New Evidence On Contacts Between Pre-Rom

A
between
A New
A evidence
R C H A on
E contacts
O L O G
I C A Pre-Roman
C A R PDacia...
A T H
VOL. XLVI, 2011
C117
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PL ISSN 0001-5229
Marcin Rudnicki, Sawomir Miek

New evidence on contacts between Pre-Roman Dacia
and territory of Central Poland
Abstract
M. Rudnicki, S. Miek 2011. New evidence on contacts between Pre-Roman Dacia and territory of
Central Poland, AAC 46: 117143.
Connections between the inhabitants of pre-Roman Dacia and peoples residing in the area between
the Carpathian range and the Baltic Sea is a subject we can hardly consider as well understood.
A form possibly helpful for investigating these connections are rings with a cord ornament, type
imleul Silvaniei type 3a after A. Rustoiu. These finds (bracelets or armlets) originating from
a Celtic environment, should be attributed to the Dacian environment.
The first finds of type 3 rings with a cord ornament were recorded in Poland already in the
first half of the last century but their typology and origin was defined correctly in Polish literature
only recently, by M. Rudnicki. In Poland at least fifteen bracelets/armlets type imleul Silvaniei
(mostly type 3a) are recorded at present. One is from Western Pomerania (Lubiechowo), five are
from the Lower Vistula region (Lasy, Malbork-Wielbark, Mae Czyste), three from Masovia (Kleszewo [?], Niedanowo, vicinity of Skierniewice). Four were discovered in Western Lesser Poland
(Jakuszowice, Nowe Brzesko, Peczyska). The focus of the present paper are two armlet fragments,
type imleul Silvaniei, from Central Poland (Brodnia, Jastrzbniki).
If we take into account the chronology of this type of ornament and the itinerary of the main
communications routes, this distribution of their finds appears justified. That all the armlets
listed here were imports is suggested not only by the absence of a local tradition of production of
this type of ornament and analogies from the south-east but also by the unusual composition of
their metal alloy. Specimens originating from contexts are dated to the Early Roman Period but
it seems that even earlier during phase LT D2 (A3 of the Pre-Roman Period) these ornaments were brought north of the Carpathian Mts.
The present study addresses the question of the source area of bracelets/armlets type imleul
Silvaniei and the route by which they were introduced to the area between the Baltic and the
Carpathian Mts.
K e y w o r d s: Central Europe; Dacia; Pre-Roman Period; Early Roman Period; Armlets/Bracelets
type imleul Silvaniei
Received: 16.11.2011; Revised: 27.11.2011; Revised: 16.12.2011; Accepted: 23.12.2011
INTRODUCTION
Connections between the inhabitants of Dacia and peoples residing on the territory of todays Poland during the Iron Age were noted in archaeological literature for the first time relatively early (cf. R e y m a n 1948, 185186; 1940,
118
Pl. 24:2, 25:3, 5). Nevertheless, greater interest in this subject came only during the 1970s. This applied in the main to south and south-eastern Poland
where the largest number of traces of south-eastern impact was recorded. The
inventory of a Cloche Grave Culture burial discovered at Bonie (powiat Sandomierz, wojewdztwo witokrzyskie), published in 1972, dated to the Early,
or possibly, the onset of the Middle La Tne Period, included two wheel-made
vessels provenanced to the Thraco-Dacian environment (J a m k a 1972, 162
163, Pl. 8:b, c; M y c i e l s k a, W o n i a k 1988, 50, Pl. LIV: B3, B4). Also at
this time the same subject was addressed by T. Dbrowska when she examined
the relationship between the Przeworsk and the Lipitsa cultures (D b r o w s k a
1973, 224). Dbrowska noted the presence of vessels of non-local provenance
in the series of finds from the cemetery at Ga (powiat Przeworsk, wojewdztwo podkarpackie), the type-site of the Przeworsk Culture. Incidentally, among
the materials from Ga published by K. Hadaczek, was a large series of vessels
of evidently Dacian form (H a d a c z e k 1909, Pl. M:4; T:38, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47;
U:48, 49; W:59). Soon afterwards T. Sulimirski came forward with a hypothesis
that the area of northern Carpathians and their foothills (polish: Podkarpacie)
was inhabited during prehistory by Thraco-Dacian tribes (S u l i m i rs k i 1974,
82f.). His assumption was based on linguistic data, which he treated in a rather controversial manner, and on a cavalier interpretation of the archaeological
and palaeobotanical evidence.
