Table of Contents

1.0 PROCEDURE..........................................................................................................
1.1 Start-up Procedure...................................................................................................
1.2 Procedure of condenser (cooler) section.................................................................
1.3 Procedure of valve section.......................................................................................
1.4 Procedure of Separator Section...............................................................................
2.0

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD).....................................................................

3.0

WORKBOOK.........................................................................................................

3.1 Material Streams....................................................................................................

3.2 Compositions..........................................................................................................
3.3 Energy stream........................................................................................................
3.4 Unit Operations......................................................................................................
4.0

QUESTION AND ANSWER..................................................................................

5.0

DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................

5.1

Objective.............................................................................................................

5.2

Summary of the Process....................................................................................

5.3

Purpose of each equipment...............................................................................

5.4

Principle work for each equipment.....................................................................

5.5

Fact/theory based on physical properties of each components.........................

5.6

Fluid package- the suitability of application.......................................................

5.7 Different result obtained by using different fluid package need to be well
explained......................................................................................................................
5.8 Recommendation/ Suggestion For Improvement Or Further Detailed
Discussion....................................................................................................................
5.9 Attachement result obtained from different fluid package (workbook using
SRK model)..................................................................................................................
5.9.1 Material Streams..............................................................................................
5.9.2 Compositions...................................................................................................
5.9.3 Energy streams................................................................................................
5.9.4 Unit Operations................................................................................................
5.10 Summary of the result........................................................................................

1 | Page

1.0 PROCEDURE
1.1 Start-up Procedure

a. Using Aspen-HYSIS, first of all click properties at the left window. Select
chemical components from the component library by double click the
component list. After that, search the component ammonia and then click
icon add. Just do the same for other component which is water, H 2O. Make
sure status ok and then just go for fluid packages.(Figure 1.1a)

Figure 1.1a: Component List-1 window shows the pure component ammonia and

water being added

b. Back to the left of window, double click the fluid packages, the window will
shown as Figure 1.1b.1. Then, click the icon add. There will the list of
property packages selection, choose Peng- Robinson. (Figure 1.1b.2).
Make sure the status is ok and then proceed to the next step.

2 | Page

Figure 1.1b.1: The window appears after click the fluid package

Figure 1.1b.2: After add icon is click, the window will show the property package
selection in the set up menu like this

3 | Page

1.2 Procedure of condenser (cooler) section

a. Then, enter simulation which is stated below the properties. Search for
pellete. Drag the blue error to represent the stream 1 (input). Then, choose
and drag the condenser (cooler) such in Figure 1.2a.1 in the work space.
Drag one more time the blue error to represent the stream 2(output) as well.
b. Double click the cooler that have been drag and then put the info given in
the question to the window. (Figure 1.2b.1). After that, click design then
connection. In the connection, input choose 1 as stream 1, output 2 as
stream 2, energy as energy 1. Next, in parameter put 0 kPa as delta P and
duty 1700kW (Figure 1.2b.2).

Figure 1.2a.1: Condensor (cooler) unit in the pellet menu.

4 | Page

Figure 1.2b.1 : Cooler window >design> connection

Figure 1.2b.2: Cooler window>design>parameter

c. After that, click worksheet. Choose condition and put the value 144.6 C as
temperature, 1724kPa as pressure and 4536 kgmole/hr molar flow for
stream 1 (Figure 1.2c.1). Then click composition, put mole fraction 0.80 for
ammonia and 0.20 for water,H2O (Figure 1.2c.2). If the status appear green
as ok then proceed. The outlet stream 2 shows the temperature outlet can
answered the Question 1 of the lab 2.

5 | Page

Figure 1.2c.1: 144.6 C as temperature, 1724kPa as pressure and 4536 kgmole/hr

molar flow for stream 1.

Figure 1.2c.2: Mole fraction of the components.

1.3 Procedure of valve section

a. Choose common, pick control valve and drag into workspace from pallete
(Figure 1.3a). Then, drag blue errow to work space.

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Figure 1.3a: Control valve in pellette

b. Double click the control valve. The window of control valve will appear as in
Figure 1.3b. Click design> connections and put inlet stream as stream 2
and outlet stream as stream 3.

