4.

Space Charge Effects in RF Linear Accelerators

4.

4.1. Principles of linear resonance acceleration

Layout of RF linear accelerator. (Courtesy of Sergey Kurennoy).

4.

Layout of ion linear resonance accelerator.

Energy gain in RF linear accelerator. (Courtesy of Larry Rybarcyk.)

4.

(Courtesy of Larry Rybarcyk)

4.

(Courtesy of Larry Rybarcyk)

4.

4.2. Electromagnetic wave equations

4.

4.

Electric field lines between the ends drift tubes (from M.Konte, W.MacKay, 1991)

Cell of Drift Tube Accelerator (from M.Weiss, CERN 96-02, p.39)

4.

Alvarez accelerating structure (from M.Weiss, CERN 96-02, p.39)

4.

Standing wave:

Z(z)T (t) = Eo cos(kz z)cos( t) =

Eo
[cos( t kz z) + cos( t + kz z)]
2
accelerating wave

Cyclic frequency of RF field

2 c
= 2 fRF

Wave number

kz =

2 2
=
L

opposite wave

Ez (z, r,t) = E cos( t kz z)R(r)

Equivalent traveling wave

1 R
2
2
(r ) R(kz 2 ) = 0
Substitution into wave equation gives for radial field component:
r r r
c
kz2
2
2
2
2
2
k 2 = kz (1 2 2 ) = kz (1 ) = 2
c
kz c

2
z

Solution for radial field component:

R(r) = I o (

kz r
)

where Io(x) is the modified Bessel function

4.

10

4.

11

4.3. Hamiltonian of particle motion in RF field

4.

12

4.

13

4.

14

4.

15

4.

16

2
pz2
kz r
(Px qAx )2 (Py qAy )
qE
Ub
H=
+
+
+
[I
(
)sin(

)
+
k

cos

]
+
q
o
s
z
z
s
2m
2m
2m 3 kz

4.

(5.29)

17

where Larmor frequency

L =

qB
2m

Hamiltonian of particle motion in magnetic field :

H=

4.

Px2 + Py2
2m

2
pz2
kz r
qE
Ub
2 r
+
+
[I
(
)sin(

)
+
k

cos

]
+
m

+
q
o
s
z
z
s
L
2m 3 kz

2
2

18

Example of beam dynamics in accelerating structure. (Courtesy of Larry Rybarcyk.)

4.

19

4.4. Longitudinal particle motion in RF field

4.

20

where is the phase deviation from synchronous particle

4.

Relief of potential function and a family

of phase trajectories (from Kapchinsky,
1985), p = Ws W .

= kz

(5.37)

Separatrix of longitudinal phase space

oscillations including acceleration.
21

4.

22

4.

23

4.

24

4.

25

Longitudinal oscillations in RF field with s = - 90o. (Courtesy of Larry Rybarcyk.)

4.

26

4.5. Transverse particle motion in RF field

Quadrupole beam focusing in RF linear accelerator. (Courtesy of Sergey Kurennoy).

4.

27

Hamiltonian of particle motion in RF field:

H=

px2 + py2
2m

2
pz2
kz r
qE
Ub
2 r
+
+
[I
(
)sin(

)
+
k

cos

]
+
m

+
q
o
s
z
z
s
r
2m 3 kz

2
2

Near-axis approximation:

Io (

Hamiltonian of transverse motion: H t =

kz r
1 kr
) 1+ ( z )2

px2 + py2
2m

2
qE kz r 2
U
2 r
+
( ) sin( s kz ) + m r + q 2b
4kz
2

qE kz r 2
qE
( ) =
4kz
2 2

Expansion near synchronous particle:

sin( s kz ) sin s kz cos s = sin s (1 ctg s )

Phase deviation from synchronous particle

4.

= kz

28

Hamiltonian of near-axis, near synchronous particle motion, with Ub = 0:

Ht =

px2 + py2
2m

2
qE
2
2 r
+
sin s (1 ctg s )r + m r
2 2
2

Frequency of longitudinal oscillations:

Hamiltonian becomes:

2 =

Ht =
Ht =

2 qE sin s
m 3

px2 + py2
2m
px2 + py2
2m

2
m 2
2
2 r

(1 ctg s )r + m r
4
2

m 2 2 2
+
r [ r
(1 ctg s )]
2
2

Transverse oscillation frequency of synchronous particle

in presence of RF field:

4.

2
=
2
2
rs

2
r

29

4.6. Parametric resonance and beam emittance growth in RF field

Hamiltonian becomes:

Ht =

Longitudinal particle oscillations with

amplitude and frequency :
Finally, Hamiltonian is:

Transversal equation of motion:

Parametric resonance occurs when

px2 + py2
2m

m 2 2 2
+
r ( rs +
ctg s )
2
2

= sin(t + o )
Ht =

px2 + py2
2m

m 2 2 2
+
r [ rs
ctg s sin(t + o )]
2
2

d2x
2
2
+ x[ rs
ctg s sin(t + o )] = 0
2
dt
2
rs =

Let us introduce phase advance for synchronous particle in RF field

and defocusing factor
4.

n
,n = 1,2,3
2

s = rs
s =

L
zc

1 2 L 2
(
)
4
zc
30

Parametric resonance regions (from Kapchinsky, 1985).