With his article published in 1976 T. Makiewicz began a series of publications devoted to enigmatic archaeological features floors of fired clay datable
to the close of the Pre-Roman and the Early Roman Period. Commonly interpreted as the remains of sanctuaries, recorded in settlements of Przeworsk
Culture, mostly in Kujawy (central Poland), but also at Jarosaw (powiat
Jarosaw, wojewdztwo podkarpackie), as well as in a number of other sites in
Poland, these features have been identified also in the Jutland Peninsula. In
their origin they were traced to the La Tne culture environment or, alternately
and perhaps more convincingly, to the Thraco-Dacian cultures (M a k i e w i c z
1976; 1977; 1986; 1987; 2003; C o f t a - B r o n i e w s k a 1979, 198204; K i ef e r l i n g 1999, 258f.; F l o r k i e w i c z, B o c h n a k 2006, 131)
In 1986 K. Pieta observed that the earliest Dacian elements in the pottery
from inventories of the Tyniec Group come on record during phase LT D2
that is, earlier than on the territory of Pchov Culture. The same researcher
identified Dacian elements in western Lesser Poland, in assemblages of Przeworsk Culture datable to the Early Roman Period (P i e t a 1986, 86 [voice in
a discussion]). The question of the presence of these elements in the Krakw
region at large, especially, in the context of the Tyniec Group, drew increasingly more attention. In archaeological literature it became established practice
to refer to ceramics from the turn of the La Tne and the Roman Periods (LT
D2-B1a Roman Period), similar in its technology of execution, form and ornamentation to the Dacian traditions, as Pchov or Pchov-Dacian current.
Its presence in the Krakw region was regarded as confirmation of strong con-
New evidence on contacts between Pre-Roman Dacia...
119
nections between the people of the Tyniec Group and the Pchov Culture. The
latter, identified with the Cotini, not only would act as a go-between in the
exchange with the Middle Danube region but actually were a part of the
population inhabiting western Lesser Poland (cf. P i e t a 1986, 26f.; W o n i a k
1996, 169170; 2004, 55f.; P o l e s k a 2006, 141, 258). In the view of M. Rudnicki the hypothesis on the close relations of the Tyniec Group with Pchov
Culture raises serious doubt. His interpretation is that Dacian influences in
the Tyniec Group are not the effect of contacts with Pchov Culture communities but of direct relations maintained by the inhabitants of Lesser Poland and
Dacia on the turn of the La Tne and the Roman Period (R u d n i c k i 2009,
298f.). The existence of this form of exchange, had been admitted earlier, although to a limited extent, also by Z. W o n i a k (1990, 76).
The early 1990s brought new discoveries and the publication of Dacian
material from southern Poland (P o d g r s k a - C z o p e k 1991). A more notable
piece of evidence is the grave assemblage discovered at towice (powiat
Tarnw, wojewdztwo maopolskie). The inventory of a cremation pit burial
discovered at this location, dated to the close of the first century BC, possibly,
the beginning of the next century, included three vessels, two of them characteristic for Dacian culture (Szpunar 1991). One of these was a form referred
to as a fructiera or Dacian fruit bowl a wheel-made bowl on a high
pedestal base. Its companion was a jar decorated on the broadest part of its
body with applied bosses.
The question of impact from the area of Dacia on the inhabitants of the
part of the Carpathian region found in Poland, their foothills and areas on the
Upper Vistula, was discussed more broadly by R. M a d y d a - L e g u t k o (1996).
This researcher distinguished a group of Early Roman finds which, on the one
hand, display relevant differences with what is known from Przeworsk and
Pchov cultures material, on the other, have many features characteristic for
Dacian cultures. Madyda-Legutko proposed to define this material as type
Wietrzno-Solina (M a d y d a - L e g u t k o 1996, 5154). In her work she reexamined the Dacian features of some of the vessels from the cemetery at Ga
which have been observed also and this may seem unexpected on Przeworsk Culture ceramics discovered in Lower Silesia (P e s c h e c k 1939, Pl. 9:6).
Taking into account the high frequency of elements of Dacian potterymaking
in the eastern part of the Polish Carpathians the same researcher argued that
the influence from the south-east could have penetrated into our region through
the Lipitsa Culture, from lands on the Dniester, travelling along the outer arc
of the Carpathians (M a d y d a - L e g u t k o 1996, 6365). The question of the
presence in south-eastern Poland of ceramics displaying Geto-Dacian features
in the context of Przeworsk Culture settlement was discussed at more length
by A. Kokowski. This researcher concluded that this pottery must have been
relatively ready to obtain in the region of interest and suggested that Dacian
impact was stronger than accepted previously by researchers (K o k o w s k i
2001, 113, 117).
120
With time a series of new discoveries were made in Poland, mainly of

ceramics from the Roman Period, provenanced to the Dacian environment. Next
to pottery these include clay figurines of humans and animals, interpreted as
fragments of vessels. In this context the number of metal finds as it seemed
until recently was much less unimpressive. They include a horse-bit from
an Early Roman grave at Malkowice (powiat Staszw, wojewdztwo witokrzyskie) published by R. J a m k a (1947), a silver ornament from the elite grave
at Sandomierz-Krakwka, powiat Sandomierz, wojewdztwo witokrzyskie
(K ok o w s k i, c i b i o r 1990, Pl. 385[7]:35), and a bronze pendant from Zofipole, powiat Krakw, wojewdztwo maopolskie (G a j e w s k i 1966, 434). More
puzzling is the question of the origin of a silver bulls head discovered at Radymno (powiat Jarosaw, wojewdztwo podkarpackie), recently the object of detailed analysis (B o c h n a k, K i e f e r l i n g 2009).
Both the newer and the older finds from southern Poland were brought
together and discussed by I. F l o r k i e w i c z (2004). They were examined subsequently by this researcher on two more occasions: in cooperation with T. Bochnak (F l o r k i e w i c z, B o c h n a k 2006) and on her own, in the context of
Przeworsk Culture of the Early Roman Period (F l o r k i e w i c z 2008).
