Professional Documents
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Chapter 8
Balances on Nonreactive Processes
Name: _____________
Date: ______________
Student View
0.114
moles O 2
mol
Strategy
moles H 2O
h
T = 20 C
P = 1 atm
30.5
In order to solve this problem, we need to perform energy balances on the condenser. To
determine the enthalpies required to complete the energy balance, we will select a reference
state for each of the components in this process.
Solution
For this process, the change in the potential and kinetic energy will be neglected. In addition,
since there are no moving parts in the condenser, the shaft work will be also neglected.
Hence, the energy balance equation is given by:
= H
= n H
Q
i i n i H i
out
in
In order to facilitate the enthalpy calculations, the following reference states for each
component in this process will be selected:
Liquid water @ T = 20C, P = 1 atm
Nitrogen gas @ T = 20C, P = 1 atm
Oxygen gas @ T = 20C, P = 1 atm
Student View
n in ,
mol
h
-
________
N2 (g)
534
O2 (g)
________
H
in
H
2
H
3
mol
h
________
n out ,
H
out
100
________
85.5
There are some observations that can be made from this table:
*Since there is no liquid water entering the condenser, the corresponding cells were
marked out using dashes.
*The flow rates were obtained by multiplying the molar fraction of each component
by the total flow rate of the corresponding stream.
*The enthalpy of the liquid water exiting the system was set to zero since it is leaving
the system at the reference conditions. This also occurs for the nitrogen and oxygen
leaving the system.
*The unknown enthalpies were labeled and will be calculated to solve this problem.
To calculate the 4 unknown enthalpies in the table, hypothetical process paths from the
reference states will be constructed.
When a liquid or solid undergoes a change in pressure, its enthalpy can be calculated as
follows:
=V
P
H
is the specific volume of the liquid or solid.
where V
Since there is no change in pressure between the actual conditions and the reference
conditions for all the species in the condensation process, the changes in enthalpy as a result
of a pressure difference will be equal to zero.
For a change in the temperature of a component, the enthalpy can be obtained by the
following equation:
Tf
=
H
Cp dT ,
Ti
Student View
2O(l)
kJ
2
= 7.54 10
mol
Cp,H
2O(g)
kJ
2
= 3.346 10 + ( ______________
mol
2 (g)
kJ
= ( ____________
mol C
2 (g)
kJ
2
2
12
T3
Cp,N
Cp,O
) T3
____________
Ti
Tf
Ti
Tf
Ti
Tf
Ti
2O(l)
C p,H
2O(g)
C p,N
2 (g)
C p,O
2 (g)
dT = 7.54 102 T
C p,H
Tf
Ti
) (
Tf
Ti
Tf
Ti
Tf
Ti
kJ
kJ
or
mol K
mol C
Student View
H
v,H
2O
= _________
kJ
mol
The enthalpy of the water vapor entering the process will be calculated by the addition of the
following changes in enthalpy:
-Change of enthalpy of the liquid water from Tref to the boiling point temperature Tbp.
-Heat of vaporization from liquid to vapor.
-Change of enthalpy of the vapor water from the boiling temperature Tbp to the inlet
temperature Tin
Writing these enthalpies as equations, we have
=
H
1
Tbp
Tref
Cp,H
2O(l)
dT + H v +
Tin
Tbp
Cp,H
2O(l)
dT
substituting the corresponding expression and numerical values into this equation yields:
kJ = ( _________ ) (100C 20C) + 40.656 + 3.346 10 2 (80C 100C)
H
1
mol
)
{(
}
+ {( ____________ ) ( ____ C) ( _____ C) }
{( 8.983 10 ) ( ____ C) ( ____ C) }
13
= 46.01 kJ
H
1
mol
For the enthalpy of the water vapor exiting the condenser, a similar procedure is followed,
only that the temperature at the final condition will be the temperature of the water vapor
exiting the process:
=
H
4
Tbp
Tref
Cp,H
2O(l)
dT + H v +
Tout
Tbp
Cp,H
2O(l)
dT
Student View
mol
)
{(
}
+ {( __________ ) ( ____ C) (_____ C) }
{( 8.983 10 ) ( ____ C) ( ______ C) }
13
= 43.98 kJ
H
4
mol
The enthalpy of the nitrogen and oxygen in the process will be obtained by calculating the
change in enthalpy from the reference temperature to the temperature at the final conditions.