4.

31

Effective beam emittance growth outside of parametric resonance:

eff
2
= 1+ ctg s

4 2rs 2

Phase space of transverse oscillations in presence of

RF field (from Kapchinky, 1985).
4.

32

Required transverse focusing in presence of RF field

Hamiltonian of particle motion in RF
field with solenoid focusing

H=

Px2 + Py2
2m

r 2 2 2 sin
U
+ m ( L
) + q 2b
2
2 sin s

Transverse oscillation frequency in

presence of RF field

2 sin
=
2 sin s

Envelope equation

d 2 R 2
2r
2I

+
R

=0
dz 2 R 3 ( c)2
I c ( )3 R

Beam equilibrium condition

2
r

d Re
=0
2
dz

2
L

2r
2
2I
R
+

=0
e
( c)2
Re3 I c ( )3 Re

c 2 2
2I
=( ) ( 2 +
)
3
Re Re I c ( )
2
r

Required magnetic field

4.

B=

2mc
qRe

2
2I
qE sin Re 2
) +
+

(
)
( )
Re
I c ( )3
mc 2 ( )3
33

4.7. Beam bunching in RF field

Layout of klystron beam bunching scheme (from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron)

4.

34

4.

RF beam bunching scheme: (left) initial beam modulation in

longitudinal momentum, (right) final beam modulation in density.

35

dv q U1
=
sin t
dt m d

Equation of motion in RF gap of width d and applied voltage U1

q U1
v = vo +
m d

Longitudinal particle velocity in RF gap

Initial particle velocity after extraction voltage Uo

Longitudinal particle velocity after RF gap

vo =
v = vo +

Longitudinal particle velocity after RF gap

Amplitude of modulation of longitudinal velocity

Transit time factor of RF gap

4.

sin t dt

tin

2qU o
m

q U1
+ out
in
2 sin( in
)sin( out
)
m d
2
2

in + out
= t1
2

RF phase in the center of the gap

Transit time angle through the gap

t out

1 =

d
vo

out in 1
=
2
2
v = vo + v1 sin t1
U
v1 = vo 1 M 1
2U 0
M1 =

sin

1
2

1
2

36

Time of arrival of particle to the second gap

Phase of arrival of particle into the second gap

t 2 = t1 +

z
z
v
t1 + (1 1 sin t1 )
vo + v1 sin t1
vo
vo

t2

z
zv
= t1 21 sin t1
vo
vo

t 2 = t1 X sin t1
Transit angle between gaps

Bunching parameter X =

z
vo

zv1 U1 M 1 z
=
vo2
2U o vo

Phase of arrival of particle into second gap as a

function phase of the same particle in the first gap.

4.

37

i1dt1 = i2 dt 2

Conservation of charge

dt1
I
=
dt 2 dt 2
dt1
I
i2 =
1 X cos t1
i2 = i1

Beam current in the second gap

Beam current in the second gap as a function of RF phase
in the first gap and bunching parameter

X<1
X=1

X>1

4.

Current in the second gap as a function of time.

38

x = t 2 = t1 X sin t1

Phase of arrival of particle into second gap

Expansion of the current in the second gap in Fourier
series
Fourier coefficients

i2 (x) = Ao + An cos nx
n=1

1
Ao = i2 (x)dx
o

2
An = i2 (x)cos nx dx
o

dx = dt 2

Differentiation of RF phase

1
dt
Ao = I 1 dt 2 = I
o dt 2

Constant in Fourier series

Other coefficients in Fourier series

2I
An =
cos(n t1 nX sin t1 )d t1 = 2IJ n (nX)
o

Bessel function (integral representation)

Beam current in the second gap

4.

1
J n (z) = cos(n z sin )d
o

i2 (x) = I + 2I J n (nX)cos nx
n=1

39

Bessel functions determine amplitude of the fist, third and tenth

harmonics of induced current in two-resonator buncher.

4.

40

The first harmonic of the induced beam current in the second gap
as a function of z for different values of voltage at first gap.

I1
= 2J1 (X)
I

The optimal value of bunching parameter is Xopt = 1.84.

4.

41

Beam bunching in presence of space charge forces*

2Ez =

Gauss theorem

Ez =

1D longitudinal space charge field

Longitudinal oscillation in presence of
space charge field, Ez, and external
field Eext

Substitution of space charge field gives:

Plasma frequency

Space charge density of the beam

4.

p =

d 2zp
dt 2

d 2zp
dt 2

2z
o p

z
o p

= q(Eext Ez )

+ 2p z p =

q
Eext
m

q
2c I
=
m o
R Ic

I
R2 c

* From Yu.A.Katsman, Microwave Devices, Moscow, 1973 (in Russian).

