FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

BFF2821 MECHANICS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO:
EXPERIMENT NAME:
SUBMISSION DATE:
SESSION NUMBER:
GROUP NUMBER:

10
TENSILE TEST
15 NOVEMBER 2016
01 P
4
GROUP MEMBERS

NAME
NUR SYAMIZA BINTI ZAMRI
SAMSIAH BINTI SUAILY
NIK NURHARYANTIE BINTI NIK MOHD KAMIL

LAB INSTRUCTOR
MR AIDIL SHAFIZA

ID
FA 14030
FA 14031
FA 14115

TABLE OF CONTENTS
No.

Contents

Page

Aim

Objectives

Introduction

Apparatus and Procedure

4-5

4.1 Apparatus
4.2 Procedure

Result and Calculation

5-8

Table 1:Specimen dimension

Table 2 : Specimen dimension after fracture
Table 3 : Result for aluminium
Table 4 : Result for copper
Table 5 : Summary of properties obtain from the stress
strain diagram
6

Calculation
Discussion

9-11

6.1 Experiment 1
7

6.2 Experiment 2
Conclusion

11

References

11

Rubrics

12

1.0

AIM
To determine a materials properties of Copper and Aluminium , and is used in a wide

range of industries. From performing the Tensile Test the following properties will be
determined; youngs modulus, yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, percentage elongation at
fracture, percentage reduction in cross-sectional area at fracture and fracture stress.
2.0

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the tensile mechanical properties of metals by characterizing their

stress versus strain behaviour .

3.0

INTRODUCTION
The mechanical properties of a material are directly to the response of the material

when it is subjected to mechanical stress. So that, a tensile test is a fundamental mechanical

test where a carefully prepared specimen is loaded in a very controlled manner while
measuring the applied load and the elongation of the specimen over some distance. This tests
are carried out to determine the modulus of elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional
limit, and reduction in area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile
properties. Universal Testing Machines (UTM), which can be hydraulic or screw based, are
generally utilized to apply the test displacement/load in a continuously increasing (ramp)
manner according ASTM specifications. The main product of a tensile test is a load versus
elongation curve which is then converted into a stress versus strain curve. Since both the
engineering stress and the engineering strain are obtained by dividing the load and elongation
by constant values (specimen geometry information), the load-elongation curve will have the
same shape as the engineering stress-strain curve. The stress-strain curve relates the applied
stress to the resulting strain and each material has its own unique stress-strain curve. Elastic
deformation is a deformation of the material that is covered when the applied load is
removed. This temporary deformation is associated with the stretching of atomic bonds.
Percentage of elongation is the total percent increase in the length of a specimen during a
tensile test. Engineering strain is an increasing in sample length at a given load divided by the
original (stress-free) length. Engineering stress is the applied load, or force, divided by the
original cross-sectional area of the material.

4.0

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE

4.1 APPRATUS
i. Instron Universal Testing Machine 50 kN
capacity

ii. Digital Varnier Calliper

iii. Test Specimen: Aluminium and Copper

Table 4.1 : The figure of apparatus

4.2 PROCEDURE
i.

Preparation by identify each specimen, the length, width, and thickness were

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

measured and recorded of the gage of the specimen.

Test icon is clicked, the New Sample is found and selected method.
Sample file name, the operators name are entered.
The test tensile mechanic lab is choosed.
The method icon is clicked and the specimen parameter and crosshead speed

vi.

is set.
Do calibration for load cell and extensometer. (Instructor will guide to do the

vii.

calibration).
Test Specimen is installed
a. Using manual control, the specimen tightly to upper grid at a convenient
position (2/3 area) is clamped and the Balance Load is clicked on the

screen. Then tighten bottom grip (dont balance load). The specimen is
ensured in straight.
viii.

The Extensometer is installed

a. The button extensometer is pressed and hold then attach to specimen, before

the button clicks is released, Balance Strain on the computer.

ix.
Start the test by pressing START TEST on the Instron Control Panel.
x.
The load and strain data output is monitored, when the strain rate increase
xi.
xii.
xiii.

5.0

significantly, the yield strength has been exceed.