For nitrogen and oxygen, the heat of vaporization will not be considered because there is no
phase change for these gases. This can be written as follows
=
H
2
Tin
=
H
3
Tin
Tref
Tref
Cp,N
Cp,O
2 (g)
2 (g)
dT
dT
Substituting the integrated expressions for the specific heat of nitrogen and oxygen into the
corresponding equation yields:
kJ = 2.9 102 (80C 20C) + 1.1 106 (80C)2 (20C) 2
H
mol
{(
= _______ kJ
H
2
mol
Student View
mol
13
= _______ kJ
H
3
mol
The general balance equation can be rewritten as follows, according to the number of
components present in the condensation process (neglecting zero enthalpies):
= H
= n H
+ n H
Q
5 5 + n 6 H 6 n1H1 n 2 H 2 n 3 H 3
4 4
Substituting the known flow rates and enthalpies into this equation yields:
mol H 2 O
kJ
kJ
= H
= _____ mol H 2O 43.98
Q
_____
46.01
h
mol H 2 O
h
mol H 2O
mol N 2
mol O 2
kJ
kJ
_____
85.5
_____
534
h
mol N 2
h
mol O2
= _________ kJ 1 h
Q
h 3600 s
= _________ kW
Q
The negative sign on the result indicates that this amount of heat must be removed from the
process in order to achieve the condensation of the amount of water shown in the process
diagram.
Student View
Strategy
Since the gas is being cooled inside a constant-volume tank, the heat transferred is equal to
the change in internal energy of the gas.
Solution
From the first law of thermodynamics applied for a closed system, the heat transferred is
given by:
Q = U
The change in internal energy is defined by Equation 8.3-6 of Felder & Rousseau:
T2
=
U
Cv (T) dT
T1
T2
T1
Student View
3
3
+ (1.096 109 ) ( ____ C ) ( ______ C )
4
4
( ___________ ) ( ____ C ) ( ______ C )
= ________
U
kJ
mol
To determine the amount of energy, the molar internal energy must be multiplied by the
number of moles of hydrogen, which can be calculated using the ideal gas equation:
PV = nRT
Solving for the number of moles n and entering the known quantities in this equation yields:
( _________ Pa ) 70 m3
PV
=
n=
RT
Pa m3
8.314
( ______ K )
mol
n = ________ moles
Thus, the total heat transferred can be calculated as follows:
Q = U = nU
Substituting the molar internal energy and the number of moles of hydrogen in the storage
tank into this equation we get:
kJ
mol
Q = _____________ kJ
Student View
Solution
Equation 8.3-2 of Felder & Rousseau gives the heat transfer rate for an open system
(neglecting shaft work, kinetic and potential energies):
= H
Q
is given by the following equation:
The definition of the molar change in enthalpy, H
T2
=
H
Cp (T)dT
T1
The expression for the Cp of hydrogen as a function of temperature can be obtained from
Table B.2 of Felder & Rousseau, and it is given by:
kJ
2
2
13 3
Cp
= (2.884 10 ) + ( __________ )T + ( __________ )T (8.698 10 )T
mol C
Substituting the heat capacity equation at constant pressure in the definition of the change in
molar enthalpy gives:
T
T1
Daniel Lpez Gaxiola
Jason M. Keith
Student View
3
3
4
4
+ (1.096 109 ) ( 220C ) ( 377C ) ( __________ ) ( 220C ) ( 377C )
= _______
H
kJ
mol
The heat transfer rate can now be obtained by multiplying the change in molar enthalpy by
the molar flow rate of hydrogen. Thus,
= H
= n H
Entering the numeric values into this equation and applying conversion factors, we get:
1 day
= _________ kg ______ kJ 1 kmol H 2 1000 moles
Q
day
mol ____ kg H 2 1 kmol _________ s
= 3.2 10 4 _____
Q
b) In a steam-methane reforming process, 3000 kg of steam at 100 C are to be stored in a
tank and heated to a temperature of 210 C, before entering the reaction chamber to produce
hydrogen. Determine the amount of heat that must be applied to the steam to reach 210 C.
