Martinez, Celine Rona C.

BSPSY 4-1
Modern (Late 1800s to 1980s)
The Beginning of Modern Psychology
1878
- G. Stanley Hall becomes the first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
Hall eventually founds the American Psychological Association.
Granville Stanley Hall was a pioneering American psychologist and
educator. His interests focused on childhood development and
evolutionary theory.
1879
Wilhelm Wundt founds the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig,
Germany. The event is considered the starting point of psychology as a
separate science.
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physician, physiologist,
philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures
of modern psychology.
1881
--Wundt forms the professional journal Philosophische Studien (Philosophical
Studies)
1883
- G. Stanley Hall opens the first experimental psychology lab in the United
States at John Hopkins University.
1884
Jean-Martin Charcot explained demonic possession as a form of hysteria
(conversion disorder), to be treated with hypnotherapy.
Jean-Martin Charcot (/rko/; French: [ako]; 29 November 1825 16
August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical
pathology. He is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his
name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including
CharcotMarieTooth disease and Charcot disease (better known as
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurone disease, or Lou Gehrig

disease). Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French

neurology and one of the world's pioneers of neurology".
Conversion disorder is a mental condition in which a person has
blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms
that cannot be explained by medical evaluation.
1885
- Hermann Ebbinghaus published his famous ber das Gedchtnis ("On
Memory"), which was later translated to English as Memory. A Contribution
to Experimental Psychology. In the work, he describes his learning
and memory experiments that he conducted on himself.
Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered the
experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the
forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to
describe the learning curve.
Pierre Janet began therapeutic practice and research in Le Havre.
Pierre Marie Flix Janet was a pioneering French psychologist,
philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and
traumatic memory. He is ranked alongside William James and Wilhelm
Wundt as one of the founding fathers of psychology.
1886
Sigmund Freud begins providing therapy to patients in Vienna, Austria.
We are never so defensless against suffering as when we love.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
1888
- James McKeen Cattell becomes the first professor of psychology at the
University of Pennsylvania.
James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist, was the first professor of
psychology in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania and

long-time editor and publisher of scientific journals and publications,

most notably the journal Science.
1890
- James McKeen Cattell publishes Mental Tests and Measurements, marking
the beginning of the practice of psychological assessment.
-William James publishes Principles of Psychology.
Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living, and your belief
will help create the fact.
William James was an American philosopher and psychologist who was
also trained as a physician. He is also the first to offer a psychology
course in the United States
-Sir Francis Galton creates correlation technique to better understand
relationships between variable in intelligence studies.
Sir Francis Galton, FRS was an English Victorian statistician,
progressive, polymath, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist,
eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist,
proto-geneticist, and psychometrician.
1892
--G. Stanley Hall forms the American Psychological Association (APA), which
initially has just 42 members.
- Wundts student Edward B. Titchener moves to America.
Edward Bradford Titchener was a British psychologist who studied
under Wilhelm Wundt for several years. Titchener is best known for
creating his version of psychology that described the structure of the
mind: structuralism.
1894
- Margaret Floy Washburn completes her training under Tichener.

Margaret Floy Washburn, leading American psychologist in the early

20th century, was best known for her experimental work in animal
behavior and motor theory development.
1895
- Alfred Binet forms the first psychology lab devoted to psychodiagnosis.
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who invented the first practical
intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale.
1896
Development of the first psychological clinic at the University of
Pennsylvania, marking the birth of clinical psychology.
Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical
knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving
psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote
subjective well-being and personal development.
1898
- Edward Thorndike develops the Law of Effect.
Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.
Edward Thorndike put forward a Law of effect which stated that any
behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be
repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is
likely to be stopped.
Boris Sidis publishes The Psychology of Suggestion: A Research into the
Subconscious Nature of Man and Society.
Boris Sidis was a Ukrainian American psychologist, physician,
psychiatrist, and philosopher of education. Sidis founded the New York
State Psychopathic Institute and the Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
Wikipedia
The object of this book is the study of the subconscious, normal or
abnormal, individual or social, in its relation to suggestion and
suggestibility; the book discusses the psychology of suggestion and

examines the subconscious nature of both man and society. The author
hopes that the thoughtful reader will find the work not only interesting,
but stimulating to thought and useful in practical life. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved).
Important Psychology Events In the Twentieth-Century

