CHAPTER

REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Fifth Edition
Reinforced Concrete Design
A Fundamental Approach

Fifth Edition

SHEAR AND DIAGONAL

TENSION IN BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

6b

By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf

SPRING 2004

ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

Slide No. 1

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

The design of stirrups for shear

reinforcement involves the determination
of stirrup size and spacing pattern.
A general procedure is as follows:
1. Determine the critical section, shear values
based on clear span, and draw a shear
diagram for the factored shear force Vu.
2. Check whether

Vu Vc + 8 f cbw d

Slide No. 2

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Where bw is the web width or diameter of the

circular section. If this condition is not met,
the cross section has to be enlarged.
3. Use minimum shear reinforcement Av if Vu
larger than one-half Vc with the following
exceptions:
(a) Concrete joist construction
(b) Slabs and Footings
(c) Small shallow beams of depth not
exceeding 10 in. or 2 times flange
thickness

Slide No. 3

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear
min Av = 0.75 f c

bw s
fy

or Av =

50bw s
fy

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

whichever is larger

Good construction practice dictates that

some stirrups always be used to facilitate
proper handling of the reinforcement cage.
4. If Vu > Vc, shear reinforcement must be
provided such as that Vu (Vc + Vs), where
Av f y d

s
Vs =
Av f y d (sin + cos )
s

for vertical stirrups

for inclined stirrups

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If = 450, then
Vs =

1.414 Av f y d
s

5. Maximum spacing s must be

s=

d
24 in.
2

except that if Vs > 4 f cbw d , then the spacing

should be

d
12 in.
4

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Slide No. 5
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The flowchart of Figure 14 contains the

sequence of calculations needed for the
design of vertical stirrups.
Simple corresponding modifications of this
chart can be made so that the chart can
be used in the design of inclined web
reinforcement steel.

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Slide No. 6
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Figure 14. Flowchart for web

reinforcement design procedure

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Slide No. 7
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Example 3
A continuous reinforced concrete is 15 in.
wide and 33 in. deep, and has an effective
depth of 31 in. The beam is subjected to two
concentrated live loads of 62.5 kips each as
shown, and a distributed live load of 0.32 k/ft.
The distributed load does not include the
weight of the beam. Design the web
reinforcement if f c = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000
psi. Assume normal weight concrete.

Slide No. 8

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)
33
P

5 - 0

5 - 0

31

As

5 - 0

15

wu

Section A-A
A
15 0 clear span

Slide No. 9

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Example 3 (contd)

Calculate the factored loads:

Estimate self-weight of the beam
wsw =

15 33
(150) = 515.625 lb = 0.52 kips
ft
144
ft

Factored distributed load:

wu = 1.2(0.52 + 0.32 ) = 1.0

Kips
ft

Factored concentrated load

Pu = 1.6(62.5) = 100 kips

Slide No. 10

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)
33
100 k

5 - 0

31

100 k

5 - 0

As

5 - 0

15

wu = 1.0 k/ft

Section A-A
A
15 0 clear span

Slide No. 11

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear
2(100 ) + 1(15)

R1 = R2 =

Example 3 (contd)

= 107.5 k

Establish the shear force diagram for Vu:

100 k

5 - 0

100 k

5 - 0

5 - 0
wu = 1.0 k/ft

107.5 k

107.5 k

Slide No. 12

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

100 k

Example 3 (contd)

5 - 0

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

100 k

5 - 0

5 - 0
wu = 1.0 k/ft

107.5 k

107.5

107.5 k

102.5

Vu (kips)

2.5
2.5

107.5

See Figure 15 for enlargement

Slide No. 13

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

100 k

5 - 0

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

100 k

5 - 0

Example 2 (contd)

5 - 0
wu = 1.0 k/ft

107.5 k

107.5 k

Vu = 107.5 x(1)

d = 31 = 2.58

V
100 k

107.5 k

M
x

107.5 k

for 0 x 5

Vu* = Vu (2.58) = 107.5 2.58(1) = 104.9 k

Vu = 107.5 100 x(1)

for 5 x 10

Slide No. 14

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Example 3 (contd)
Because of the symmetry, we will focus on
the left half of the shear diagram as shown
in Fig. 2.
Vu Vc + 8 f cbw d
Shear capacity:

2(1) 4,000 (15)(31)

= 58.82 kips
1000
8 4000 (15)(31)
8 f cbw d =
= 235.27 kips
1000
Vc + 8 f cbw d = 0.75(58.82 + 235.27 ) = 220.57 kips

Vc = 2 f cbw d =

Slide No. 15

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)
Shear Capacity (contd)

(V
(V

*
u

)
1
= 104.9) > V
2

= 104.9 < 220.57

c

Vu Vc + 8 f cbw d

cross - section OK

= 22.06

Vc = 0.75(58.82) = 44.12 kips

*
u

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

stirrups are required

Slide No. 16

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear Figure 15

Example 3 (contd)
107.5
Vu*

104.9

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Sym.
CL

102.5

required Vs

Vc

44.12

1
Vc
2

Vu
(kips)

22.06

*
0

d = 31 = 2.58
5.0

2.5

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Slide No. 17
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Example 3 (contd)
Stirrups are required to the point where
1
Vu = Vc = 22.06 kips
2

From Figure 15, this point is located at the first

concentrated load and it is at distance 5 ft from
the face of the support.
Determine the required Vs on the Vu diagram:
required Vs = max Vu Vc wx

= 107.5 44.12 (1)x

required Vs = 63.38 x
for 2.58 x 5

Slide No. 18

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

V V
Procedure for shear
Eq.17 : V =

Example 3 (contd)

Try No. 3 vertical stirrups (Av = 0.22 in2):

required s * =

Ay f y d
0.75(0.22 )(60 )(31)
=
= 5.05 in.
required Vs*
104.9 44.12

use 5 in.

