Advanced Production: Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production
Nelson Perozo
WS 2016/17
Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo
Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17
GENERAL INFORMATION
Lectures & exercises: Nelson Perozo
eMail:
Tel:
nelson.perozo@tu-clausthal.de
ext. 2288
Lecture assistant: Helen Udo

eMail:
Tel:
chud11@tu-clausthal.de
ext. 2288
Software Prosper: Rene Romero

eMail:
Tel:
rene.jose.romero.sarcos@tu-clausthal.de
ext. ----
Secretariat: Marion Bischof

eMail:
Tel:
marion.bischof@tu-clausthal.de
ext. 2239
Please register in STUDIP

Scripts can be downloaded from STUDIP
Requirements: scientific calculator
LITERATURE
Allen, T.O. and Roberts, A.P.: Production Operations. OGCI, Tulsa, 1993.
Brill, J.B., Mukherjee H.: Multiphase Flow in Wells. SPE Monograph 17,
1999.
Cholet, H., Editor: Well Production Practical Handbook. Editions TECHNIP,
2000
Economides, M.J., Hill, A.D. and Ehlig-Economides, C.: Petroleum
Production Systems. Prentice Hall Petroleum Engineering Series, 2012.
Ikoku, C.U.: Natural Gas Engineering. Pennwell Books, 1980
Katz, D.L., et al.: Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, 1959.
Reinicke, K.M., Hueni, G., Liermann, N., Oppelt J., Reichetseder, P.,
Unverhaun, W.: Oil and Gas Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry - Wiley Online Library, Wiley 2014.
Advanced Production
Tuesday, 14:00 17:30, ExxonMobil Teleteaching Room
No lectures on:
15.11.2016
29.11.2016
Additional lecture:
11.11.2016
Agenda
Introduction
Petroleum Production Systems
IPR Single phase Darcy flow
IPR Multiphase Darcy flow
Skin Flow assurance
VLP Single phase pipe flow
VLP Multiphase pipe flow
Artificial Lift Displacement pumps
Artificial Lift Gas lift
Nodal Analysis and production forecasting
Introduction
World energy demand and supply
Oil
Natural gas
Reservoir
GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND

CONTINUES TO INCREASE
22500
Energy Consumotion, M toe
17500
+ Renewables
15000
+ Nuclear
12500
+ Coal
10000
+ Gas
5000
Oil
2500
6000
5000
3000
2000
1000
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
Drivers
7000
4000
7500
during the last 10 years
8000
World Population
0
2050
World Population, million
20000
0
1900
Consumption increase of 25%
9000
Increase of world population

Economic growth
Rising prosperity
~75% of demand growth in
developing countries
Oil and gas remain the most

important energy sources
Source: Reinicke et al. 2014
SHARES OF PRIMARY ENERGY

CONSUMPTION
Source: BP (2015)
DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY ENERGY
Growth annually of 1,8% from 511,1 x 1024 Btu (2004) to 701,6 x 1024 Btu (2030)
Increase = 37%
(1 British Thermal Unit = 252 cal)
Oil share at primary energy supply

Gas share at primary energy supply
2004
38%
23%
2030
32%
24%
World Energy Outlook 2007

Fossil Fuel Scenario
Growth of annually of 1,8% from 11,4 x 109 toe (2005) to 17,7 x 109 toe (2030)
increase of 55%
2004
2030
Oil share at primary energy supply
35%
32%
Gas share at primary energy supply
21%
22%
Source: Reinicke et al. 2014
Reserves and ressources of nonrenewable energy fuels

Unit
Reserves
EJ
Ressources
EJ
Conventional Oil
Conventional natural gas
Conventional Hydrocarbons
Oil sand
Extra heavy oil
Shale oil
Oil shale
Non conventional Oil
Shale gas
Tight gas
Coalbed Methane
Aquifer gas
Gas hydrates
non conventional gas
non conventional hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hard Coal
Brown Coal (Lignite)
Coal
Fossil energy sources
Uranium
Thorium
Nuclear
Gt
Bill. m3
Gtoe
Gt
Gt
Gt
Gt
Gtoe
Bill. m3
Bill. m3
Bill. m3
Bill. m3
Bill. m3
Bill. m3
Gtoe
Gtoe
Gt SKE
Gt SKE
Gt SKE
Mt
Mt
-
169
191
342
27
21
48
3,7
1,8
5,5
53
395
650
111
762
2,2
-
7050
7244
14294
1115
886
2002
142
69
211
2213
16507
19061
3259
22320
38826
1084
1084
161
310
443
63
61
47
97
268
205
63
50
24
184
527
746
1189
14506
1689
16195
13
5,2
-
6732
11779
18511
2613
2541
1969
4068
11191
7804
2397
1916
912
6992
20021
31212
49723
425155
49500
474655
524378
6509
2606
9116
Non-renewable energy fuels
39910
533494
Energy source
10
RESERVES DEPEND ON PRICE AND