1900
Sigmund Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams, marking the beginning
of Psychoanalytic Thought
The Interpretation of Dreams (German: Die Traumdeutung) is an 1899
book by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, in which Freud introduces his
theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation, and
discusses what would later become the theory of the Oedipus complex.
Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition,
added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very
literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this
work, "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime."
(In psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex (or, less commonly, Oedipal
complex) is a child's desire, that the mind keeps in the unconscious via
dynamic repression, to have sexual relations with the parent of the
opposite sex (i.e. males attracted to their mothers, and females
attracted to their fathers).)
The book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not
sell out for eight years. The Interpretation of Dreams later gained in
popularity, and seven more editions were published in Freud's lifetime.
Because of the book's length and complexity, Freud also wrote an
abridged version called On Dreams. The original text is widely
regarded as one of Freud's most significant works.
On Psychoanalytic Thought: Psychoanalytic theory is a method of
investigating and treating personality disorders and is used in
psychotherapy. Included in this theory is the idea that things that
happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later
function as adults.
1901
- The British Psychological Society is formed.
1905

- Mary Whiton Calkins is elected the first woman president of the American
Psychological Association.
Mary Whiton Calkins was an American philosopher and psychologist.
Calkins was also the first woman to become president of the American
Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association.
- Alfred Binet publishes the intelligence test New Methods for the Diagnosis
of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals.
About the intelligence test:
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Binet/binet1.htm
1906
- Ivan Pavlov publishes his findings on classical conditioning.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for
his work in classical conditioning.
Don't become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate the
mystery of their origin.
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent
conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically
potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus
(e.g. a bell).
- Morton Prince founds the Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
Morton Henry Prince was an American physician who specialized in
neurology and abnormal psychology, and was a leading force in establishing
psychology as a clinical and academic discipline.
1907
Carl Jung publishes The Psychology of Dementia Praecox.
Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who
founded analytical psychology. His work has been influential not only in
psychiatry but also in philosophy, anthropology, archaeology,
literature, and religious studies.

Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakes.

Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness")
is a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid
cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early
adulthood. Schizophrenia is the new word describing this disease.

1909
- Calkins publishes A First Book in Psychology.
1911
Alfred Adler left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of
thought, Individual Psychology, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality
and basing his theory on his own childhood.
Alfred W. Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and
founder of the school of individual psychology.
The chief danger in life is that you may take too many precautions.
Adlerian psychology shows parallels with the humanistic psychology of
Abraham Maslow, who acknowledged Adler's influence on his own
theories. Both individual psychology and humanistic psychology hold
that the individual human being is the best determinant of his or her
own needs, desires, interests, and growth.
1912
- Edward Thorndike publishes Animal Intelligence. The article leads to the
development of the theory of operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental
conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and
punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an
association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that
behavior.
- Max Wertheimer publishes Experimental Studies of the Perception of
Movement, leading to the development of Gestalt Psychology.

Max Wertheimer was an Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist who was

one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka
and Wolfgang Khler.
Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that looks at the human mind
and behavior as a whole. When trying to make sense of the world
around us, Gestalt psychology suggests that we do not simply focus on
every small component. Instead, our minds tend to perceive objects as
part of a greater whole and as elements of more complex systems.
This school of psychology played a major role in the modern
development of the study of human sensation and perception.
Gestaltism is opposed to structuralism.
1913
Carl Jung begins to depart from Freudian views and develops his own
theories, which are eventually known as analytical psychology.
Simply put, the analytical psychology approach to mental health views
a person's beliefs and behaviors as stemming from both conscious and
unconscious beliefs. This theory and approach to the practice of
psychology was developed by Carl Jung in the early 1900s. In addition
to viewing a person's behaviors as stemming from unconscious and
conscious beliefs, the analytical psychology approach suggests that
the human species has a collective unconscious as well as archetypes
that influence our development as individuals and as a species.
A Dangerous Method (2011 film)
- John B. Watson publishes Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. The work
helped establish behaviorism, which viewed human behavior arising from
conditioned responses.
John Broadus Watson was an American psychologist who established
the psychological school of behaviorism.
Behaviorism is the theory that human and animal behavior can be
explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or
feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering
behavior patterns.

