Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MECHANICS
LAB
Manipal University-Jaipur
90o
0.3 x 0.3 m2
H2
H = H2 - R
H1
T in sec
Qact= A.R/T
Type of notch
CALCULATIONS
Theoretical Discharge (Qth) for Rectangular Notch:
Coefficient of discharge (Cd):
(2/3) L H1.52g
Qact/Qth
2. Open the inlet valve and allow the water into the channel to raise upto
sill of the weir in the channel.
3. Measure the water surface level with the help of depth gauge (initial
water level) H1.
4. Allow the water to enter into channel and flows over the sill of the weir
at steady state condition.
5. Measure the water surface level with the help of depth gauge (Final
water level) H2.
6. The difference between initial water level and final water level gives
the head causing flow over the weir.
7. Collect the known volume of water (V) in collecting tank in specified
time (t).
8. Determine the actual discharge Qact.
9. Determine the theoretical discharge Qth.
10.
Repeat the step for various heads of water above the sill level of
weir in the channel.
OBSERVATIONS
Length of the weir parallel to the width of curved weir (L):
Cross section area of collecting tank (A): 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Time taken for collecting of water (t):
Rise of water in the tank (R):
Sl
No.
H1
H2
H1-H2
t in sec
Qact = V/t
Type
notch
CALCULATIONS
Volume of water collected (V):
Actual discharge (Qact):
AxR
V/t
(2/3) L H1.52g
of
OBSERVATIONS
Area of the measuring tank (A):
0.3 x 0.3 m2
0.0254 m
Manometer
H = 12.6 T in sec
difference h in h in cm
cm
CALCULATIONS
1. Theoretical discharge
Qth = a1 a2 2gH/(a12 a22)
a1 = area of inlet section of orifice
a2 = area of throat section of orifice
R
cm
in Qa = A.R/T
2. Actual discharge
Qa = A.R/T
3. Coefficient of discharge
Cd = Qa / Qth
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that there is no air bubbles in the manometer.
2. After each change in the valve opening wait for some time for the flow
to stabilize before taking readings.
3. Take a number of readings to obtain accurate result.
0.3 x 0.3 m2
0.0254 m
Sl.
No.
Manometer
H = 12.6 T in sec
difference h in h in cm
cm
R
cm
in Qa = A.R/T
CALCULATIONS
1. Theoretical discharge
Qth = a1 a2 2gH/(a12 a22)
a1 = area of inlet section of venturi
a2 = area of throat section of venturi
2. Actual discharge
Qa = A.R/T
3. Coefficient of discharge
Cd = Qa / Qth
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that there is no air bubbles in the manometer.
2. After each change in the valve opening wait for some time for the flow
to stabilize before taking readings.
3. Take a number of readings to obtain accurate result.
The formula for turbulent flow in pipes may be written in the form of darcyweisbach equation for head loss due to friction:
hf = fLV2/2gD
where, f = friction factor
L = Length of pipe
V = Mean velocity of flow in pipe
Q = Discharge through pipe
D = Diameter of pipe
APPARATUS
1. Pipes of different sizes with regulating valves fed by mainline through a
common inlet valve at one end and outflow valve at the other end.
2. Each pipe provided with two pressure tappings at certain distance
apart.
3. U-tube differential manometer is provided to find the difference of
head between two pressure tappings.
PROCEDURE
1. Note down the relevant dimensions a diameter of the pipe, length of
each pipe between pressure tappings, area of collecting tank etc.
2. Pressure tappings of one pipe are kept open while for other pipe it is
closed.
3. Keeping the outlet valves closed; open the main inlet valve fully.
4. Open the outlet valve of this pipe partially; wait for few seconds so that
the flow becomes steady.
5. Note the manometer readings in both the limbs of the manometer h 1
and h2.
6. Make discharge measurements by measuring the level rise (h) in the
discharge measurement tank for a particular interval of time T. This is
actual discharge Qa.
