Stoically: without complaining about pain trouble or showing what you are feeling They reacted stoically to the

news.
Excruciating: thn
This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps, and
detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and
bleaching agents. (cht to bt)
Papers flooded from his pen until his death in 1822. (ng lin tc cho ra cc bi
bo n lc cht vo nm 1822. ng l Sir William Herschel, ngi tm ra hnh tinh
Uranus vo nm 1781).
The question newspaper workers must now ask, however is, how long will it be
before the robots are writing the newspapers as well as running the printing center,
churning out the latest edition every morning? (churn something out: to produce
something quickly and in large amounts)
Clean coal is another avenue for improving fuel conversion efficiency. (avenue: a
choice or way of making progress towards something)
Translating corporate philosophies into the right mix of color, style, degree of
branding and uniformity can be a fraught process. (fraught with something: filled
with something unpleasant)
As with everything in short supply, the good accommodation gets snapped up
months before the beginning of term. (snap something up: to buy or obtain
something quickly because it is cheap or you want it very much)
Good morning. I understand you help fix up students with host families. (fix
somebody up with something: to arrange for somebody to have something; to
provide somebody with something)
About my actual room, I would prefer my own facilities en suite, is that right?
(en suite: of a bathroom, joined onto a bedroom and for use only by people in that
bedroom)
Before the company had a chance to get to grips with the effects of increased
competition, they were stalled by a strike and it was just when they were thinking
about making a colossal investment in new machinery for their plants. (come/get to
grips with something: to begin to understand and deal with something difficult /
stall: to stop something from happening until a later date)
The company could decide on a bolder move and offer some new shares if they
wanted. (decide on: to choose something from a number of possibilities)
To get the most out of the library you really do need to be computer literate and so
all this term we run small classes which will bring you up to speed on how to
access the computer-loaded information. (up to speed on something: performing at
an expected rate or level / having the most recent and accurate information or
knowledge)

Laughter is dubbed the luxury reflex: unique in that it serves no apparent

biological purpose. (reflex: rifleks, an action or a movement of your body that
happens naturally in response to something and that you cannot control; something
that you do without thinking, something is hard-wired)
Theories about humor have an ancient pedigree. (pedigree: pedri, family
history or background, especially when its impressive and good)
Most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotles belief
that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity. (have settled on:
= have agreed on, incongruity: nknruti, inappropriateness)
Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to
a new perspective.
There is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is
important to understand this too. (appease: piz, to make somebody calmer or less
angry by giving them what they want)
Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. (squeak:
ku cht cht, scuffle: cuc u )
These signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. (mutate into: to change into a
new form, to develop or make something develop a new form or structure because
of a genetic change)
A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for
secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary
ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their author. (perversely: in a way
that shows deliberate determination to behave in a way that most people think is
wrong, unacceptable or unreasonable)
Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an insider language. (cling to: to be
unwilling to get rid of something)
In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated.
(inaugurate: introduce)
This can be used in task 1: It is generally acknowledged that young people from
poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system.
Thats observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and
America.
Task 2: The Missouri program was predicated on research showing that working
with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of
helping children get off to the best possible start in life. (predicate something
on/upon something: to base something on a particular belief, idea or principle; to
state that something is true)
Stride: one long step, improvement (By the age of three, the children in the
program were significantly more advanced in language development than their

peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills,
and were further along in social development).
After years in the wilderness, the term artificial intelligence (AI) seems poised to
make a comeback. (poised: in a position that is completely still but is ready to move
at any movement)
This has ignited public debate about AI. Researchers, executives and marketing
people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is
not always hype. (in inverted commas, nvrtd kmz, used to show that you
think a particular word, description, etc. is not true or appropriate, hype =
advertisement)
The field was launched, and the term artificial intelligence coined, at a conference
in 1956. (coin something: to invent a new word or phrase that other people then
begin to use)
For years, AI researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the
corner.
It proved to be a false dawn. (a situation in which you think that something good is
going to happen but it does not)
Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialize, and a backlash
ensued. When people realized these were hard problems, there was retrenchment.
(backlash = opposition, disagreement, retrenchment: rtrentmnt, the policy of
spending less money; a deliberate reduction of costs, ensue = follow)
The very first movie made, The Great Train Robbery, lasted only 11 minutes but was
an absolute sensation. (very great surprise, excitement, or interest among a lot of
people; the person or the thing that causes this surprise)
He was no longer on speaking terms with his brother and had been devastated
by the death at the age of 7 of his elder daughter. (to be willing to be polite or
friendly towards somebody, especially after an argument)
The house and its grounds became the family haven and their escape to privacy
and quiet. (a place that is safe and peaceful where people or animals are protected,
dont mistake it with heaven)
Spend a minute or two watching the water pass by underneath as you cross the
footbridge, and then continue along the River Walk through the woodland. (a
narrow bridge used only by people who are walking)
OK, were on a roll now! ((informal) to be experiencing a period of success at what
you are doing)
Well, now we can make a time-scale for doing it. (the period of time that it takes
for something to happen or be completed)
The evidence doesnt really add up. ((especially in negative sentences) to seem
reasonable; to make sense)

The sheer volume of animal transport necessary means its unlikely that this
livestock could have been brought from anywhere further than England. ([only
before noun] used to emphasize the size, degree or amount of something)
Ill run through todays programme so that you can get a general idea of what else
in in store today. (in store (for somebody) - waiting to happen to somebody)

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is
associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and
circumscribe the various worlds to conquer. (circumscribe: restrict)
Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language;
he would write a dictionary himself, and he would do it single-handed. (adverb:
alone, by yourself, on your own with nobody helping you)
Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an old crazy deal table
surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. (rickety: not strong or well made, likely to
break - rkti)
After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.
(rival somebody/something in/for something: to be as good, impressive, etc. as
somebody/something else, compare)
After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775.
(vicissitude: vsstud, one of the many changes and problems in a situation or in
your life, that you have to deal with, obstacles, challenges)
Johnson had worked for nine years, with little assistance of the learned, and
without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or
under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and
distraction, in sickness and in sorrow. (learned: lrnd, having a lot of knowledge
because you have studied and read a lot; bower: bar, a pleasant place in the
shade under trees or climbing plants in a wood or garden/yard)
For all its faults and eccentricities, his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a
landmark, in his own words. (eccentricity: eksentrsti, behaviour that people think
is strange or unusual; the quality of being unusual and different from other people)
The experiment tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey
instructions given by a leader in a situation in which the subjects might feel a
personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. (distaste: a
feeling that somebody/something is unpleasant or offensive)
The supposed pupil was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving
the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with
an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and
the experimenter. (writhe: /ra/ to twist or move your body without stopping, often
because you are in great pain, expletive: ekspltv, a word, especially a rude word,
that you use when you are angry, or in pain)