After specimen rupture occurs; a limit will be tripped and the Instron will stop.
The extensometer and test specimen is removed carefully.
The experiment is repeated by other material ( copper)

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

TABLE 1 : SPECIMEN DIMENSION BEFORE FRACTURE

Material
Copper
Aluminium

Thickness, tO mm
0.88
1.08

Width, wO,mm
15.8
15.08

Length,LO,mm

Cross

section

67.75
70.23

area (AO),mm2
1070.45
1059.07

Length,Lf,mm

Cross

86.84
80.32

area (Af),mm2
1171.47
1099.58

TABLE 2 : SPECIMEN DIMENSION AFTER FRACTURE

Material
Copper
Aluminium

Thickness, tf mm
0.71
0.93

Width, wf,mm
13.49
13.69

TABLE 3 : RESULTS FOR ALUMINIUM

section

Load (N)
4024.93
26.02

Strain ( mm/mm)
0.0307
0.2315

Stress (MPa)
52.82
0.34

TABLE 4 : RESULTS FOR COPPER

Load (N)
4371.99
1224.08

Strain ( mm/mm)
0.2498
0.4861

Stress (MPa)
314.44
88.04

TABLE 5 : SUMMARY OF PROPERTIES OBTAIN FROM THE STRESS-STRAIN

DIGRAM
Properties

Material
Aluminium (MPa)
22580.45
52.82
52.82
0.34

Modulus of Elasticity, E
Yield Strength , y
Ultimate strength (max strength),ul
Breaking strength (fracture point)

Calculation :
1. Aluminium
From data in the software:
Fmaximum load= 4024.93N
Fbreaking load= 26.02N
Yield stress, y,maximum load= F / Ao = 4024.93 / 1059.07 = 3.8 MPa
Yield stress, y,breaking load= F / Ao = 26.02/ 1059.07 = 0.02 MPa
= Lf Lo / Lo x 100 % = 80.32 70.32/80.32 x 100% = 12.45
Modulus of elasticity, E = /
= 52.82/0.0307
= 1720.52 MPa
Yield strength (from graph 0.2% offset) = 52MPa
2. Copper
From data in the software :
Fmaximum load= 4371.99 N
Fbreaking load= 1224.08 N

Copper (MPa)
108200.24
314.44
314.44
88.04

Yield stress, y,maximum load= F / Ao = 4371.99 / 1070.45= 4.08 MPa

Yield stress, y,breaking load= F / Ao = 1224.08 / 1070.45= 1.14 MPa
= Lf Lo / Lo x 100 % = 86.84 67.75/86.84 x 100% = 21.98
Modulus of elasticity, E = /
= 314.44/0.2498
= 1258.77 MPa
Yield strength (from graph 0.2% offset) = 250MPa

6.0 DISCUSSION

1.Discuss the elastic and plastic behavior for each graph.

Fracture strength, also known as breaking strength, is the stress at which a specimen fails via
fracture.[1]. From the experiment , it shown that Breaking strength for Copper is 88.04MPa
compared to Aluminium with is 0.34MPa .Ductile materials have a fracture strength lower
than the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), whereas in brittle materials the fracture strength is
equivalent to the UTS.[2] Copper and Aluminium is ductile but for the graph , Copper shown
that it has the highest Ultimate Tensile Strength which is

314.44MPa compared to

Aluminium which is 52.82 MPa . For the Yield Strength , Copper(314.44MPa) also higher
than Aluminium (52.82) . Copper was found to be considerably tougher than the Aluminium,
having an elastic modulus of 108200.24MPa , while aluminum (E = 22580.45 MPa) was
found to be the most elastic of the metals .