7. Repeat the process for at least three different openings of the outlet
valve.
8. This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tappings of this pipe
and for opening of another pipe.
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter of pipe (d):
Length of pipe (L):
Area of collecting tank (A):
0.3 x 0.3 m2
Pipe
Size
Manometer
T in sec
Difference (h in
cm)
R in cm
Qa
A.R/T
CALCULATIONS
Qa = A.R/T
Velocity (V) = Qa/a
Friction factor (f) = (hf 2g d)/ (LV2)
Where, a = area of given pipe
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PRECAUTIONS
1. There should not be any air bubble in manometer.
2. Discharge must be varied very gradually from higher to smaller values.
3. Ensure that there is no leakage from any pipe fittings.
If a flow Q m3/s with a velocity Uo m/s strikes a vane perpendicular to it, the
flow is deflected by angle so that the fluid leaves the vanes with velocity U 1
inclined at angle to the original axis of flow. The force acting on the fluid
being equal to the rate of change of momentum that is:
F = Q (U1 cos - Uo)
Where:
=density in Kg/m3
The force R on the vane is equal & opposite of F so that:
R = Q (Uo - U1 cos )
In the case of flat plate = 90o and the force acting on the plate:
R = Q (Uo)
In the case of a hemispheric cup we may assume that = 180o hence:
R = Q (Uo + U1)
Since the changes in peizometric pressure and elevation are neglected the
maximum value of U1 will be Uo thus max. force on the hemispheric cup is (2
Q Uo) i.e. twice the force on the flat plate .
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
It is a closed circuit water re-circulating system consisting of sump tank,
mono block pump set, jet/vane chamber, pressure gauge for pressure
measurement. The water is drawn from sump to mono block pump and
delivers it vertically to the nozzle. The flow control valve is also provided for
controlling the water into the nozzle. The water issued out of nozzle as jet.
The jet is made to strike the vane, the force of which is transferred directly to
the force. The provision is made to change the size of nozzle/jet and vane of
different shapes.
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Flat, Hemispherical
Jet diameter:
5 mm
43 mm
50 mm
Pump:
Type:
stainless steel
Jet chamber:
OBSERVATIONS:
Area of collecting tank (A) = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Height of water collected in meter (R) =
Time taken in sec for collecting tank (T) =
Area of the jet (a) =
Sl. No.
Type
Vane
(Fa)
(R)
CALCULATIONS
Calculations for Flat Plate:
Q = (volume of used water) / (the time for this volume)
Ujet = The velocity at exit from the nozzle = (Q / Area of jet)
Uo2 = Ujet2 (2 g S), where S = the distance between the jet and the plates
R1 = Q (Uo) = theoretical value (predicted value)
R2 = Reading on weighing machine = actual value
Calculations for Hemispheric cup:
Similar with flat plate but
R1 = 2 Q (Uo) = theoretical value (predicted value)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
PRECAUTIONS
1. Apparatus should be in leveled condition.
2. Readings must be taken in steady condition.
3. Vane should be tightly fitted.
p1
pg
If Z 1 = Z2
p1
E = pg
v 12
2g
+ Z1 =
v 12
2g
P2
Pg
P2
Pg
V2
2g
Z2
V2
2g
(a) Ensure that all On/Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF
position
(b)Close all the drain valves provided.
(c) Fill Sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign
particles are there.
(d)Close all Flow Control Valves given at the end of Test Section.
(e) Clean the apparatus and make all Tanks free from Dust.
(f) Open by-pass valve given on the water Supply.
(g)Switch on the Pump.
(h)Partially close By-Pass Valve to allow water to fill in Overhead Tank.
(i) Wait until overflow occurs from Overhead Tank.
(j) Regulate flow of water through test section with the help of valve
provided at the end of test section.
(k) Ensure that overflow still occurs; if not partially close the By-Pass
Valve to do so.
(l) Measure Pressure head by Piezometer tubes.