The psychiatrists thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would
give the highest shock of 450 volts. (the lunatic fringe: (disapproving) those
members of a political or other group whose views are considered to be very
extreme and crazy, nhng phn t cc oan)
The teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up
primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock. (pent-up: that
cannot be expressed or released, having feelings that you cannot express, primal:
praml, connected with the earliest origins of life; very basic)
This aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival
value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains
and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant
of our ancient animal ways. (remnant: remains)
Most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or
are transient associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore
best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. (transient:
trnnt, fleeting, temporary)
Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies,
who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home
base.
He insists that cases are few and far between, its a very rare phenomenon.
Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures.
(mt chui tht bi)
Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod,
are known as day-neutral plants. (vegetative: vedtetv, relating to plant life,
(medical) (of a person) alive but showing no sign of brain activity)

Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental
standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between
perception and reality. (disjunction: s lch pha gia nhn thc v thc t)
Environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media and they also need to
keep the money rolling in. (roll in: to arrive in great numbers or amounts)
Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if
an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more
harm than good. (altruistic: ltrustk v tha)
A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of
the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. (taper:
gim dn)
Baekelands invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to
enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the

twentieth century. (disdain: dsden, the feeling that somebody/something is not

good enough to deserve your respect or attention, unparalleled: nprleld, used
to emphasize that something is bigger, better or worse than anything else like it)
Consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades. (relish: rel, to get
great pleasure from something; to want very much to do or have something, =
enjoy)
Herschels care was the hallmark of a great observer. As its orbit came to be worked
out, the truth dawned that it was a new planet far beyond Saturns realm. (dawn:
to become obvious or easy to understand)
To explain improvements in performance, the most important factor has been
genetics, invoking an oft-cited adage. (adage: a well-known phrase expressing a
general truth about people or the world)
During the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named
Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards in complete
contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed
the Fosbury flop. (dub somebody + noun: to give somebody/something a particular
name, often in a humorous or critical way)
Once you study athletics, you learn that its a vexingly complex issue. So many
variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is
fundamental. (vexing: annoying or worrying)
Archaeology is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working
with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman
Britain. (toil: to work very hard and/or for a long time, usually doing hard physical
work)
However far from reality such fiction writing and films are, they capture the
essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest the quest for knowledge
about ourselves and our past.
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so
that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new
one. (apportion: to divide something among people; to give a share of something to
somebody)
The new consciousness that there were severe limits to health-care resources was
part of this general revelation of the obvious. (revelation: a fact that people are
made aware of, especially one that has been secret and is surprising)
However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of
health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was
developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a
necessary condition of a proper human life. (sink in: to be fully understood or
realized)

People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if

they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a
context of law and order. (poverty-stricken: extremely poor, poverty is pronounced
pvrti)
The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that
adequate heath-care resources are provided out of the public purse.
During the 1980s, a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday
extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases)
was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians. (extrapolation,
kstrplen, the act of estimating something or forming an opinion about
something, using the facts that you have now and that are valid for one situation
and supposing that they will be valid for the new one php ngoi suy)
Coffer is different from war chest (coffer l ngn kh quc gia, chnh ph cn war
chest l ngn kh quc gia dng chi cho vic c th no ): But the paper and
merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the Womens
Social and Political Union to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fundraising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest.
Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about pure,
curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become
incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it
and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also
accessible to modification. (harbor: hide and protect somebody who is hiding from
the police, multifaceted: having many different aspects to be considered)
Put a spoke in somebodys wheel: thc gy bnh xe
At the moment, we are heading for about 3 or 4 languages dominating the world.
Its a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is
difficult to know.
The world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. (pepper
something with something: to include large numbers of something in something)
When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced
into the old traditions. (induce somebody to do something: to persuade or influence
somebody to do something)
Language is also intimately bound up with culture. (bound up with something:
closely connected with something)
In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and
rekindled interest in the language.
In Australia, weve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess
theyre pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.
(pretender to something: a person who claims they have a right to a particular title
even though other people disagree with them)

In many other industrialized countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have

worked hand in glove for years. (hand in glove with somebody: working closely
with somebody, especially in a secret and/or illegal way)
An increasing exodus from orthodox doctors clinics, coupled with this and a
number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox
doctors inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit
that they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. (exodus
eksds : formal or humorous, a situation in which many people leave a place at
the same time)
Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment
when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer. (adjunct dkt: a
thing that is added or attached to something larger or more important)
Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play fighting or kittens
teasing a ball of string arent just having fun. (engrossed in/with something: so
interested or involved in something that you give it all your attention)
Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard
work of adulthood comes along, but theres much more to it than that. (exuberant:
full of energy, excitement and happiness)
But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why
did it evolve? (hiccup: informal a small problem or temporary delay)
Animals at play often use unique signs tail-wagging in dogs, for example to
indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behavior is not really in
earnest. (in earnest: more seriously and with more force or effort than before)
The researcher points out that play often involves complex assessments of
playmates, ideas of reciprocity (re-x-proc-x-) and the use of specialized
signals and rules. (reciprocity: a situation in which two people, countries, etc.
provide the same help or advantages to each other)
Trinket: mn trang sc r tin
The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that AI came to refer
to blue-sky research that was still years away from commercialization. (blue-sky:
involving new and interesting ideas for things which are not yet possible or
practical)
The problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of email and the
explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for
new technologies to help filter and categorize information classic AI problems.
(exacerbate: zsrbet, aggravate, make something worse)
Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but a general theory of
machine intelligence still remains elusive. (ilusv, difficult to find, define or
achieve)
Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes.

Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.
(lidn, a large number of people of one particular type)
High levels of background noise come from outside activities that penetrate the
classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside,
which can be exacerbated by room reverberation. (rvrbren, = echo)
It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting
of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future. (to spread an
idea, a belief, etc. among many people)
It is alleged that the combined forces of 3 schoolmistresses outperformed the
professionals with the accuracy of their observations. (a female teacher in a school,
especially a private school)
By timing the transit from 2 widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could
calculate the parallax angle the apparent difference in position of an
astronomical body due to a difference in the observers position. ((specialist) the
effect by which the position or direction of an object appears to change when the
object is seen from different positions)
The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le
Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his
observation site at Pondicherry in India. (wrt: to prevent somebody from doing
what they want to do, bsid: to surround a building, city, etc. with soldiers until
the people inside are forced to let you in)
While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the
measurements were dogged by the black drop effect. (dog somebody/something
(of a problem or bad luck) to cause you trouble for a long time)
Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original,
even evolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. (ne
ser, a person who opposes or expresses doubts about something)
By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people
march to a different drumbeat. (march to (the beat of) a different
drummer/drum: to behave in a different way from other people; to have different
attitudes or ideas)
There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and
people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public
ridicule. (rdkjul, unkind comments that make fun of somebody/something or
make them look silly, = mockery)
Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found
ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. (relating
to the ability to perceive things or the process of perceiving, ple, = trouble)

In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of
one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and,
importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. (guess)

chalk up something: (informal) to achieve or record a success, points in a game, etc.

