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BRAINSHAPERS..:SolvedTheoreticalQuestionsonCBNSTpaper(MCA212)inMTU.
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BRAINSHAPERS..
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TUESDAY,MAY3,2011

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BHASKERSHARMA
NOIDA,NCR,India

SolvedTheoreticalQuestionsonCBNSTpaper(MCA212)inMTU.

1.Explainhowfloatingpointnumbersarestoredincomputers.Whatfactors
affecttheiraccuracyandrange?
2.Whatdoyouunderstandbymachineepsilonofacomputer?Explain.(ANS:
Weknowthatacomputerhasafinitewordlength,soonlyafixednumberofdigitsis
storedandusedduringcomputation.Hence,eveninstoringanexactdecimal
numberinitsconvertedforminthecomputermemory,anerrorisintroduced.This
errorismachinedependentandiscalledmachineepcilon.
Error=TrueValueApproximateValue
Inanynumericalcomputationwecomeacrossthefollowingtypesoferrors:inherent
errors,roundingerrors.)
3.Withthehelpofsuitableexample,showthatassociativelawofadditionmay
notvalidinnumericalcomputation.(ANS:Whenweperformthearithmetic
operationswithnumbersinnormalizedfloatingpointmode,thenumbershavetobe
truncatedtofitthe4digitmantissaofourhypotheticalcomputer.
Thisleadstheresultswithwidedisparity.Infactassociativelawdonotyieldvalid
resultsinfloatingpoint.
EX:(L+M)N=/=(lN)+M(=/=notequalto)
LetL=.6776E1,M=.6667E1
andN=.6755E1)
4.Writeacomputerprograminalanguageofyourchoicewhichimplements
bisectionmethodtocomputerealrootoftheequation3x+sinxex=0inan
interval.
5.Underwhatconditions,newtonraphsonmethodbecomelinearly
convergent?explain.(ANS:Whentherearetwoormorerootsthatareclosetogether
thenitmaytakemanyiterationsbeforetheiteratesgetcloseenoughtooneofthemforthe
quadraticconvergencetobeapparent.itbecomelinerarlyconvergent.)

6.Whatdoyoumeanbytruncationerror?explainwithexamples.(ANS:
Example.Findthetruncationerrorforexatx=1/5if
(i)Thefirstthreetermsareretainedinexpansion.
(ii)Thefirstfourtermsareretainedinexpansion.
Sol.(i)Error=TruevalueApproximatevalue

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=(1+x+x2/!2+x3/!3+)(1+x+x2/!2)
=x3/!3+x4/!4+x5/!5+
Putx=1/5
Error=.008/6+.0016/24+.00032/120+
=.0013333+.0000666+.0000026+...
=.0014025
(ii)SimilarlytheerrorforcaseIImaybefound.)
7.Explainthediffrencebetweenasinglestepandamultistepmethodusedfor
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solvingdiffrentialequations.(ANS:Singlestepmethods(suchasEuler's
method)refertoonlyonepreviouspointanditsderivativetodeterminethecurrent
value.MethodssuchasRungeKuttatakesomeintermediatesteps(forexample,a
halfstep)toobtainahigherordermethod,butthendiscardallpreviousinformation
beforetakingasecondstep.Multistepmethodsattempttogainefficiencybykeeping
andusingtheinformationfrompreviousstepsratherthandiscardingit.
Consequently,multistepmethodsrefertoseveralpreviouspointsandderivative
values.)

