Max
Drift X
STORY1 Max
Drift Y
STORY1 Max
Drift X
STORY1 Max
Drift Y
Load
SPEC2
Point
X
Y
726 109.686 22.864
97.486 23.864
Z
7
DriftX DriftY
0.000052 OK
QX1
171
QX1
168 109.686 23.864
3.5
QX2
166 109.686
13.064
3.5 0.000048
QX2
163
97.486
13.064
3.5
QY1
171
97.486 23.864
QY1
168 109.686 23.864
3.5
QY2
171
97.486 23.864
3.5 0.000003
QY2
171
97.486 23.864
3.5
SPEC1
171
97.486 23.864
3.5
SPEC1
168 109.686 23.864
3.5
SPEC2
166 109.686
3.5 0.000005
SPEC2
168 109.686 23.864
13.064
3.5 0.000049
OK
0.000004 OK
OK
0.000002 OK
3.5 0.000004
OK
0.00004 OK
OK
0.000039 OK
0.000057
3.5
OK
0.000005 OK
OK
0.000049 OK
Table11. 2: Story Drifts Due To Earthquake Loads
11.6.7 Lateral Drifts Due To Wind Loads:

Storey drift is recommended not to exceed 1/350 of story height.
Maximum displacement under wind load is limited to 1/500 of building height.
134 | P a g e

Table11. 3: Lateral Drifts Due To Wind Loads
Story
STORY2
STORY2
STORY2
STORY2
STORY1
STORY1
STORY1
STORY1
Item
Max
Drift X
Max
Drift Y
Max
Drift X
Max
Drift Y
Max
Drift X
Max
Drift Y
Max
Drift X
Max
Drift Y
Load
Point
DriftX
WX
789
103.286
13.064
0.000006
WX
398
97.486
13.764
WY
789
103.286
13.064
WY
398
97.486
13.764
WX
171
97.486
23.864
3.5
WX
168
109.686
23.864
3.5
WY
171
97.486
23.864
3.5
WY
168
109.686
23.864
3.5
DriftY
ok
0
0.000003
ok
0
0.000024
ok
ok
ok
ok
0.000011
0
11.7 SLAB :
11.7.1 Slab selection :
We choose a flat slab, because Flat slabs are highly versatile elements widely used
in construction, providing minimum depth, fast construction and allowing
flexible column grids. Construction of flat slabs is one of the quickest methods
available. Lead times are very short as this is one of the most common forms of
construction.
11.7.2 Thickness of slab :

We decide to use two -way solid slab with edges beams. The maximum span is
6.7m .From table 9.5 (c), the minimum thickness of slab is: ln/33=6.5/33=0.2 m.
Use 20 cm.
11.7.3 Load combinations :
The slab model was analyzed under the effect of dead loads and live loads in
service and ultimate combinations.
SDSL =1.0 DL+1.0 SDL+1.0 LL
SDS=1.0 DL+1.0 SDL
SERVPL =1.0 DL+1.0 SDL+0.4 LL
UDSL=1.2 DL+1.2SDL +1.6 LL UDS
=1.4DL+1.4SDL
135 | P a g e
ok
ok

11.7.4 Modeling safe :
SAFE V.12.3.2 gives the moment diagrams following the finite element method
under the needed load combination. In the figures below, the moment diagrams in
both directions are shown under the effect of the ultimate load combination and
the deflection diagrams are shown under the effect of the service
combination. The units are in T.m for moments, mm for deflections and cm 2 for
area of steel reinforcement.
11.7.5 Moment diagram :
Figure11. 9:M11 diagram

for UDSL combo
Figure11. 10: M22

diagram for UDSL combo
136 | P a g e
11.7.6 Deflection :
Deflection is calculated due to service load combination as stipulated by ACI
C0de.
Figure11. 11: deformation

diagram for SDS
The maximum deflection is
0.4 mm

diagram for SDSL
0.48mm
137 | P a g e

diagram for SERVPL
0.6mm
the short term deflection calculated under the effect of live load:
st= SDSL - SDS = |0.48- 0.4| = 0.08mm < L/360 =20.83mm
the long term deflection due to the acting permanent loads is:
LT= st + SDS+ sus
Where:
LT = long term deflection
st = short term deflection
sus= sustainable deflection
sus= sll - SDS =|0.6 - 0.4| = 0.2mm
=1.73
LT = 0.08+1.73x0.2+1.73x0.36 =1.0488mm < L/240 = 30mm

these conditions are satisfied and deflections are admissible.
138 | P a g e

11.7.7 Punching:
The punching to columns to result to SAFE less than 1 is acceptable:
Figure11.14: punching
result from safe
Punching are admissible <1 ok .