- As a Hollywood actor he has chalked up a number of box-office successes.
Harridan: b chn la (hrdn)
Populace: dn chng - graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement
of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show
what was achieved.
Have a ring to it: if a word or idea has a ring to it, it sounds interesting or attractive
(never in continuous tenses):
And what are they going to call him?
Tom. Tom Lightfoot. It sounds quite good, dont you think?
Yes, that has quite a good ring to it.
Die a death: fail completely - Tonight s show comes to you from the Good Home
Exhibition in Dukes Court, where weve been trying out some of the latest gadgets
on show here and getting our resident expert - Liz Shearer - to tell us which ones
are worth buying and which will die a death.
Gizmo: a general word for a small piece of equipment, often one that does
something in a new and clever way - Its a new car, full of gadgets and gizmos.
Decoy: to trick somebody/something into doing what you want them to do, going
where you want them to go, etc. I personally found adults decoying kids very
annoying. Theres nothing funny about it, but I cant deny that I enjoyed it so much
when I was a kid.
be par for the course: (disapproving) to be just what you would expect to happen or
expect somebody to do in a particular situation - synonym norm -> Starting early
and working long hours is par for the course in this job.
Implicate: serve as bng chng buc ti -> be implicated in something: to be
involved in a crime; to be responsible for something bad - PM10, a sub-category of
particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a mette across, has been
implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone.
Such objects can include both the extraordinary and the mundane, the beautiful
and the banal.
Ingenuity (ndnuti): inventiveness
But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as
myth. (states that view was false)

Consequential: resultant / important - The popular conception of Amazonia and its

native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true.
Retarded: less developed mentally than is normal for a particular age - Far from
being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed
technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time.
Judicious: sensible and careful, reasonable
The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a
middle ground. reconcile the argument
Siesta: a rest or sleep taken in the early afternoon, especially in hot countries
normally I would say nap but this word is especially destined for Vietnam.
project something onto somebody: (psychology) to imagine that other people
have the same feelings, problems, etc. as you, especially when this is not true suy
bng ta ra bng ngi
apace: at a fast speed; quickly While policy makers struggle to define and
implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has
continued apace over vast areas.
epitomize something: to be a perfect example of something - Indeed, in many
respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia.
Relic: ( = legacy?) an object, a tradition, a system, etc. that has survived from the
past
This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and
adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.
(fickle: volatile, changing frequently)
antidote (to something): anything that takes away the effects of something
unpleasant - A Mediterranean cruise was the perfect antidote to a long cold
winter.
Perquisite: = perk = fringe benefit
blind alley: a way of doing something that seems useful at first, but does not
produce useful results, like following a path that suddenly stops - This is much more
holistic involving guesses, reworkings, corrections, blind alleys and above all
inspiration, in the deductive as well as the hypothetic component -than is
immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published papers.
Menace: threat - lets look at some of the reasons why back pain is developing into
such a unique menace.
Be given over: be dedicated to: increasingly significant areas are now also given
over to high quality vegetables for supply direct to the supermarkets.
The most recent available figures show that about a quarter of a million people are
incapacitated with back pain every day. (deprived of strength or power)

Look up: to become better, to improve

the recognition by farmers of the value of investing in technology
The language barrier presents itself in stark form to firms who wish to market
their products in other countries.
Eccentric: a person who is considered by other people to be strange or unusual - the
image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric
members of society has virtually disappeared.
off the boil: (British English) less good than before - The second series of the show
really went off the boil.
So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy.
wean somebody/something (off/from something): to gradually stop feeding a baby
or young animal with its mothers milk and start feeding it with solid food - It is hard
to wean children off picture books when pictures have played a major part
throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is competition for
their attention from so many other sources of entertainment.
Gain currency: the state of being accepted or used by a lot of people - In the mid1980s, the idea gained currency within the scientific world that the techniques
which were successfully deciphering disorder-related genes could be applied to a
larger project: if science can learn the genetic spelling of cystic fibrosis, why not
attempt to find out how to spell 'human'?
Caucasian: ngi da trng (kh-khy-gi-n)
Bereavement: the state of having lost a relative or close friend because they have
died the pain of an emotional crisis such divorce or bereavement
In vain: without success
Per se: by itself
Afflicted by: adversely affected by
Urban sprawl: a large area covered with buildings that spreads from the city into the
countryside in an ugly way - attempts to control the fast-growing urban sprawl
Not surprisingly, biometrics raise thorny questions about privacy and the
potential for abuse.
Stigmatize: Chris always stigmatizes his employees, but actually I just feel sorry
for him. That makes him become a jerk, making the best employees leave the
company. Well, if thats what you expect at a good manager, congratulations Mr.
Richard, for having the best manager ever working for you
The realization has gradually dawned that by no means everyone in the world
knows English well enough to negotiate in it. (dawn = begin, by no means:
absolutely not, certainly not)

Microcosm: a thing, a place or a group that has all the features and qualities of
something much larger - The family is a microcosm of society.
Metropolis: a large important city (often the capital city of a country or region) Ho
Chi Minh City has all the amenities you would expect to find in a great metropolis.
(amenities: facilities)
Im completely taken by = Im absolutely interested in
I didnt actually start teaching to make a name for myself. I just do it for passion.
Take somebody aback: shock or surprise sb very much
You think Id wanna come back? Sorry, I may not be smart enough, but at least I
know that I dont want to be a long-suffering Admin anymore.
In character / out of character: typical / not typical
Unyielding: you want to describe someone as headstrong, but unyielding is more
polite and formal.
Brunt: c tri ging take/bear the brunt of cuts in funding or brunt of typhoon
Study something under = was taught by: a composer who studied under Nadia
Boulanger (was taught by Nadia Boulanger)
Idealistic: this word is absolutely for me: Im young and idealistic! Oh, Im also a
bespectacled studious girl. (spending a lot of time reading or studying and
wearing glasses)
Sift sth out: Well, as Socrates used to put it, every conversation or information you
hear must go through 3 sieves during the sifting out process: Was it true? Was it
good? Was it necessary?
A host of factors
Discredit: Social evils have made people discredit the goodness of people.
Parade: ph by He is not one to parade his achievements.
Disillusioned: mt nim tin I soon became disillusioned with the job and the old
creep boss. Theyre just not as good as I thought they were.
Subliminal: affecting your mind even though you are not aware of it Symbols and
motifs tend to work subliminally to give the audience a more meaningful
experience.
Eke out a living: to manage to live with very little money
Pull up stakes: to suddenly move from your house and go to live somewhere else
Foul (c l phao-): dirty and smelling bad
Objectify: coi ai/ci g ch nh mt mn - Clearly Playboy or Penthouse
objectifies women.