In discussing finds from the area north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes interpreted as evidence of contacts maintained by local communities with
inhabitants of Pre-Roman Dacia we cannot overlook coin finds which, as
a rule, are regarded as a separate class of sources. In 1980s the question of
the origin and circulation of Geto-Dacian coins on the territory of Poland and
in western Ukraine was addressed by A. M i k o a j c z y k (1982; 1984; 1986)
who catalogued the small number of these finds. In 2003 this line of research
was taken up by Rudnicki (2003, 16f.), when he published the finds of tetradrachms, type Hui-Vovrieti, discovered in the settlement at Peczyska
(powiat Piczw, wojewdztwo witokrzyskie). Soon afterwards Florkiewicz
undertook a comprehensive description of Geto-Dacian coin finds from Poland
and recapitulated the status of research (F l o r k i e w i c z 2010). The main
deficiency of this contribution is the unwarranted inclusion by this researcher
in the database of a number of coins with an unknown provenance now in
keeping of some museums in Krakw.
The group of coin finds from present-day Poland which have a southeastern provenance includes1 nine tetradrachms, type Hui-Vovrieti (Hrebenne, powiat Hrubieszw, wojewdztwo lubelskie, Medyka, powiat Przemyl,
wojewdztwo podkarpackie, Peczyska, powiat Piczw, wojewdztwo witokrzyskie, Przemyl-Kruhel May, powiat Przemyl, wojewdztwo podkarpackie), and
one each, type Rduleti-Hunedoara (Krakw-region) and Vrteju-Bucureti
(Przemyl-Zasanie, powiat Przemyl, wojewdztwo podkarpackie). We have to
add to this list an early imitation of a Philip II tetradrachm (from Nowa Cerekwia, powiat Gubczyce, wojewdztwo opolskie), and two other of an un1
Published coin finds.
121
dermined type (from Wschowa, powiat Wschowa, wojewdztwo lubuskie). A coin

find which needs to be struck off from our list too often it has been published incorrectly as discovered in Poland2 is a tetradrachm, type OcniaCrbuneti, from the German locality Knigshain (Kreis Grlitz, Bundesland
Sachsen).
ARMLETS/BRACELETS, TYPE IMLEUL SILVANIEI,

DISCOVERED IN CENTRAL POLAND AND THEIR CONTEXT
Although at present we have a relatively well developed database and an appreciable number of publications written around it, we cannot claim that the
subject of penetration of influences from Pre-Roman Dacian cultures to the
area north of the Carpathians and Sudetes is sufficiently well understood. It
is even hard to specify with any accuracy the time-frame of this process, although this task would seem to be relatively the easiest. We encounter many
more problems in trying to trace the chronological rhythm and nature of this
influence and geographic range. Consequently, we have to extend the conclusion made by Madyda-Legutko that we have yet to reconstruct the process of
penetration of Dacian influence to the area of the Polish Carpathians (M a d y d a - L e g u t k o 1996, 66) to other parts of the country. First of all it is hard
to determine with what form of impact we are dealing in case of individual
finds. When were these contacts of commercial nature, or with other forms of
exchange, and when do they document a physical presence of individual representatives, or even, entire groups arrivals from the Carpathian Basin?
In this situation every new source potentially helpful for investigating the
group of issues addressed here merits special attention. And this brings us to
the finds of bronze bracelets, possibly armlets3, decorated with a cord ornament
(German Ringe mit schnurartiger Verzierung). They have been described in
literature as bracelets with a cord ornament, type imleul Silvaniei, and also,
as bracelets type 3, in the classification of the jewellery finds from Dacia
(R u s t o i u 1990; 1991; 1996). Even though the first finds of these bracelets
were recorded in Poland as early as in the first half of the last century (K u m m
1912, 2627; R o s e n- P r z e w o r s k a 1939, 122123, Fig. 31:12; A n d r z ej o w s k i, B u r s c h e 1987, 268269, Pl. VII:8) we can safely refer to them as
a new source, for two valid reasons. Firstly, the number of these finds has
increased significantly over the recent years. Secondly, and more importantly,
in Polish literature their typology was defined correctly only relatively recently, by Rudnicki, who traced their origin to Dacia (R u d n i c k i 2009, 306,
As a find from Dziaoszyn, powiat Zgorzelec, wojewdztwo dolnolskie.
Depending on their diameter some of these finds can be interpreted as armlets, others
as bracelets. In the present study these terms are used interchangeably, unless preservation of
a particular find justifies the use of only one of these terms.
2
3
122
308). Previously, from the point of their origin, type imleul Silvaniei forms
were linked broadly to impact from the Celts (A n d r z e j o w s k i 1994, 323)4,
or even through them with Wielbark Culture metalworking in context of
a phenomenon referred to as a Celtic renaissance (B a l k e 1999, 69, 72).
Views on the origins of type imleul Silvaniei rings similar to ours were presented only by U. Margos and M. Stporek. Although in their database they
did not take into account the majority of the Romanian finds, after taking into
consideration a number of different possible source environments they ultimately indicated the eastern Celtic or Dacian world as the most likely
(M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, 261).
