TERCO

PART 1

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Laboratory Experiments

EM 6: SLIP-RING INDUCTON MOTOR 1

Task:

To investigate star-delta star and plugging, to measure the

efficiency At different loads, and to measure the torque
characteristic M=f(s),
I.e. the delivered torque as function of the slip.

Theory:

The efficiency (?) is the ratio between

Power out put (Pout) and power input (Pin).
The power output (Pout) is determined
By measuring the speed (n2) and the Torque (M).
The power input is measured with a wattmeter
(P) in one phase.
The slip (s) is calculated from the speed.
, where n1 is the synchronous
Speed, i.e. for this four pole motor 1500 rpm.
When the load on the motor is the small, the Speed will be
close to 1500 rpm and The Accuracy in calculation of the slip
poor. In such case the rotor frequency (F 2) Is read instead by
calculating the number Of oscillation during, e.g., 30 sec on
the Ammeter in the rotor circuit.
Where f1 = the mains frequency 50Hz

Star-delta start is affected by changing over the windings.

The start current for star-delta is reduced.

Plugging is effected by reversing two of the motor

terminations, so causing a tendency to rotate in the opposite
direction.

Circuit diagram

Equipment
G

= Electric torque meter MV 100

= Induction motor MV 121

TG

= Tachometer generator MV 153

Rb

= Load resistor TB 40

= Rotor starter MV 131

= Voltmeter 240V TI 105

I1

= Ammeter 6A TI 102

I2

= Ammeter 20-0-20A, TI 08

= Wattmeter 1A TI 109

= Current transformer 10/1A

= star-delta Switch to 33

= Reversing starter to 32

= Switch to 30

= power pack TF 123A

1.

Connecting up

1.1

Connect the torque meter as generator and the induction motor as

motor in accordance with the circuit diagram. The switch S must be
off and the selector switches on positions Forward (1) and .

1.2

Make a note of the rating s of the induction motor shown on the

rating plate.

1.3

The supervisor should now check the connections.

2.

Measurement of starting current

2.1

Set the rotor starter to minimum resistance and switch on the AC

voltage. Hold the rotor with the hand and turn up the voltage to 50V.
Make a note of the current. Then turn the voltage down to 0.

2.2

Set the rotor starter to maximum resistance. Hold the rotor with the
hand and turn up the voltage to 50V.Make a note of the current.
Then turn down the Voltage to 0.

2.3

Set the rotor starter to minimum resistance and the star/delta switch
to Y. Hold the rotor with the hand and turn up the voltage to 50V.
Make a note of the current. Then turn the voltage down to 0 and
turn off the voltage switch.

3.

Plugging

3.1

Set the rotor starter to maximum resistance, the star/delta switch to

Y and the reversing starter to 0.switch on the AC voltage down to 0
and turn it up to 220 V.

3.2

Turn the reversing starter to Forward (1), whereupon the motor

starts. When the motor has reached full speed, turn the star/delta
switch to .

3.3

Switch to star connection. Switch to Reverse (2) and measure the

time before the motor stops. Switch off the AC voltage.

4.

Measurement of efficiency characteristic and torque characteristic

4.1

Set the rotor starter to maximum resistance The

star/delta switch to and the reversions Starter to
Forward (1)switch on the AC voltage Whereupon
the motor stars. Slowly turn off the rotor Starter.

4.2

Adjust the voltage U to 220 V and hold it constant during the

measurement. Read U, I1, P, M, n2, and the rotor Frequency on the
ammeter I2. Check that the load resistor RB is set to minimum
Current. Turn on switch S and the DC voltage.

4.3

Vary the load with the shunt rheostat of the torque Meter and the
load resistor RB in steps of 1 Nm up to 10 Nm. For each step make
a note of U, I1, P, M, n2 and f2
M

4.4

Adjust the load resistor to minimum current turn

off switch S.

5.

Speed control

5.1

adjust the rotor starter so that roughly half of. Its resistance is

connected to the rotor circuit.

5.2

Repeat measurement 4.1 4.4.

5.3

Switch off the 220 V DC and 220/127 V AC.

Problems and tasks

a.

Fill in calculated values columns in the table

b.

Draw the graphs = f (pout) for measurements 4 and 5 in the same

diagram

c.

Draw the graph M= f (s) for measurements 4 and 5 in the same

diagra m. Extrapolate the graphs to M=0.what should be the slip for
M=0? Explain the difference.

d.

Calculate the percentage of no-load current in relation to the rated

current

e.

Calculate the power factor at full load. Explain the low value.

f.

Draw the circuit diagram for star/delta and reversing starter and
describe the functions of the switches.

g.