8.Obtaintheglobletruncationerrortermoftrapazoidalmethodofintegration.
(ANS:Accuracyisaffectedbytwosourcesoferror,namelyroundedofferrorand
truncationerror.Themajorcauseforlossofaccuracyistruncationerror.thisarises
becauseoftheuseofatruncatedTaylorSeries.Thetotaltruncationerrorisany
iterationstepwillconsistoftwocomponentsthepropagatedtruncationerrorandthe
truncationerrorintroducedbythestepitself.Thetruncationintroducedbythestep
itselfisknownaslocaltruncationerrorandthesumofthepropagatederrorand
localerroriscalledtheglobaltruncationerror.)
9.Whatdoyouunderstandbystabilityofamethodincontextofsolutionsto
diffrentialequations.(ANS:Theuncertaintyexistinallstagesofnumerical
processing.Therearemanysituationwhereevenasingleoperationmaymagnify
theroundofferrorsofalevelthatcompletelyrunstheresult.Acomputationprocess
inwhichthecumulativeeffectofallinputerrorsingrosslymagnifiedissaidtobe
numericallyunstable.Asweknowamathematicalmodelcanbesolvedeitherby
analyticalmethodsorbynumericalmethodswhenaproblemitselfissensitiveto
smallchangesinitsparameters.Itisalmostimpossibletomakeanumericallystable
methodforitssolution.whenseveralparametersareinvolved,wemayhave
instabilitywithrespecttosomeparameterandstabilitywithothers.inthiscasewe
shouldusethepartialderivativestoestimatetototalchanges.)
10.Describethevarioustypeoffrequencycharts.
11.Differentiatebetweeninterpolatingpolynomialobtainedforasetofdata.
12.Describedthefollowingterms
Standarddeviation
levelofsignificance
typeIIerrors
movingavrages
variaance
ANOVA
13.Whatischisquartest?
14.Shortnoteson(I)useofstatisticalmethodsinqualitycontrol(ANS:
STATISTICALQUALITYCONTROL
Aqualitycontrolsystemperformsinspection,testingandanalysistoensurethatthequalityof
theproductsproducedisasperthelaiddownqualitystandards.ItiscalledStatisticalQuality
Controlwhenstatisticaltechniquesareemployedtocontrol,improveandmaintainqualityorto
solvequalityproblems.Buildinganinformationsystemtosatisfytheconceptofpreventionand
controlandimprovinguponproductqualityrequiresstatisticalthinking.
Statisticalqualitycontrol(S.Q.C.)issystematicascomparedtoguessworkofhaphazard
processinspectionandthemathematicalstatisticalapproachneutralizespersonalbiasand
uncoverspoorjudgement.S.Q.C.consistsofthreegeneralactivities:
(1)Systematiccollectionandgraphicrecordingofaccuratedata
(2)Analyzingthedata
(3)Practicalengineeringormanagementactioniftheinformationobtainedindicatessignificant
deviationsfromthespecifiedlimits.
Moderntechniquesofstatisticalqualitycontrolandacceptancesamplinghaveanimportantpart
toplayintheimprovementofquality,enhancementofproductivity,creationofconsumer
confidence,anddevelopmentofindustrialeconomyofthecountry.
Thefollowingstatisticaltoolsaregenerallyusedfortheabovepurposes:
(i)Frequencydistribution.Frequencydistributionisatabulationofthenumberoftimesagiven
qualitycharacteristicoccurswithinthesamples.Graphicrepresentationoffrequencydistribution
willshow:
(a)Averagequality
(b)Spreadofquality
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(c)Comparisonwithspecificrequirements
(d)Processcapability.
(ii)Controlchart.Controlchartisagraphicalrepresentationofqualitycharacteristics,which
indicateswhethertheprocessisundercontrolornot.
(iii)Acceptancesampling.Acceptancesamplingistheprocessofevaluatingaportionofthe
product/materialinalotforthepurposeofacceptingorrejectingthelotonthebasisof
conformingtoaqualityspecification.
Itreducesthetimeandcostofinspectionandexertsmoreeffectivepressureonquality
improvementthanitispossibleby100%inspection.Itisusedwhenassuranceisdesiredforthe
qualityofmaterials/productseitherproducedorreceived.
(iv)Analysisofdata.Analysisofdataincludesanalysisoftolerances,correlation,analysisof
variance,analysisforengineeringdesign,problemsolvingtechniquetoeliminatecauseto
troubles.Statistical
methodscanbeusedinarrivingatproperspecificationlimitsofproduct,indesigningthe
product,inpurchaseofrawmaterial,semifinishedandfinishedproducts,manufacturing
processes,inspection,packaging,sales,andalsoaftersalesservice.
ADVANTAGESOFSTATISTICALQUALITYCONTROL
1.Efficiency.Theuseofstatisticalqualitycontrolensuresrapidandefficientinspectionata
minimumcost.Iteliminatestheneedof100%inspectionoffinishedproductsbecausethe
acceptancesamplinginstatistialqualitycontrolexertsmoreeffectivepressureforquality
improvement.
2.Reductionofscrap.Statistialqualitycontroluncoversthecauseofexcessivevariabilityin
manufacturedproductsforecastingtroublebeforerejectionsoccurandreducingtheamountof
spoiledwork.
3.Easydetectionoffaults.Instatisticalqualitycontrol,afterplottingthecontrolcharts(X,R,
P,C,U)etc.,whenthepointsfallabovetheuppercontrollimitsorbelowthelowercontrollimit,
anindicationofdeteriorationinqualityisgiven.Necessarycorrectiveactionmaythenbetaken
immediately.
4.Adherencetospecifications.Solongasastatisticalqualitycontrolcontinues,specifications
canbe
accuratelypredictedforthefuturebywhichitispossibletoassesswhethertheproduction
processes
arecapableofproducingtheproductswiththegivensetofspecifications.
5.Increasesoutputandreduceswastedmachineandmanhours.
6.Efficientutilizationofpersonnel,machinesandmaterialsresultsinhigherproductivity.
7.Createsqualityawarenessinemployees.However,itshouldbenotedthatstatisticalquality
controlisnotapanaceaforassuringproductquality.
8.Providesacommonlanguagethatmaybeusedbydesigners,productionpersonnel,and
inspectorsinarrivingatarationalsolutionofmutualproblems.
9.Pointsoutwhenandwhere100%inspection,sortingorscreeningisrequired.
10.Eliminatesbottlenecksintheprocessofmanufacturing.Itsimplyfurnishesperspective
factsuponwhichintelligentmanagementandengineeringactioncanbebased.Withoutsuch
action,themethodisineffective.Eventheapplicationofstandardproceduresisverydangerous
without
adequatestudyoftheprocess.)
(II)Analysisofvariance
15.WriteacomputerprograminClanguageofyourchoiceforfindingoutareal
rootofequationf(x)=0bynewtonraphsonmethod.
16.Explaintheorderofconvergenceofasolutionandprovethatnewton
raphsonmethodisseconddegreecovergent.
17.Defineabsolute,relativeandpercentageerrors.ifxisroundedofftothree
decimaldigitswhere
x=0.005998,calculatetheaboveerrors.
(ANS:Absoluteerror.