The focus of the present paper are fragments of two armlets, type imleul
Silvaniei, discovered in Central Poland. Both are stray finds and lack stratigraphic context. One of them (Fig. 1:1) is a stray find from Brodnia, on the
eastern shore of Jeziorsko a large man-made lake on the Warta River. The
other fragment is from archaeological research made at Jastrzbniki (Fig. 1:2).
The fragment of the ornament discovered at Brodnia is c. 43 mm long (cf.
Fig. 1:1). It is slightly too small to identify it conclusively as an armlet or
a bracelet. However, the degree of curvature of this surviving fragment suggests an originally quite a large diameter which makes the first interpretation
more likely. The total width of the surviving fragment is between c. 5.3 and
6.8 mm, the diameter of the central rod is around 4.4 mm. The piece retains
a fragment of only one of the original three rings mounted lengthwise on the
central rod, with an outer diameter of around 13 mm. At the point of junction
of the inner rod and the ring are three beads one larger, spherical at top,
and two smaller, flattened at the sides. The surviving fragment is sufficiently
large to conclude that there were no similar beads on the bracelet rod between
the horizontal rings. This is a distinguishing feature of variant 3a forms in
the classification of A. R u s t o i u (1996, 95, Fig. 44:12). Without specialist
analysis, or at least, a consultation from a metallurgy expert, it is very hard
to reconstruct the technological process of production of the armlet from Brodnia. The main problem is establishing which of its elements were cast entire
and which were added on later. It seems almost certain that the latter method was used in attaching the beads at the junction of the ring with the rod
they show traces of mounting when heated. The twisted cord-like wire was
probably made separately and mounted onto the inner rod.
Very little is known about the circumstances of discovery of this fragment.
In 2009 an unnamed finder submitted this piece to one of the authors of this
paper, who passed it on to the Archaeological Unit in Kalisz (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences). According to this anon4
Definitely, the form of this form of bracelet can be traced back to Celtic metalwork but
after the decline of La Tne Culture it continued to develop in the Dacian environment, something
which is discussed below.
123
ymous individual, the find had surfaced some 500 m to the west of the village
buildings of Brodnia, on the shore of lake Jeziorsko. A visit paid to the spot
indicated by the finder confirmed the presence on the surface of a substantial
quantity of Przeworsk Culture pottery from the Late Pre-Roman Period and
the Roman Period, documenting the existence at this location of a settlement
or a cemetery.
The second of the finds under discussion (Fig. 1:2), discovered at Jastrzbniki, is now in the form of two fragments which can be refitted, with a total
length of c. 48 mm. As in the find from Brodnia it seems, given its degree of
curvature, that this ornament too is more likely to be an armlet than a bracelet. In any case, we can risk saying that the two were very similar, both in
their length and the method of execution. Both represent the same variant
3a in the classification system of R u s t o i u (1996). The total width of the
fragment discovered from Jastrzbniki is between c. 5.3 and 6 mm, the diameter of its central rod is around 4.2 mm. Only one of the three original rings
mounted lengthwise onto the rod now survives, with an outer diameter of at
2 cm
Fig. 1. Fragments of a bronze armlets type 3a; drawn by E. Pazyna; Photo by M. Bogacki.

1 Brodnia, powiat Poddbice, wojewdztwo dzkie. Stray find from a settlement

of Przeworsk Culture; 2 Jastrzbniki, powiat Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie.
Stray find from a settlement (?) of Przeworsk Culture
124
least 11 mm. At the point of junction of the rod and the ring are traces of
three beads, only two of them more legible the upper, and one of the side
beads. This is due to distortion caused by exposure to high temperatures. Hypothetically, this could mean that the piece was an element of a cremation
burial (?), now lost. Exposure to high temperature next to causing the deformation of the beads would also explain the porous structure of the surface of this
object.
Jastrzbniki lies on the right bank of the Prosna River 10 km or so to the
north-west of Kalisz. One of the fragments of the armlet was discovered during
the rescue excavation made in 2008 by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw led by A. Kdzierski5 of a multiculture site (No. AZP 64-38/9). The second fragment was discovered at 35 metres
away, during a surface survey made the same year. The site lies to the west
of the village on a high escarpment over the valley of the Prosna. Its area is
nearly four hectares. The earliest traces of occupation at this location date
from the closing phases of Lusatian Culture. The site was used as a settlement
also by the people of Przeworsk Culture starting from an unspecified phase of
the Pre-Roman Period, at least until the close of phase C of the Roman Period.
For many years now the area around Jastrzbniki continued to attract
interest of archaeologists and numismaticians and the name of this locality is
well known in literature. As early as in 1947, possibly even earlier, a coin of
the Bactrian ruler Agathokles was discovered in the area but proved to be
a modern copy (M i e l c z a r e k 1984). In 1950 a surface survey made in the
area around Kalisz identified at Jastrzbniki and in their vicinity a great
concentration of traces of intensive occupation from the Pre-Roman and the
Roman Period (G a r d a w s k i 1956). The outstanding position of this location
in the settlement network in the region was understood by K. Dbrowski who
included Jastrzbniki among the key sites from this period in the basin of the
Middle Prosna (D b r o w s k i 1969, 143). The first archaeological excavation
made at Jastrzbniki in 19741978 under the auspices of the archaeological
fieldwork unit of IHKM PAN (Archaeological Institute of History of Material
Culture [today Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology] Polish Academy of
Sciences) in Warsaw, covered an area of an at present lost production and
trade settlement (No. AZP 64-38/23), found to the north-west of the modern
village (B a r a n o w s k i 1983, 49). According to the researchers in its day the
settlement, occupied on the turn of the era, would have been one of the largest in the region. Parallel to the excavation work, a surface survey was carried
out in the area of Jastrzbniki in the 1970s. One of its results was the recovery of a glass bracelet fragment, from an area marked as AZP site No. 64-38/63
5
The authors of the present paper offer their warmest thanks to A. Kdzierski, supervisor
of this investigation, for giving access to the materials for analysis.