Calculate the ratio between starting current for delta and star
connection. What is the theoretical value

Table
Rating :

Meas.
no

Starting current :

I =

Plugging:

t=

UN
(V)

I1
(A)

A,

IR =

A,

IY =

sec

MEASURED VALUES
P
M
n2
(Watt) (Nm) (rpm)

f2
(Hz)

Pout
(Watt)

CALCULED VALUES
Pin

S
(Watt)
(%)
(VA)

EM 7: SLIP-RING INDUCTION MOTOR II

Task:

To test an induction motor in accordance with the standards.

Theory:

According to the standards the efficiency for three-phase

motors of more than 400 W should be determined according to
the loss summation method, which implies measurement of the
individual losses separately.
The losses in an induction motor are:
a) Losses independent of the load current
1) Iron losses
2) Friction losses in bearings
3) Ventilation losses
4) Friction losses in brushes
b) Losses dependent on the load current
1) Resistance losses in the primary winding
2) Resistance losses in the secondary winding
3) Stray losses in iron parts
4) Stray losses in conductors
Power will be measured by the two wattmeter method and
resistances by the volt-ammeter methods, which are assumed
to be known.

The resistance losses in a three-phase winding, irrespective of

the Circuitry, are

Where

R equals the resistance measured between two tapings

of The three-phase winding

I = one of the equal line currents

Equipment
G

= Torque meter

= induction motor MV 121

TG

= Tachometer generator MV 153

RB

= Load resistor TB 40

= Rotor starter MV 131

= Voltmeter 240 V, TI 105

I1

= Ammeter 0-6-12 A, TA 102

I2

= Ammeter 20-0-20, TI 08

TI1, T2

= Current transformer 10/1 A

= Terminal board with short circuit buttons TM

125

= Switch TO 30

= Power pack TF 123 A

For later use :

One Ohm-meter

Circuit diagram

1.

Connecting up

1.1

The torque meter should be connected as generator and the

induction motor in delta connection in accordance with the circuit
diagram.

1.2

Make a note of the motor ratings.

1.3

The supervisor should now check the connection.

2.

No load test

10

The sum of all losses according to a) under Theory should be

determined in a no-load test. In order that the result shall no be
affected by losses in the torque meter, the induction motor must be
disconnected from the torque meter during this test by pushing it
slightly to one side.
2.1

Check that the rotor starter is set so that the entire resistance is
connected to the rotor circuit.
Turn on the variable AC voltage switch and adjust the voltage to
220 V. when the motor has started slowly turn off the rotor starter

2.2

Adjust the voltage U to 220 V and make a note of all deflections of

the instrument. Note that the rotor frequency is so low that the
ammeter follows the instantaneous value of the rotor current. Make
a note of the peak value.

2.3

Turn back the rotor starter to full resistance and turn off the AC
voltage switch.

3.

Resistance measurement
In order to be able to calculate the losses according to b) under
Theory the resistance in the primary and secondary windings
must be measured.

3.1

Disconnected the stator termination, leaving the delta connection

intact. Measure the three resistances between U 1, V1, and W1 with
an ohm meter.

3.2

Disconnect the rotor starter leads to the rotor and instead connect
the Ohm-meter between two of the terminals. Turn the rotor slightly
during the measurement and observe that the deflections of the
instrument change. This is because of th varying resistance of the
brushes; to avoid this, open the casing over the slip rings. of the

11

motor and measure the resistance directly on the slip rings.

Measure the three resistances between the slip rings.

4.

Direct measurement
For comparison the efficiency will now be directly measured.

4.1

Connect the induction motor to the torque meter and check that the
connection is in accordance with the circuit diagram (EM 7.2).

4.2

Check that the rotor starter is set so that the full resistance is
connected to the rotor circuit.

4.3

Check that the switch S is off.set the shunt rheostat of the torque
motor to minimum exciting current and turn on the DC voltage switch.

4.4

Adjust the voltage U to 220 V and keep it constant during the

measurement.load the induction motor by adjusting the shunt
rheostat of the torque meter and then the load resistor R B in step of 2
Nm up to 10 Nm.For each step make a of U,I 1,PR,PT,I2,M and n (For
I2 note the mean value).
Reduce the load again to minimum.

Overload
According to the standards an induction motor shall be abi develop a
torque 1.6 times the normal torque (within 15 second) without
stopping or suddenly change speed.

5.1

Calculate and make a note of the torque with which the machine is to
be tested:

12

5.2

Load the motor for 15 second with the calculated torque. The test
Time must not exceed 15 second, otherwise the motor may be
overheated.

5.3

Stop the motor by turning the resistance of the rotor starter and
then switching off the AC voltage.

6.