(m) Measure flow rate of water using Measuring Tank and Stop
Watch.
(n)Repeat step (j) to (m) for different flow rate of water.
Closing Procedure:
(a)
(b)
(c)
6. SPECIFICATION:
Test Section
Piezometer Tubes
:
Material Acrylic.
Material P.U. Tubes (7 Nos.)
Water circulation
Flow Measurement
:
:
FHP Pump.
Using Measuring Tank & Stop
Watch.
Sump Tank
70 Ltrs.
Overhead Tank
:
:
20 Ltrs.
The whole set-up is well designed and arranged in a good quality
painted structure.
7. FORMULAE:
(a)
p
p
+
pg pg
m/s
R=
R 1R 2
100
m3
0.1 m2
Cross-Section Area
Distance
4.91
3.14
1.77
7.85
1.77
3.14
4.91
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10-4
10-4
10-4
10-5
10-4
10-4
10-4
0.04
0.0785
0.092
0.1105
0.13585
0.1562
0.19155
Tube No.
V (m/s)
P/pg = h/100
V2/2g
E
No.
cm
cm
sec
1:
2:
3:
S
R1
h (cm)
CALCULATION TABLE:
Run No.
Discharge =
m3/s
R2
9. NOMENCLATURE:
p=Density of fluid, kg/m3
A= Area of measuring tank, m3
a= Cross-section area at test point, m2
E=Total energy.
g= Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
h=Presser Head m of water.
P=Pressure of fluid.
Q= Discharge through test section, m3/s
R= Rise of water level in measuring Tank. m.
R1=Final height of water in Measuring Tank after time t. cm.
R2=Initial height of water in Measuring Tank. Cm.
t= Time taken for R (sec)
V= Velocity of fluid, m/s
Z=Potentional energy per unit weight of potentional head.
10.
(a) Do not run the pump if voltage is less than 180 Volts and above 230
Volts.
(b)Never fully close the Delivery Valve and By-Pass Valve at a time.
(c) To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a
fortnight.
(d)Always use clean water.
11. TROUBLE SHOOTINGS:
(a) If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft
manually.
(b)If pump gets heat up. Switch off main power for 15 minutes and
avoid closing the Flow Control Valve and By Pass valve at a time
during operation.
EXPERIMENT-8
RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG
OBJECTIVE: To calculate the overall efficiency of the reciprocating pump
INTRODUCTION: Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement plunger
pump. It is often used where relatively small quantity of water is to be
handled and delivery pressure is quite large. Reciprocating pump is widely
used as Automobile Service Stations, Chemical Industries, or as metering
and dosing pumps. The UNICOOL apparatus consists of a single cylinder,
double acting reciprocating pump mounted over the sump tank. The pump is
driven by Dimmer Control DC motor with stepped cone pulley. An energy
meter measure electrical input to motor. Measuring tank is provided to
measure discharge of the pump. The pressure and vacuum gauges provided
to measure the delivery pressure and suction vacuum respectively.
SPECIFICATIONS
Reciprocating pump 37.5mm bore, stroke length 49mm, double
acting with air vessel on discharge side, suction 28mm, discharge
22mm.
D.C motor, Dimmer Control Type.
Measuring tank ___mm x ___mm x ___mm height.
Sump tank 600mm x 900mm x 600mm height.
Measurements
a) Pressure gauge 0-4 Kg/cm2 for discharge pressure.
b) 1 Ph. Energy meter for motor input measurement.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Fill up sufficient water in sump tank.
Fill up the air vessel for about 2/3rd capacity.
Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully.
Close the Ball valve and drain valve of the measuring tank.
Check nut bolts & the driving belt for proper tightening.
Driven the outlet pipe into funnel and slowly increase the pump speed,
slightly close the discharge valve. Note down the various reading in the
observations table. Repeat the procedure for different gate valve
openings. Take care that discharge pressure does not rise above 4
Kg/cm2.
Change the speed and tank readings for different Ball valve openings.