Figure 1.3b: Control valve window

7 | Page

c. Next, click worksheet. In the worksheet > conditions for the outlet stream
(stream 3) put 1034 kPa as outlet pressure. (Figure 1.3c). Finish for control
valve then proceed to the next stage.

Figure 1.3c: Outlet pressure control valve is 1034kPa

1.4 Procedure of Separator Section

a. For separation process, the icon separator is choose from palette and drag
into workspace. Two blue error (stream 4 and stream 5) are also drag into
the workspace to represent the overhead and bottom product of the
separator.

8 | Page

Figure 1.4a: The separator in the common palette

b. Double click the separator in the work space and the separator window will
appear. Click design> connection. Input stream choose stream 3 from the
output stream of the valve. Then, for the output stream of separator, at the
overhead product choose stream 4, and bottom product as stream 5 that
naming before. (Figure 1.4b)

9 | Page

Figure 1.4b: The connection of the separator

c. In the worksheet, click composition and the mole fraction of ammonia and
water in the overhead (vapor) and bottom (liquid) are appear as it been
calculated by the system. This answered the Question number 2 of the lab
1 (Figure 1.4c.1). As well as Question number 3 also can be answered by
click the conditions in worksheet.

Figure 1.4c.1 : The mole fraction of the overhead and bottom products of separator
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Figure 1.4c.2: The mass flowrate in worksheet> conditions

2.0PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

STREAM 1

STREAM 2
COOLER
0.80 kgmole/kgmole
(CONDENSOR) 0.80 kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
ammonia
DELTA P: 0 kPa
0.20 kgmole/kgmole
H2O 1700 kW 0.20 kgmole/kgmole
DUTY:
H2O
VAPOR PHASE:
VAPOR PHASE:
0.8087
0.8296
kgmole/kgmole
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
ammonia
0.1913
0.1704
kgmole/kgmole H2O
kgmole/kgmole H2O
LIQUID PHASE:
LIQUID PHASE:
0.2256
0.2387
kgmole/kgmole
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
ammonia
0.7744
0.7613
kgmole/kgmole H2O
kgmole/kgmole H2O
TEMPERATURE:
TEMPERATURE:
143.6C
140.1C
PRESSURE :1724
PRESSURE :17.24
kPa
kPa
MOLAR
MOLAR
FLOWRATE: 4536
FLOWRATE: 4536
kgmole/hr
kgmole/hr

STREAM 3

STREAM 4

STREAM 5

CONTROL
0.80 kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
VALVE

0.8238
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia

0.2042
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia

0.1762
kgmole/kgmole H2O

0.7958
kgmole/kgmole H2O

VAPOR PHASE:

VAPOR PHASE:

0.20 kgmole/kgmole
H2O
VAPOR PHASE:
0.8238
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
0.1762
kgmole/kgmole H2O
LIQUID PHASE:
0.2042
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
0.7958
kgmole/kgmole H2O
TEMPERATURE:
123.6C
PRESSURE :10.34
kPa
MOLAR
FLOWRATE: 4536
kgmole/hr

0.8238
0.8238
kgmole/kgmoleSEPARATOR
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia
ammonia
0.1762
kgmole/kgmole H2O

0.1762
kgmole/kgmole H2O

LIQUID PHASE:

LIQUID PHASE:

0.2042
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia

0.2042
kgmole/kgmole
ammonia

0.7958
kgmole/kgmole H2O

0.7958
kgmole/kgmole H2O

TEMPERATURE:
123.6C

TEMPERATURE:
123.6C

11 | PPRESSURE
age
PRESSURE :10.34
:10.34
kPa
kPa
MOLAR
FLOWRATE: 4536

MOLAR
FLOWRATE: 4536

3.0 WORKBOOK

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3.1 Material Streams

3.2 Compositions

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3.3 Energy stream

3.4 Unit Operations

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4.0 QUESTION AND ANSWER

4.1 QUESTION 1:What is the temperature of the outlet stream of the
condenser?
ANSWER: Temperature outlet stream for the condenser is 140 C.