2.Why is Yield Strength generally used as a practical measure of the limit of elastic
action?
The yield point determines the limits of performance for mechanical components, since it
represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without permanent deformation.
3. Briefly describe the physical phenomenon that generally occurs when a ductile tensile
test sample reaches its ultimate strength.
Ductile metals undergo a period of strain hardening, in which the stress increases again with
increasing strain, and they begin to neck, as the cross-sectional area of the specimen
decreases due to plastic flow. In a sufficiently ductile material, when necking becomes
substantial, it causes a reversal of the engineering stressstrain curve (curve A, right figure);
this is because the engineering stress is calculated assuming the original cross-sectional area
before necking. The reversal point is the maximum stress on the engineering stressstrain
curve, and the engineering stress coordinate of this point is the ultimate tensile strength, given
by point 1.
The UTS is not used in the design of ductile static members because design practices dictate
the use of the yield stress. It is, however, used for quality control, because of the ease of
testing. It is also used to roughly determine material types for unknown samples.[1]

The UTS is a common engineering parameter when designing brittle members, because there
is no yield point.[2]
4.Briefly explain how the 0.2% Offset Yield Strength is determined.
Yield point is the point in the stress-strain curve at which the curve levels off and plastic
deformation begins to occur. When a yield point is not easily defined based on the shape of
the stress-strain curve an offset yield point is arbitrarily defined. The value for this is
commonly set at 0.1 or 0.2% plastic strain. The offset value is given as a subscript, e.g.,
Rp0.2=310 MPa. High strength steel and aluminum alloys do not exhibit a yield point, so this
offset yield point is used on these materials.
5. What is difference between Engineering Stress and True Stress?
Engineering stress
True stress
The ratio of the tensile force to the original The ratio of the tensile force to the true crosscross-sectional area

sectional area at the narrowest region of the

neck

P
P
t =
A0
A
Engineering stress is the applied load divided True stress is the applied load divided by the
=

by the original cross-sectional area of a actual cross-sectional area (the changing area
material. Also known as nominal stress.

with respect to time) of the specimen at that

load

6. Briefly describe the physical phenomenon that generally occurs when a ductile tensile
test sample reaches its ultimate strength.
If a ductile material reaches its ultimate tensile strength in a load-controlled situation, it will
continue to deform, with no additional load application, until it ruptures. However, if the
loading is displacement-controlled, the deformation of the material may relieve the load,
preventing rupture.
7.0 CONCLUSION
As conclusion from the experiment , it shown that Breaking strength for Copper is 88.04MPa
compared to Aluminium with is 0.34MPa . Copper shown that it has the highest Ultimate
Tensile Strength which is 314.44MPa compared to Aluminium which is 52.82 MPa . For the
10

Yield Strength , Copper(314.44MPa) also higher than Aluminium (52.82) . Copper was
found to be considerably tougher than the Aluminium, having an elastic modulus of
108200.24MPa , while aluminum (E = 22580.45 MPa) was found to be the most elastic of the
metals . Lastly, from stress strain curve we can get the properties of material. These curves
reveal many of the properties of a material (including data to establish the Modulus of
Elasticity, E).[3]
8.0

REFERENCES

1) Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in
Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 32, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
2) "Tensile Properties". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
3) Luebkeman, C., & Peting, D. (2012, 04 28). Stressstrain curves. Retrieved from
http://pages.uoregon.edu/struct/courseware/461/461_lectures/461_lecture24/461_lecture24.ht
ml.

9.0 RUBRICS
Report
Elements

MARKS
GIVEN

RATINGS (MARK)
3

11

Openended lab
elements
practice

Design own
method of
experiments to
achieve the
objectives
(independent of
lab sheet)

Show one or
more elements
of open-ended
method but still
dependent on
lab sheet

Totally
dependent on
lab sheet
methods

Result
and
findings

Results are
correct and
presented in
appropriate
tools with
elements of lab
sheet
independence

Results are
correct and
presented
totally as
guided by lab
sheet

Results are
partially
correct

Discussion
points only
focusing on
question in lab
sheet

An incomplete
discussion and
poor analysis

Conclude with
the relation of
experiment to
the objectives
and clearly
state the
reference

Conclusion not
accurately
relate with the
objective.
Reference
stated

Conclusion not
accurately
relate with the
objective. No
Reference
stated

Beyond ordinary
presentation
with additional
material from
multiple sources
of reference,
consistent
formatting, and
well structured.

Ordinary
presentation
report with
most of
materials
depends on lab
sheet.

Poor
presentation
format and
structure. Very
less effort in
preparing the
report

Discussio
n

Conclusio
n&
Reference

Report
Presentat
ion

Comprehensive
analysis on the
results and
theory by
adding
additional
discussion
points other
than specified
in lab sheet

TOTAL:

12