Establish ACI Code maximum spacing

requirements:
4 4000 (15)(31)
= 117.6 kips
1000
V * 104.9 44.12
= 81.04 kips
Vs* = s =

0.75
4 f cbw d =

Slide No. 19

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Example 3 (contd)

Table 1. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)

Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10

#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00

$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10

#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40

Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90

#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00

#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70

#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60

10

Slide No. 20

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)
Since 81.04 kips < 117.6 kips, the
maximum spacing shall be the smallest of
the following values (see Eq. 18):

Av f y
A f
0.22(60,000 ) 0.22(60,000 )
= 18.6 in.
, v y = max
,
smax = max
50(15)
0.75 f cbw 50bw
0.75 4000 (15)
d 31
= 15.5 in.
smax = =
controls
2 2
smax = 24 in.

Therefore, use a maximum spacing of 15 in.

Slide No. 21

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)
Determine the spacing requirements
between the critical section and the first
concentrated load:
Ay f y d
0.75(0.22 )(60 )(31)
required s =
=
required Vs

63.38 x

The results of applying above equation for

values of x ranges from 3 to 5 are tabulated
as shown
x (ft)

Required s (in)

5.08

5.17

5.26

11

Slide No. 22

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)

Since no stirrups are required in the

distance between the concentrated loads,
it is clear that the maximum spacing of 15
in. need not be used in that distance.
A spacing of 5 in. will be used between the
face of the support and the concentrated
load.
The center part of the beam will be
reinforced with stirrups at a spacing slightly
less than the maximum spacing of 15 in.

Slide No. 23

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

Example 3 (contd)

Final Sketch for Shear Reinforcement:

7 6

Sym.
CL

10 spaces @ 6 = 5
3

1
1 1
2

1 1

1
2

12

Slide No. 24

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Example 3 (contd)

Final Sketch for Shear Reinforcement:

#3 stirrup

3 3

1
1 clear
2

1 5
Section A-A

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

Slide No. 25
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Deep beams are structural elements

loaded as beams but having a large
depth/thickness ratio.
For deep beams, the shear span/depth
ratio is not to exceed 2 for concentrated
load and 4 for distributed load, where the
shear span is the clear span of the beam
for distributed load.

13

Slide No. 26

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Because of the geometry of deep beams,

they behave in a non-linear analysis as
two-dimensional rather one-dimensional
members and are subjected to a twodimensional state of stress.
As a result, plane sections before bending
do not necessarily remain plane after
bending.
Strain distribution no longer considered
linear.

Slide No. 27

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

span/depth 2

Heavy loading

ln

concentrated load :
distributed load :

a
<2
d

ln
<4
d

14

Slide No. 28

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Design Criteria
Deep beam have a higher nominal shear
resistance Vc than do normal beams.
While the critical section for calculating the
factored shear force Vu is taken at a distance
d from the face of the support in normal
beams, the shear plane in the deep beam is
considerably steeper in inclination and closer
to the support.

Slide No. 29

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Design Criteria (contd)

If x is the distance of the failure plane from the
face of the support, the expression for
distance become

uniform load :

x = 0.15ln

concentrated load : x = 0.50a

In either case, the distance x should not
exceed the effective depth d of the beam.

15

Slide No. 30

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Design Criteria (contd)

The factored shear force Vu has to satisfy the
condition
Vu 10 f cbw d

or
Vn 10 f cbw d
If not, the section has to be enlarged.
The strength reduction factor = 0.75 for
deep beams (the same as for normal beams).

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

Slide No. 31
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Design Criteria (contd)

The nominal shear resistance force Vc of plain
concrete can be taken as

M
Vd
Vc = 3.5 2.5 u 1.9 f c + 2500 u bw d 6 f cbw d
Vu d
Mu

Where
M
1.0 < 3.5 2.5 u 2.5
Vu d

16

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

Slide No. 32
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Design Criteria (contd)

If Vu > Vc, shear reinforcement has to be
provided such that Vu (Vc + Vs), where Vs is
the force resisted by the shear reinforcement:
A 1 + ln / d Avh 11 ln / d
Vs = v
+

f y d
12
12
s
s

h
v
Av = total area of vertical stirrups spaced at sv in the horizontal direction
at both faces of the beam
Avh = total area of horizontal stirrups spaced at sh in the vertical direction
at both faces of the beam

CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS

Deep Beams

Slide No. 33
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Design Criteria (contd)

Maximum and Minimum Requirements
d
or 12 in.
5
d
max sh
or 12 in.
5
min Avh = 0.0015bsh
max sv

min Av = 0.0025bsv

The shear reinforcement required at the critical

section must be provided throughout the entire
length of the beam.

17