Starting current
For this motor the starting current is so high
that it cannot be directly measured. Instead
the current is measured
voltages,

and

the

I1

at some lower

starting

current

is

determined by extrapolation of a curve

through the measuring points. To avoid lack of

uniformity caused by the stator and rotor slots, the rotor should be
rotated very slowly by hand during the measurement.
6.1

Set the variable AC voltage to 0 and the rotor starter to 0 resistance.

6.2

Turn on the AC voltage switch and cautiously increase the voltage

so that the stator current increases in step of 1 A up to current for
each make a note of U I1.then turn the AC voltage down to zero.

6.3

Set the rotor starter so that its entire resistance is connected to the
rotor circuit.cautiously increase the AC voltage so that the startor
current increases in step of 1 A up to rated current.for each step
make a note of U and I1.

6.4

Turn off the AC voltage switch.

13

Problem and Task

a.

Calculate the no-load power P om and the power factor in

measurement 2.
P R - PT
Pom = PR + PT

tanQ =
P R + PT

b.

Calculate the mean resistance in the three phases in

measurement 3.

c.

Calculate the mean resistance losses in stator and rotor for

Measurement 2 using the expression

,where

Ru is obtained from b) and I is the stator and rotor current no

load, respectively, in measurement 2.
d.

Calculate the actual no-load losses Po = Pom Pcu

e.

recalculate the resistances in b) at 75

C using the

expression
. R,

where

the

temperature

t in

the

measurement is assumed to be 20 oC.

f.

Calculate the resistance losses in stator and rotor at rated

current using the expression

14

g.

Calculate the brush resistance losses using the expression

Pbrus = 3 . 0.3. I2n, where 0.3 is the voltage drop in a brush
and I2n is the rotor current at rated load.

h.

Calculate the stray losses in iron and conductors together as

Pstray losses = 0.01 . Pn.

i.

Calculate the efficiency of the motor at full load:

Pn
=
Pn + Po + P1Cun + P2Cun + Pbrush + Pstray losses

k.

Calculate for measurement 4 the efficiency and power factor

of the motor for each measurement.

l.

Draw the graph = f(Pout),i.e. the efficiency as function of

power output.

m.

Read the efficiency from 1) for rated load and compare with
the calculated value under i).explain any differences.

n.

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the direct

method?

o.

Draw for measurement 6 the graph I 1 = f(U),i.e.the starting

current as function of the stator voltage.the U axis must run
to 220 V prolong the cueve and read the starting current at
rated voltage.

p.

why is the power factor of the induction motor so low also at

full load?

15

Table
Rating :
No-load test
U
(V)

MEARUSED VALUES
I1
PR
PT
I2
(A)

(W)

(W)

(A)

CALCULATED VALUES
Pom
I2rms
Po
tg cos
(W)
(A) (W)

Resistance measurement
MEARUSED VALUES
R1
R2
R3
()

()

CALCULATED VALUES
Rmean
R75
PCUo
PCUn

()

()

()

(W)

(W)

Stator
Rotor
Direct measurement
MEARUSED VALUES
PT
I2mean
M

I1

PR

(A)

(W)

(W)

(A)

(Nm)

n
(rpm)

CALCULATED VALUES
Pout

tg cos
(W) (W) (%)
Pin

Overload

16

M=

Nm

Did the motor stand up to the test?.............

Starting current
MEARUSED VALUES

CALCULATED VALUES

Stator
Rotor
Pbrus =

Pstray losses =

Starting current with rotor starter.A, without rotor starter.A

17

EM 8: RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Task:

To measure the resistance of the windings of electric machines

and to calculate the error of measurement.

Theory:

The measurement is done by the volt-ammeter method. The

voltmeter can be connected in two ways as shown in the
figures.

Rx

IU

Rx

+
U

Internal voltmeter connection

UA
+
A

External voltmeter connection

Regarding the consumption of the instruments themselves the

unknown resistance for the internal and external voltmeter
connection should be calculated as :

The results show an error of measurement (R x) due to the

inaccuracy of the instrument.
This error is calculated as.

U, I =

Maximum error of instrument, I.e. the accuracy class

multiplied by full deflection in the range used

18

Rx

Calculated value as above

The result of the measurement must be indicated in the formula

Rx + Rx. The error of measurement Rx must be indicated by
one digital and Rx must be rounded off so that R x affects only
the last digit of Rx.
Circuit diagram

Equipment
M = Induction motor MV 121
B = Battery 6 V
S = Switch TO 30
R = Rheostat TV 200/50
U = Voltmeter 6 V
I = Ammeter 2 A TI 101
For later use
DC machine MV 120
1.

Stator winding of the induction motor

1.1

Set up an internal voltmeter connection for measurement of the

resistance of the stator winding in accordance with the circuit
diagram.