Pseudo-: gi (gi tr thc, gi khoa hc): pseudo-science, pseudo-intellectual

On a fashionable note
On the horizon: likely to happen soon Theres trouble looming on the horizon.
Impulse buying: buying without planning in advance
Masquerade: gi dng - The local paper is full of gossip masquerading as news.
Caliber = standard - high caliber candidates
Prefabricated: (especially of a building) made in sections that can be put together
later
succumb to something: His career was cut short when he succumbed to cancer. s
km (fail to resist)
Lean meat: meat without too much fat
Compatriot: ng hng kmptrt (How comforting it is to meet a few
compatriots when youre abroad)
Smolder: m Anger smouldered in his eyes.
Extol: praise enthusiastically: Doctors often extol the virtues of eating less fat.
One can be forgiven for being slightly skeptical about these advertisements.
Roundly censured = be criticized by many people (dont mistake censure with
censor)
That this reform threatened union-sponsored benefit programs championed by
Gompers made national health insurance even more objectionable (championed
by: fought for by, supported by | objectionable: unpleasant or offensive)
Posthumous: I dont need your compliments behind my back: its like a
posthumous award, and dead persons cannot enjoy it.
Veracity: truthfulness
The customers didnt balk at the increase in our price: our price increase didnt
drive our customers crazy.
Rebuttal: refutation
Dissident: k phin lon disdnt
Inertia: sc
Oddity: state of being odd
Divest: tc quyn
Stellar: relating to stars (that movie, Interstellar, is a masterpiece!)

Primordial: prmrdl = primeval

Unsightly: ugly
Slump: fall heavily
Unequivocal: unambiguous, Mr. Traynor had indicated unequivocally that he
wished to commit suicide.
Ambivalent: like and hate at the same time
Prerogative: privilege, a right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or
class
Grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a premodern system of
artisan and peasant production: chp v
Unfettered: State-owned companies in my country are usually left unfettered, such
as Formosa and Vinashin. They just destroyed and then it took them only a sorry to
fix everything! The rest of all repercussions? Let the state handle it! (release from
restraint or inhibition)
Hot button issue: hotly debated issues
Creative talent and business acumen rarely go hand in hand.
Prescient: cp tin, nhn xa trng rng (presint): Most geologists today find
Wegeners work prescient.
Zenith and nadir ~ peak and trough (nadir: nay-)
Precipitously: dramatically (can be used in IELTS task 1 to describe trends)
Take issue with you: argue with you
Customers = patrons
Sometimes I see an old man riding a small bike on a crowded street and that was so
reminiscent of my grandfather. remnis()nt
Stark contrast: s tng phn tuyt i
As-yet: potential
Scaffolding: gin gio
There is no reason to believe that those who ignore measured voices will listen to
shouting: Nhng ngi khng mun nghe th c la ic tai ngi ta cng chng ch
g.
Fledgling industry: infant industry
Wade through: to deal with or read something that is boring and takes a lot of time
Inadvertent: khng c , v tnh, s
Exploit: thnh tu
I dont need you to speak favorably about me; I just need you to acknowledge what
Ive done.
A cursory glance at her academic records shows that shes actually a hardworking
student.
I hold a strong belief about my right to opportunities for prestigious education.

Allegiance: a persons continued support for a political party, religion, ruler, etc. The
meaning is quite not expectable right?
I hate to pester my boss for my recommendation letter, but he has been so inactive
and I am really nervous.
I found my duties increasingly onerous. (-n-rtx: involving an amount of effort and
difficulty that is oppressively burdensome)
After a couple of days to acclimatize yourself, youll start the trek on Day Three
walking through the enormous Katiba Forest which will take the whole of the day. (to get
used to a new place, situation or climate)
We stay near there for Day Seven because then comes the hardest day, walking
through very mountainous country, but culminating in a swim in the Parteh Falls. (/
klmnet/, culminate (in/with something) (formal) to end with a particular result, or at a
particular point)
Last week I looked at the economy end of the hotel business; this week Im going to
discuss the luxury end of the market. ([usually singular] a part of an activity with which
somebody is concerned, especially in business)
You wake up in the middle of the night in a strange hotel miles away from home,
disoriented most probably from jet lag, when even the most expensive surroundings
can seem empty and dispiriting. (to make somebody unable to recognize where they
are or where they should go | /dsprt/, making somebody lose their hope or
enthusiasm)
The research suggests that even the most opulent, luxurious hotels seem to have
underestimated the most basic needs of their customers. (/pjlnt/, = luxurious)
They investigated chic so-called boutique hotels in the heart of downtown business
districts, stately mansions located in the depths of beautiful countryside, and plush
hotels built at the edge of tropical beaches surrounded by palm trees and idyllic blue
ocean. (majestic, luxurious, peaceful and beautiful - perfect)
This is a fascinating revelation and those of you hoping to move into careers in the
travel and leisure industry would be well advised to look at the findings in more detail.
(disclosure)
As a hotelier, how do you go about attracting people to give up the security of their
own home and entrust themselves to staying in a completely strange place and
sleeping in an unfamiliar bed? (a person who owns or manages a hotel, to make
somebody responsible for doing something or taking care of somebody giao ph thn
mnh cho)
Creating the park required the demolition of lots of derelict buildings on the site.
(derlkt, (especially of land or buildings) not used or cared for and in bad condition)
And finally lets pass by the Waterbird Refuge. This area is in a sheltered part of the
estuary. (estueri, the wide part of a river where it flows into the sea)
Are you sure? Positive! (completely sure that something is correct or true)
The idea of building a public park here was first discussed when a property developer
proposed a high-rise housing development. (a building that is very tall and has a lot of
floors)
Good heavens - $10.50 a ticket! (Im surprised)
My father was a great fan of cowboy films and the Wild West so I was subjected to
seeing all the epics, many of which were shot in the Navajo Tribal Park. (a long
film/movie or book that contains a lot of action, usually about a historical subject)

