Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.Identify the various criteria for classifying an organization and discuss them in
detail.
Ans:
An organization consists of a group of people working specifically to achieve a common goal.
Organizations can be classified on the basis of nature of work, profitability, type of system, and
ownership
i)Based on the Nature of Work:
Organizations can be classified depending on their nature of work as:
a)Manufacturing-based: Business organizations involved in producing tangible goods or products
are called manufacturing organizations. b)Automobile manufacturing companies, iron and steel
plants, and food and beverage processing units are examples of manufacturing organizations.
c)Service-based: Business organizations involved in providing services to other businesses or
people, rather than producing tangible goods, are called service-based organizations. Airlines,
hotels, hospitals, banks, and insurance agencies are examples of service organizations.
Based on Profitability:
ii)Organizations may be classified on the basis of their focus on profit. These organizations can be:
a)Profit-based organizations: The primary goal of these organizations is to increase their profit
margin. These organizations try to increase the value of their share by increasing the value of the
company stock.
b)Nonprofit-based organizations: These organizations do not have profit as their primary goal. They
are usually involved with socially relevant issues. Some examples of nonprofit organizations
include social groups, universities, human rights commissions, and worker unions.
iii)Based on the Type of System:
Based on the type of system an organization implements, it can be classified as simple or complex
and adaptive or nonadaptive.
a)Simple or complex: A simple system consists of a lesser number of elements that interact with
each other in a simple and uncomplicated manner. An eating joint is an example of a simple system,
wherein the customer places an order, the ordered food is prepared, and the food is served to the
customer. Components in a complex system have a high level of interaction with each other. A car
manufacturing organization is an example of a complex system.
b)Adaptive or nonadaptive: An adaptive organization is one that is able to change in response to the
changes in the environment. For example, the fashion and cosmetics industries are highly dependent
on external stimuli. A nonadaptive organization is one that is not able to change easily in response
to external stimuli. For example, the automobile industry needs to take many factors into account
before deciding on a change. These factors may include the cost of manufacturing a modified
product or the availability of raw materials.
iv)Based on Ownership:
On the basis of the nature of ownership, business organizations can be classified into the following
types:
a)Sole proprietorship: When one individual heads a business organization, it is said to be sole
proprietorship.
b)Partnership: A partnership organization has two or more individuals conducting the business
together. Corporation: A corporation is a legal entity conducting business with numerous owners.
4.Describe the class diagram and class notations used in UML. Explain the
visibility of attributes and operations in a class diagram. Explain the syntax of
attributes and operations in class diagrams.
Ans:
Class diagram and class notations used in UML
A class diagram is used to create a structural model of a software system. The structural model
describes the static architecture of a system and helps the software developer to translate the system
use cases into system design.
UML provides a class notation to represent classes in class diagrams. The class notation has three
compartments where the first compartment depicts the name of the class, the second compartment
depicts the attributes of the class, and the third compartment depicts the operations of the class.You
can use class notations to document the design of a system in accordance with the requirements
identified during the requirements analysis phase.
Visibility of attributes and operations
It is vital to ensure that the data of your classes remain secure. For this, UML allows you to specify
the visibility of the class attributes and operations, which controls the accessibility of these class
members from other classes. UML provides the following four visibilities for the attributes and
operations of a class:
i)+: Indicates that the attribute or operation is accessible to other classes. In other words, the
attribute or operation is public.
ii)-: Indicates that the attribute or operation is inaccessible to other classes. In other words, the
attribute or operation is private.
iii)#: Indicates that the attribute or operation in the base class is accessible to derived classes. In
other words, the attribute or operation is protected.
iv)~: Indicates that the attribute or operation is accessible to the classes, which are within the same
package.
Syntax of attributes in class diagrams
The attributes of a class follow certain syntax in the class diagrams. The syntax to depict an
attribute in a class diagram is:
visibility name: type
The preceding syntax contains the following mandatory fields:
i)visibility: Specifies whether the attribute of the class is private, public, protected, or package.
ii)name: Indicates the name of the attribute. This is a mandatory field.
iii)type: This is an optional field. It specifies the data type of the attribute.
For example, the Name attribute of the Employee class can be represented as:
-Name: String
Syntax of operations in class diagrams
The syntax to represent an operation of a class in the class diagrams is:
visibility name (parameter-list): return-type
The preceding syntax contains the following fields:
i)visibility: Specifies whether the operation of the class is private, public, protected, or package.
ii)name: Indicates the name of the operation.
iii)parameter-list: Indicates the list of parameters for the operat.
iv)return-type: Represents the data type of the value returned by the operation. This field can take
the null value when the operation does not return any value.
The parameters of an operation are denoted using the following syntax:
Parameter name: type
For example, the getName() operation of the Employee class can be represented as:
+getName(EmpId : int) : string
materials and information from any point in the operational process to the final order-fulfillment
stage. Organizations thrive on the effectiveness and efficiency of their operational strategies. An
efficient logistics plan supports in implementing the organizational processes, such as production
and sales and marketing, effectively.