Repeat
the
procedure
observation table.
for
different
speeds
and
complete
the
OBSERVATIONS
Sr No.
Discharge
Pressure
(Kgs/cm2)
Discharge
Head
Time for 10
Cm.
Time for 10
Ind. of
(meters)
In measuring
tank
Energy meter
t (sec)
te (sec)
CALCULATIONS
1) Suction head
Hs = suction vacuum of Hp x (pHg - pw)
Where,
pHg = Sp gravity of mercury 13.6
pw = Sp gravity of water 1
Hs = 12.6 x suction vacuum mtrs.
Take Suction Head = 0 ( Because level of water is more than
level of suction of pump)
2) Delivery head
Ha = Discharge pressure, Kg / cm2 x 10
(as 10m of water = 1 Kg / cm2)
3) Total head
Hq = Hs + Hp + 3mtr
Where,
Loss of head in piping and fittings is assumed to be 3 mtrs.
4) Discharge
L x B x .01
Actual discharge, Qa = ---------
m3 / sec
3600
IP = --------- x -------------- Kw
te
3200
where,
Energy meter constant is 3200 Rev/ Kwh.
Taking motor efficiency 60% and transmission efficiency as
60 %,
PRECAUTIONS
Operate all the controls gently.
Sever allow to rise the discharge the pressure above 4 Kg/cm 2.
Always use clean water for experiment.
Before starting the pump ensure that discharge valve is opened fully.
SAMPLE CALCULATION
OBSERVATIONS
Sr
Discharge
Suction
No.
Pressure
Vacuum
Times
(Kg/cm2)
mm of Hg
Sec
measuring
tank
t sec
0.5
16.12
354.1
16.75
317.6
17.16
269.6
17.37
225.0
Suction head
Hs = 0 mtrs
Delivery head
Ha = 0.5 x 10
= 5 mtrs
Total head
Hq = 0 + 5 + 3 mtr
= 8 mtrs.
meter
te
Discharge
0.01 x 0.1
Actual discharge, Qa = ---------------- m3/sec
16.12
10
3600
IP = ------------ x ---------------- kw
354.1
3200
= 0.42 kw
Where, energy meter constant 3200 rev/kwh
Taking motor efficiency and transmission efficiency as 60% each , we have
input shaft power
Sp = 0.42 x 0.6 x 0.6
= 0.1512 kw
Overall efficiency of pump
0.048
O = ------------= 0.31
0.1512
one gear to the outlet end of the other gear. During each revolution a certain
volume of liquid is transferred. The Discharge rate depends upon speed, size
of gear teeth.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Power Supply
2. Oil Used
: SAE 50 Ltr
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Clean the apparatus and make all Tanks free from Dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill Sump tank with oil ( SAE 40 ) and ensure that no foreign particles
are there.
4. Open Flow Control Valve given on the discharge line and Control Valve
given on the suction line.
5. Set the revolution of motor / pump with the help of pulley.
6. Ensure that all on/off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
7. Now switch on main power supply (220 V AC , 50 Hz ) and switch on
the pump.
8. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the discharged
9. Record discharge pressure by means of Pressure Gauge, provided on
discharge line.
10.
Watch.
12.
discharge.
Closing Procedure :
SPECIFICATIONS
Pump
0.1M2
3200 Pulses/ kW hr
Density of Oil, ()
8890 Kg/m3
Motor Efficiency
0.70
NOMENCLATURE
A
EMC =
Total Head, m
Discharge, m3/s
OBSERVATIONS: -
S.
DISCHARGE
NO.
PRESSURE
(Kg/cm2) Pd
(Sec) tw
TIMES FOR 10
rev. of
Energy meter
(Sec) te
Total Head, ht = hd + hs + hr
Where, hr = 3 mtr. Is the head loss due to friction.
Electrical Input: Let time required for 10 rev. of energy meter disc be te sec.