The hardships they endured trying to save their territory from the invading settlers
are all wonderful stories.
And Id like to see something about the local wildlife, and vegetation too, not that I
imagine theres much to see. (used to state that you are not suggesting something)
Without geographical knowledge, we wouldnt be in an informed position to work out
how to solve any problem.
It was only after the creation of the Federal Aviation Administration that full-scale
regulation of Americas airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of
the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes. (happening by
chance, especially a lucky chance that brings a good result, frtuts)
Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes
around the world have risked the derision of skeptical colleagues by putting the
various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. (a strong
feeling that somebody/something is ridiculous and not worth considering seriously,
shown by laughing in an unkind way or by making unkind remarks)
Please take note of the large signs at the entrance to each area which tell you when
certain areas are being used for particular controlled experiments and are therefore
temporarily out of bounds to the public. (if a place is out of bounds, people are not
allowed to go there)
I thought you might also be interested in some of the problems I encountered in
collecting my data. There were odd cases that threw me. ((informal) to make somebody
feel upset, confused, or surprised)
The whole pellet /pelt/ is all scrunched up but were looking for wings so we just pull
them all out and straighten them. (a small hard ball of any substance, often of soft
material that has become hard | to squeeze something into a small round shape in your
hands)
Our remit is to give educational opportunities to the wider public as well as to offer
research sites for a wide variety of agriculturists and other scientists. (/rimt/ the area
of activity over which a particular person or group has authority, control or influence)
Do you know how long you want to rent the house for? The minimum let is six months,
as you probably realize. ((British English) an act of renting a home, etc.)
Language has been enriched with such terms as highbrow, egghead,
bluestocking, wiseacre, know-all, boffin and, for many, intellectual is a term of
denigration. (a person who is very intelligent and is only interested in studying, a welleducated woman who is more interested in ideas and studying than in traditionally
feminine things, /wazekr/ a person who is annoying because they are very confident
and think they know a lot, /bfn/ a scientist, especially one doing research, /den
ren/ unfair criticism of somebody/something; the act of saying that
somebody/something does not have any value or is not important)
Leaf-rnining hispides blighted coconut trees. (to spoil or damage something, especially
by causing a lot of problems)
Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime.
(<> diurnal, (of animals) active at night)
This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the
Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of if you work hard enough,
you can do almost anything. (only just; almost not)
Lessons last for a standardized 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute
break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. ((informal) to get rid of your
energy, anger or strong emotions by doing something active or noisy)

Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed

to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.
(engender something (formal) to make a feeling or situation exist. = cause)
More than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range
of potent chemicals. (having a strong effect on your body or mind)
One glaring disadvantage of pesticides application is that, while destroying harmful
pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth
of the pest population in check. ((of something bad) very easily seen, = blatant)
The havoc that the treadmill syndrome can bring about is well illustrated by what
happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the
glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a
sure measure to boost crop yield. (a situation in which there is a lot of damage,
destruction or confusion, bask in: to enjoy the good feelings that you have when other
people praise or admire you, or when they give you a lot of attention)
Classes are large usually about 40 and are unstreamed. ((Education) education Brit
(of children) not divided into groups or streams according to ability)
When Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic
substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the
challenge. (lasting only for a short period of time and then disappearing, = brief)
Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal
excretions. (kskrin, the act of passing solid or liquid waste matter from the body; the
solid or liquid waste matter that is passed in this way)
The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. (klmr, (formal) to
demand something loudly)
SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence) is another cog in the machinery of pure
science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. (a cog in the
machine/wheel
(informal) a person who is a small part of a large organization)
The threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our
survival may be tenuous. (tenjus, so weak or uncertain that it hardly exists)
When we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion
galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these
planets does not have a life form on it. (nknsivbl, unimaginable, unthinkable)
An alien civilization could choose many different ways of sending information across the
galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely
attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. (tenjuet: (formal)
to make something weaker or less effective, to cross an area of land or water)
Whales still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their
earlier marine incarnation. (a period of life in a particular form)
We should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are
different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed
the performance of their abilities. (to make somebody believe something that is not
true, (old use or formal) except)
This does not minimize the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own
as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging. (/atstrp/ =surpass)
Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not
inexorable in the same way. (/neksrbl/ (of a process) that cannot be stopped or
changed, = relentless)

Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in general an equable
and balanced personality. (/ekwbl/ calm and not easily upset or annoyed)
She will ask you for a reference, so you might like to be thinking about that. You know,
just someone who knows you and can vouch for you. ((formal) to say that you believe
that somebody will behave well and that you will be responsible for their actions)
My parents had been saying that as I already had a job, I ought to support myself
through college. But in the end they took pity on me, so now Ive just about got
enough.
I enjoyed singing when I was at school, so I joined a group when I came to college. I
dont think the conductor stretches us enough, though so Ill give up after the next
concert. (to make use of all somebodys skill, intelligence, etc.)
How do you get on with your tutor? I dont think Im on the same wavelength as
mine, so I feel Im not getting anything out of the tutorials. ((informal) to have the same
way of thinking or the same ideas or feelings as somebody else)
Every Friday evening we put the spotlight on different arts and culture facilities, and
look at the shows and events that are on offer in the coming week. (the spotlight
[uncountable] attention from newspapers, television and the public)
You didnt continue with that job. Why not? Because I never really knew whether
Id be needed or not.
What was the food and lodging like? ([uncountable] temporary accommodation)
Spanish is quite different from Portuguese in a lot of ways Well, Id much sooner do
something else then. (to prefer to do something (than do something else)
Managers who want to apply existing knowledge typically start off by going to an expert
such as the person who designed and is running a successful department store and
picking their brains. (pick somebodys brains (informal) to ask somebody a lot of
questions about something because they know more about the subject than you do)
Attest to something: minh chng cho
Bear out: confirm, verify - However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people
more unhappy is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed that a telephone
counselling service gets more telephone calls from people with suicidal feelings when it
rains. (Muggy: warm and damp in an unpleasant way, Murky: cloudy (not clear; dark or
dirty with mud or another substance)
pitted women of different classes against one another.
Prolonged spells of hot, dry weather: good vocabulary in weather topic
Agitate: make someone troubled or nervous
the precarious finances of working-class families ~ the economic plight of workingclass families (unstable, not securely in position)
The author makes a fairly big leap to the conclusion.
Dont try to dissuade me from giving up this job.
Affront: causing outrage or offense
So... it was a no-brainer to check out a free class.
If you jump to wild conclusions, you are toast. (youre dead)
Whether your natural thinking style tends to be more intuitive and pattern based or
more rule and formal logic based, it is important to develop both styles of thinking
as you learn to analyze GMAT content.
Whether you are confident in your math prowess or shudder at the thought of
algebra, the odds are that the same issue is holding back your math score: if you do
not understand the problem, you cannot solve it.
red-herring splits where both options are correct

is vastly superior to
It is often the case that
Dive into
to get over the hump
leave time on the table
having them interspersed with correct answers.
in your wheelhouse. (in your strength)
provide running practice in small bursts
exquisite, flawless application essays
why skipping the essays altogether would raise an eyebrow
have some merit, there are several serious flaws that serve to undermine the validity
of the authors conclusion
this is the bottleneck in your problemsolving process.
not giving too much credence to
was in a groove
I am living proof of it.
Originally setting out to boil the ocean
First and foremost is
Ill look forward to reading your comments, and Ill be sure to pass them along to our
curriculum team.
Connote: suggest, imply
My Thien is not perfect. Moreover, shes not infallible.
Prone to be swayed by: easily affected by
Bury a needle in a haystack
Ceasefire agreement: tha thun nh chin, ~ truce (The Olympic Games helped to
keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred
truce was proclaimed during the festivals month.) (pc-ny-stx: aggressive)
In that episode: vo thi im
Exorbitant: expensive
Eavesdropping
Severance pay
Influx inflks, "a massive influx of refugees from front-line areas"
Yesterday, I went with Mr. Richard and Mrs. Amelia to meet their prospective
suppliers.
Drink it in
Ease my guilty conscience
Give up throne
All echo the themes disputed by Hercules and Hera
[]: brackets, (): ellipses
Normally, I dont use that coaster as I rarely take cold drinks.
Fainted from sunstroke
Good Samaritan
Various initials have been carved into its bark but the trunk is strong and the leaves
green. (describe the strength and influence of a theory or something)
Piggyback: cng
Usury: cho vay nng li
In light of the prevailing situation