1.2

The supervisor should now check the connection.

19

1.3

Turn on switch S and adjust the rheostat so that the current is

about 2 A.

1.4

Make a note of U,I, the range used, the accuracy class and
resistance of the instruments for the range used.

1.5

Transfer the measuring circuit to the next winding V 2 V1 and

repeat 1.4.

1.6

Measure the third winding W2 W1 in the same way.

2.

Rotor winding of induction motor

2.1

Transfer the measuring circuit to the rotor terminal K L read U and

I. Turn the rotor slightly and observe that the deflections change.
This is because the brushes provide unequal contact the slip rings.

2.2

In order that the contact resistance of the brushes shall not affect
the result, measure voltage drop in the rotor winding directly from
the slip ring. Open the case above the slip rings, release the
voltmeter with its leads and hold them directly against the slip rings
during the measurement.

2.3

Switch on the DC voltage and make a note of U and I.

3.

Rotor circuit of DC machine

The rotor circuit is connected as in the figure below

Ra=r

A2

A1

Rk=r

otor resistance
esistance of Commutating

Rk/2

Ra

Rk/2

Winding

20

This circuit also includes brushes and the method with a detached
voltmeter must therefore be used.
3.1

Transfer the previously used measuring circuit to the rotor circuit

A1 A2.

3.2

measure with the voltmeter by connecting it in accordance with the

figure below (directly to the commutator opposite the brushes):

Make a note of U and I

3.3

Then measure the resistance of he commutating winding by

connecting the voltmeter between A1 and the front or rear holder,
make a note of U for the measurement which gives the least
voltage drop.

Shunt winding of DC machine

4.1

Transfer the previously used measuring circuit to the shunt winding

F1 F2

4.2

Make a note of U,I, the ranges used, and the resistance of

instruments for the ranges used.

21

Problem and tasks

a.

Calculate all the measured resistance and include the correction for
the internal resistance of the instrument.

b.

Calculate the error in the resistance values taking into account the
accuracy of the instrument.

c.

How could the measurement be changed so that the error due to

inaccuracy of the instruments is reduced?

d.

Must the internal resistance of the instruments be taken into

account compared with their accuracy?

Table
Accuracy class of voltmeter
Accuracy class of ammeter

Task

No.

(V)

MEASURED VALUES
I
Range Range
(A)

(V)

(A)

Ru

RA

RX

()

()

()

CALCULATED VALUES
Rx
(%)

(%)

()

()

1.4
1.5
1.6
2.3
3.2
3.3
4.2

EM 9: SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR I

22

Task:

To measure the efficiency at loads, and to measure the torque

characteristic, M =f(s), i.e. the delivered torque as a function of
the slip.

Theory:

The efficiency () is the ratio between Power output(P out)and

power input (Pin)

The power output (Pout) is determined by measuring the speed

(n2) and the torque (M)
Where n=motor speed I rpm
M= torque in Nm
The power input is measured with a wattmeter (P) in one phase
Pin=3.P
Where P is the read off value ratio of the current transformer.
The slip (S) is calculated from the speed.
, where n1 is the synchronous speed, i.e. for this
four pole motor 1500 r.p.m.at 50hz.
1.

Connecting up

1.1

Connect the torque meter as generator and the induction motor as

motor in accordance with the circuit diagram. Switch S must be in
the Off position and star/delta switch in position 0.

1.2

Make s note of the ratings of the induction motor shown on the

rating plate.

23

1.3

The supervisor should now check the connections.

Circuit diagram

Equipment
G

= Electric torque meter MV 100

= Induction motor,squirrel cage,MV 123

Rb

= Load resistor TB 40

= voltmeter 60 and 240 V,TI 105

I1

= ammeter 10 A, TI 102

= wattmeter 1 A,240 V,TI 109

= Current transformer 10/1 A

= Star/delta switch TO 33

24

= Switch TO 30

= Power pack TF 123 A

2.

Measurement of efficiency characteristic and torque characteristic

2.1

Adjust the variable AC voltage to 220 V.

Turn the star/delta switch to Y. Switch on
the AC voltage, whereupon the Motor starts.
When the speed of the motor has stopped
increasing, set the star/delta switch to
position .

2.2

Adjust the voltage U to 220 V and hold it constant during the

measurements. Read U, I1,P,M, and n2 check that the load resistor
RB is set to minimum current. Turn on switch S and the DC voltage.

2.3

Vary the load with the shunt rheostat of in step

of 1 Nm, up to 10 Nm. For each step make a

note of U, I1, P,M, and n2.
2.4

Adjust the load resistor to minimum current.

Turn off switch S.

3.