11.7.8
Reinforcement :
Figure 11.15: Bottom

Reinforcement in X-direction
139 | P a g e
Figure11. 16: Bottom

Reinforcement in Xdirection
Figure 11.17: top

reinforcement in Ydirection
140 | P a g e
Figure11. 18: Bottom Reinforcement

in Y-direction
For top steel we use the following reinforcement: T12@20cm/m in the both
direction1 and 2 with additional steel in the top of columns 1 T16 @20cm/m (we
find the area of required additional steel in the SAFE results).
For bottom steel we use the following reinforcement: T12@15cm/m in the two
directions. ( we find the area of required additional steel in the SAFE results).
141 | P a g e
11.8 Edges Beams:
Figure11.19: area of steel in

edges beams at bottom and top
(cm2) - SAFE
Figure11. 20: area of steel

for shear (cm2)-SAFE
142 | P a g e
11.9 Columns :
For the design of columns, we use the software S-concrete.
11.9.1 Column 1 : 50 cm x 20 cm:
Figure11. 21: dimensions in S-concrete
Figure11. 22: steel

reinforcement in Sconcrete
143 | P a g e
Figure11. 23: loads in column from S-concrete
144 | P a g e

11.9.2 Column 2 : 40cm x 30cm :
Figure11. 24: steel reinforcement from S-concrete
11.10 Foundation :
To design the isolated footings we use a excel sheet.
11.10.1
Footing 1 : for column 1 : 50cm x 20cm
Figure11.25: L, B calcul
145 | P a g e
Figure11. 26: general data-Excel
Figure11. 28: reinforcement at

short direction-Excel
146 | P a g e
Figure11. 27: check for punching shear-Excel
Figure11. 29: reinforcement at long

direction-Excel
Figure11.30: temperature steel-Excel
11.10.2
Footing 2 :
For column 2: 40cm x 30 cm

Dimensions of footing: 100cm x 80cm.
Thickness of footing is 40cm
Steel reinforcement: 1T16 @ 20cm in the both directions.
147 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: Males Bathrooms
Chapter 12:
Males Bathrooms
148 | P a g e
12.1 Introduction :
This chapter will show the reinforced concrete design of male bathrooms.
12.2 Description :
We have a 70m2 male bathrooms, from this area a 9 m2 is used for waste
refrigerators.
Figure12. 1: plan of ground floor
Figure12. 2: Elevation 1
149 | P a g e
Figure12. 3: section D-D
12.3 Modeling :
We use Robot Structural Analysis for the modeling of this structure.
Figure12. 4: model - Robot Structural Analysis 2013
150 | P a g e
12.4 Loads :
Table12. 1: slab: loads
Plaster (T/m2)
Mechanical ducts allowance
(T/m2)
Lighting fixture(T/m2)
isolations (T/m2)
Ceiling load (T/m2)
SDL(T/m2)
Loads
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.015
0.12
live load (T/m2)
0.2
Edges loads (T/m)
1.2
12.4 Combinations :
The load combinations were considered according to UBC97 codes
requirements.
12.5 Slabs:
12.5.1 slab selection:
We decide to use two -way solid slab with edges beams. The maximum
span is 5m.From table 9.5 (c), the minimum thickness of slab is:
ln/33=5/33=0.15 m. Use 20 cm.
151 | P a g e