Strategy
To solve this problem we need to use the energy balance equation for a closed system. To
calculate the required amount of heat, the heat capacity of steam at constant volume must be
obtained from the heat capacity at constant pressure.
Solution
Since the steam is being stored in a tank, the process described in the problem statement is
occurring at constant volume. Hence, the amount of heat transferred is given by:
Q = U
The change in the molar internal energy of the steam can be obtained by integrating the heat
capacity equation at constant volume with respect to temperature:
T2
=
U
Cv (T)dT
T1
Student View
Cv = Cp R
Substituting the expression for Cp as a function of temperature into this equation, and the
universal gas constant into this equation, we get:
kJ
C v = ( __________ ) + (6.880 106 )T + ( __________ )T 2 ( __________ )T 3
mol C
kJ
8.314 103
mol C
The expression for the heat capacity at constant volume can now be obtained by subtracting
the universal gas constant from the Cp equation to obtain:
kJ
9
2
Cv
= ( __________ ) + ( __________ )T + (7.604 10 )T
mol C
kJ
( __________ )T 3
mol C
kJ
kJ
or
because the
mol C
mol K
absolute value of the temperature difference is the same for both degrees Kelvin and degrees
Celsius.
Note that the universal gas constant can have either units of
Now that we have the Cv equation as a function of temperature, we can substitute it into the
definition of the change in molar internal energy and integrate it to get:
T
kJ = ( __________ )T + ( __________ )T 2 + (2.535 109 )T3 ( __________ )T 4 2
U
T1
mol
Student View
mol
3
3
4
4
+ (2.535 109 ) ( ____ C ) ( ____ C ) ( _________ ) ( ____ C ) ( ____ C )
= 2.903
U
kJ
mol
To find the total amount of heat being transferred to the steam, the molar internal energy
must be multiplied by the number of moles of steam in the tank. To calculate the number of
moles, we divide the mass of steam by the molecular weight of water:
1 kmol 1000 moles
kJ
Q = U = _______ kg
2.903
mol
____ kg 1 kmol
Q = __________ kJ
Student View
Strategy
The solution to this problem can be obtained by calculating the heat capacity of each gas as a
function of temperature.
Solution
To determine the heat capacity of both carbon dioxide and oxygen, the equations must be
built from the parameters shown in Table B.2 of Felder & Rousseau:
Cp,O
2 (g)
Cp,CO
kJ
= ( ________
mol C
2 (g)
) + (1.158 105 ) T (
kJ
2
= 3.611 10 + ( ________
mol C
)T (
________
) T2 + (
________
) T3
When the heat capacity of a mixture is to be determined, the following equation should be
used:
Cp,mix (T) =
all mixture
components
y i , C p,i ( T )
The molar fraction of each gas can be calculated using the ratio of moles of oxygen to moles
of carbon dioxide.
y O = 0.5y CO
2
In addition, it is known that the constituents of the gas being fed into the fuel cell are carbon
dioxide and oxygen. Thus,
y O + y CO = 1
2
Substituting the equation previously solved for the molar fraction of oxygen into this
equation and solving for yCO2, we get:
Daniel Lpez Gaxiola
Jason M. Keith
Student View
y CO =
2
1
1.5
yCO = _______
2
moles CO 2
mol
This value can be entered into the equation for the molar fraction of oxygen yO2 in terms of
the molar fraction of carbon dioxide yCO2 to get:
moles O 2
moles CO 2
y O = 0.5
______
2
moles CO 2
mol
y O = _______
2
moles O 2
mol
Now, both of the heat capacity equations as a function of temperature must be multiplied by
the corresponding mol fraction:
moles O 2
mol
moles CO 2
mol
( ________
) + (1.158 105 ) T (
)T (
________
) T 2 + (1.3111012 ) T 3
________
) T2 + (
________
+ ( 2.407 10
)+(
Student View
) T 3
Cp,mix (T) = ( 3.377 103 ) + ( 3.208 105 ) (650 C) ( ________ ) (650 C)2
+ ( ________ ) (650 C)3
kJ
mol K
Student View
m3 air (STP)
V = 0.233
min
T = 30 C
mol O 2
0.31
mol
mol N 2
0.69
mol
Strategy
m3 air (STP)
V = 0.233
min
T = 600 C
mol O 2
0.31
mol
mol N 2
0.69
mol
HEATER
Q
The strategy for solving this problem is to use energy balances and determine the enthalpies
of the components of air in this process by selecting reference states. In addition, the flow
rate given in the problem statement will have to be converted to the operating conditions of
the process.
