CMRR Value

In theory, the interference on CMRR will have effect on the operation of the circuit.
Thus typical CMRR is at range from 80 to 100 dB at low frequency.
During the practical, calculated CMRR value is 84.37 dB. Thus showed how close the
circuit to being ideal op amp. High CMRR value is better because the common mode
voltage have almost no impact on the output voltage.
Phase relationship between input and output voltages of inverting and
non-inverting amplifier
In an inverting amplifier, the output voltage is 180o out of phase with the input
voltage. Inverting amplifier produces the negative feedback and the overall gain of
the amplifier reduced.
In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage is in phase with the input voltage.
Non-inverting amplifier produces the positive feedback and the overall gain of the
amplifier increased.
Inverting Operational Amplifier
Variable Resistor
(Rf)
500
1k
2.5k
4k

Practical
V-out
51.1mV
99.5mV
241mV
484mV

Theoretical
Gain
0.511
0.955
2.41
4.84

V-out
-50mV
-100mV
-250mV
-400mV

Gain
-0.5
-1
-2.5
-4

Non-inverting Operational Amplifier

Variable Resistor
(Rf)
0
1.5k
3k
4k

Practical
V-out
102mV
254mV
416mV
512mV

Theoretical
Gain
1.02
2.54
4.16
5.12

V-out
100mV
250mV
400mV
500mV

Gain
1
2.5
4
5

Cut off frequency and voltage gain of circuit in Figure 5

The active low pass filter in circuit figure 5 has constant gain from 0Hz to the high
frequency cut-off. After frequency cut-off, it decreases at a constant rate as the
frequency increases. When the frequency increased, the voltage gain decreased.

Observation
In task 1, the input voltage applied is 200mV p-p 10 kHz and the output voltage
recorded at 12V and the gain is 60V. The input signal is supplied from the inverting
input thus it produces 180 degree phase signal. Meanwhile in figure 2, the input
voltage applied is 10V p-p at 10 kHz and the output voltage is recorded at 36.3mV
and the gain is 3.63mV. There was 2 input applied to the amplifier that will cause
the output to counteract and will become zero.
In task 2, the input voltage is 100mV p-p at 1 kHz and the output voltage recorded
is depending on the value of Variable Resistor. The result from observation showed
that when the value of Variable Resistor increased, the value of gain decreased.
In task 3, the input voltage is 100mV p-p at 1 kHz and the output voltage recorded
is depending on the value of Variable Resistor. The result from observation showed
that when the value of Variable Resistor increased, the value of gain also increased.
In task 4, the result observation for cut off frequency from simulation frequency
response by performing AC analysis is 530.51 Hz.
Conclusion
The objectives has been achieved during the practical which is to demonstrate
applications of operational amplifier and investigate the operation of active filters.
From the practical it showed the ideal op amp by having high voltage gain, high
bandwidth, high input impedance and almost zero output impedance. Practical also
showed the differences with the theoretical studies.
There are 2 kinds of op amp which is inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. The
inverting amplifier produce the negative input signal, while non-inverting amplifier
produce positive input signal.
The investigation of operation of active filters covered the capabilities of passing
and amplifying the signal at certain frequencies. There are four types of filters low
pass filter, high pass filter, band pass filter and band stop filter. Other than that, the
selection of frequencies also depends on the combination of passive components
such as RL, RC and RLC which attached to the circuit. The active part shows the
voltage gain, while passive part shows the selection of frequencies.