125
(B a r a n o w s k i 1997). The bracelet belongs to group 8b, its chronology is correlated with phase LT C1b (cf. K a r w o w s k i 1997, 51, 60, No. 10).
An archaeological excavation resumed at Jastrzbniki in 2008 led to the
discovery of a series of stray finds from the Pre-Roman and the Roman Period
which document far-ranging exchange maintained by the local population. In
this group, of mostly as yet unpublished finds, is an iron Jastorf Culture fibula wrapped in bronze foil, a bronze element of an astragal belt, a fragment of
a bronze mirror of Eastern Alpine provenance, a bronze Kostrzewski type G fibula, a Gaulish fibula derivative of type Aucissa, and an iron axe-head with
a rectangular sleeve. But most striking of all were coin finds: three Celtic coins
(R u d n i c k i et al. 2009, 104f.), including two 1/8 stater pieces which represent
the local type of late Boii emissions, classified as type Jankw (R u d n i c k i et
al. 2009, 109, No. 13, 14). There is reason to believe they were minted somewhere close to Jastrzbniki, most probably, in a settlement identified at the
nearby Jankw Drugi, the site of discovery of at least eleven late Celtic coins
and bars of metal used in minting. The third coin find from Jastrzbniki is
a subaerate 1/3 stater (R u d n i c k i et al. 2009, 108, No. 12) an oppidum
import from the other side of the Carpathians. Still during the Late Pre-Roman
Period the area on the Middle Prosna received Roman Republican denarii
(cf. R u d n i c k i, Z i b k a 2010, 19) as shown by the discovery at Jastrzbniki
of a Quintus Antonius Balbus denarius struck in 8382 BC (R o m a n o w s k i
2010, 33).
Also notable is that a fieldwalking survey made in 2010 in the vicinity of
Jastrzbniki brought in a further fragment of an astragal belt this time,
from an area recorded as AZP site No. 64-38/60.
Finds of armlets/bracelets type imleul Silvaniei/Rustoiu 3 have a broad
distribution across Central European Barbaricum. The westernmost point on
the map of their distribution (Fig. 2) is type Rustoiu 3b specimen recorded at
Lalendorf in Mecklemburg (Fig. 3), well known from archaeological literature
(K e i l i n g 1977). Due to the circumstances of discovery the context of this
piece is not fully clear. Nevertheless it is quite likely that this ornament was
associated with the remains of a skeleton discovered by accident with a richly
furnished inhumation burial from phase B1 of the Roman Period. However,
due to its preservation there are some doubts as to the classification of a bracelet a fragment of which was part of a richly furnished grave dated to phase
B1a6 discovered in the cemetery at Pltzin in Brandenburg (H u n d t 1935,
241, Fig. 2:1; S e y e r 1976, 170171, Pl. 21:a; L e u b e 2000, Fig. 7:3). Its
construction resembles the most the rarely encountered variant Rustoiu 3c, but
definitely was not the same. A fully preserved specimen, variant 3a, comes
from site Krsn Les near to the Czech locality Naklov (okres st nad
6
Basing on the analysis of the grave furnishings among which there were fibulae, type
Kostrzewski M, N, and a bucket with dolphin-shaped attachments, this view was expressed by
A c h i m L e u b e (2000, 94).
126
Fig. 2. Finds of bracelets/armlets type imleul Silvaniei (Rustoiu type 3) as classified

by M. Rudnicki (2009) updated; drawn by M. Rudnicki (woj. wojewdztwo).