12.5.2Two way solid slab design using robot structural
Analysis 2013 program:
Figure12 5: required steel in x bottom
Figure12.7:required steel in x top
152 | P a g e
Figure12. 6: required steel in y bottom
Figure12. 8: required steel in y top
12.5.3Reinforcement :
We use at bottom T12 @ 15 cm and at top T12 @ 20 cm.
12.6 Beams :
12.6.1 Beam to be designed :
After modeling, we have chosen the beam (B1) that we have given an
approach of its design to show the details of design using Autodesk Robot
Structural Analysis -2013.
Figure 12.9: beam to be designed (element 30 )
12.6.2
Section :
We use beam B (1): 20cm X 50cm
Figure12.10: section of
beam
12.6.3
Figure12.11:
153 | P a g e
Beam view :
beam-view

12.6.4
Beam diagrams :
Figure12.12: bending moment (ULS)-Robot Structural Analysis 2013
Figure 12.13: shear force (ULS)- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
12.6.5
Beam reinforcement :
Figure 12.14: reinforcement- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
154 | P a g e

12.6.6
Drawings :
Figure 12.15: drawing of beam 30 - Robot

Structural Analysis 2013
12.7 Columns :
12.7.1 Column to be designed :
After modeling, we have chosen the column (C1) that we have given an
approach of its design to show the details of design using Autodesk Robot
Structural Analysis -2013.
Figure 12.16:column 8- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
155 | P a g e

12.7.2Column section :
We chosen to use a column of the following dimensions
40cm x 20 cm .
12.7.3Column view :
Figure 12.17: column view
12.7.4Column Analysis :
Figure 12.18:3D interaction diagram of a chosen load combination
156 | P a g e

12.7.5Column reinforcement :
Figure 12.19: reinforcement- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
12.7.6Drawings :
Figure 12.20: drawing of column 8- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
157 | P a g e
12.8 Foundations:
After modeling, we have chosen the foundation (F1) for
column (10) that we have given an approach of its design to show the
details of design using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis -2013.
12.8.1Foundation view :
Figure 12.21: dimensions 3D
12.8.2
Foundation dimensions :
Figure 12.22:dimensions
12.8.3
Load :
Figure 12.23: loads
158 | P a g e

12.8.4
Reinforcement :
Figure 12.24:
reinforcement- Robot
Structural Analysis 2013
12.8.5
Drawings :
Figure 12.25: drawings of footing- Robot Structural Analysis 2013
159 | P a g e
AL RAHBA MOSQUE: BOQ
Chapter 13:
Bill OF Quantities
BOQ
160 | P a g e
13.1 Introduction:
A bill
of
quantities (BOQ) is
a document used in tendering in
the construction industry in which materials, parts, and labor (and their costs) are
itemized. It also (ideally) details the terms and conditions of the construction or
repair contract and itemizes all work to enable a contractor to price the work for
which he or she is bidding.
Bills of quantities are prepared for quantity surveyors and building estimators, and
Indeed the bill of quantities was the reason for the development of quantity
surveying as a separate profession.
Bills of quantities are prepared by a taking off in which the cost of a building or
other structure is estimated from measurements in the Architects, Structural
Engineers, and other building consultants drawings. These are used to create a
cost estimate such as in regard to the square area in meters of walls and roofs, the
numbers of doors and windows, and systems as heating, plumbing and electrics.
Moreover the labor cost must be provided to insure a good estimation of the
project.
In this project the bill of quantities is done for the concrete works as an estimation of
the concrete quantities in (m3), the steel weight in (ton) and their cost.
161 | P a g e
13.2 BOQ : MOSQUE:

Proj:
AL RAHBA MOSQUE
Date:
Job:
Scp:
Div:
All
Proj. Type:
mosque
Sheet:
July-2013
Activity Type:
Construction
Rev:
Location:ABU DHABI
Phase:
Built-up Area:
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Div.
Item
Description of Material
Unit
Quantity
No.
01
Unit Cost
Total Cost
(US $)
(US $)
CONCRETE WORKS
Section 03300 - Cast-In-Place Concrete
Foundation
Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa; include labor, formwork, and all necessary material and accessories; as per the specifications and
Drawings
Footings for columns & walls
m3
42.7
$130.00
$5,549
Tie Beams
m3
25.0
$130.00
$3,250
Slab on Grade
Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive
strength of 35 MPa; include labor, formwork (where needed),
control joints, preformed joint material and bond breakers (where
indicated), and all necessary material and accessories; as per the
specifications and drawings
Slab on grade; Thickness = 100mm (GF)
m3
50.0
$130.00
$6,500
Suspended Slabs & Beams

Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa; include beams, labor, formwork, and
all necessary material and accessories; as per the specifications and drawings
solid slab 200mm
m3
28.0
$130.00
$3,640
solid slab 250mm
m3
88.0
$130.00
$11,440
162 | P a g e
Beams.
m3
50.3
$130.00
$6,539
Dome
m3
10.6
$130.00
$1,381
dome of minaret
m3
1.5
$130.00
$195
stairs & landing
m3
32.7
$130.00
$4,251
D
Walls and Columns
Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35Mpa; include labor, formwork, and all necessary material and accessories as per the specifications and
Drawings
10
Columns
m3
30.0
$130.00
$3,900
11
Minaret
m3
21.0
$130.00
$2,730
12
Total concrete
m3
379.8
Kg
64,129.5
$49,376
E
13
Steel Reinforcement
Supply, cut to size, fabricate, hoist and install reinforcement
steel to concrete structures; including placement into forms,
tie wires, cut and waste complete including labor and all necessary material; as per the specifications and drawings
New billet deformed steel bars (Grade 60; fy = 42 MPa minimum) & Mild steel bars (fy = 28 MPa minimum)
TOTAL CONCRETE WORKS
163 | P a g e
$1.00
$113,505
$64,130
13.3 BOQ:Imams House:

Proj:
AL RAHBA MOSQUE. Al IMAM'S HOUSE
Date:
Proj. Type:
Mosque
Job:
1030
Sheet:
Activity Type:
Construction
Rev:
Location:
Phase:
Built-up Area:
Scp:
Div:
All
July-2013
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Div.
Item
Unit
Quantity
No.
01
Unit Cost
Total Cost
(US $)
(US $)
CONCRETE WORKS
Foundation
drawings
m3
14.8
$130.00
$1,927
Tie Beams
m3
16.5
$130.00
$2,139
Slab on Grade
strength of 35MPa; include labor, formwork (where needed),
m3
13.7
$130.00
$1,781

Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa; include beams, labor, formwork, and
solid slab 200mm
m3
54.8
$130.00
$7,125
Beams.
m3
6.9
$130.00
$901
164 | P a g e
stairs & landing
m3
4.0
$130.00
$520
$130.00
$1,001
D
Walls and Columns
Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35Mpa; include labor, formwork, and all necessary material and accessories as per the specifications and
drawings
10
Columns
m3
7.7
11
total concrete
m3
118.4
Kg
17,723.4
$15,393
E
Steel Reinforcement
12
New billet deformed steel bars (Grade 60; fy = 42 MPa minimum)&Mild steel bars (fy = 276 MPa minimum)
165 | P a g e
$1.00
$33,17
$17,723
13.4 BOQ: Males Bathrooms:

Proj:
Date:
Proj. Type:
Mosque
Job:
1030
Sheet:
Activity Type:
Construction
Rev:
Location:ABU DHABI
Phase:
Built-up Area:
Scp:
Div:
All
july-2013
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Div.
Item
Unit
Quantity
No.
01
Unit Cost
Total Cost
(US $)
(US $)
CONCRETE WORKS
Foundation
drawings
m3
4.8
$130.00
$624
Tie Beams
m3
9.3
$130.00
$1,205
Slab on Grade
strength of 35MPa; include labor, formwork (where needed),
m3
7.0
$130.00
$910

Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa; include beams, labour, formwork, and
solid slab 200mm
m3
14.6
$130.00
$1,893
Beams.
m3
6.6
$130.00
$855
166 | P a g e
D
Walls and Columns
Supply and pour concrete having a 28 days minimum compressive strength of 35Mpa; include labour, formwork, and all necessary material and accessories as per the specifications and
drawings
Columns
m3
4.9
$130.00
total concrete
m3
47.1
Kg
8,105.1
$640
$6,127
E
Steel Reinforcement
8
New billet deformed steel bars (Grade 60; fy = 42 MPa minimum)&Mild steel bars (fy = 28 MPa minimum)
$1.00
$14,232
The final cost for the Total concrete works done in this project:
160,907 $
167 | P a g e
$8,105
AL RABHA MOSQUE: REFERENCES
Chapter 14: REFERENCES