Speed control

3.1

Adjust voltage U to 176 (80 of 220 V).

3.2

Repeat measurement 2.1 -2.4 up to 9.0 Nm.

3.3

Switch off the 220 V DC and 220/127 V AC.

25

Problems and tasks

a.
b.

Fill in the Calculated values columns in the table.

Draw the graphs = f(Pout) for measurements 2 and 3 on the same

c.

diagram.
Draw the graph M = f(s) for measurements 2 and 3 in the same

d.

diagram.
Extrapolate the graphs to M = 0. What should be the slip for M = 0?
Explain the different
Calculate the percentage of no-load current in relation to the rated

e.
f.

current.
Calculate the power factor at full load. Explain the low value.
Draw the circuit diagram for the star/delta switch and describe the
function of the switch.

26

Table
Rating:
Meas.
no

UN
(V)

MEASURED VALUES
I1
P
M
n2
(A) (Watt) (Nm) (rpm)

CALCULED VALUES
Pout
Pin

S
(Watt) (Watt)
(%)
(VA)

27

EM 10: SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR II

Task:

To determine the starting currents and to investigate plugging

Circuit diagram:

28

Equipment
G

= Electric torque meter MV 100

= Induction motor, Squirrel cage, MV123

RB

= Load resistor TB 40

= Switch TO 30

= Star/Delta switch TO 30

= Reversing starter TO 32

= Voltmeter 240V TI 105

I1

= Ammeter 10A TI 102

= Power pack TF 123A

Theory: The starting current for this motor this is so high that it cannot be
directly measured. Instead the current is measured at some.
Lower voltages and the starting current is determined by
extrapolation of a curve through the measuring point. To avoid
lack of uniformity caused by the stator and rotor slots, the rotor
should be rotated very slowly by hand during the measurement.
Star-delta start is affected by changing over the windings. The
start current for star-delta start reduced
Plugging is effected by reversing two of the motor terminations,
so causing a tendency to rotate in the opposite direction.

29

1.

Starting current

1.1

Set the star/delta switch to position and the reversing starter to

position forward (1).hold on to the rotor so that the motor does not
start.

1.2

Turn on the AC voltage switch and cautiously increase the voltage

so that the stator current increases in step of 1 A up to rated
current.
For each step make a note of U and I 1.then turn the AC voltage
down to zero.

1.3

Set the star/delta switch to position Y repeat measurement 1.2.

2.

Plugging

2.1

Set the star/delta switch to Y and the reversing starter to 0.switch

on the AC voltage and turn it up to 220 V.

2.2

Turn the reversing starter to Forward (1), whereupon the motor

starts. When the motor has reached full speed, turn the star/delta
switch to .

2.3

Switch to star connection. Switch to Reverse (2) and assess the

time that elapses before the motor stops. Switch off the AC voltage

Table
Starting current
Y

U (V)
I1 (A)

Problems and tasks

30

a.

Using the results in 1,draw the graph I1= f(U),i.e. the starting
current as function of the stator voltage. The U axis must run to 220
V extend the curve and read the starting current at rated voltage.

b.

Calculate the ratio between starting current for delta and star
connection.what is the theoretical value?

Laboratory exercise EM 11: SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR III

31

Task:

Loss summation test. To test an induction motor in

accordance with the standards

Theory:

According to the standards the efficiency of three phase

motor of more than 400W should be determined according to
the loss summation method, which implies measurement to
individual losses separately

The losses in induction motor are:

a)

b)

Losses independent of the load current

1)

Iron losses

2)

Friction losses in bearings

3)

Ventilation losses

4)

Friction losses in brushes (only slip-ring)

Losses dependent on the load current

1)

Resistance losses in the primary winding

2)

Resistance losses in the secondary winding

3)

Brush resistance losses (only slip-ring)

4)

Stray losses in iron parts

5)

Stray losses in conductors

Power will be measured by the two wattmeter method and resistances by

.the ohmmeter method. These methods are assumed to be known

Equipment

32

G = Torque meter MV 100

M = Induction motor, squirrel cage, MV 123
RB = Load resistor TB 40
U = Voltmeter 240 V, TI 105
I1 = Ammeter 10 A, TI 102
PR, PT = Wattmeter, 1 A, 240 V, TI 109
T1, T2 = Current transformer 10/1 A
K = Terminal board with short-circuit buttons TM 123
S = Switch TO 30
F = Power pack TF 123
An ohmmeter of high accuracy, in the range 1-10 ohm is required later in
.this experiment

Circuit diagram :

33

1.

Connecting up

1.1

The torque meter should be connected as generator and the

induction motor in delta connection in accordance with the circuit
diagram.

1.2

Make a note of the motor ratings.

1.3

The supervisor should now check the connections.