Absoluteerroristhenumericaldifferencebetween
thetruevalueofaquantityanditsapproximatevalue.
Thus,ifXisthetruevalueofaquantityandXisitsapproximate
value,then|XX|iscalledtheabsoluteerrorea.

ea=|XX|=|Error|
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Relativeerror.
Therelativeerrorerisdefinedby
er=|Error|/Truevalue=(XX)/X
whereXistruevalueand|XX|iserror.
Percentageerror.
Percentageerrorepisdefinedas
ep=100er=100|(XX)/X|)
18.Shortnoteson:
1.anattributeandavariable(ANS:Suchtypesofdatawhosemagnitude
cannotbemeasuredarecalledattributes.Examplesofsuchphenomenonareblindness,
insanity,sickness,etc.Insuchacaseanobservercannotmeasurethemagnitudeofthe
data.Hecanonlystudythepresenceorabsenceofaparticularquantityinagroup.
Ontheotherhandifthemeasurementofmagnitudeofdataispossible,suchtypesofdata
arecalledasvariable.Forexampleheight,incomeormarksofstudent.)
2.adiscretevariableandacontinuousvariable(ANS:
Quantitieswhichcantakeanynumericalvaluewithinacertainrangearecalledcontinuous
variables.Forexample,theheightofachildatvariousagesisacontinuousvariablesince,asthe
childgrowsfrom120cmto150cm,hisheightassumesallpossiblevalueswithinthelimit.
Quantitieswhichareincapableoftakingallpossiblevaluesarecalled
discontinuousordiscretevariables.Forexample,thenumberofroomsin
ahousecantakeonlytheintegralvaluessuchas2,3,4,etc.)
3.Relativefrequencyandcomulativefrequency(ANS:Whenthe
frequencyofagroupisconsiderwithrespecttotheothergroup,frequenciesarecalledas
relativefrequency.whenthefrequencyofagroupalsoincludesthefrequencyofother
groupiscalledascumulativefrequency.)
4.Histogramandpicharts
5.frequencycurveandfrequencypolygon(ANS:FREQUENCY
POLYGON
Ifthevariouspointsareobtainedbyplottingthecentralvaluesoftheclassintervalsasxcoordinatesand
therespectivefrequenciesastheycoordinates,andthesepointsarejoinedbystraightlinestakeninorder,
theyformapolygoncalledFrequencyPolygon.

FREQUENCYCURVE
Ifthroughtheverticesofafrequencypolygonasmoothfreehandcurveisdrawn,wegettheFrequency
Curve.Thisisdoneusuallywhentheclassintervalsareofsmallwidths.)