Design codes: ACI 318-05, UBC1997.
El behairy R.C. Design Handbook Chapter -5- Toroid Shell
Final year project AL IMAM SADEK MOSQUE 2004
Edward L. Wilson, Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures, A Physical
Approach With Emphasis on Earthquake Engineering, Third edition January
2002.
Kenneth M. Leet , Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd Edition. The McGraw- Hill
Companies, INC.
Slide share website
http://quizlet.com/16667707/islam-art-flash-cards/
168 | P a g e

Fatima Haidar (C)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fatima Haidar (C)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2012/2013

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

ENGINEERING DEGREE FROM THE LEBANESE UNIVERSITY

Presented on 4th of July 2013 in front of the jury:

Dr. Nayef Atrisi

I wish to convey my sincere gratitude to all the facilities of civil Engineering

Words fail me to express my appreciation to my family who deserve special

Types of mosques: ................................................................................................. 9

The Relationship between the Mosque and the World: ........................................10

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 11

Project Identification: ..........................................................................................12

Architectural Description : ...................................................................................14

Chapter 2: Structural system ..............................................................................................17

Aim Of The Project : ............................................................................................18

Methodology and calculation : .............................................................................18

Design Codes: ......................................................................................................19

Materials Strength and Characteristics :...............................................................19

Wind and Seismic Loads: ....................................................................................20

Load Combinations : ...........................................................................................20

Modifier Factors For Stiffness Modifications (ACI section 10.11.1) ...................... 22

2.10 Geological Characteristics: .................................................................................... 23

SEISMIC Analysis : ............................................................................................. 26

Seismic Analysis of mosque Using Robot Structural Analysis 2013 : ...................30

Tables from UBC code Used in seismic Analysis ................................................. 33

CHAPTER 4: THE DOME ................................................................................................. 37

shell structure: ..............................................................................................37

Membrane theory of surfaces of revolution:................................................. 39

A STUDY ABOUT AL RAHBA-MOSQUE DOME : ...........................................41

Manual Design of the dome: ........................................................................ 42

Ring beam: ...................................................................................................45

Dome with robot : ........................................................................................ 48

4.2.7 Ring beam with robot : ......................................................................................54

How to support the dome : ...........................................................................55

Chapter 5: frame ................................................................................................................ 59

Proposed Sections and Materials :....................................................................... 64

Calculation Using Robot Structural Analysis: ...................................................... 64

Chapter 6: Slabs ..................................................................................................................71

Advantages of solid slab: .................................................................................... 73

Punching shear: .................................................................................................. 74

Load combinations :............................................................................................ 74

Chapter 7: BEAMS ..............................................................................................................81

T-Beam Analysis : ...............................................................................................83

Crack width : .......................................................................................................86

beam design by Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis : ......................................... 87

Chapter 8:COLUMNS ........................................................................................................ 97

Types of Reinforced Concrete Columns:............................................................ 100

Design using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis -2013: ...................................103

Chapter 9:FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................. 106

types of foundations : .........................................................................................107

Design of rectangular footing : ............................................................................111

selections of foundations:................................................................................... 113

Footing design using robot structural Analysis 2013 program: ..........................114

Chapter 10:MINARET ...................................................................................................... 117

10.2 shear walls: .......................................................................................................... 118

Procedure for modeling :....................................................................................130

Loads : ............................................................................................................... 131

Modeling ETABS : ........................................................................................... 131

Results from ETABS ..........................................................................................132

Edges Beams: ....................................................................................................142

11.10 Foundation : ......................................................................................................145

12.2 Description : ........................................................................................................149

Introduction: ..................................................................................................... 161

13.2 BOQ : MOSQUE: .................................................................................................162

Figure4. 24: representation of load on beam - Robot Structural Analysis 2013.................54