TECHNOLOGY
Reserves
Resources
Discovered (proved in a
reservoir)
potentially recoverable quantities of
Recoverable (with known

technology)
proved by wells, but uneconomic to
hydrocarbons
Commercial (at current prices)

Remaining
produce
yet-to-find, but expected on geologic
grounds
Increasing costs
Discovered
economically
feasible
not
economically
feasible
Undiscovered
proven
probable
possible
Hypothetical
(measured)
(indicated)
(inferred)
(in known areas)
Speculative
(in undiscovered
areas)
Reserves
Ressources
Decreasing geological assurance
Source: Nelson Perozo

11
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIOIN OF
RESSOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Approved by:
SPE Society of Petroleum
Engineers
WPC
World Petroleum Council
AAPG
American Association of
Petroleum Geologists
SPEE
Society of Petroleum
Evaluation Engineers
Source: Prof. K. Reinicke

12
STATIC RANGE
The static range of oil and gas reserves has increased despite rising consumption
since 1970
Technological developments have led to a steady increase in the reserves.
Source: RWE
13
CRUDE OIL RESERVES AND

RESOURCES
Reserves
ca. 165 Gt
BGR, 2013
217 Gt
BP Statistical Review 2011 189 Gt

EIA 2009
214 Gm3
Reinicke et al. 2014
217 Gt
statistical range
@ Production 2013
Resources
55 a
4,17 Gt
ca. 461 Gt
BGR, 2013
331 Gt
conventional
143 Gt
non-conventional
318 Gt
Source: BGR 2013, Reinicke et al. 2014

14
OIL FACTS
Measurement:
Oil is measured either in barrels (159,6 l = 42 Gallons) or Tons. For
international trade it will be measured in tons because mass can not be
changed.
Energy content:
1 barrel of oil contains: 5,8 MBtu = 6119 MJoules = ~ 2500kcal
1 cubic meter of oil: 38.482 Mjoules (MWs) = 10,7 MWh = ~ 1.000 Sm3 of gas
Oil usages
100% oil is refined in a refinery in
93%-94% fuels (> 95 % of world transportation energy comes from oil)
6%-7% other derivatives (some plastics, lubricants, waxes, asphalts, etc)
15
CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL

by
region
by
gravity
West Texas Intermediate, WTI for North American oil.

Brent Crude
Arabian Light
comprising 15 oils from North Sea fields

Dubai Crude (31 API) or Ghawar (33-40 API)
light crude oil
API gravity higher than 31.1 API
medium oil
API gravity between 22.3 API and 31.1

API
heavy oil
an API gravity below 22.3 API
API = 141,5 / (oil specific gravity) - 131,5

by
sulfur
content
sweet crude oil
contains less than 0.5% sulfur

producers:
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
United States (West Texas Intermediate)
Oman
sour crude oil
sulfide level in the oil is > 1 %

producers:
Venezuela
16
CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL
Dichte
Density
3
g/cm
g/cm
Conventional
Crude
Konventionelles
Erdl
Oil
API
50
45
Condensate
Kondensat
40
30
0,825
Leichtl
Light Oil
(normales
Erdl)
(normal crude)
20
NichtNon
Conkonventio
ventional
nelles
Crude
ErdlOil
0,780
0,802
0,876
0,934
Heavy
Oil
Schwerl
10
0
Schwerstl
mPa.s)
Extra
Heavy Oil(<10000
(<10.000
mOa.s)
Bitumen (>10.000
mPa.s)
lsand/Bitumen
(>10000
mPa.s)
1,000
1,076
API: American Petroleum Institute
17
WORLD OIL RESERVES

Things to note:
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC
OPEC
Source: World Atlas (2016)

- 1st place has 10

times more oil than 12th
place.
- 8 of the top 12
countries are OPEC
members.
- Despite the big
production, the world
reserves have
increased more than
50% in the last 20
years.
- Venezuela is the
country with the largest
reserves, which are
mostly heavy and extra
heavy oil.
18
CONVENTIONAL CRUDE OIL RESERVES

AND LARGEST RESOURCE HOLDERS
Conventional oil reserves are concentrated in the so-called strategic ellipse;
non-conventional oil in Canada and Venezuela plays an increasing role
Source: BGR Hannover

19
OIL REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION

EUR of Oil 2012 (total of approx. 552 billion t)
Source: BGR, 2013

20
CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION AND

PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION
Regionally, there is an
imbalance in demand and
supply
200 Mt
Production
Consumption
Production
Deutschland: 3,4

21
PEAK OIL: A MATTER OF

PERSPECTIVE
The Oil Age
22
HYDROCARBON AVAILABILITY: A
MATTER OF PRICE AND TECHNOLOGY
Economic price 2004 (USD)
... At increasing price
Availability of oil as a function of price
Available oil in billion barrels
... Need of modern technology

Source: IEA, 2006
23
SUMMARY CRUDE OIL

conventional crude oil is available in sufficient quantities for the
next decades.
The dependency on OPEC will increase.
The share of non-conventional crude oil will increase in the years
to come.
Crude oil is finite; one must prepare for alternative forms of
energy.
24
NATURAL GAS RESERVES AND

RESOURCES
ca. 190.1012 m3
Reserves
BGR 2013
196 Tm3
BP Stat. Review 2011
187 Tm3
EIA 2009
178 Tm3
Reinicke et al., 2014
192 Tm3
statistical range
ca. 60 a
3,4.1012 m3
@ Production 2012
633-752.1012 m3
Resources
BGR 2013
629 Tm3
conventional
312.1012 m3
non-conventional
321-440.1012 m3
Source: BGR 2013, Reinicke et al., 2014

25
NATURAL GAS FACTS

Measurement:
Natural gas is measured in m3 or ft3. Volumes are reported for a reference
(standard) pressure of 1 atm and a reference (standard) temperature of 15C
or 60 F in the metric and oil field system, respectively.
Components:
Mostly methan, ethan, propane, buthan, CO2, N2 and water.
Energy content:
Natural gas is sold in Germany as L- or H-Gas. L-Gas has a calorific value of
9.77 kWh/ m3. H-Gas has a calorific value of 11.66 kWh/ m3
Natural gas usage:
Electricity plants, industry sector, domestic use, combustion heat plants,
transportation, etc.
26
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL GAS
Conventional Natural Gas

- Non-Associated Natural Gas
- Associated Natural Gas
Non-Conventional Natural Gas

- Tight Gas
- Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
- Shale Gas
- Aquifer Gas
- Gas Hydrates
Microseismizitt
Shale Gas in 1000 m

Texas
27
RESERVES NATURAL GAS AND

LARGEST RESOURCE HOLDERS
T.m
Conventional gas reserves are concentrated

in the so called strategic ellipse. Nonconventional (tight and shale) gas plays an
increasing role
60,0
50,0
47,6
Weltreserven: 160,9 T.m
40,0
30,0
26,0
Deutschland: 0,34
14,4
20,0
6,2
10,0
6,0
5,0
4,5
4,1
3,5
3,1
Ira
k
Ni
ge
ria
Ve
ne
zu
ela
US
A
Al
ge
rie
n
Ka
tar
Sa
ud
iA
ra
Ve
bi
r.
en
Ar
ab
.E
m
ira
te
Ira
n
Ru
ss
lan
d
0,0

28
WORLD NATURAL GAS RESERVES

Rank
Country
Proven reserves
[Billion m3]
Russia
48,700
Iran
OPEC
33,600
Qatar
OPEC
24,700
Turkmenistan
17,500
United States
9,860
Saudi Arabia
OPEC
8,600
Iraq
OPEC
6,400
Venezuela
OPEC
5,725
Nigeria
OPEC
5,100
10
China
11
Algeria
12
Australia
World reserves
5,643
OPEC
Things to note:
- 1st place has 11 times
more oil than 12th
place.
- 7 of the top 12
countries are OPEC
members.
- Despite the big
production, the world
reserves have
increased more than
50% in the last 20
years.
4,502
4,300
187,300
Source: Wikipedia (2015)

29
NATURAL GAS REGIONAL

DISTRIBUTION
EUR of Natural Gas 2012 (total of approx. 828 trillion m3)
Source: BGR, 2013

30
NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND

CONSUMPTION
A major imbalance
between demand and
supply exists for Europe
200
Gm3
200 G.m
3
Production
Frderung
Consumption
Verbrauch
G.m
G.m
800,0
590,0
700,0
Weltverbrauch: 2.507,1 G.m
600,0
500,0
500,0
400,0
401,7
400,0
300,0
Deutschland: 21,5
189,7
200,0
112,8
79,3
72,3
100,0
64,5
300,0
200,0
60,6
57,4
53,0
100,4
95,7
85,6
76,4
70,5
69,4
64,7
100,0
51,0
Ira
n
U
sb
ek
is
ta
n
Ita
lie
n
U
kr
ai
ne
Ja
pa
n
Ira
n
U
sb
ek
is
ta
n
N
or
w
eg
en
N
ie
de
rla
nd
e
In
do
ne
si
en
A
lg
er
ie
n
K
an
ad
G
ro
a
b
rit
an
ni
en
U
SA
K
an
ad
a
0,0
0,0
R
us
sl
an
d
653,1
R
us
sl
an
G
d
ro
b
rit
an
ni
en
D
eu
ts
ch
la
nd
600,0
Weltfrderung: 2.530,7 G.m
547,8
U
SA
700,0

31
PRODUCTION OF CONVENTIONAL
NATURAL GAS: History and Projections
Gas, both conventional and non-conventional is there of a long time to come

32
SUMMARY NATURAL GAS

Natural gas is available in sufficient quantities for the next couple
of decades.
To meet demand requires enormous investments.
Gas price will play an essential role in making the necessary
capital available.
Market liberalization will change the face of the industry.
Natural gas: the transition to re-newables
33
HYDROCARBON RECOVERY:
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
MAX.!!!
MAX.!!!
Field
Treatment
Transfer
Transport
Production
Re-Injection
Processing
(Crude Oil)
MAX.!!!
MAX.!!!
Reservoir
To recover hydrocarbons
means to produce,
process and deliver
hydrocarbons in quantity
and quality in line with
contractual specifications
Customer
The production system consists of:

reservoir
subsurface system (well)
surface field treatment system (processing facilities)
systems for quality and quantity controlled transfer of custody
34
RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
Source
(Muttergestein)
Migration
Carbonate Rock
Shale
Sandstone
Shale
Seal
(Abdichtung)
Trap
(Falle)
Reservoir
(Lagersttte)
35
OUTCROPS
Channel Sand
Anticline
Fault
Fold
Pinch Out
Source: Photos Kulke, Horn (TU Clausthal)
36
RESERVOIR ORIGIN
Tectonic faults:
1 Below an anticlinal
trap
2 In a coral reef
3 Beside a salt dome
4 Beside a fault trap
5 In a fault dome
6 Below overlapping
layers (discordance)
Stratigraphic faults:
7 In a cropping storage
rock
Oil and gas expelled from the

source rock migrates through
porous or fractured rock upwards
(migration)
The process ends at the surface or
in the subsurface at impermeable
cap rocks (Seal) like salt and clay,
if the geometry of this rock
assumes the form of a trap (trap)
If the rock below the seal / trap is
porous and permeable then all
requirements for the existence of
an economically producible
reservoir are fulfilled (reservoir)
In the reservoir rocks, crude oil is
typically found together with gas
and water
Source: Reinicke et al., 2005

37
SEISMIC FOR RESERVOIR

DESCRIPTION
Three-dimensional seismic provide
information to model the reservoir
Three-dimensional visualization
technology allow an immersion into
the reservoir
Quelle:
ExxonMobil Upstream Research
38
RESERVOIR MODELING AND WELL

PLANNING
39
RESERVOIR: CONVENTIONAL
RESERVOIR ROCK
Thin Section showing
high porosity
sandstone
inter granular pore

space
Blue: pore space
Source: USGS Web Site

Electron Microscope
Picture showing
clean, high porosity
sandstone
well sorted
intergranular pore
space
Buntsandstein: depth
2500 m
permeability several
Source: Reinicke, BEB
100 mD
The most important

reservoir rocks are
porous or fractured
sandstones or dolomites
POROSITY :
is a measure of the
void space of a rock Vv
=
is defined by the
Vt
where VV is the volume of
void-space and VT is the
total or bulk volume of
material
40
RESERVOIR: STORAGE CAPACITY

AND POROSITY
Sediments are compacted as they
are buried and cemented by
minerals that precipitate from
solution.
The physical, chemical or
biological alternation of sediments
into sedimentary rock is called
diagenesis.
Grains of sediment, rock
fragments or fossils can be
replaced by other minerals during
diagenesis.
Porosity usually decreases with
depth.
Source: Reinicke, BEB, 2002
SchlumbergerOil Field Glossary
41
RESERVOIR: POROSITY AND