4.2 QUESTION 2: What are the mole fractions for ammonia and water in the
vapor and liquid stream of the separator?
ANSWER: Mole fraction of ammonia and water:
Components
Ammonia
Water,H2O

Mole fractions
Vapor stream
Liquid stream
(stream 4)
(stream 5)
0.8238
0.2042
0.1762
0.7958

4.3 QUESTION 3: Determine the mass flow rate for each outlet stream of the
separator?
ANSWER: The mass flow rate of the outlet stream of separator:
Mass flowrate
Vapor stream
Liquid stream
(stream 4)
(stream 5)
(kg/hr)
(kg/hr)
75040
3102

5.0 DISCUSSION
15 | P a g e

5.1 Objective
The aim of this lab 1 is to understand the usage of condenser,
control valve and separation process as well. Furthermore, the purpose
is to determine the outlet stream of condenser, the mole fractions for
ammonia and water in the vapor and liquid stream of the separator and
to determine the mass flowarate for each outlet stream of the separator.

5.2 Summary of the Process

Firstly, a mixture of ammonia and water at 143.6C and 1724kPa
containing 80 wt% ammonia and 20 wt% of water is passed through the
condenser at flow rate 4536 kgmole/hr. Then heat is removed from the
condenser or cooler at rate of 1700 kW. After that, the pressure outlet
stream which is stream 2 then reduced by using a valve to 1034kPa
(stream 3). The mixture is then fed into a flash vessel (separator) to
separate the vapor and liquid. The most volatile (high boiling point)
compound is more in the overhead product (out as vapor) and less
volatile (low boiling point) compound is more in the bottom product (out
as liquid).
5.3 Purpose of each equipment
The purpose using the condenser is to cool down the mixture of
ammonia and water from 143.6C into 140.1C.

The condenser will

removed heat (exothermic). After that, control valve is used to control the
amount pressure entering the stream by allowing amount or mixture
come into the stream. To reduce the pressure, the valve will open wider
to allow more mixture enter into stream and alternatingly as well. The last
once is flash vessel separator. Separator is used to separate the mixture
into its constituent component base on its boiling point.
5.4 Principle work for each equipment
Inside the cooler( condenser), the refrigerent vapor is compressed and forced
through a heat exchange coil, condensing it into liquid and rejecting the heat
previously absorbed from the cool indoor area. The condensers heat exchanger is
16 | P a g e

generally cooled by a fan blowing outside air through it. Next for the control valve, it
regulates the flow pressure of the fluid. Control valve respond to the signal
(pneumatic signal) generated by independent devices such as flow meters or
temperature gauges. It respond to changes of pressure and then then it will open or
close the valve to increase or reduce the amount of fluid flow into the stream. Next
flash vessel separator which is involve the separation process. In the separation
process of flash vessel, the partial vapor occurs when saturated liquid stream
undergoes a reduction in pressure through a throttling valve or other throttling
device. If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel
so the flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to
as a flash drum. Saturated liquid of single component- part of liquid flashes into
vapor. Both the vapor and the residual liquid are cooled to saturation temperature of
liquid at the reduced pressure. For multicomponent liquid, the flashed vapor is richer
in the more volatile componnets than its remaining liquid.

5.5 Fact/theory based on physical properties of each components.

Ammonia, NH3 is a colourless gas with characteristics pungent smell, an
alkaline or soapy taste. It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times than air. It
easily liquefied due to strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. The liquid boils
at -33.3C and freeze at -77.7 to white crystal. Ammonia may be conveniently
deodorized by reacting it with either sodium bicarbonate form an odourless
ammonium salt.

The crystal symmetry is cubic, Pearson symbol cP16, space

group P213 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 nm.

Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high of 22.
Liquid

ammonia

has

very

high standard

vaporization (23.35 kJ/mol, cf. water 40.65 kJ/mol,

enthalpy

change

of

methane

8.19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in
uninsulated vessels without additional refrigeration. See liquid ammonia as a solvent.

Ammonia is miscible with water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by

boiling. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. The maximum concentration of
ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0.880 g/cm3 and is often
17 | P a g e

known as '.880 ammonia'. Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion,
except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 1525% air.

