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20 - video
Chemical Equilibrium
Previously we have assumed that chemical
reactions results in complete conversion of
reactants to products:
A + B
C + D
No A or B remaining or possibly an excess of A or B but not both and
eventually reaction stops.
Many chemical reactions do not completely convert reactants to
products. Stop somewhere between no rxn and complete rxn.
A + B
some left
C + D
some formed
A + B C + D
A + B C + D
Chemical Equilibrium
Therefore, many reactions do not go to
completion but rather form a mixture of
products and unreacted reactants, in a
dynamic equilibrium.
A dynamic equilibrium consists of a forward reaction, in which
substances react to give products, and a reverse reaction, in which
products react to give the original reactants.
A + B
C +D
The concentrations and reaction rate (less collisions, less component) of A and B
decreases over time as the concentrations and reaction rate of C and D increases
(more collisions, more component) over time until the rates are equal and the
concentrations of each components reaches a constant. This occurs at what we call
equilibrium -- Rf = Rr.
If the rates are equal, then there must be a relationship to show this.
3H2 + CO
CH4 + H2O
Rf=Rr
3H2 + CO
CH4 + H2O
CH4 + H2O
3H2 + CO
C+ D
Rf = kf [A][B]
A+ B
Rr = kr [C][D]
K
7
kf
kr
[C ][ D]
[ A][ B]
Constant divided by constant just call a new constant K. This ratio is given a
special name and symbol called equilibrium constant K relating to the equilibrium
condition at a certain temperature (temp dependent) for a particular reaction relating
conc of each component. This is basically a comparison between forward and
reverse reaction rates. At equilibrium, the ratio of conc of species must satisfy K.
K
8
kf
kr
[C ][ D]
[ A][ B]
aA bB
c
Kc
cC dD
c
[C ] [ D]
a
b
[ A] [ B]
Kp
( PC ) ( PD )
( PA ) a ( PB )b
Fe3+ + SCN-
FeSCN2+
K?
[ FeSCN ]eq
[ Fe3 ]eq[ SCN ]eq
Fe3+
Starting, [ ]o
MFe3+
Change, [ ]
-x
Equilibrium, MFe3+ - x
[ ]eq
SCN-
FeSCN2+
MSCN-
-x
+x
x
MSCN- - x
[ FeSCN 2 ]eq
[ Fe3 ]eq[ SCN ]eq
[M
Fe
[x]
- x][M
- x]
SCN
Calibration Curve
We basically force the [FeSCN2+] to equal the initial
[SCN-] by using a 1:1000 ratio of SCN- to Fe3+
pg 139: 20.00 mL of 2.00 x 10-4 M KSCN
20.00 mL of 0.200 M Fe(NO3)3
Calibration Curve
[SCN-]o = [FeSCN2+]eq within rxn (meaning taking into
account dilution)
No.1 Standard (pg 139)
10.0 x 10-5
1.00 x 10-4
5.00 x 10-5
2.50 x 10-5
blank:
0.00 M
0.00
No. 2 standard
(1.00 x 10-4 M SCN-) (10.00 mL) = CSCN- diluted No. 2 (20.00 mL)
[CSCN-diluted No. 2] = 5.00 x 10-5 M = [FeSCN2+]No. 2
No. 3 is done same way and then measure the absorbance at 460 nm (watch filter
on spec 20) of each for calibration curve.
Tip for plotting: make the three conc the same power of 10 and label axis conc x
10-5 M.
0.100
0.0500
0.0250
0.100 M
[SCN-]o
[Fe3+]o
0.0500 M
0.0250 M
0.0125 M
Determination of K
-Obtain calibration curve from first three solutions (top
of pg 139); this plot will allow you to determine the
[FeSCN2+]eq for each of the three experimental
mixtures.
Mix solutions for exp 1 (pg 140), obtain absorbance
from spec 20 at 460 nm, read absorbance off
calibration curve for [FeSCN2+]eq; technically the x in
K expression
Determination of K
Bottom table pg 140
[Fe3+]eq = [Fe3+]o x = [Fe3+]o [FeSCN2+]eq
[SCN-]eq = [SCN-]o x = [SCN-]o [FeSCN2+]eq
-Plug values into K expression and solve for K
-Repeat for exp 2 and 3
exp1
eq
exp 2
exp 3
spec 20
spec 20
spec 20
graph = x
graph
graph
[Fe3+]o [FeSCN2+]eq
= 0.0500 graphexp1 0.0250 graphexp2 0.0125 graphexp3
[SCN-]o [FeSCN2+]eq
1.00 x 10-4 graphexp2 1.00 x 10-4 graphexp3
= 1.00 x 10-4 graphexp1
eq
eq
[ FeSCN 2 ]eq
[ FeSCN 2 ]eq
[ FeSCN 2 ]eq
[ Fe3 ]eq[ SCN ]eq [ Fe3 ]eq[ SCN ]eq [ Fe3 ]eq[ SCN ]eq
Goal:
Average K for reaction and std dev.
Only computer plot required but make sure change
axis to some small increment.
Chemicals:
Take only 45 mL of each component.