Solution
The following table summarizes the species involved in the air heating process for the fuel
cell.
O2
mol
min
n 1
N2
n 2
Substance
n in ,
, kJ
H
in
mol
H
1
H
2
mol
min
n 3
n out ,
, kJ
H
out
mol
H
3
n 4
H
4
V
std
,
V
std
where:
Student View
m3
0.233
min = _____ mol
n =
m3
min
_______
mol
Now the flow rate of each one of the gases being heated can be calculated as follows:
n i = yi n
mol
= 3.22
n O = ____
_____
2
mol
min
min
mol N 2
mol N 2
mol
n N = ____
_____
= _____
2
mol
min
min
The energy balance equation omitting the kinetic and potential energy changes and the shaft
work terms will be given by:
= H
= n H
n H
Q
i i
i i
out
in
To determine the unknown enthalpies in this problem, the selected reference state for air will
be:
Air @ P = 1 atm, T = 30 C
Since the air is entering the heater at the same conditions as the reference of state of air, the
enthalpies H1 and H2 will be equal to zero.
The updated table will look as follows:
O2
3.22
, kJ
H
in
mol
0
N2
_____
Substance
n in ,
mol
min
mol
min
_____
, kJ
H
out
mol
H3
_____
H
4
n out ,
The remaining unknown enthalpies will be calculated based on the selected reference
temperature, using the heat capacity of each gas as a function of temperature:
Student View
=
H
3
Tout
=
H
3
Tout
ref
C p,O
________
)+(
ref
= ( ________
H
3
)T + (
________
) T2 (
________
) T 3 + ( 3.278 1013 ) T 4
Tout
Tref
The same procedure is followed for the enthalpy of nitrogen in the air exiting the heater:
=
H
4
Tout
=
H
4
Tout
ref
Cp,N
________
)+(
ref
= ( ________
H
4
)T + (
________
) T2 + (
________
) T3 (
________
Tout
Tref
) T4
mol
{(
________
) (600C)3
kJ
{( ________ ) (600C) (30C) } mol
kJ
kJ
(30C) }
+ {( 3.278 10 ) (600C) (30C) }
mol
mol
3
13
= _________ kJ
H
3
mol
mol
+
{(
________
) (600C)3
kJ
{( ________ ) (600C) (30C) } mol
kJ
kJ
(30C) }
{( ________ ) (600C) (30C) }
mol
mol
3
= ________ kJ
H
4
mol
These enthalpy values and the molar flow rates of each gas can now be substituted into the
energy balance equation to determine the amount of heat transferred to air:
= H
= n H
+ n H
Q
3 3
4 4
min
mol
min
mol 60 s
= 3 kW
Q
Student View
Saturated Steam
m3
0.70
hr
P = 2177 kPa
Air Steam
mol H 2 O
0.17
mol
P = 101.3 kPa
0.83
mol air
mol
a) Determine the temperature of the outlet air/steam mixture stream. The selected reference
states for the streams in this process are:
Air @ T = 750 C, P = 101.3 kPa
Liquid water @ Triple point (0C)
Strategy
The energy balances for an adiabatic system will be the key for solving this problem. The
heat capacity equations as a function of temperature will be used to calculate the required
temperature.