PERMEABILITY
Reservoir Rock
(or Swiss Cheese!)
Porosity:
Permeability:
Space
Between
Grains
ease to flow
between
grains
Sand
grains
Low
Pressure
High
Pressure

42
SHALE GAS: RESERVOIRS TIGHTER

THAN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
10000
1000
Conventional Reservoir
k = 1- 10000 md
Unconventional reservoirs
- Extremely low permeabilities
k (md)(md)
Permeability
100
10
Concrete Sidewalk
k = 0.1 - 1 md
- Not recoverable without elaborated

and expensive technology
1
0.1
0.01
Tight Gas Reservoir

k = 0.001 1 md
- Enormous potential
0.001
0.0001
Shale Gas Reservoir

k = 0.00001- 0.0005 md
0.00001
0.000001
Conventional
Rock
50 m
Source: ExxonMobil, 2009

50 m
Shale
0.5 m
50 m
Source: ITE, 2011

43
RESERVOIR: POROSITY AND

PERMEABILITY
Porosity (%)
PERMEABILITY:
is a measure of the ability of
a rock or unconsolidated
material to transmit fluids
NW German Sandstones of Different Age
is the proportionality constant in

Darcy's law
Absolute Permeability, md
In sandstones
larger porosities are usually
associated with larger
permeabilities
Porosity (%)
Source: Gaida et al., 1973
Valangian Sandstone Barenburg

Absolute Permeability, md
Source: Lbben, 1978

44
RESERVOIR: CONNATE WATER AND

CAPILLARY PRESSURE. SATURATION
The pore space is filled with fluids
The saturation of a substance, e.g. Sw, is
defined by the ratio SW = VW / VT
where VW is the volume of water and
VT is the volume of void-space
Bond water saturation increases with
decreasing permeability
The pore space of the rock

represents capillaries
Connate water reduces the flow
channels available for hydrocarbons
45
RESERVOIR: LOG EVALUATION
Spontaneous Potential
Resistivity
Neutron
Logs allow the

determination of rock
properties and fluid
content
Sand ?
Hydrocarbons ?
Porous ?
Hydrocarbon Type ?
Water Saturation ?
46
RESERVOIR: COMMON
PARAMETERS
Definition
Symbol
SI Units
Metric
Units
Oil Field
Units
Reservoir Thickness
ft
Reservoir Area
m2
m2
acre
Porosity
Permeability
md
md
Water Saturation
Sw
47
RESERVOIR FLUIDS: HYDROCARBON

COMPONENTS OF NATURAL GASES
Paraffins
Napthenes Aromatics Asphaltenes
C1
C2
Methane is typically the major

constituent of natural gas.
Gases
C3
Higher HC may be contained in

smaller quantities
Intermediate
Typically there are additional

constituents such as H2O, CO2,
N2 and H2S, sometimes also He
C5
C15+
Liquids
C60+
Oil and gas are mixtures of

hydrocarbons (HC)
Waxes
Often natural gas contains

traces of metals, e.g. Hg
Depending on the content of
condensable higher HC dry gas
and wet gas are distinguished
Depending on whether H2S is
present sweet and sour gas are
distinguished.
48
RESERVOIR FLUIDS: HYDROCARBON

COMPONENTS OF CRUDE
Paraffins
Napthenes Aromatics Asphaltenes
C1
C2
Gases
C3
Intermediate
C5
C15+
Liquids
C60+
Waxes
The most important compounds

in crude oil are Alkanes
(Paraffins), Cycloalkanes
(Napthenes) and Aromatics
Besides HC crude oil contains
often sulphur-, nitrogen- and
oxygen-containing compounds
Crude oil often contains traces of
metals, e.g. Vanadium and
Nickel.
Crude oil can appear
- in solid form as asphalt or
bitumen
- in liquid form as crude oil or
condensate
- in gaseous from as natural
gas
49
TYPICAL RESERVOIR CONDITIONS IN

GERMANY
Oil well
Natural gas well
depth
3000 m
4500 m
Reservoir pressure
300 400 bar
450 600 bar
(max. > 600 bar)
(max. > 900 bar)
Reservoir temperature
100 C
145 C
Produced phases
Oil
Natural gas
(reservoir area)
gas
brine (scale)
brine (scale)
impurities
impurities
sand
sand
50
EXAMPLE: Water Level in a Water Well
In a 100m deep (fresh) water well, the bottom hole pressure under static
conditions is 7 bar. At which depth below the surface is the water level
in this well under static condition?
51
EXAMPLE: Water Level in a Water Well
In a 100m deep (fresh) water well, the bottom hole pressure under static
conditions is 7 bar. At which depth below the surface is the water level
in this well under static condition?
0 m surface
30 m
Solution:
The hydrostatic gradient for fresh water
is approximately 1 bar /10 m. Thus a
pressure of 7 bar corresponds to 70 m.
water level p = 0 bar
7 bar ~ 70 mar
100 m subsurface p = 7 bar
The water level is at 30 m below the surface
52
EXAMPLE: Pressure Distribution in an

open Reservoir System
If water has a specific weight of 1.1, oil of 0.8 and gas of 0.2 g/cm3, for
the forgoing situation calculate the pressure at
1.500 m; D (oil/water contact)
1.000 m: F (gas/oil contact) and C
500 m: G (top of structure) and B
the well head assuming a well penetrating the gas cap, being
under gas
53
EXAMPLE: Pressure Distribution in an

open Reservoir System
If water has a specific weight of 1.1, oil of 0.8 and gas of 0.2 g/cm3, for the forgoing
situation calculate the pressure at
1.500 m; D (oil/water contact)
1.000 m: F (gas/oil contact) and C
500 m: G (top of structure) and B
the well head assuming a well penetrating the gas
cap, being under gas
Solution:
The pressures are approximately
D:
F:
C:
G:
1,1/10 x 1500 = 165

1,1/10 x 1500 0,8/10 x 500 = 125
1,1/10 x 1000 = 110
1,1/10 x 1500
- 0,8/10 x 500 - 0,2/10 x 500 = 115
B:
1,1/10 x 500 = 55
F m g A h g
=
=
= h g
A
A
A
g
m
= 1,11.500 9,81 3 [m] 2
cm
s
10 3 kg
m
1,11.500 10 6 3 [m] 2
10
m
s
p=
1,1
kg m 1
1.500 105 2 2
10
s m
1,1
= 1.500 [bar ]
10
=
54
RESERVOIR: TEMPERATURE
T (C)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Reservoir temperature
increases with depth
300
Temperature increase is
described by the
geothermic depth level or
its inverse, the
temperature gradient.
Values in Germany
average 3 Grad Celsius
pro 100 m
1000
2000
3000
z (m)
4000
5000
6000
7000
Temperaturgradienten:
8000
20 Grad Celsius pro km

Temperaturprofil der KTB-Bohrung
9000
UntergrundTemperaturen
in Deutschland
Depending on the heat

conductivity of the rocks
and other geologic
peculiarities gradients may
differ significantly
Source: Kehrer, BGR. Vortrag Deutsches Erdlmuseum Wietze 04. April 2003
55
LECTURE 1: Summary
Consumption
Reserves Ressources
Production
Oil
Natural Gas
Production System
Reservoir
Origin
Porosity
Permeability
Saturation
Hydrocarbon Components
Pressure
Temperature
56

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Advanced Production

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Lecture assistant: Helen Udo

Software Prosper: Rene Romero

Secretariat: Marion Bischof

Please register in STUDIP

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

World energy demand and supply

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND

Energy Consumotion, M toe

during the last 10 years

World Population, million

Consumption increase of 25%

Increase of world population

Oil and gas remain the most

Source: Reinicke et al. 2014

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

SHARES OF PRIMARY ENERGY

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY ENERGY

Oil share at primary energy supply

World Energy Outlook 2007

Gas share at primary energy supply

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Reserves and ressources of nonrenewable energy fuels

Non-renewable energy fuels

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

RESERVES DEPEND ON PRICE AND

potentially recoverable quantities of

Recoverable (with known

proved by wells, but uneconomic to

Commercial (at current prices)

(in known areas)

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Source: Nelson Perozo

Source: Prof. K. Reinicke

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

CRUDE OIL RESERVES AND

BP Statistical Review 2011 189 Gt

Reinicke et al. 2014

Source: BGR 2013, Reinicke et al. 2014

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

Dr.-Ing. Nelson Perozo

Advanced Production - Wintersemester 2016/17

CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL

West Texas Intermediate, WTI for North American oil.

comprising 15 oils from North Sea fields

light crude oil

API gravity higher than 31.1 API

API gravity between 22.3 API and 31.1