10
3600
3200
delivery pressure. The waste water from the ram flows back directly into the
sump tank. To measure the waste water flow rate (or the total flow rate =
waste water + useful water), the gauge glass provided in the supply tank is
used. The inlet valve to the supply tank can be closed and time taken for a
certain drop in water level in the supply tank is measured to determine the
flow rate.
To operate the Ram in uniform conditions, the water level in the supply tank
should be maintained at a constant head. This is done by controlling the
valve in the inlet pipe to the supply tank.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The Ram will require some back pressure to begin working Priming Process.
1. Admit water in the supply tank by switching on the pump.
2. Open the valve in the long inlet pipe to ram after water has reached a
certain level in the supply tank.
3. Open the ram outlet valve slightly to allow water and any air in the
system to flow out.
4. Initially the ram will have to be manually started several times to
remove all the air. When the water from the supply tank flows out
through the waste water valve, the swing check inside the valve shuts.
Manually push it open again use a rod to push this as the swing check
is inside the valve. This process of pushing the swing check may have
to be repeated several times until all the air is purged from the system
and pressure builds up in the ram.
5. Adjust the ram outlet valve to obtain the required water outlet pressure
delivery pressure gauge reads about 1Kg/sq. cm about 10 m of
water.
6. Keep the supply head constant by controlling suitably the inflow into
the supply reservoir say 60-70 cm in the tank gauge glass scale.
7. Measure the total discharge W in passing through ram by closing the
inlet valve to the supply tank and the time taken for the water level in
the tank to fall a few cms (5cm or 10 cm).
8. Note the useful water pumped per minute from the collecting tank at
the high pressure. This discharge is useful water Wu.
OBSERVATIONS:
Q
Wu
Ww
Hs
= Suction Head
above the chamber.(m)
Hd
(m)
= Delivery Head
Calculations:
Choosing supply water surface as datum i.e. Choosing the datum plane as
that passing
DAbuissons Efficiency
Rankines Efficiency
Wu x Hd / (Q x Hs)
=
Wu x ( Hd Hs )/ ( Q- Wu) x Hs
the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high pressure head. Due to
this high pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.
Main Parts of Centrifugal Pump:1. Impeller
2. Casing
1. Impeller: - The Rotating Part of centrifugal Pump is called Impeller.
It consists of a series of backward curved vanes. The Impeller is
mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an an electric
motor.
2. Casing: - The Casing of a Centrifugal Pump is similar to the casing of a
reaction turbine. It is an airtight Passage surrounding the impeller and
is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water
discharged at the outlet of the Impeller is converted into pressure
Energy before the Water Leaves the Casing and enters the delivery
Pipe.
Centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic machine, which develop dynamic
pressure of liquid by virtue of rotation for pumping of liquid to a higher
height. In centrifugal pump, liquid in the impeller of a pump is made to rotate
by external force, so that it is through away from the center of rotation. As
constant supply of liquid is made available at the center liquid can be
pumped to higher level.
connected in series,
Motor: - 1 H.P.
Measuring tank ---- x ---- x -----mm. height, fitted with drain valve.
Sump tank 600 x 900 x 600 mm heights.
Ball valve to control the head.
Pressure gauge to measure discharge pressure.
Energy meter to measure input the motor.
Nos.
OBSERVATIONS: -
S.
DISCHARGE
NO.
PRESSURE
(Kg/cm2)
Pd (P1 + P2)
TIMES FOR 10
Cm
TIMES FOR 10
Ind. of
Water level
rise
Energy meter
(Sec)
(Sec) tw
m3 / sec
1000
Where,
PRECAUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
Water under pressure from pump enters through the guide vanes into the
runner. While passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes, a portion of
the pressure energy is converted into velocity energy. Water thus enters the
runner at a high velocity and as it
passes through the runner vanes, the remaining pressure energy is
converted into kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes, the kinetic
energy is transformed into the mechanical energy i.e., the water head is
converted into mechanical energy and hence the runner rotates. The water
from the runner is then discharged into the tailrace.