Protection money: tin mi l

Big locomotive driving
Uncensored information
In a humiliating setback: nh mt s gy ng p lng ng y ma mai
the critics of free trade have got it backward (gy ng p lng ng)
Plug the gap
Communist bureaucrats extract whatever economic value they can for their own
betterment (in the form of perks, tin cng qu, that are not reported)
A rigid system of household registration
A more fertile ground for: mnh t mu m cho
Excrement: shit (hey, dont get me wrong! I note it down because its a fun to see
a sophisticated word can be invented to describe such an object)
Effluent: liquid waste, sewage
Vanguard of a significant change in values (the leader)
Wall off from a partner technology that is central to the core competence of the
firm (to separate one place or area from another with a wall)
Dissolution of the venture
For me, hubris hypothesis is nearly always true. the fact of somebody being too
proud. In literature, a character with this pride ignores warnings and laws and this
usually results in their downfall and death.
Send the criminals to jail
Abuse its discretion
Impeach President Clinton (challenge, call into question)
Each side gears up for trial (to prepare yourself/somebody/something to do
something)
Impanel the jury (to choose the members of a jury in a court case; to choose
somebody as a member of a jury)
Tawdry exploitation tdri, intended to be bright and attractive but cheap and of
low quality, involving low moral standards; extremely unpleasant or offensive
Well give you $600 up front and the $400 deferred.
the solicitation of money for election funds (the act of asking somebody for
something, such as support, money or information; the act of trying to get
something or persuading somebody to do something)
An expensive point to learn
Ive been inundated with offers of help.
Up for auction
Remunerate me in
A manner commensurate to the true value of his services
Come to my sense: change my mind
Mentally incapacitated: mad
Penciling in any changes: making an agreement
Enter the fray: vo cuc
On a personal level On a more general level
Make a killing: People often speculate on where the stock market is heading and get
very excited when they can brag about their latest big killing, but they become
depressed when they suffer a big loss.

From then until 2000, the stock market experienced one of the great bull markets
in its history, with the Dow Jones climbing to a peak of over 11,000. (bull market: a
period during which share prices are rising and people are buying shares)
indulging your desire for imported delicacies
Thirty years ago, the movie you might have paid $9 to see last week would have
set you back only a dollar or two.
What to do about budget deficits and surpluses has been the subject of legislation
and bitter battles between the president and Congress in recent years.
the interaction of theoretical analysis and empirical data.
see the light of day
you would both be stuck with the status quo
a bank can hire a topflight lawyer for $5,000 to draw up an airtight loan contract
that can be used for 2,000 loans at a cost of $2.50 per loan
an inveterate gambler who has just come across a get-rich-quick scheme
there is a high probability that her investment will turn sour and she will be
unable to pay you back.
nail down these concepts (pin down, settle, confirm, agree, decide)
kitchen police: anh nui
dynasty(ntxt)
marinate: p c, p tht
anecdote: ncut
betrothal: btrol (engagement)
animist: nmxt (a person who believes that plants, objects and natural things such
as the weather have a living soul | a person who believes in a power that organizes
and controls the universe)
bandanna: bnn
creamer cremated: sounds similar, but a way different meaning
collapse like the shells of rotten eggs
emboldened by the experience in Seattle, antiglobalization protesters have turned
up at almost every major meeting of a global institution
martyr: con chin t v o
have the luxury of mourning the fact that
notoriety: noun of notorious
in the name of higher profits
allowed to remain free pending his trial: c hng n treo
he was feted as a hero of the antiglobalization movement (fetd, = praised)
basking in sudden fame: tn dng s ni ting bt cht ca mnh
supranational organizations
grandiose projects that did little to foster long-run economic development
(rndios, seeming very impressive but too large, complicated, expensive, etc. to
be practical or possible)
issues that managers working within international business have to grapple with
on a daily basis
goat-slaughtering business: kinh doanh git m tht d
in a tailspin (a situation that suddenly becomes much worse and is not under
control)
awareness of and appreciation for

a large gray area exists in the middle

Our son, Duncan, has been a stalwart of the park for the last 10 years, taking over
from me in the area of construction. (stalwart (of something) a loyal supporter who
does a lot of work for an organization, especially a political party)
Wherever possible, recycled materials have been used. For example, the floors are
made of reclaimed wood. (= recycled)
It soon became clear that we were onto a winner. (be onto something to know
about something or be in a situation that could lead to a good result for you)
Youre a more mature student now, whereas when you were studying in your
country you were younger and not so assertive. (srtv, expressing opinions or
desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice)
Ill talk a little bit about our research techniques, and then indicate some of our
interim findings. (intended to last for only a short time until somebody/something
more permanent is found, = provisional)
Ticking off species they had seen from a pro forma list (a document that has been
prepared in order to show the usual way of doing something or to provide a
standard method)
On the decline in the countryside, they are experiencing a resurgence in urban
gardens because these days gardeners are buying lots of different plants. (r
srdns, the return and growth of an activity that had stopped)
Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. ()
When opinions differ, emotions can run high. ()
It is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked. ()
The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and
frequently with reference to pronunciation. ()
Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write correctly; deviations from it are
said to be incorrect. ()
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18 th
century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. ()
Some usages are prescribed, to be learned and followed accurately; others are
proscribed, to be avoided. ()
In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong.
In our own time, the opposition between descriptivists and prescriptivists has
often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. ()
The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms of radical
liberalism vs elitist conservatism. ()
Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce more of UKs power at
prices undercutting those the already ailing nuclear industry. ()
While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the
resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of
communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from
DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes any area. ()
The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up coding information
to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying
capacity bandwidth of the communication system being used. ()

Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by
stripping out superfluous (redundant) bits from data which contributed little real
information.
The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is
rooted in the nineteenth century, when science was regarded as objective and
value-free. ()
A tangible relic seems ipso facto real. ()
The information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor.
()
On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly
popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will
present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they
themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments
have been criticized as an intolerable vulgarization, but the success of many
historical theme parks and similar location suggests that the majority of the public
does not share this opinion. ()
Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a
difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of
evidence and attractiveness, especially given the increasing need in the heritage
industry for income-generating activities. ()
Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history
has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is
that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and
cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. No wonder
that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in
museums indicates that life was so much better in the past.
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes
and other produce has been in vogue for some time.
We despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones
into semi-arid deserts.
We evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives
vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from
the elements, yet subject our food-bearing plants to the rigors of the great outdoors
and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. (the elements [plural] the
weather, especially bad weather)
Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each
year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops. (take a heavy toll (on
somebody/something), take its toll (on somebody/something) to have a bad effect
on somebody/something; to cause a lot of damage, deaths, suffering, etc.)
Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable
energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a
likelihood for the near future.
At the moment, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact farming
would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy.
When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen
to create a dramatic twenty-first century landmark which would not only be a fitting

commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic

regeneration of the region.
While a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are
having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. (=
stop)
Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several
more guns, two bows (cung tn c l b, ci u cho c l bao), various timbers,
part of a pump and various other small finds. (= sporadic)
McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were
as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved
artefacts.
Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui (Easter Island) had descended into civil war
and cannibalism. (descend into (formal): to gradually get into a bad state)
Then in the nineteenth century, slave traders decimated the population, which
shriveled to 111 people by 1877.
Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success. (v
lim s)
It is easy to imagine that this mentality would have even more impact on a fuzzy
concept like art appreciation, where there is no right or wrong answer.
Volunteers might think they were viewing a chimps messy brushstrokes when they
were actually seeing an acclaimed masterpiece.
In another experiment, the researcher analyzed the visual intricacy of different
pieces of art. It is also intriguing that the brain appears to process movement when
we see a handwritten letter, as if we are replaying the writers moment of creation.
While the fashions of the time might shape what is currently popular, works that are
best adapted to our visual system may be the most likely to linger once the trends
of previous generations have been forgotten. (c l lin-g, khng phi lin-gi)
Its still early days for the field and these studies are probably only a taste of what is
to come.
Even now, silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an
esteemed reputation.
Migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which
keeps them undistracted by challenges that would turn other animals aside.
Some books go into mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept
in using algebra.
Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have
necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of
their theories. The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an
involved participant, since the appropriate language for describing the details in
much of science is mathematics. (tantalize somebody/something to make you want
something that you cannot have or do)
As I wrote, I kept in mind 2 types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until
they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and
mathematics aficionados, who will find much that is new throughout the book. (
fndo: a person who likes a particular sport, activity or subject very much and
knows a lot about it)

Vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity. (hredti:

the process by which mental and physical characteristics are passed by parents to
their children; these characteristics in a particular person)
When voice textures fit the performers physiognomy and gestures, a whole and
very realistic persona emerges. (fzinmi the shape and features of a persons
face)
The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop
dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. ()
The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the
plot. This film presents pure escapism largely due to its frenetic dialogue. (
skepzm: an activity, a form of entertainment, etc. that helps you avoid or forget
unpleasant or boring things, wrlwnd: a situation or series of events where a lot of
things happen very quickly)
If the click of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the
sound mixer may call attention to the click with an increase in volume; this helps
to engage the audience in a moment of suspense. (mns: suggesting that
something bad is going to happen in the future, Don't keep us in suspense. Tell us
what happened! a feeling of worry or excitement that you have when you feel that
something is going to happen, somebody is going to tell you some news, etc.)
Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance. Without language,
we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other
animals, and even over nature itself. (sent: (formal) the process of moving forward
to a better position or of making progress)
There is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages
unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is
mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented.
(homage (to somebody/something) (formal) something that is said or done to show
respect for somebody)
How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly
morsels of sound? But there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot
do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the
fundamental order of the universe. (ntrmnbl = endless)
Mind you = in fact: (informal) used to add something to what you have just said,
especially something that makes it less strong
I've heard they're getting divorced. Mind you, I'm not surprisedthey were always
arguing.
Our language is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in
a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly
have come up with such a nifty contraption?
The most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish
many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such
as women combing their hair or churning butter. (embellish = decorate)
Sam Phillips wanted to revolutionize popular music with songs that fused black and
white music, and country and blues. (when one thing fuses with another, or two
things fuse or are fused, they are joined together to form a single thing)
If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask
another old-timer to speak up for it.

Crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the
flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behavior can happen in
any workplace where the leader is overbearing.
Child-initiated learning, ability-peer tutoring have been found to be particularly
useful for bright children from deprived areas.
In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their
material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by ones own relative
worthlessness in such an environment.
Art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating
the richness of detail and labor that is involved.
The approach to seek out and conserve authentic, original readings of the exhibits
seems to put paid to that spontaneous, participatory criticism which can be found in
abundance in criticism of classic works of literature, but is absent from most art
history. (put paid to something:
If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently accessible to the
public by means of high-fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already are,
the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them.
Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the
opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of
Rome.
Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have
remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. (mrfs: =
shapeless)
Whats puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly-minted, made in the leaves
at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. Why should a tree bother
making new chemicals in its leaves when its already scrambling to withdraw and
preserve the ones already there?
Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as
much of it as possible? (= rescue)
Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are
having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better of experience fighting
fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. (fan something: to make a fire burn more
strongly by blowing on it)
Stung by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have
been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood
and canyon hopping fires better than previously.
Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire
engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states
commitment.
Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the
mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in
better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them.
After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the
statewide response has become far more professional and responsive. (revamp: to
make changes to the form of something, usually to improve its appearance)
With a little experimentation, people can reshape their temperaments and inject
passion, optimism, joy and courage into their lives.

Inherently introverted, he realized early on that as an academic, his reticence would

prove disastrous in the lecture hall.
As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance. You
must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way.
run counter to
disciple: mn
communal: adjective of community
Declaration of Independence
Now-defunct Soviet Union
On the ascendancy (the position of having power or influence over
somebody/something)
Electorate: c tri /lektrt/
Me before you
You cant mope around, babe.
Con khng th c th thn nh th, con
gi.
And dont worry about the holiday. Ill
ng lo v k ngh. Anh tr cho. Chng
pay. You can pay me back when youre
no em thy n th tr li anh.
back on your feet.
I was essentially being instructed to
Ti c hun luyn ch yu l tung
befuddle old people into switching
ha m my ng gi b c, ku ngi ta
energy suppliers.
nn i b cp in trong nh.
I also thought the Sleeping Beauties
Ti cn ngh l my con cng cha ng
were sappy.
trong rng ng l qu sn sm.
Even Syed, who wore the grimly
Thm ch ng Syed, ngi lc no cng
cheerful demeanor of someone who
mang ci kiu vui v mt cch nghim
had shoehorned the most unlikely
trng, ci kiu ca mt ngi tng
candidates into a job, was starting to
nht ngay c nhng ng vin d nht
sound a little weary.
vo mt cng vic, cng bt u c v
mt mi.
Unemployment had been a concept,
Tht nghip vi ti vn ch l mt khi
something droningly referred to on the
nim, mt th c nhc n bai bi
news in relation to shipyards or car
trn bn tin v cc
factories.
xng ng tu v nh my sn xut t.
Patrick calls me gorgeous when he
Patrick khen ti tuyt p mi khi anh
wants to get his leg over.
mun lm tnh.
As Dad says of Mum, theres more fat
Nh b ti thng ni vi m, ch bo
on a Kirby grip.
hn c ci kp tm.
I could see the rip creeping inexorably
Ti c th thy khong rch ln ln i
up my thigh.
mt cch khng th cng li.
What we want for him is someone
iu chng ti cn cho n l mt ngi
robust and upbeat.
khe mnh v vui v.
Mum and Dad still held out hopes that
B m vn m mng mt ngy no
one day she would bring the family a
n s lm rng danh gia nh.
fortune.
I helped myself to green beans, trying
Ti mc t xanh, c t ra lc quan
to look more sanguine than I felt.
hn cm gic trong lng.

Im studying when Im not here, so Id

rather not be called too often but feel
free till you feel confident.
I watched the affable helper putting on
his jacket with a rising sense of panic.
I suspected this was like a benign
landowner digging in the odd potato
just to keep his hand in.
I dont think I have the faintest idea
what is right and wrong any more.
Their beauty seemed like an obscenity.
With hindsight her behavior seemed
even colder, her actions imbued with
some sinister intent. I was angry with
her and angry with Will. Angry with
them for letting me engage in a faade.
How could you live each day knowing
that you were simply whiling away the
days until your own death?
I was now complicit in the Traynors
secret. (adjective)
Doesnt know how much she rubs
people up the wrong way.
It would be very hard for us to replicate
that with someone else.
How I would explain my reasons for
leaving this most well paid of menial
jobs?
Well, lets not beat around the bush
here, Daddy.
I have some unused holiday entitlement
left that I can
Nobody had yet survived the cull over
the age of 40.
Youre so two-faced.
Good. I didnt want your help anyway,
free-loader.
Slap-up meal
I suspected that was the Premier Area,
listed next to some stratospheric price
on the board in the ticket kiosk. strt

Khi khng y th ti nghin cu, nn

tt nht l ng gi thng xuyn qu,
nhng chng no
c cn cha t tin th c gi thoi mi.
Lng ti cht tro ln ni hong s khi
quan st ng gip vic n cn khoc o
vo.
Ti ngh ng cng ch lm cho c vic
m thi.
Em khng ngh em cn bit ci g l ph
hp, ci g l khng ph hp mt cht
no na.
V p ca cy ci xung quanh ging
nh mt s khiu khch.
Nhn li mi thy dng nh thi ca
b cn lnh lo hn, hnh ng ca b
cn thm m mt c c hn
na. Ti tc gin vi b ta v tc gin
vi Will. Tc gin vi h v y ti
vng vo mt mn kch.
Lm sao c th sng mi ngy khi
bit rng mnh ch ang tn ti qua
ngy on thng ch n ci cht
ca chnh mnh?
By gi ti l k ng la trong b mt
nh Traynor.
Khng bit c l n lm ngi khc
bc bi n mc no.
S rt kh cho chng ti thay th
ngi khc c nh c.
Cng vic khng cn trnh , bng cp

Vng vo tam quc

Ngy php cha s dng
Cha mt ai qu tui bn mi m tr
li c sau cuc st hch.
li dng
Ba n thnh son
ti ng rng l Khu Thnh vin, c
lit k bn cnh tn ca khu vc c
mc gi cao nht trn tm bng trong

sferk
The restaurant had been refurbished,
the food now under the auspices of a
television chef whose face appeared on
posters around the race-course.
spsz
Im not overly fond of being spoon-fed
in front of strangers.
Its more than my jobs worth to
override the rules.
I got food poisoning.
How do you have the faintest idea what
kind of person you are? How could
someone like him have the slightest
clue what it felt like to be me?
I laughed so hard the bus driver asked
me if my lottery numbers had come up.
Perhaps I was the least well-equipped
person in the world to try to come up
with things that might inflame Wills
appetite for life.
All advice gratefully received.
It its any consolation, Clark, its not the
first time.
So if youre asking me would I rather be
reminiscing about the view of the castle
from the minimart, or that lovely row of
shops down off the roundabout, then,
no.
This is the thing about growing up in a
small town. Every part of your life is up
for grabs. Nothing is secret.
When, struggling for ideas, I asked the
online quads what was the thing they
would like to do most in all the world,
the answer nearly always came back
as, Have sex. I got quite a lot of
unsolicited detail on that one.
Thanks for putting a word in for him.
It was nothing an outsider could have
put their finger on.
As I watched her, surreptitiously, I
noticed that her immaculate hairstyle
was now flecked with gray, her eyes as
shadowed as my own. (mkjlt)
Afterwards, I was never entirely sure
why Will changed his mind about Alicia

bung v.
Tim n ny c tn trang li, thc
n c mt u bp hay xut hin trn
ti-vi bo m, mt ng ta xut hin trn
khp cc poster quanh trng ua.
Ti chng my thch th c bn tng
tha trc mt ngi l.
Ti s b mt vic nu lm sai quy nh.

remns (sung sng hi tng v)

Chi tit qu mc cn thit nslstd

Cm n anh ni vo gip ba em.

khng phi l vic m ngi ngoi
c th nhng tay vo.
Khi ti len ln nhn b, ti thy
kiu tc hon ho ca b im bc,
mt b cng mt mi nh mt ti.
m ci

and Ruperts nuptials. (npl)

Im guessing its bad form to wheel
yourself in behind the bride.
Spoilsport
White-water rafting and scuba diving
were not part of his plan for
convalescence.
It had become my catchphrase, ever
since I had worked out what I wanted to
do.
Even if there was the remotest
possibility of me coming with you to
Switzerland even if you thought I
might,

The short distance between us jangling

with unspoken recriminations.
If you miss the bloody plane on top of
me getting six points on my license, Im
never talking to you again.
Britain is still incredibly hide-bound by
class, and we only really notice it when
we go to somewhere that it doesnt
exist in the same way, like the US or
Australia.
Love is the thing that makes us do the
most extraordinary things the emotion
that can bring us highest or lowest, or
be the most transformative and
extremes of emotion are always
interesting to write about. Plus Im too
wimpy to write horror
I want the reader to feel something
while reading and making myself cry
has become my litmus test as to
whether thats working.

Ti on ln xe v sau c du th kh
coi lm.
ph m, lm mt hng
Hi phc

Cu ca ming

Lm nh c kh nng d nh nht rng

em s i cng anh ti Thy S vy...
lm nh anh ngh em l ngi lm c
iu , sau tt c nhng g em lm
cho anh, l tt c nhng g anh c
th ni vi em sao? Em mc tri tim
ra trc mt anh.
Khong cch ngn gia chng ti vang
ln cht cha nhng mu thun khng
ni thnh li.
Gi th i i. Nu ch l chuyn bay cht
tit sau khi em nhn su l trn
bng li th em s khng bao gi ni
chuyn vi ch na.
= narrow-minded

Php th
ltms (giy qu)