- Jacob L. Moreno applied Group Psychotherapy methods in Vienna. His

methods, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction, later became
known as Psychodrama and Sociometry.
Jacob Levy Moreno was an Austrian-American psychiatrist,
psychosociologist, and educator, the founder of psychodrama, and the
foremost pioneer of group psychotherapy. During his lifetime, he was
recognized as one of the leading social scientists.
http://www.psychodrama-sociometry.com/: Psychodrama and
Sociometry are the theories at the core of this facilities orientation.
Developed by J.L. Moreno, M.D. (1889 - 1974), psychodrama employs
guided dramatic action to examine problems or issues raised by an
individual or a group. Using experiential methods, sociometry, role
theory, and group dynamics, psychodrama facilitates insight, personal
growth, and integration at cognitive, affective, and behavioral levels.
Sociometry is the study of relationships in groups. More specifically, it
is the study of attractions, neutralities, and rejections between people.
Psychodrama without Sociometry is not Psychodrama. It is the
foundation upon which Psychodrama rests.
1914
Boris Sidis publishes The Foundations of Normal and Abnormal
Psychology where he provides the scientific foundation for the field of
psychology, and details his theory of the moment-consciousness.
1915
Sigmund Freud publishes work on repression.
Abnormal repression, as defined by Freud, or neurotic behavior occurs
when repression develops under the influence of the superego and the
internalized feelings of anxiety, in ways leading to behavior that is
illogical, self-destructive, or anti-social.
1917
- Then president of the APA, Robert Yerkes writes the Alpha and Beta Tests for
the Army to test intelligence.
The Army Alpha is a group-administered test developed by Robert
Yerkes and six others in order to evaluate the many U.S. military recruits

during World War I. It was first introduced in 1917 due to a demand for a
systematic method of evaluating the intellectual and emotional functioning
of soldiers. The test measured "verbal ability, numerical ability, ability to
follow directions, and knowledge of information". Scores on the Army Alpha
were used to determine a soldier's capability of serving, his job classification,
and his potential for a leadership position. Soldiers who were illiterate or
foreign speaking would take the Army Beta, the nonverbal equivalent of the
exam.
The Army Beta1917 is the non-verbal complement of the Army Alphaa
group-administered test that was developed by Robert Yerkes and six other
committee members to evaluate some 1.5 million military recruits in the
United States during World War I. It was used for the purpose of evaluating
illiterate, unschooled and foreign speaking army recruits. It has been
recognized as an archetype of future cognitive ability tests. The time to
administer the test was 50 to 60 minutes and was generally administered to
100200 men in a group; the test was discontinued after World War I.
1919
- John B. Watson publishes Psychology, From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist.
1920
- Watson and Rosalie Rayner publish research the classical conditioning of
fear with their subject, Little Albert.
Rosalie Alberta Rayner was the assistant and later wife of Johns
Hopkins University psychology professor John B. Watson, with whom
she carried out the famous Little Albert experiment. Rayner studied at
Vassar College and Johns Hopkins University.
Little Alberts story: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/01/littlealbert.aspx
One of psychology's greatest mysteries appears to have been solved.
Little Albert, the baby behind John Watson's famous 1920 emotional
conditioning experiment at Johns Hopkins University, has been
identified as Douglas Merritte, the son of a wetnurse named Arvilla
Merritte who lived and worked at a campus hospital at the time of the
experiment receiving $1 for her baby's participation.

In the study, Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner exposed the
9-month-old tot, whom they dubbed Albert B, to a white rat and other
furry objects, which the baby enjoyed playing with. Later, as Albert
played with the white rat, Watson would make a loud sound behind the
baby's head. After a number of conditioning trials, Watson and Rayner
reintroduced the animals and furry items without the scary noise.
Through the conditioning, the animals and objects that were once a
source of joy and curiosity had become a trigger of fear.
Watson had no reason to reveal Albert's true identity, and he never deconditioned the child. (Watson was also dismissed from the university
around the same time because of an affair with Rayner.) Since then,
Little Albert's fate and identity have been a recurring question among
psychology scholars, including Appalachian State University
psychologist Hall P. Beck, PhD, who with a team of colleagues and
students, sought answers. For seven years, Beck and his associates
scoured historical materials, conferred with facial recognition experts,
met with relatives of the boy they theorized was Albert.
Eventually, the pieces of the puzzle came together. The attributes of
Douglas and his mother matched virtually everything that was known
about Albert and his mother. Like Albert's mother, Douglas's mother
worked at a pediatric hospital on campus called the Harriet Lane
Home. Like Albert, Douglas was a white male who left the home in the
early 1920s and was born at the same time of year as Albert. What's
more, a comparison of a picture of Albert with Douglas' portrait
revealed facial similarities.
Sadly, the team also discovered that Douglas died at age 6 of acquired
hydrocephalus, and was unable to determine if Douglas' fear of furry
objects persisted after he left Hopkins.
The team, which also included Sharman Levinson, PhD, of The
American University in Paris, and Gary Irons, the grandson of Arvilla
Merritte, published their findings in the October American Psychologist
(Vol. 64, No. 7). The article not only satisfies a long-held curiosity, but
also reflects a growing interest in the fate of research participants,
says Cathy Faye, of the Archives of the History of American Psychology
at the University of Akron. Participants in such famous, controversial
studies have become unwitting protagonists whose stories are told
over and over again in psychology textbooks, she says. So people
become very curious: Who were they, and how did they feel about the
experiment?

Beck is pleased his students have answered some of those questions,

but the real bonus, he believes, is what they gained in the research
process.
The search took them beyond the memorization of their lectures and
textbooks, and for the first time, into the creative world of
psychological research, he says. In the end, that was even more
important to them than finding Albert.
T. DeAngelis
1921
Jacob L. Moreno conducted the first large scale public Psychodrama session
at the Komoedienhaus, Vienna. He moved to New York in 1925.
1922
Boris Sidis publishes Nervous Ills: Their Cause and a Cure, a popularization
of his work concerning the subconscious and the treatment of psychopathic
disease.
1925
- Gestalt Psychology is brought to America with the publication of Wolfgang
Kohlers Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt Theory.
Wolfgang Khler was a German psychologist and phenomenologist
who, like Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka, contributed to the creation
of Gestalt psychology.
1932
- Jean Piaget becomes the foremost cognitive theorist with the publication of
his work The Moral Judgment of Children.
Jean Piaget was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering
work in child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".
Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain
human behavior by understanding your thought processes.
1933

 Wilhelm Reich published his influential book Character Analysis giving his
view that a person's entire character, not only individual symptoms, could be
looked at and treated as a neurotic phenomenon. The book also introduced
his theory of body armoring.
Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian psychoanalyst, a member of the second
generation of analysts after Sigmund Freud.
Only the liberation of the natural capacity for love in human beings
can master their sadistic destructiveness.
1935
- Henry Murray publishes the Thematic Appreception Test (TAT).
Henry Alexander Murray was an American psychologist who taught for
over 30 years at Harvard University.
TAT is a projective test designed to reveal a person's social drives or
needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures of emotionally
ambiguous situations.
1936
Karen Horney began her critique of Freudian psychoanalytic theory with the
publication of Feminine Psychology.
Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United
States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional
Freudian views.
Feminine psychology is an approach to psychology that focuses on
issues concerning gender, female human identity, and the issues that
women face throughout their lives especially social,economic, and
political issues.
Saul Rosenzweig published his article Some Implicit Common Factors in
Diverse Methods of Psychotherapy, in which he argued that common factors,
rather than speific ingredients, cause change in psychotherapy.
Saul Rosenzweig was an American psychologist and therapist.
Link to the article written by Rosenzweig:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?
a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxlZmljYWNpYXBzaWNv
dGVyYXBpYXxneDpkNjRkOWRhODE3MTU5MDU

1942
- Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy and publishes Counseling
and Psychotherapy. His approach encourages respect and positive regard for
patients.
Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist and among the
founders of the humanistic approach to psychology.
The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a
destination.
1943
Albert Hofmann writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of
LSD, which he first synthesized in 1938. LSD was practiced as a therapeutic
drug throughout the 1950s and 1960s.
Albert Hofmann was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first
person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of
lysergic acid diethylamide.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic
drug known for its psychological effects. This may include altered
awareness of the surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as
sensations and images that seem real though they are not. It is used
mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons. LSD is typically
either swallowed or held under the tongue. It is often sold on blotter
paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. It can also be injected.

LSD is not addictive. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as

anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD is in the ergoline
family. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, though
it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low
temperature. In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color.[8]
As little as 2030 micrograms can produce an effect.

LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from

ergotamine, a chemical from the fungus, ergot. The laboratory name
for the compound was the acronym for the German "Lyserg-sure-

dithylamid", followed by a sequential number: LSD-25. Hofmann

discovered its psychedelic properties in 1943. LSD was introduced as a
commercial medication under the trade-name Delysid for various
psychiatric uses in 1947. In the 1950s, officials at the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be useful for mind
control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen
and students, and others without their knowledge. The subsequent
recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s
counterculture resulted in its prohibition.
1945
Orval Hobart Mowrer founded Integrity Groups therapy.
Orval Hobart Mowrer was an American psychologist and professor of
psychology at the University of Illinois from 1948 to 1975 known for his
research on behaviour therapy.
Integrity Groups (therapeutic community groups based on principles of
honesty, responsibility, and emotional involvement)
The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded by Wiley-Blackwell. It is still
being published until now.
The Journal of Clinical Psychology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical
journal covering psychological research, assessment, and practice.
1949
The Boulder Conference outlined the scientist-practitioner model of clinical
psychology, looking at the master's degree versus PhD used by medical
providers and researchers, respectively.
1951
Carl Rogers published his major work, Client-Centered Therapy.
The seminal work of "Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the
Human Personality" is published, co-authored by Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman,
and Ralph Hefferline.
1952
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders is
published by The American Psychiatric Association marking the beginning of
modern mental illness classification.

1953
B.F. Skinner outlined behavioral therapy, lending support for behavioral
psychology via research in the literature.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner, commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an
American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social
philosopher.
Behavior Modification
Behavior therapy stands apart from insight-based therapies (such as
psychoanalytic and humanistic therapy) because the goal is to teach
clients new behaviors to minimize or eliminate problems, rather than
focusing on the unconscious mind.
Give me a child and Ill shape him into anything.
The real problem is not whether machines think but whether men do.
Code of Ethics for Psychologists developed by the American Psychological
Association.
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
5 General Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1954

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity

- Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and Personality, describing his

theory of a hierarchy of needs. He also helps found humanistic psychology.
Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist who was best
known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of
psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in
priority, culminating in self-actualization.
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem
as a nail.

Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love and belongingness
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
1955
Albert Ellis began teaching the methods of Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy the first form of cognitive psychotherapy.
Albert Ellis was an American psychologist who in 1955 developed
rational emotive behavior therapy. He held M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in
clinical psychology from Columbia University and American Board of
Professional Psychology.
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational
therapy and rational emotive therapy, is a comprehensive, activedirective, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which
focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and
disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling
lives.
1958
- Harry Harlow publishes The Nature of Love, which describe his experiments
with rhesus monkey's on the importance of attachment and love.
Harry Frederick Harlow was an American psychologist best known for
his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation
experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of
caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development.
1959
Viktor Frankl published the first English edition of Man's Search for
Meaning [with a preface by Gordon Allport], which provided an existential
account of his Holocaust experience and an overview of his system
of existential analysis called Logotherapy.

Viktor Emil Frankl was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist as well

as a Holocaust survivor. Frankl was the founder of logotherapy, which is
a form of existential analysis, the "Third Viennese School of
Psychotherapy".
Logotherapy is the pursuit of that meaning for one's life.
Existential Analysis can be defined as a phenomenological and personoriented psychotherapy, with the aim to lead the person to dare
(mentally and emotionally) free experiences, to induce authentic
decisions and to bring about a truly responsible way of dealing with life
and the world.
1960
Thomas Szasz inaugurated the anti-psychiatry movement with the
publication of his book, The Myth of Mental Illness.
Thomas Stephen Szasz was an American academic, psychiatrist and
psychoanalyst. He served for most of his career as professor of
psychiatry at the State University of New York Upstate Medical
University in Syracuse, New York.
The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal
Conduct is a 1961 book by Thomas Szasz, in which Szasz questions
psychiatry's foundations and argues against the tendency of
psychiatrists to label people who are "disabled by living" as mentally
ill. It received much publicity when it was published, and has become a
classic, but also made Szasz an enemy of many doctors.
R. D. Laing published The Divided Self which saw mental illness as an
expression or communication of the individual and so represented valid
descriptions of lived experience or reality rather than as symptoms of some
separate or underlying disorder.
Ronald David Laing, usually cited as R. D. Laing, was a Scottish
psychiatrist who wrote extensively on mental illness in particular, the
experience of psychosis.
First published in 1960, this watershed work aimed to make madness
comprehensible, and in doing so revolutionized the way we perceive
mental illness. Using case studies of patients he had worked with,
psychiatrist R. D. Laing argued that psychosis is not a medical
condition but an outcome of the 'divided self', or the tension between
the two personas within us: one our authentic, private identity, and the
other the false, 'sane' self that we present to the world.

1961
- Albert Bandura conducts his now famous Bobo doll experiment to
investigate if social behaviors (i.e. aggression) can be acquired by
observation and imitation.
The findings support Bandura's (1977) Social Learning Theory. That is,
children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process
of observation learning - through watching the behavior of another
person.
This study has important implications for the effects of media violence on
children.
Albert Bandura OC is a psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan
Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford
University.
Link to the Bobo Doll Experiment:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html
1962
The Esalen Institute founded at Big Sur California by Dick Price and Michael
Murphy, acting as a focus for the development of many branches
of Humanistic psychology.
1963
- Albert Bandura first describes the concept of observational learning to
explain personality development.
1965
William Glasser published Reality Therapy, describing his psychotherapeutic model and introducing his concept of control theory [later
renamed to Choice Theory].
William Glasser was an American psychiatrist. Glasser was the
developer of reality therapy and choice theory.
Reality therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on problemsolving and making better choices in order to achieve specific goals.

Choice Theory, developed by Dr. William Glasser, is the explanation of

human behavior based on internal motivation.
1967
Aaron Beck published a psychological model of depression, suggesting that
thoughts play a significant role in the development and maintenance of
depression.
Aaron Temkin Beck is an American psychiatrist who is professor
emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of
Pennsylvania.
Aaron Becks Cognitive Theory of Depression
Negative Cognitive Triad
1. I am defective or inadequate.
2. All of my experiences results in defeats or failures.
3. The future is hopeless.
1968
DSM II published by the American Psychiatric Association.
1969
California School of Professional Psychology established as first
freestanding school of professional psychology.
Joseph Wolpe published The Practice of Behavior Therapy.
Joseph Wolpe was a South African psychiatrist, one of the most
influential figures in Behavior Therapy. Wolpe grew up in South Africa,
attending Parktown Boys' High School and obtaining his M.D. from the
University of the Witwatersrand.
Systematic Desensitization - a treatment for phobias in which the
patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and
taught relaxation techniques.
Assertiveness training is a form of behavior therapy designed to help
people stand up for themselvesto empower themselves, in more
contemporary terms. Assertiveness is a response that seeks to
maintain an appropriate balance between passivity and aggression.

1970
Arthur Janov published his book The Primal Scream, which outlined his
theory of the trauma-based Primal therapy.
Arthur Janov is an American psychologist, psychotherapist, and the
creator of primal therapy, a treatment for mental illness that involves
repeatedly descending into, feeling, and experiencing long-repressed
childhood pain.
Primal therapy a form of psychotherapy that focuses on a patient's
earliest emotional experiences and encourages verbal expression of
childhood suffering, typically using an empty chair or other prop to
represent a parent toward whom anger is directed.
1971
Vladimir Bukovsky documented the psychiatric imprisonment of political
prisoners in the USSR.
Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky was prominent in the Soviet
dissident movement of the 1960s and 1970s and spent a total of
twelve years in psychiatric prison-hospitals, labor camps and prisons
within the Soviet Union; writer
1974
- Stanley Milgram publishes Obedience to Authority, which presented the
findings of his famous obedience experiments.
Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an
experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority
and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of
genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War
Criminal trials.
Conclusion of the experiment: Ordinary people are likely to follow
orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an
innocent human being. Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all
from the way we are brought up.
People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their
authority as morally right and / or legally based. This response to
legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in
the family, school and workplace.

1980
- The DSM-III is published.
1990
- Noam Chomsky publishes On Nature, Use and Acquisition of Language.
Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive
scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist.
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the
capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce
and use words and sentences to communicate.
child language acquisition theory chomsky, crystal, Aitchison &
piaget. Noam Chomsky believes that children are born with an
inherited ability to learn any human language. He claims that certain
linguistic structures which children use so accurately must be already
imprinted on the child's mind.
1991
- Steven Pinker publishes an article in Science introducing his theory of how
children acquire language, which he later details further in his book The
Language Instinct.
Steven Arthur "Steve" Pinker is a Canadian-born American cognitive
scientist, psychologist, linguist, and popular science author.
The Language Instinct supports the theory that language is innate and
that humans have a common "universal grammar".
1992
The American Psychoanalytic Association extended the provisions of its
1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes.
1994
- The DSM-IV is published.
1997

 The American Psychoanalytic Association became the first national mental

health organization to support same-sex marriage.

Psychology Events In the Twenty-First Century

2000
- Genetic researchers finish mapping human genes. Scientists hope to one
day isolate the individual genes responsible for different diseases.
2002
- Steven Pinker publishes The Blank Slate, arguing against the concept
of tabula rasa.
Tabula rasa - an absence of preconceived ideas or predetermined
goals; a clean slate; the human mind, especially at birth, viewed as having
no innate ideas.
2002
- Psychologist Daniel Kahneman is awared the Nobel Prize in Economics for
his research (conducted with Amos Tversky) on how judgements are made in
the face of uncertainty. (Tversky died in 1996 and the Nobel is not awarded
posthumously).
2004
Gold, Voracek, and Wigram looked at ten studies conducted between 1970
and 1998 to examine the overall efficacy of music therapy on children and
adolescents with behavioral, emotional, and developmental disorders.
2006
Michael J. Crawford and his colleagues found that music therapy helped the
outcomes of schizophrenic patients.

7 Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who is the founder of American Psychological Association?

a. Margaret Floy Washburn
b. Arnold Gesell
c. G Stanley Hall
d. Robert Yerkes
e. William James
2. Schizophrenia was first referred to as:
a. Dementia Praecox
b. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
c. Dementia with Lewy bodies.
d. Cotard Delusion
e. Negation Delirium

3. Who is the writer of the Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests for the Army?
a. Alfred Binet
b. Robert Yerkes
c. Laurence Weschler
d. James Flynn
e. Edward Thorndike
4. In what year was the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
a.1939
b.1942
c.1947
d.1951
e. 1952
5. Choose the letter which shows the correct order of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.
a. Physiological, Love/Belonging, Safety, Esteem, Self-actualization
b. Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Self-actualization, Esteem
c. Physiological, Esteem, Love/Belonging, Safety, Self-actualization
d. Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
e. Physiological, Love/Belonging, Safety, Self-actualization, Esteem
6. A type of hallucinogen was practiced as a therapeutic drug throughout the

1950s and 1960s. What was that hallucinogen?

a. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

b. Dextromethorphan
c. Ketamine
d. Phencyclidine
e. Salvia Divinorum
7. Who are the two psychologists who published the research about classical
conditioning with Little Albert as the subject?
a. Wundt and Tolman
b. Wundt and Rescorla

c. Watson and Rayner

d. Watson and Jones
e. Watson and Thorndike