2.

No-Load test
The sum off all losses according to a) under Theory should be
determined in a no-load test. In order that the result shall not be
affected by losses in the torque meter, the induction motor must be

34

disconnected from the torque meter during this test by pushing it

slightly to one side.
2.1

Turn on the variable AC voltage switch and adjust the voltage to

220 V. Make a note of all deflections of the instruments. Turn off the
AC voltage switch

3.

Resistance measurement

In order to be able to calculate the losses according to b) under Theory

the resistance in the primary winding must be measured.
3.1

Disconnect all cables from the stator, leaving the delta connection
intact. Measure the three winding resistances between U 1, V1 and
W1

Direct measurement
For comparison, the efficiency will now be measured directly.

4.1

Connect the induction motor to the torque meter and check that the
connection is in accordance with the circuit diagram.

4.2

Turn on the variable AC voltage switch and adjust to 220 V.

4.3

Check that the switch S is off. Set the shunt rheostat of the torque
meter to minimum exciting current and turn on the DC voltage
switch.

4.4

Adjust the voltage U to 220 V and keep it constant during the

measurement. Load the induction motor by adjusting the shunt
rheostat of the torque meter and then the load resistor RB up to 9,5
Nm. Make a note of U,I1, PR,PT,M and N.
Reduce the load to a minimum once more and switch off all
voltages.

35

5.

Overload

According to the standards an induction motor shall be able to develop a

torque 1.6 times the normal torque with in 15 seconds, without stopping or
suddenly change speed.
5.1

Calculate and make a note of the torque with which the machine is
to be tested:

5.2

Load the motor for 15 seconds with the calculated torque. The test
time must not exceed 15 seconds; otherwise the motor may be
overheated.
Make a note as to whether the motor stood up to the test or not.

Problem and tasks

a.

Calculate the total no-load power P om and the power factor in

measurement 2.

b.

Calculate the mean value of the resistance in the three phases in

measurement 3.

c.

Calculate the resistance losses in the stator for no-load test using
the expression
, where R is obtained from b and I is the
measurement stator current in measurement 2.

d.

Calculate the actual no-load losses PO = POM PCUO.

36

e.

Recalculate the resistance in b. at 75 oC using the expression

, where the temperature t in the measurement 3 is
assumed to be 20 oC

f.

Calculate the resistance losses in stator at rated current using the

expression

g.

Calculate the resistance losses in the rotor using the expression

, where sn = the slip at the rated power Pn. The rated
speed and power are taken from the rating plate on the motor.

h.

Calculate the stray losses in iron and conductors together as

Pstray losses = 0.001. Pn

I.

Calculate the efficiency of the motor at full load :

k.

Calculate for measurement 4 the efficiency and power factor of the

motor.

l.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the direct method?

m.

Why is the pwer factor of the induction motor so low also at full
load?

37

Table
Rating:
No-load test
MEARUSED VALUES
U
I1
PR
PT
(V)

(A)

(W)

(W)

CALCULATED VALUES
Pom
Po
tg cos
(W)
(W)

Resistance measurement
MEARUSED VALUES
R1
R2
R3
()

()

()

Rmean

R75

CALCULATED VALUES
PCUo P1CUn P2CUn
PStray losses

()

()

(W)

(W)

(W)

(W)

(%)

Direct measurement
U
(V)

MEARUSED VALUES
I1
PR
PT
M
(A)

(W)

(W)

(Nm)

n
(rpm)

CALCULATED VALUES
Pin Pout

tg cos
(W) (W) (%)

Overload
M=

Nm

Did the motor stand up to the test?.............

38

EM 12

: SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR IV

TASK

: To Investigate the starting torque

THEORY : the starting torque is difficult to measure direcly. A specially

equipped torque meter is required. In this case an indirect
measuring method will be used in which the torque meter does
not need to be used.
In the induction motor there is a transfer of power from the stator
(1) to the rotor (2), which is given by
P12 = 1 M
Where

1 = synchronous angular velocity

M = air-gap torque

The shaf power from the motor is given by

P2 = 2 M
Where

2 = the angular velocity of the shaft

At the starting instan 2 = 0 and hence P2 = 0. This makes it

possible to determine the starting torque
M st

P12
1

The air gap power P12 is obtained from

P12 P1 P1CU PP1FE

Where

P1

= the input power at the starting instant

P1CU = copper losses in the primary winding =

3R1 I 1

P1FE = iron losses in the stator

Since the starting current of the motor large, the measurement is
carried out at a reduced voltage and the result is then recalculated
to give the starting current at the rated voltage.