Germany: 1 Lalendorf, Kreis Gstrow, Bundesland Sachsen; 2 Pltzin (Werder/Havel), Kreis PotsdamMittelmark, Bundesland Brandenburg; Poland: 3 Brodnia, powiat Poddbice, woj. dzkie; 4 Jakuszowice,
powiat Kazimierza Wielka, woj. witokrzyskie; 5 Jastrzbniki, powiat Kalisz, woj. wielkopolskie; 6 Kleszewo,
powiat Putusk, woj. mazowieckie; 7 Lasy, powiat Sztum, woj. pomorskie; 8 Lubiechowo, powiat Biaogard,
woj. zachodniopomorskie; 9 Malbork-Wielbark, powiat Malbork, woj. pomorskie; 10 Mae Czyste, powiat
Chemno, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie; 11 Niedanowo, powiat Nidzica, woj. warmisko-mazurskie; 12 Nowe
Brzesko, powiat Proszowice, woj. maopolskie; 13 Peczyska, powiat Piczw, woj. witokrzyskie; 14
Skierniewice vicinity, woj. dzkie; Czech Republic: 15 Naklov, okres st nad Labem; Slovakia: 16
Gajary, okres Malacky; 17 Plaveck Podhradie, okres Malacky; Romania: 18 Ardeu, judeul Hunedoara;
19 Blaj vicinity; 20 Costeti, judeul Hunedoara; 21 Cuciulata, judeul Braov; 22 Grditea de
Munte, judeul Hunedoara; 23 Ocnia, judeul Vlcea; 24 Ortie Mountains; 25 Pecica, judeul Arad;
26 Popeti, judeul Giurgiu; 27 imleul Silvaniei, judeul Slaj; 28 Tilica, judeul Sibiu
Labem) next to the border with Saxony ( i m 2008, 230n., Fig. 3:1). Both
the context and closer dating of this piece are a puzzle. The type of ornaments
of interest to us is represented also in the inventory of finds from southwestern Slovakia. We mean here an armlet nearly identical as the one from
Lalendorf discovered at Gajary (okres Malacky; Eisner 1933, 177, LIX:4;
Z a c h a r 1977, Fig. 3:2). And we have reason to believe that similar finds in
127
3 cm
Fig. 3. Lalendorf, Kreis Gstrow, Bundesland Sachsen. Bronze armlet type Rustoiu 3b
from an inhumation grave; after K e i l i n g (1977, Fig. 14)
the same region could be more numerous7. All the other finds of type imleul
Silvaniei are recorded either on territory of todays Romania or Poland, where
their number has increased significantly in recent years.
Discussing in 1994 ties between Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures reflected by the bracelet finds J. Andrzejowski took focused on six specimens with
a cord ornament and concluded they derive from the Celtic environment (A nd r z e j o w s k i 1994, 323). Five of these pieces had surfaced in cemeteries of
Wielbark Culture: two bracelets from Lasy known for a long time (R o s e nP r z e w o r s k a 1939, 122123, Fig. 31:1, 2), two from Malbork-Wielbark (A nd r z e j o w s k i, B u r s c h e 1987, 269, Pl. VII:8; A n d r z e j o w s k i, M a r t e n s
1996, Pl. XXVII:2, 3), finally, an as yet unpublished find from Mae Czyste.
The latter came from the inventory of grave No. 2, dated to phase B1a of the
Roman Period (A n d r z e j o w s k i 1994, 323). Preservation of this find (Fig.
4:8; M a rg o s, S t p o r e k 2001, Fig. 8:a) significantly hinders its classification
although, very likely, it represents type Rustoiu 3a. Of two specimens from
7
Because of the manner of their illustration, not for all of the bracelets with cord ornament
belonging to the hoard discovered at Plaveck Podhradie (Bratislavsk kraj, Slovakia) it is possible
to determine the construction details and to classify them typologically. However, most probably,
they differ from classic specimens type imleul Silvaniei, included in the typology of Rustoiu
although, at the same time, they are similar to the latter.
128
Malbork-Wielbark one may be determined reliably as a variant 3a (Fig. 4:1).

At the same time, the second piece is listed in the publication as two fragments of a similar bronze bracelet (A n d r z e j o w s k i, B u r s c h e 1987, 269,
Pl. VII:8; A n d r z e j o w s k i, M a r t e n s 1996, Pl. XXVII:3). Both belonged to
the inventory of a cremation pit burial No. 1703, said to be dated reliably to
phase B1a (A n d r z e j o w s k i 1994, 323). However, this dating is undermined
by the presence in the same assemblage of an Almgren 45b fibula (A n d r z ej o w s k i, B u r s c h e 1987, Pl. VII:3) which has a chronology covering not only
phase B1a, but also, and possibly, first of all B1b (cf. D r o b e r j a r 1999,
7475). New light on the dating and context of the complete bracelets from
Lasy (powiat Sztum, wojewdztwo pomorskie) was cast by the inquiry made
by Margos and Stporek. In the archives of the Archaeological Museum in
Gdask they succeeded in identifying photograps of a group of finds discovered
at Lasy in 1910, including also ornaments of interest to us, and a note on their
subject (M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, 250f, Fig. 1, 5:a, b). Basing on the
analysis of archival material the two researchers formulated a thesis that these
objects had been elements of furnishings of an inhumation burial of Wielbark
Culture from phase B1, most likely, its older segment B1a which, however,
cannot be taken for granted8. Margos and Stporek concluded that all the finds
from Lasy were lost during World War II. Meanwhile, during an inquiry made
by A. rawska in the museum in Kwidzyn it turned out that one of the
bracelets discovered at Lasy had survived in the collections of this institution
( r a w s k a 2005, 282, no. 7, Fig. 6:1). The ornament displaying features of
type Rustoiu 3a (Fig. 4:4) is presumably identical with the larger of the two
specimens show in the photographs surviving in the archive of the museum in
Gdask (cf. M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, Fig. 5:a). There is no doubt that the
second bracelet, of a slightly smaller diameter but chunkier, should be classified within the same type (Fig. 4:5).