19.Explainhownumericalsolutiondifferfromanalyticalsolution.(ANS:Ifyou
wanttofindasolutiontothesetofequations.Thebestiswhenyoucanusecalculus,
trigonometry,andothermathtechniquestowritedownthesolution.Nowyouknowabsolutely
howthemodelwillbehaveunderanycircumstances.Thisiscalledtheanalyticsolution,
becauseyouusedanalysistofigureitout.Itisalsoreferredtoasaclosedformsolution.
Butthistendstoworkonlyforsimplemodels.Formorecomplexmodels,themathbecomes
muchtoocomplicated.Thenyouturntonumericalmethodsofsolvingtheequations,suchas
theRungeKuttamethod.Foradifferentialequationthatdescribesbehaviorovertime,the
numericalmethodstartswiththeinitialvaluesofthevariables,andthenusestheequationsto
figureoutthechangesinthesevariablesoveraverybrieftimeperiod.Itsonlyanapproximation,
butitcanbeaverygoodapproximationundercertaincircumstances.
Acomputermustbeusedtoperformthethousandsofrepetitivecalculationsinvolved.Theresult
isalonglistofnumbers,notanequation.Thislonglistofnumberscanbeusedtodrivean
animatedsimulation,aswedowiththemodelspresentedhere.)
20.Whatarethedifferenttypeoferrorthatmayariseinnumerical
computations?describe.
21.Differentiatebetweenaccuracyandprecision.(ANS:
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Accuracyishowcloseameasuredvalueistotheactual(true)value
Precisionishowclosethemeasuredvaluesaretoeachother)

22.Whatdoyouunderstandbynumericallyunstableprocedure.?(ANS:Numerical
stabilityisanimportantnotioninnumericalanalysis.Analgorithmiscallednumerically
stableifanerror,whateveritscause,doesnotgrowtobemuchlargerduringthe
calculation.Thishappensiftheproblemiswellconditioned,meaningthatthesolution
changesbyonlyasmallamountiftheproblemdataarechangedbyasmallamount.To
thecontrary,ifaproblemisillconditioned,thenanysmallerrorinthedatawillgrowtobea
largeerror.
Anumericalmethodforsolvingamathematicalproblemisconsideredstableifthe
sensitivityofthenumericalanswertothedataisnogreaterthanintheoriginal
mathematicalproblem.Stableproblemsarealsocalledwellposedproblems.Ifaproblem
isnotstable,itiscalledunstableorillposed.
Aproblemf(x,y)=0issaidtobestableifthesolutionydependsinacontinuouswayon
thevariablex.)
23.Differentiatebetweeninterpolationandcurvefitting.
(ANS:
Interpolationistheartofreadingbetweenthelinesofthetable
x:x0x1x2......xn
y:y0y1y2......yn
Italsomeansinsertionorfillingupintermediatetermsoftheseries.Thustheprocessof
findingthevalueofycorrespondingtoanyvalueofx=xibetweenx0andxniscalled
interpolation.
Henceinterpolationisthetechniqueofestimatingthevalueofafunctionforany
intermediatevalueoftheindependentvariable,whiletheprocessofcomputingthevalueof
thefunctionoutsidethegivenrangeiscalledextrapolation.
Curvefitting
Lettherebetwovariablesxandywhichgiveusasetofnpairsofnumericalvalues(x1,
y1),(x2,y2).......(xn,yn).Inordertohaveanapproximateideaabouttherelationshipof
thesetwovariables,weplotthesenpairedpointsonagraph,thuswegetadiagram
showingthesimultaneousvariationinvaluesofboththevariablescalledscatterordot
diagram.Fromscatterdiagram,wegetonly
anapproximatenonmathematicalrelationbetweentwovariables.
Curvefittingmeansanexactrelationshipbetweentwovariablesbyalgebraicequations.In
fact,thisrelationshipistheequationofthecurve.Therefore,curvefittingmeanstoforman
equationofthecurvefromthegivendata.Curvefittingisconsideredofimmense
importancebothfromthepointofviewoftheoreticalandpracticalstatistics.
Theoretically,curvefittingisusefulinthestudyofcorrelationandregression.Practically,it
enablesustorepresenttherelationshipbetweentwovariablesbysimplealgebraic
expressions,forexample,polynomials,exponential,orlogarithmicfunctions.
PostedbyBHASKERSHARMAat10:50PM

Labels:B.Tech,CBNST,Machineepsilon,MCA,NumericalAnalysis,SQC

1comment:
harmeah April29,2012at12:05PM
Thankssirforurnotesit'smeharmeah
Reply

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