39

Circuit Diagram

Equipment
M

= Induction motor, squirrel cage, MV 123

= star/delta switch to 33

= wattmeter 5A 240 V TI 109

I1

= Ammeter

= Voltmeter 130 V TI 105

= power pack TF 123 A

Ohmmeter 1-10 ohm

to protect wattmeter from being destroyed, use a current
transformer. The current in test 3 is 6.6 A, you can the change the
voltage connection to the 120 V terminal of the wattmeter.

40

Connnecting Up and starting

1. The induction motor is connecting up in accordance with the circuit
diagram. The torque meter is not connected in the circuit but can be
connected up with the motor during the test. The star/delta switch
must be in position Y.
2. Switch on variable voltage. Hold the rotor with the hand so that the
motor cannot start. Note that the motor is rather weak at the low
voltages used for this test.
Increase the variable voltage slowly until the current is the same as
.the rated current for the motor with star connection (3.8 A)
.Read off and make a note of the readings of I, U and P
.Turn back the AC voltage to zero
3. Set the star/delta switch to position "" . Increase the AC voltage
slowly in the same way as for measurement 2 until the current is
the same as the rated current for the motor with delta connection
(6.6 A).
.Read off and make a note of the readings of I, U and P
4. Measure the resistance of one of the motor windings with an
ohmmeter.

Problems and Task :

2

a. Calculate P1CU 3.R1 .I 1 for measurement 2.

b. Calculate P1CU 3.P P1CU for measurement 2. P1FE can be
neglected as the voltage is very low in this test.
P12
2 .1500
c. Calculate the starting torque M st
, where 1
for
1
60
this particular four-pole motor.

d. Calculate the starting torque at full voltage M stY M st .

VF

41

I1

e. Calculate P1CU 3.R1 .

for measurement 3. It is necessary to

use 3 because the motor was delta-connected for this test.

f. Calculate the starting torque for the delta connection in a
corresponding way to that described in b-d.
g. Calculate the ratio between the starting torques for the delta and
star connections.
?What is the theoretical value
Table
MEASURED VALUES
I
U
P
(A)
(V)
(W)

R1
(ohm)

CALCULTED VALUES
P1cu
P1
Mst
(w)
(W)
(Nm)

2
3
4
M stY = Nm
M st =.. Nm

Ratio :

M sty
M st

M.13.1

42

EM 13 : SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR V

Task

: To determine the maksimum torque

Theori : if we attempt to measure the maximum

torque direcly, the motor current will be far

M
Mmax

to high. Consequently the measurement is

carried out at a reduced voltage. If a motor
is loaded with more than maximum torque it
n

will stop suddenly. The current must then be

disconnected immediately in order to prevent the motor becoming
overheated.
Circuit Diagram

Equipment
G

= Electric torque meter MV 100

43

= Induction Motor, squirrel cage, MV 123

= voltmeter 130 V, TI 105

RB = load resistor TB 40
S

= switch TO 30

= power pack TF 123 A

Connecting up and starting

1. Switch on the variable AC voltage and increase it slowly to 100 V.
the motor should start and reach a speed of about 1400 rpm.
2. Set load resistor RB to the position that gives the minimum current.
Switch on the DC voltage and switch S.
3. Vary the load with the shunt resistor of the torque meter and the
load resistor RB in steps of 1 Nm up to the maximum torque for the
motor. Make a note of the torque and speed for each step.
4. Switch off the AC and DC voltage
Problem and task
a. Draw the graph M = f(n).
b. From the graph assess the maximum torque of the motor at 100 V.
c. Calculate the maximum torque of the motor for 220 V. the motor
torque is proportional to the square of the voltage.
220
M max 220 M max 100 .

100

Table
M (Nm)
N (rpm)
M max 100 ..................Nm
M max 220 ..................Nm

14.1
EM 15 : THE DAHLANDER MOTOR
Task

: to measure torque characteristics, starting currents and

starting torques for a three phase motor with a pole changing
winding.

44

Theory

: as it well known, the speed of an asynchronous motor can

be expressed as follows :
n

120. f
(1 s ) rpm where
p

n = speed
f = frequency
s = slip
p = number of poles
one way of controlling the speed is to change the number of poles p. polechanging can be achieved by means of two different windings with
different numbers of poles or by means of one pole-changing winding.
Motors which can be run at two different speeds in this way are called twospeed motors. A motor with a pole-changing winding is often called a
dahlander motor after its inventor. A dahlander motor cannot be started
with a star-delta connection but is generally started directly. A polechanging switch (dahlander switch) is used for switching between the
different speeds.
A dahlander motor makes better utilization of the stator than two different
windings with different number of poles but the speed

can only be

changed in a ratio of 1:2.