The flow through the pipe line into the turbine is measured with the Orifice
meter fitted in the pipe line. The Orifice meter is provided with a set of
pressure gauges. The net pressure difference across the turbine inlet and
outlet is measured with a pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge. The turbine
output torque is determined with a rope brake dynamometer. A tachometer
is used to measure the rpm.
DESCRIPTION:- The actual experimental facility supplied consists of
Centrifugal Pump Set, Turbine Unit, Sump tank, arranged in such a way that
whole unit works as re-circulating water system.
The Centrifugal Pump Set supplies the water from Sump Tank to the Turbine
through Control Valves. The loading of the Turbine is achieved by rope rake
drum connected to spring balance.
SPECIFICATION:Pump Type
volute.
Power Required
Speed
Spring Balance
20 kg & 20 Kg.(Set of 2)
Runner diameter
0.226 m
Rated Speed
1500 RPM
Power Output
5.0 HP
Flow Measurement.
OrificeMeter.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:-
A.
1.
2.
3.
STARTING PROCEEDURE
Clean the apparatus and make Tank free from Dust.
Close the Drain Valve Provided.
Fill Sump Tank with Clean Water and ensure that no foreign particles
are there.
13.
14.
15.
Discharge.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO.
RPM
Pr. Gauge
Differential
Dead Weight
Reading
Pressure
Balance
P (Kg/cm2)
P1-P2
W1 (Kg)
Spring
W2 (Kg)
(Kg/cm2)
CALCULATION TABLE
S.No.
RPM
Total head
Discharge
Output
(H)
Q(m3/Sec.)
Watt
M of Water
Input Watt
Turbine
Efficiency
NOMECLATURE:-
P1
P2
W1
W2
Db
DR
W1 W2. (Kg)
Rc
Discharge. (m3/sec)
FORMULAE:Total Head
H = 10 x P
m of Water.
Discharge
Q = A x V m3/sec
The Discharge from the tube can be obtained by calculating the volume flow
rate through tube
OrificeMeter line pressure gauge reading = P1 kg/cm2
OrificeMeter outlet pressure gauge reading = P2 Kg/ cm2
Pressure difference dH
Note: Discharge
Turbine Output
CdxAx (2x9.81xdH).5
2 x 9.8 x x N x (W1-W2) x Rc
60
10 x P m of Water.
9.8 m/sec2
Turbine
%=
Output x 100
Watt.
Input
1 Do not run the Pump at Low Voltage i.e. less than 390 Volts.
2 Always keep apparatus free from Dust.
3 To Prevent Clogging of Moving Parts, Run Pump at least once in a
fortnight.
4 Frequent Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
5 Always use clean water.
6 If apparatus will not in use for more than half month, drain the
apparatus completely, and fill pump with cutting oil.
TROUBLESHOOTING
1 If the Pump does not lift the water, the revolution of the motor may be
reverse. Change the electric connections of Motor to change the
revolutions.
2 If Panel is not showing input, check the main supply.
OBSERVATION:
1. Diameter of Drum = 40 cms = 0.4 m
2. Diameter of Rope = 15 mm = 0.015 m
3. Total diameter (D) = 415 mm = 0.415 m JNEC CIVIL/FM-II/AUG 2012 Page
17
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Constant speed test
Sr.
No.
Spear
openi
ng
Speed
N
(rpm)
Rope Tension
Manometer
W (Kg)
S difference
(Kg)
Pressure gauge
(Kg/cm2)
Sr. No.
Rope Tension
W (Kg)
S (Kg)
CALCULATIONS:
Head over the turbine
H = pressure gauge x 10 mtr
Water flow rate
Q = (Cd x a1 x a2)/(a12 a22)0.5 x (2gh)0.5 m3/sec
Power supplied
Pin = w QH x 9.81 watts
Overall efficiency
Efficiency = (BP/Pin) x 100 %
RESULT: