A.P.

CHEMISTRY SEMESTER EXAM OUTLINE 2016

I. Structure of Matter
A. Atomic theory and atomic structure
1. Evidence for the atomic theory
2. Atomic masses
3. Atomic number and mass number; isotopes
4. Electron energy levels: atomic spectra and electron configurations
5. The quantum mechanical model for the atom
6. Using c = and E = h
7. Periodic table: metals, nonmetals, metalloids, family names,
periodic relationships, especially oxidation states, and trends in
ionization energy, size, electronegativity
B. Chemical bonding
1. Ionic vs. covalent
2. Nomenclature for ionic and covalent substances
C. Nuclear chemistry: alpha and beta decay
II. States of Matter
A. Gases
1. Laws of ideal gases
a. Equations
b. Partial pressures
2. Kinetic-molecular theory
a. Interpretations of ideal gas laws
b. Avogadros hypothesis and the mole concept
c. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperature
d. Deviations from the ideal gas laws
III. Reactions
A. Reaction types
1. Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, metathesis,
combustion of a hydrocarbon
2. Acid-base reactions, weak vs. strong
3. Precipitation reactions
4. Writing ionic and net ionic equations
NOTE: Be prepared to use the reduction potential chart when predicting single
replacement reactions and the solubility rules for double displacement
5. Oxidation-reduction reactions
a. Assigning oxidation states and balancing redox equations
b. The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction
B. Stoichiometry
1. Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems (net ionic)
2. Balancing of equations including those for redox reactions
3. Mass and volume relationships with emphasis on the mole concept,
including empirical formulas and limiting reactants

IV. Descriptive chemistry

A. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions
B. Relationships on the periodic table
C. Introduction to organic chemistry
1. Hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
Structure and nomenclature
2. Recognizing and naming functional groups
V. Chemical calculations
A. Percentage composition
B. Empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data
C. Chemical quantities and factor label conversions
D. Molar masses from gas density
E. Gas laws
F. Stoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculations
G. Mole fractions
H. Molarity
VI. Laboratory procedures and instrumentation
A. Separation of substances
B. Gravimetric analysis (mass relationships)
C. Volumetric analysis
D. Working with gases to determine molar volume
E. Determining concentration using spectrophotometry
F. Spectral analysis
G. Mass spectrometer and related graphs

SEMESTER EXAM FORMAT:

~ 50 Multiple Choice
3 Free Response (multipart)
Bonus