When mixed with oxygen, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. At high
temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst, ammonia is decomposed into
its constituent elements. Ignition occurs when chlorine is passed into ammonia,
forming nitrogen and hydrogen chloride; if chlorine is present in excess, then the
highly explosive nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) is also formed.

The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape as predicted by

the valence

shell

electron

pair

repulsion

theory (VSEPR

theory)

with

an

experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7. [19] The central nitrogen atom has
five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives
a total of eight electrons, or four electron pairs that are arranged tetrahedrally. Three
of these electron pairs are used as bond pairs, which leaves one lone pair of
electrons. The lone pair of electrons repel more strongly than bond pairs, therefore
the bond angle is not 109.5, as expected for a regular tetrahedral arrangement, but
106.7.[19] The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lone electron pair, which makes
ammonia a base, a proton acceptor. This shape gives the molecule a dipole moment
and makes it polar. The molecule's polarity and, especially, its ability to
form hydrogen bonds, makes ammonia highly miscible with water. Ammonia is
moderately basic, a 1.0 M aqueous solution has a pH of 11.6 and if a strong acid is
added to such a solution until the solution is neutral (pH = 7), 99.4% of the ammonia
molecules areprotonated. Temperature and salinity also affect the proportion of NH 4+.
The latter has the shape of a regular tetrahedron and isisoelectronic with methane.
The ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at room temperature; a
useful analogy is an umbrella turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The energy
barrier to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the resonance frequency is 23.79 GHz,
corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of 1.260 cm. The absorption
at this frequency was the first microwave spectrum to be observed.[20]

18 | P a g e

One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its basicity. Ammonia

is considered to be a weak base. It combines with acids to form salts; thus
with hydrochloric

acid it

forms ammonium

chloride (sal

ammoniac);

with nitric

acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia will not combine with perfectly
dry hydrogen chloride; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction. [21] As a
demonstration

experiment,

opened

bottles

of

concentrated

ammonia

and

hydrochloric acid produce clouds of ammonium chloride, which seem to appear "out
of nothing" as the salt forms where the two diffusing clouds of molecules meet,
somewhere between the two bottles.
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the ammonium
salts and all contain the ammonium ion (NH4+).
Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely
weak acid. It is a protic substance and is capable of formation of amides (which
contain the NH2ion). For example, lithium dissolves in liquid ammonia to give a
solution of lithium amide:
2Li + 2NH3 2LiNH2 + H2

Like water, ammonia undergoes molecular autoionisation to form its acid and
base conjugates:

The combustion of ammonia to nitrogen and water is exothermic:

4 NH3 + 3 O2 2 N2 + 6 H2O (g) (Hr = 1267.20 kJ/mol)
The standard enthalpy change of combustion, Hc, expressed per mole of ammonia
and with condensation of the water formed, is 382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is the
thermodynamic product of combustion: all nitrogen oxides are unstable with respect
to N2 and O2, which is the principle behind the catalytic converter. Nitrogen oxides
can be formed as kinetic products in the presence of appropriate catalysts, a
reaction of great industrial importance in the production of nitric acid:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O
19 | P a g e

A subsequent reaction leads to NO2

2 NO + O2 2 NO2
The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a catalyst (such
as platinum gauze or warm chromium(III) oxide), because the temperature of the
flame is usually lower than the ignition temperature of the ammoniaair mixture. The
flammable range of ammonia in air is 1625%.

In organic

chemistry,

ammonia

can

act

as

a nucleophile in substitution reactions. Amines can be formed by the reaction of

ammonia with alkyl halides, although the resulting -NH 2group is also nucleophilic and
secondary and tertiary amines are often formed as byproducts. An excess of
ammonia helps minimise multiple substitution, and neutralises thehydrogen
halide formed. Methylamine is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia
with chloromethane, and the reaction of ammonia with 2-bromopropanoic acid has
been used to prepare racemic alanine in 70% yield. Ethanolamine is prepared by a
ring-opening reaction with ethylene oxide: the reaction is sometimes allowed to go
further to produce diethanolamine and triethanolamine.

Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with carboxylic

acid derivatives. Acyl chlorides are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be
present

in

at

least

twofold

excess

to

neutralise

the hydrogen

chloride formed. Esters and anhydrides also react with ammonia to form amides.
Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be dehydrated to amides so long as there
are no thermally sensitive groups present: temperatures of 150200 C are required.

The hydrogen in ammonia is capable of replacement by metals,

thus magnesium burns in the gas with the formation of magnesium nitride Mg3N2,
and when the gas is passed over heated sodium or potassium, sodamide, NaNH2,
and

potassamide,

KNH2,

are

formed.

Where

necessary

in substitutive

nomenclature, IUPAC recommendations prefer the name "azane" to ammonia:

20 | P a g e

hence chloramine would be named "chloroazane" in substitutive nomenclature, not

"chloroammonia".

Pentavalent ammonia is known as 5-amine, or more commonly, ammonium

hydride. This crystalline solid is only stable under high pressure, and decomposes
back into trivalent ammonia and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance
was once investigated as a possible solid rocket fuel in 1966.

Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH 3)4(H2O)2]2+

Ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes. It is a pure -donor, in
the

middle

soft behaviour.

of

the spectrochemical
For

historical

series,

reasons,

and

ammonia

shows
is

intermediate hard-

named ammine in

the

nomenclature of coordination compounds. Some notable ammine complexes include

tetraamminediaquacopper(II) ([Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+), a dark blue complex formed by
adding ammonia to a solution of copper(II) salts. Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)
hydroxide is known as Schweizer's reagent, and has the remarkable ability to
dissolve cellulose. Diamminesilver(I) ([Ag(NH3)2]+) is the active species in Tollens'
reagent. Formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates
of the different silver halides: silver chloride (AgCl) is soluble in dilute (2M) ammonia
solution, silver bromide (AgBr) is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution,
whereas silver iodide (AgI) is insoluble in aqueous ammonia.

Amine complexes of chromium(III) were known in the late 19th century, and
formed the basis of Alfred Werner's revolutionary theory on the structure of
coordination compounds. Werner noted only two isomers (fac- and mer-) of the
complex [CrCl3(NH3)3] could be formed, and concluded the ligands must be arranged
around the metal ion at the vertices of an octahedron. This proposal has since been
confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

An ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free
ammonia molecule, although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare. One
21 | P a g e

example is the Calomel reaction, where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is

highly insoluble.
Hg2Cl2 + 2 NH3 Hg + HgCl(NH2) + NH4+ + Cl
.
Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces,
by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the
presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia
in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts
with sodium or potassium hydroxide, the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a
known

volume

of

standard sulfuric

acid and

the

excess

of

acid

then

determined volumetrically; or the ammonia may be absorbed in hydrochloric

acid and

the

ammonium

chloride

so

formed

precipitated

as ammonium

hexachloroplatinate, (NH4)2PtCl6.

Sulfur sticks are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration
systems. Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali
or withquicklime, when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent.
Ammonia is an irritant and irritation increases with concentration; the Permissible
Exposure Limit is 25 ppm, and lethal above 500 ppm.[24] Higher concentrations are
hardly detected by conventional detectors, the type of detector is chosen according
to

the

sensitivity

required

(e.g.

semiconductor, catalytic,

electrochemical).

Holographic sensors have been proposed for detecting concentrations up to 12.5%

in volume.[25]

Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) is a measure commonly used for testing the

quantity of ammonium ions, derived naturally from ammonia, and returned to
ammonia via organic processes, in water or waste liquids. It is a measure used
mainly for quantifying values in waste treatment and water purification systems, as
well as a measure of the health of natural and man made water reserves. It is
measured in units of mg/L (milligram per litre).

22 | P a g e

One of the things that makes our planet special is the presence of liquid
water. Water is fundamental for all life; without it every living thing would die. It
covers about 70% of Earth's surface and it makes up 65-75% of our bodies (82% of
our blood is water). Even though water seems boring - no color, taste, or smell - it
has amazing properties that make it necessary for supporting life.
The chemical composition of water is H2O - two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom. Water has special properties because of the way these atoms bond
together to form a water molecule, and the way the molecules interact with each
other.