In his study Andrzejowski mentioned only the bracelet from the Przeworsk
Culture cemetery at Niedanowo9. A complete specimen (Fig. 4:3) variant Rustoiu
3a, it was among the furnishing of a pit cremation burial, grave assemblage
No. 478 (Z i e m l i s k a - O d o j o w a 1999, 85, Pl. CLXXIV, CCLI:3), next to
fragments of two bronze fibulae. One of these was Almgren type 45b (on its
dating see above) but the chronology of the entire inventory is decided by the
fragment of the second fibula. This is one of the older variants of trumpet
fibulae of the main group which should be dated in general not earlier than
to phase B1b (cf. D r o b e r j a r 1999, 84). The author of the analysis of the
8
If the argument that we have to do here with the furnishing of a single burial is true,
its chronology could belong in phase B1b. This is because one of the objects discovered at Lasy
in 1910 was a fibula, type Almgren 45b (M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, Fig. 2, 4:b), the dating of
which is discussed earlier in this study.
9
Used also by the people of the Wielbark Culture starting from phase B2b of the Roman
Period (Z i e m l i s k a - O d o j o w a 1999, 140).
129
Fig. 4. Bronze armlets/bracelets type Rustoiu 3a from cemeteries of Wielbark Culture

(1, 4, 5, 7[?], 8) from cemetery of Przeworsk Culture (3) and type Rustoiu 3a or 3b
from settlement of Tyniec Group (2, 6).
1 Malbork-Wielbark, powiat Malbork grave No. 1703; after J. A n d r z e j o w s k i, A. B u r s c h e (1987, Pl.
VII:8); 2 Peczyska, powiat Piczw stray find; after M. R u d n i c k i (2009, Pl. 6:7); 3 Niedanowo,
powiat Nidzica grave No. 478; after Z i e m l i s k a - O d o j o w a (1999, Pl. CLXXIV:4); 4 Lasy, powiat
Sztum inhumation grave (?); after A. r a w s k a (2005, Fig. 6:1); 5 Lasy, powiat Sztum inhumation
grave (?); after U. M a r g o s, M. S t p o r e k (2001, Fig. 5:b); 6 Jakuszowice, powiat Kazimierza Wielka
stray find; after U. M a r g o s, M. S t p o r e k (2001, Fig. 8:b); 7 Lubiechowo, powiat Biaogard; after
U. M a r g o s, M. S t p o r e k (2001, Fig. 7:d); 8 Mae Czyste, powiat Chemno; after U. M a r g o s,
M. S t p o r e k (2001, Fig. 8:a)
130
cemetery at Niedanowo identified the bracelet of interest as a Knotenring

form derived from Celtic territory, and proposed to date it partly taking her
cue from Keiling to phase A of the Pre-Roman Period and phase B1a of the
Roman Period (Z i e m l i s k a - O d o j o w a 1999, 114).
B. Balke took interest in finds of type imleul Silvaniei armlets from Poland (B a l k e 1999, 69, 72, Fig. 8), but included in her analysis only five
specimens and disregarded the find from Mae Czyste. She also ignored, except
for the armlet from imleul Silvaniei, analogies from Transylvania and the
literature on their subject. This led her to a series of incorrect conclusions
including the hypothesis that these bracelets were produced locally in the
Wielbark Culture environment on the Lower Odra during phase B1 of the Roman Period and spread from this area to the territory of Elbian cultures (Lalendorf) and that of Przeworsk Culture.
A series of valuable observations regarding the ornaments under discussion
was made by Margos and Stporek (M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, 258f.). The
point of departure for their inquiry were the finds from Lasy discussed above.
In their analysis these researchers included a total of fourteen finds deriving
from twelve sites, only three of them from the territory of Dacia. Although
a part of their suggestions regarding the chronology of type Rustoiu 3 bracelet
finds must be regarded as irrelevant but an indisputable contribution are the
results of the review of sources. It brought not only data on the finds from
Lasy but also on one more variant 3a specimen, originating from Lubiechowo
powiat Biaogard, wojewdztwo zachodniopomorskie (Fig. 4:7) possibly from
a cemetery of the Wielbark Culture. Its drawing has survived in the files of
Hans J. Eggers, now in the archive of the National Museum in Szczecin (cf.
K u n k e l 1936, 22, footnote no. 92; M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, 258, Fig. 7:d).
The question of provenance of imleul Silvaniei armlets north of the Carpathians was addressed by Rudnicki in his study of the culture situation in
western Lesser Poland at the close of the La Tne and onset of the Roman
Period (R u d n i c k i 2009, 306, 308, Fig. 7). The group of bracelets identified
by this researcher as type imleul Silvaniei/Rustoiu 3a, was augmented at that
time by a find (Fig. 4:2) from the settlement of the Tyniec Group at Peczyska
mentioned above. On this occasion mention was made of the armlet fragment from Jastrzbniki, the object of the present publication. In Rudnickis
view, specimens from Mecklemburg, Pomerania as well as all the others from
the area between Baltic and Carpathians should be treated as imports and
examined in a wider context of exchange between the North and the South.
Despite some reservations Rudnicki interpreted them as evidence of contacts
of Germanic communities residing in the North with the Dacian environment.
The role of a go-between in this exchange would have been played by the
inhabitants of western Lesser Poland. The role played in this process by inhabitants of the area around Kalisz was less clear at the time.