Solution
The energy balance equation for adiabatic operation, negligible potential and kinetic energies
and no mechanical parts moving (Ws = 0) is reduced to:
= n H
n H
=0
H
i i
i i
out
in
Student View
n in ,
Substance
O2
N2
H2 O
(superheated steam from SOFC)
H2O (saturated)
, kJ
H
in
mol
H1
n 5
, kJ
H
out
mol
H5
n out ,
mol
hr
n 2
H
2
n 6
H
6
n 3
H
3
n 7
H
7
n 4
H
4
n 8
H
8
The molar flow rates of each species have to be determined since the process diagram is
giving only the volumetric flow rates.
For the gas streams, the molar flow rates can be obtained from the ideal gas law:
n =
PV
RT
The volumetric flow rate, temperature and pressure of the exhaust gases exiting the fuel cell
can be entered into this equation to determine the molar flow rate:
n =
m3
hr
mol
= _______
kJ
hr
3
8.314 10
(1023 K )
mol K
If we multiply this molar flow rate by the molar fraction of its components, the molar flow
rates n 1 , n 2 , n 3 and n 4 can be obtained as shown in the following equations. For the dry air,
the composition was considered to be 21 mol % oxygen and 79 mol % nitrogen.
mol O 2
mol air
mol
n 1 = y1n = ____
0.21
_______
mol
mol air
hr
mol O2
n 1 = _____
hr
mol N 2
mol air
mol
n 2 = y 2 n = _____
_____
________
mol
mol air
hr
mol N 2
n 2 = _______
hr
Daniel Lpez Gaxiola
Jason M. Keith
Student View
mol
n 3 = y3n = ______
_______
mol
hr
mol H 2 O
n 3 = _______
hr
To determine the molar flow rate of the saturated water, we can use the ideal gas law. It is
noted that the temperature is not given directly in the diagram but the pressure value of 2177
kPa can be used to look for a temperature value in the saturated steam tables. Hence, the
temperature is found to be:
T = _________ C
Substituting this value into the ideal gas equation, yields:
m3
_______
kPa
0.7
(
)
PV
hr
4
n 4 =
=
kJ
RT
3
8.314 10
( _______ K )
mol K
n 4 = _______
mol H 2 O
hr
Since there is no other stream mixing with the gases coming from the fuel cell, their flow
rates will remain constant:
n 1 = n 5 = _____
mol H 2O
n 2 = n 6 = _______
n 3 = n 7 = _______
hr
mol H 2 O
hr
mol H 2 O
hr
In addition, since there is no accumulation of water in the system, the molar flow rate of the
liquid water entering the boiler will be the same as the flow rate of the saturated steam
produced.
n 4 = n 8 = _______
mol H 2O
hr
Student View
The enthalpy of the superheated steam coming from the fuel cell can be also determined by
looking the value in Table B.7 of Felder & Rousseau, at a pressure of 101.3 kPa and a
temperature of 750 C.
= ________ kJ (superheated steam @ P = 101.3 kPa, T = 750 C)
H
3
mol
In addition, it can be seen that the selected reference state for the air is at the same conditions
present in the input stream. Hence, the enthalpy of the dry air entering the boiler is equal to
zero.
With these considerations, the updated table for the boiling process will look as follows:
Substance
O2
N2
H2 O
(superheated steam from SOFC)
H2O (saturated)
mol
hr
270
n in ,
, kJ
H
in
mol
0
mol
hr
270
n out ,
, kJ
H
out
mol
H5
_______
_______
H
6
263.2
_______
263.2
H
7
_______
1.886
_______
________
=
H
i
ref
C p, i (T)dT
Student View
kJ
= ( _________
mol C
2 (g)
Cp,N
2 (g)
) + (1.158 105 ) T (
kJ
2
= 2.9 10 + ( _________
mol
)T + (
_________
) T3
_________
) T2 (
kJ
= ______________
mol C
kJ
2
3
Cp,H O(g)
= ( _________ ) + ( _________ ) T + ( _________ ) T ( _________ ) T
2
mol C
Cp,H
2O(l)
Since there is no phase change for the air, the enthalpy can be obtained by integrating the
heat capacity equation with respect to temperature. The temperature interval will be from the
reference temperature to the output temperature.