42

Reduction of beam plasma frequency in presence of conducting tube

Reduced plasma frequency of the beam =
q
of radius R in the tube of radius a

Fp p

R
J12 (2.4 )
a
Plasma frequency reduction factor Fp = 2.56
5.76
1+
a
( )2
vo
d 2zp

Longitudinal plasma oscillations in tube

dt

dz p

Constant Bo is defined from initial conditions for

particle velocity after first RF gap:

dt
dz p
dt

= Bo q cos q (t t1 )

(t1 ) = Bo q = v1 sin t1

Bo =
4.

+ q2 z p = 0

z p = Bo sin q (t t1 )

Longitudinal particle oscillations under space charge forces

Longitudinal velocity of particle oscillations under
space charge forces:

v1
sin t1
q

43

4.

Effect of space charge repulsion on beam bunching.

44

Finally, particle oscillations under space charge forces

in the moving system
Particle drift

Multiply by

RF phase in the second gap

Modified bunching parameter in
presence of space charge forces

Condition for maximum bunching:

4.

zp =

v1
sin q (t t1 )sin t1
q

z = vo (t 2 t1 ) + z p
v
z = vo (t 2 t1 ) + 1 sin q (t 2 t1 )sin t1
q

z
v1
= t 2 t1 +
sin q (t 2 t1 )sin t1
vo
q vo
t 2 = t1 X sin t1
v1
sin q (t 2 t1 )
q vo
z
sin( q )
U M z
vo
X= 1 1( )
z
2U o vo
q
vo

X=

z
)=1
vo
UM
= 1 1( )
2U o q

sin( q
X opt

z
=
vo 2

I1
= 2J1 (X opt )
I

45

4.8. Space charge dominated bunched beam in RF field*

(Left) initial and (right) final beam distribution in RF field. (Courtesy of Sergey Kurennoy.)
4.

* From Y.B., NIM-A 483 (2002), 611-628.

46

4.

Sequence of bunches in RF field.

47

4.

48

4.

49

4.9. Beam equipartitioning in RF field

4.

50

4.

51

Space charge field of the bunch

The space charge density of the beam is obtained as an integral of the b eam distribution function
over the particle momentum:

U + Ub
(x,y, ) = q
f dpx dpy dpz = o exp (- q ext
Ho
- - -

-2

),

(5.61)

where o is the space charge density in the center of the bunch. The value of o is unknown at this
point due t o the unknown space charge potential of the bea m, Ub. For further analysis let us
introduce an av erage value o f the spa ce charge density, , which is equal to the density of an
equivalent uniformly-charged cylindrical bunch with the same beam radius, R, and the same halfbunch length, l, as that of unknown stationary bunch. The space charge density of the cylindrical
bunch, = Q/V , is

I
2

2 R l c

(5.62)

where Q = I /c is the c harge of the bunch, V = R 2 2l is the volume o f the bunch and I is the
beam current. Let us compare the value of , Eq. (5.62), with that for another distributions. The
space charge density of a uniformly populated spheroid with semi-axises R and l is

s =

4.

3 I = 3 .
4 R 2 l c 2

(5.63)

52

4.

53

4.

54

4.

55

4.

56

4.

57

More precise analysis based on numerical solution of equation for beam potential indicates
that synchronous phase is shifted in space charge dominated beam and phase width of the
bunch also decreases but much slower than vertical size of the separatrix.

The potential function and separatrix

of the beam with high space-charge
density (from Kapchinsky, 1985).
4.

The separatrix shape for different values of

space charge parameter (from Kapchinsky,
1985).
58

Stationary bunch profile

4.

59

4.

60

4.

61

4.

62

4.

63

4.

64

Fig. 5.4. Comparison of potential functions of the bean and RF

field: (dotted line) space charge potential of bunched beam
distribution at the axis, s = -60o, C = 3.8; (solid line) inverse
external potential at the axis, -Uext( ,0) .

4.

65

C = C(Gtb )
b

Gz

4.

66

Fig. 5.5 Coefficient C in bunch shape for s = -30o as a function of ratio

of transverse and longitudinal gradients of space c harge field of the
beam: a) = 1, b) = 3, c) = 6.

Fig. 5.6 Coefficient C in bunch shape for s = -60o as a function of

ratio of transverse and longitudinal gradients of space charge field of
the beam: a) = 1, b) = 3, c) = 6.

4.

67

4.

68

4.

69

4.10. Maximum beam current

4.

70

9 2
Fig. 5.7. Function f ( s) = 3 s sin s - s cos s + cos s - cos2 s in
2
maximum beam current, Eq. (5.118).

4.

71

Comparison with ellipsoidal model

4.

72

4.

73

4.

74