Logistics planning involves the following activities:
Analyzing the core business processes
Analysis of the core business processes of an organization is important as the logistics activities
differ depending on the nature of the business undertaken by an organization.
Some of the general processes for a typical manufacturing-based business organization include:
i)Purchasing of material
ii)Receiving the material
iii)Warehousing
iv)Controlling the inventory
v)Handling the material
vi)Shipping
vii)Making decisions for physical distribution
The distribution of products is an important activity for an organization and its customers. For
example, in a manufacturing organization, the goods are typically moved from the Production
department to the warehouses, where they are stored until they are sent to the dealers.
The main factors to be considered while making decisions for the physical distribution are:
The size, number, and location of warehouses
The mode of transport depending on the type of goods, distances, and weights
The work force to be employed or hired.
Deciding the location of facilities:
Whenever an organization wants a new factory, warehouse, shop, office or other facilities, it is
important to identify a strategic location.
Most organizations evaluate the feasibility of the location of a facility, such as a production plant,
based on the factors, such as:
i)The locations of competitors, suppliers, and customers
ii)Availability of skilled workforce in the area
iii)Costs pertaining to operations, wages, transport, and taxes
iv)Transport and services availability
v)Plans regarding future expansion, or globalization
iv)Decline: At the decline stage, there is a rapid increase of competing products that may be better
in quality and low in price. As a result, sales start declining and production volumes need to be
reduced. The primary goal of an organization at this stage is to try maintaining the sale of the
product by adding new features and reducing the cost. However, if the product is still incurring loss,
the organization may discontinue the product.
Most organizations evaluate the feasibility of the location of a facility, such as a production plant,
based on the factors, such as:
i)The locations of competitors, suppliers, and customers
ii)Availability of skilled workforce in the area
iii)Costs pertaining to operations, wages, transport, and taxes
iv)Transport and services availability
v)Plans regarding future expansion, or globalization
10.What is structural modeling? List any three UML diagrams for structural
modeling and explain them briefly.
AnsUML provides various modeling techniques to represent the framework of a software system.
Each modeling technique contains a set of diagrams to represent the requirements and structure of
the software system. The UML modeling techniques may be used for structural modeling and
behavioral modeling. Structural modeling involves depicting the static features of the software
system. It is used to represent how the components or elements exist in a system.
The various UML diagram for structural modeling are:
i)Class diagram: A class diagram represents a set of classes, interfaces, and their relationships. It
describes the set of attributes and operations associated with each class and the relationships among
the various classes.
ii)Object diagram: An object diagram represents an instance of a class diagram. It represents the
properties of a particular instance of a class.
iii)Package diagram: A package diagram represents the interrelated classes and interfaces of the
system in a package. It helps in representing the various packages of a software system and the
dependencies between them. It also gives a high-level impression of use case and class diagrams.
iv)Component diagram: A Component diagram combines packages or individual entities to form
components. You can depict these components and their dependencies by using a component
diagram.
v)Deployment diagram: A deployment diagram shows the physical placement of components in
nodes over a network. A deployment diagram can be drawn by identifying nodes and components.
MRP is an inventory control process used to calculate the amount of raw materials required to
manufacture a specific product. MRP involves reviewing the stock quantity of raw materials
according to the quantity of products to be manufactured in a specific period. It then involves
calculating the quantity of components and materials required to manufacture those items and
identifying the supply of materials required for the scheduled production. MRP involves planning
work orders and purchase requisitions and suggesting appropriate rescheduling of the current
material plan by taking into account the actual delivery date of a product.
The main inputs of MRP are:
i)Master Production Schedule (MPS) shows the quantity of products to be manufactured in a
specific period. It is a detailed manufacturing plan that determines the products a manufacturer has
to produce within predefined timelines. During MRP, the estimated plan provided by MPS is
translated into a detailed plan that specifies the schedule for material requirement and delivery.
ii)Bill of Materials (BOM) consists of the materials, parts, and components that are required to
manufacture the product. During MRP, the BOM and MPS are used to calculate the amount of each
material required.
The lead-time is the time between the placement of an order for a product and the actual date of
delivery. Determining lead-time of raw materials is essential for a manufacturing company so that
the finished goods can be delivered to the customer in a timely manner and any shortages can be
handled before the production process starts.
iii)Inventory records provide a detailed list of all the items that are currently in stock. The
information is stored in a tabular format. MRP uses these existing inventory records to calculate the
net quantity of materials required from the supplier. The net quantity required is calculated by
subtracting the existing inventory from the total materials required as per MPS.
The main outputs of MRP are:
i)Schedule for Orders: It provides guidelines to place an order depending on the lead-time.
ii)Purchase Orders: It is a buyer's document and is used to formalize a purchase transaction with a
supplier. On acceptance by the supplier, it becomes a legally binding contract between the two
parties and hence, it must specify all terms and conditions applicable to the contract.
iii)Reports: The information from MRP is processed to generate various reports, such as
performance reports and inventory transactions.