=
H
5
=
H
6
750 C
750 C
C p, O (T)dT
2
C p, N (T)dT
2
Substituting and integrating the heat capacity equations into the definition of the enthalpies
,H
, we get:
H
5
6
T
750 C
750 C
Student View
mol
3
4
+ ( __________ ) T 3 ( _____ C ) ( __________ ) T 4 ( _____ C )
6
mol
__________
The only remaining enthalpy is for the steam exiting in the air/steam mixture. In order to
calculate this, a hypothetical path will be constructed as follows:
=H
(water at reference conditions) + H
(liquid water from ref. conditions to boiling point)
H
7
7a
7b
(heat of vaporization) + H
(steam from boiling point to process temperature)
+H
7c
7d
The enthalpy of liquid water at the triple point of water is equal to zero. Hence, the first term
of this equation can be eliminated.
Each one of the remaining enthalpies in this equation are defined as follows:
=
H
7b
bp
ref
bp
7d
p,H O(v)
The heat capacity equations of liquid and vapor water can be substituted into the second and
fourth terms of this equations, respectively to yield:
=
H
7b
100 C
=
H
7d
0 C
100 C
7.54 102 dT
Student View
kJ
{( 7.54 10 ) [ ____ C ____ C]} mol
2
= _______ kJ
H
7b
mol
kJ = ( __________
H
7d
mol
3
4
+ ( __________ ) T 3 ( _____ C ) ( __________ ) T 4 ( _____ C )
7d
mol
+ ( __________ ) T 3.383
The enthalpy of the superheated water exiting the boiler can now be calculated by adding the
,H
, and H
:
enthalpies H
7c
7b
7d
=H
+H
+H
H
7
7c
7b
7d
= ______ kJ + 40.656 kJ + ( __________ ) T 4 + ( __________ ) T 3 + ( __________ ) T 2
H
7
mol
mol
kJ
+ ( __________ ) T 3.383
mol
7
mol
+ ( __________ ) T + 44.813
So far, we have found expressions for the some of the unknown enthalpies as a function of
the temperature of the air/steam mixture exiting the boiler, T. In order to determine the
enthalpy values, we need to determine this temperature by using the energy balance equation.
Substituting the enthalpy and flow rate of each component into the energy balance equation
will yield:
= n H
+ n H
+ n H
+ n H
n H
n H
=0
H
5 5
7 7
6 6
8 8
3 3
4 4
Student View
mol
hr
mol
263.2
mol
kJ
mol
kJ
________
________
1.886
=0
hr
mol
hr
mol
After multiplying the molar flow rates by each enthalpy equation and adding similar terms,
we have:
= ( 8.766 10 10 ) T 4 + ( __________ ) T 3 + ( __________ ) T 2 + 46.105T
H
kJ
=0
hr
We can solve this equation by using computer software or numerically to find the
temperature value to be:
_________ ]
T _____ C
b) Determine the enthalpy of the air/steam mixture exiting the boiler:
Strategy
The equations for the enthalpy of each substance as a function of temperature obtained in
part a) of this problem can be used to obtain the enthalpy of the mixture.
Solution
The enthalpy of the humid air exiting the boiler can be obtained by multiplying the molar
fraction of each component by its corresponding enthalpy. This can be written as:
=yH
+y H
+y H
H
m
5 5
7 7
6 6
, H
and H
can be calculated by entering the temperature value found in
The enthalpies H
5
7
6
part a) into the corresponding enthalpy equation:
Student View
kJ
+ ( ___________ ) ( ______ C) 24.332
mol
= _________ kJ
H
5
mol
kJ
mol
= 11.067 kJ
H
6
mol
kJ
mol
= 58.887 kJ
H
7
mol
Substituting the individual enthalpies and the molar fractions into the equation for the
enthalpy of the mixture, we get:
mol O 2
kJ
mol air
kJ
= 0.17 mol H 2O 58.887
H
+
0.83
______
_________
mol
mol H 2 O
mol
mol air
mol O2
mol N 2
mol air
kJ
+ ____
____
11.067
mol
mol air
mol N 2
= ________ kJ
H
m
mol
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