When the two hydrogen atoms bond with the oxygen, they attach to the top of
the molecule rather like Mickey Mouse ears. This molecular structure gives the water
molecule polarity, or a lopsided electrical charge that attracts other atoms. The end
of the molecule with the two hydrogen atoms is positively charged. The other end,
with the oxygen, is negatively charged. Just like in a magnet, where north poles are
attracted to south poles ('opposites attract'), the positive end of the water molecule
will connect with the negative end of other molecules.

What does this mean for us? Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other
polar substances very easily. When a polar substance is put in water, the positive
ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules, and
23 | P a g e

vice versa. The attractions cause the molecules of the new substance to be mixed
uniformly with the water molecules. Water dissolves more substances than any other
liquid - even the strongest acid! Because of this, it is often called the 'universal
solvent.' The dissolving power of water is very important for life on Earth. Wherever
water goes, it carries dissolved chemicals, minerals, and nutrients that are used to
support living things. Because of their polarity, water molecules are strongly attracted
to one another, which gives water a high surface tension. The molecules at the
surface of the water "stick together" to form a type of 'skin' on the water, strong
enough to support very light objects. Insects that walk on water are taking advantage
of this surface tension. Surface tension causes water to clump in drops rather than
spreading out in a thin layer. It also allows water to move through plant roots and
stems and the smallest blood vessels in your body - as one molecule moves up the
tree root or through the capillary, it 'pulls' the others with it.

Water is the only natural substance that can exist in all three states of
matter - solid, liquid, and gas - at the temperatures normally found on Earth. Many
other substances have to be super-heated or -cooled to change states. The gaseous
state of water is present continually in our atmosphere as water vapor. The liquid
state is found everywhere in rivers, lakes, and oceans. The solid state of water, ice,
is unique. Most liquids contract as they are cooled, because the molecules move
slower and have less energy to resist attraction to each other. When they freeze into
solids they form tightly-packed crystals that are much denser than the liquid was
originally. Water doesn't act this way. When it freezes, it expands: the molecules line
up to form a very 'open' crystalline structure that is less dense than liquid water. This
is why ice floats. And it's a good thing it does! If water acted like most other liquids,
lakes and rivers would freeze solid and all life in them would die.

5.6 Fluid package- the suitability of application

Oil & Gas Applications:

24 | P a g e

Hydrocarbon systems PR, SRK or any other EOS*

Hydrate inhibition PR (special fit of BIP)
Natural gas dehydration with TEG Glycol package
Sour gas sweetening with amines
Utility systems using H2O Steam Table

Refining Applications:
Hydrocarbon systems up to distillate range hypocomponents PR, SRK or any other EOS*
Vacuum columns GS, PR or BK10
Sour gas sweetening with Amines
Sour water treatment process Sour PR/SRK
Clean fuels for sulfur components and hydrocarbons
High H2 content systems GS, PR
Utility systems using H2O Steam Table

Peng-Robinson (PR)
Most enhanced model in Aspen HYSYS
Largest applicability range in terms of T and P
Special treatments for some key components
Largest binary interaction parameter database

PRSV
Modified PR model
Better representation of vapor pressure of pure components
and mixtures
Extends applicability of the original PR model to moderately
non-ideal systems

25 | P a g e

SRK
Modified RK model
Can provide comparable results to PR in many cases, but
with a lot less enhancement in Aspen HYSYS