The dahlander motor can be designed in three different ways, giving the
motor different properties at the two speeds : the same power, the same
torque or a lower torque at the lower speed.
The motor which are going to examine here is designed for the same
power at bot speeds.
The dahlander motor is used in machine tools such as lathes and drills
and for fans and lifts.
Circuit Diagram

45

Equipment
F

= power supply unit TF 123

= torque meter MV 100

= two-speed motor MV 181

= load resistor TB 40

= dahlander switch to 35

= switch to 30

= current transformers 10/1 A

= wattmeter 1 A, 240 V

= voltmeter 240 V

= ammeter 10 A

For later use :

Ohmmeter
1.

connection

46

1.1

connect the torque meter as a generator and connect the motor by

means of the dahlander switch according to the circuit diagram.

1.2

Note the rated power and rated speed of the two speed motor from
the rating plate.

1.3

Calculate the rated torque of the motor at low and high

M

speeds respectively using the formula P = M ;

M.

2 .n
60

1.4

The instructor checks the connection.

2.

Measuring the torque characteristic for the motor

2.1

set the load resistor RB and the torque meters shunt rheostat in
their positions for minimum current. Switch on the AC voltage and
adjust it to 220 V.

2.2

set the dahlander switch in position 1. The motor now will start up
and reach a speed of about 1490 rpm. Change the switch to
position 2. The motor will now increase its speed to about 2950
rpm. Switch back the switch to position 1.

2.3

Adjust the voltage U to 220 V, which must be constant during the

experiment. Read off and note the speed n, the torque M, U, I and
P.

2.4

Switch on the circuit breaker for fixed DC voltage and the load
switch. Vary the motor load with the aid of the torque meters shunt
rheostat and, if necessary, also with the aid of load resistor R B. Vary
the load in steps of 1.0 Nm up to the rated torque for the motor
which was calculated in 1.3. read off and note the following values
for each step: n, M, U, I and P.

47

2.5

Reset the minimum load on the motor by setting the shunt rheostat
and RB in the position for minimum current. Change the dahlander
switch to the position 2. Now repeat the same measurement at the
higher speed. Note that the motor has a different rated torque at the
higher speed.

2.6

Set the minimum motor load and switch off the DC voltage and the
AC voltage. Set the dahlander switch at 0.

3.

Measuring the starting current and starting torque of the motor.

The starting current for this motor is so large that it cannot be
measured directly. Instead, the starting current is measured at a
lower voltage and is than converted to the rated voltage. The
starting torque is measured similarly by measuring the power startup.

EM 15.4
3.1

switch on the circuit-breaker for AC voltage. Set the dahlander

switch in position 1. retain the motor shaft with one hand and
gradually increase the AC voltage up to 50 V. read off and note U, I
and P.

3.2

change the dahlander switch to position 2. Note the instrument

reading for U, I and P.

4.

Measuring of resistance

4.1

measure the resistance between two of the motor-phase, using an

ohmmeter. Note the resistance. Carry out measurement with the
dahlander switch in position 1 and 2 respectively.

48

Processing
a.

For each measurement in position 2, calculate the input power 3. P,

the output power Pout

=M. and the efficiency of the motor

Pout
P
out where P must also be multiplied by the ratio of the
Pin
3 .P

current transformer.
b.

Draw the graphs n = f (M) and n = f (Pout ) for measurement no 2.

c.

Calculate the starting current of the motor at aretd voltage of 220 V

according to the following formula : I st

220
.I
U

carry out this

calculation for both high and low speeds according to measurement

No.3.
d.

Calculate the starting torque of the motor. Begin by reading the

theoretical section provided as an introduction to laboratory
experiment EM 12 : Asynchronous motor IV.
The resistance (R) of the motor is measured between two outputs.
The winding is star connected at the high speed. Consequently, the
resistance in a winding is R/2.

Calculate the air gap power P12 3.P 3.I 2 .

Calculate the starting torque M 12

R2
2

P12
1V

Recalculate the starting torque for 220 V

M st high = M st . 220
U

At the low speed winding is delta-connected. Consequently the

resistance in a winding is

49

3 3
3 4

.R1 R1 . R 2 R see below

2 2
2 3

The current through a winding is

I
3

Calculate the air gap power P12 = 3 . P-3 .

3
.R1
2

Calculate the starting torque of the motor at 220 V.

R1 2 R // 4 R
R1

2 R.4 R
4
R
2R 4R 3

R R
R
2 2
R2 R
R2

Table

50

Meas.

MEASURED VALUES

CALCULATED

No.
U

(V)

( A)

(W)

( rpm ) ( Nm )

Pin

VALUES
Pout

(W)

(W)

2.3
2.4

2.5

3.1
3.2

RATED POWER

RATED SPEED

RATED TORQUE

51