5.7 Different result obtained by using different fluid package need to be well
explained
The Peng-Robinson (PR) model is ideal for VLE calculations as well as
calculating liquid densities for hydrocarbon systems. Several enhancements to the
original PR model were made to extend its range of applicability and to improve its
predictions for some nonideal systems. However, in situations where highly non-ideal
systems are encountered, the use of Activity Models is recommended. The PR
property package rigorously solves any single-, two-, or three-phase system with a
high degree of efficiency and reliability and is applicable over a wide range of
conditions: Temperature Range > -271C or -456F Pressure Range < 100,000
kPa or 15,000 psia 2 The PR property package also contains enhanced binary
interaction parameters for all library hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon pairs (a combination
of fitted and generated interaction parameters), as well as for most hydrocarbon-nonhydrocarbon binaries. For non-library or hydrocarbon hypocomponents, HC-HC
interaction parameters are generated automatically by HYSYS for improved VLE
property predictions. The peng robinson model is suitable for the mixture of ammonia
and water because the model is ideal for VLE calculation. For Oil, Gas, or
Petrochemical applications, the PR EOS is the generally recommended property
package. The PR property package is generally used for the following simulations:
TEG Dehydration
TEG Dehydration with Aromatics
Cryogenic Gas Processing
Air Separation
Atm Crude Towers
Vacuum Towers
High H2 Systems
Reservoir Systems
Hydrate Inhibition
Crude Systems
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SRK In many cases, the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) model provides

comparable results to Peng-Robinson, but its range of application is significantly
more limited: Temperature Range > -143C or -225F Pressure Range < 5,000
kPa or 35,000 psia The SRK EOS should not be used for non-ideal chemicals such
as alcohols, acids or other components. These chemicals are more accurately
handled by the Activity Models (highly non-ideal) or the PRSV EOS (moderately nonideal). The SRK property package is generally used for the following simulations:
TEG Dehydration
Sour Water
Cryogenic Gas Processing
Air Separation
Atm Crude Towers
Vacuum Towers
High H2 Systems
Reservoir Systems
Hydrate Inhibition
Chemical systems
HF Alkylation
TEG Dehydration with Aromatics
The proprietary enhancements to the SRK property package allow the SRK
equation of state (EOS) to correctly represent vacuum conditions and heavy
components (a problem with traditional EOS methods), as well as handle the light
ends and high-pressure systems. The SRK property package contains enhanced
binary interaction parameters for all library hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon pairs (a
combination of fitted and generated interaction parameters), as well as for most
hydrocarbon-nonhydrocarbon

binaries.

For

non-library

or

hydrocarbon

hypocomponent, HC-HC interaction parameters are generated automatically by

HYSYS for improved VLE property predictions.

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5.8 Recommendation/ Suggestion For Improvement Or Further Detailed

Discussion

Water and ammonia mixture and their industrial data were fitted well
with Peng-Robbinson EOS. Use data fit option. It is not available in Hysys.
However we can adjust the binary parameters of a fluid package in data fit
tool of Aspen. This tool adjust binary parameters of fluid package based on
the experimental data (EES). Then insert adjusted parameters into Hysys and
do simulation.

Furthermore use the most suitable model such as PRSV. PRSV is

better representation of vapor pressure of pure components and mixtures. It
extends applicability of the original PR model to moderately non-ideal systems

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5.9 Attachement result obtained from different fluid package (workbook using
SRK model)
5.9.1 Material Streams

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5.9.2 Compositions

5.9.3 Energy streams

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5.9.4 Unit Operations

5.10 Summary of the result

The outlet stream of condenser using peng robinson model is
140.1C while using the SRK model is 140c also. Moreover, the difference
value using this two model is the vapor fraction of stream 1 and 2 which
in peng robinson the value are 0.9850 and 0.9500 respectively while
using SRK value the value are 0.9847 and 0.9498 respectively. Besides,
the temperature of outlet stream of separator between both model also
different but only slightly difference which is using peng robinson the
value is 123.6C while SRK model is 123.7C. The molar flow and the
mass flow of the outlet stream from separator of both model also
difference which in the peng robinson are 4362 kgmole/hr and 75040
kg/hr (overhead), 174.1 kgmole/hr and 3102 kg/hr (bottom) and using
SRK model are 4361 kgmole/hr and 75030 kg/hr (overhead) and 274.5
kgmole/hr and 3109 kg/hr (bottom) respectively.The composition of the
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outlet stream from separator also different which in the bottom, for peng
robinson the value of ammonia is 0.2042 and water is 0.7958. Then for
SRK the value are 0.2031 (ammonia) and 0.7969(water). For the
overhead product the mole fraction using peng robinson of ammonia is
0.8238 and water is 0.1762 while for SRK model the value is 0.8239
(ammonia) and 0.1761(water)

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