To the list of finds of type imleul Silvaniei recorded to the north of the
Carpathians and the Sudetes investigated by Rudnicki we can now add nine
131
more, most of them not published so far. Some of them are discussed earlier,
the rest are mostly stray finds from the territory of Przeworsk Culture, four
are apparently associated with Tyniec communities residing in western Lesser
Poland. From the area settled by the people of Tyniec Group comes a fragment
of what is now the second armlet from the settlement at Peczyska. It represents a previously unknown variant of type imleul Silvaniei. Like the fragment
discovered earlier it is a stray surface find but there is a reason to believe
that it had found its way to the area of the settlement, like a series of other
elements of Dacian culture, in the period of the Tyniec Group (cf. R u d n i c k i
2009, 325f.), that is, within the time horizon of phases LT D2 (A3)B1a of the
Roman Period, i.e., 2nd half of the first century BC through to the two (or
three) decades of the next century. We may assume therefore that a similar
context can be ascribed to a surface find from the settlement at the nearby
Jakuszowice, powiat Kazimierza Wielka, wojewdztwo witokrzyskie (Fig. 4:6;
M a r g o s, S t p o r e k 2001, 260, Fig. 8:b) and to the stray fragment of a type
3a armlet from Nowe Brzesko (powiat Proszowice, wojewdztwo maopolskie)
situated at a small distance to the north-east of Krakw.
Even less is known about another stray find a complete type 3a armlet
discovered in the vicinity of Skierniewice. This piece is one of many victims of
the defective law in force in Poland on heritage objects discovered in the ground.
As long as this situation stands information about this category of sources will
not be available to the research community at all, or only with great difficulty. But without this input our understanding of the past will not only be
far from comprehensive but, outright, divorced from reality, which after all is
the object of archaeological inquiry.
The last in the group of new finds of imleul Silvaniei is the armlet from
Brodnia, the object of present publication.
An older find, and at the same time quite interesting from the point of
view of the subject addressed here, is the fragment of an armlet with a cord
ornament from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery at Kleszewo. As yet no information about it was published in archaeological literature10. This is a partly
melted fragment of the bracelet/armlet body the central rod of about 0.4 mm
in diameter, and three twisted wires, each with a diameter of about 0.15 mm.
In the site documentation this specimen was described (No. of the field inventory 614/615/s. 1/68) as one of the objects from pit 614/615; presumably, it
was lifted from the feature before it was found, moving down, to be two separate features. Ultimately, the stratigraphic relationship between these pits, the
remains of cremation burials, was not determined. However for the present
this circumstance is secondary in significance because the chronology of both
graves fits the same phase A3. Both burials may be said to be relatively rich
since their inventories included glass objects and fragments of painted Celtic
10
For information about this find and grave inventories associated with our thanks go to
A. Maciaowicz.
132
vessels certain to be imports from the area of the Tyniec Group. The only doubt
which remains is this do we classify the fragment of the bracelet/armlet
from Kleszewo to type imleul Silvaniei11, or to the one of its Celtic prototypes?
At this point we have to clarify the question of the origin of imleul Silvaniei bracelets discovered to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes.
The hypothesis mentioned earlier, that they are a local product whether of
Wielbark or Przeworsk culture does not find confirmation in the source
material. It is contradicted mainly by the distribution of imleul Silvaniei forms
which visibly concentrate in Transylvania especially, its south-western part
(cf. R u d n i c k i 2009, Fig. 7). Not less relevant in this case is the lack of
a tradition of manufacture of this type of ornament in either culture.
To resolve the matter of the origin of imleul Silvaniei finds from Brodnia
and Jastrzbniki we analysed chemical composition of their metal alloy. This
was done by X-ray fluorescence analysis using two different spectrometers (for
energy dispersive ED XRF and wavelength dispersive WD XRF)12 to test
the surface of the two finds, cleaned down to their raw metal. The results
are presented in tables below (Tab. 13).
Contrary to appearances the measurement results obtained from X-ray
spectrography are not so easy to interpret. Nevertheless, what is apparent is
the unexpectedly high percentage of lead in the alloy of the armlet from Brodnia. At the same time, we find it hard to explain the broad range of results
obtained for this element (10.7824.42%). Presumably, this could be the effect
of an uneven mixing of the components of the alloy with different concentrations of lead. In both cases the third component, next to copper and lead, is
tin, its content on a similarly high level. The only greater difference between
the chemical content of the find from Brodnia and Jastrzbniki would be in
the lead content. Possibly this is because the armlet from Jastrzbniki had
been in the cremation (?) fire. We can easily imagine that lead with its low
melting point was the first to melt and escape in the heat. In any case, its
present percentage on a level of more than 1% may be regarded as relatively
high.
A high content of lead, markedly over 10%, distinguishes the alloys used
in making the armlets discovered as fragments at Peczyska (see discussion
above). They also contained a significant admixture of tin. Consequently we
can risk a hypothesis that a special type of copper alloy was used in the making of type imleul Silvaniei bracelets/armlets, one with a relatively high lead
content (1020%), and a not much lower tin content (510%). This hypothesis
obviously needs confirmation which will be possible once we have a longer
This appears to be more likely.
Analysis of the chemical content of armlets from Brodnia and Jastrzbniki were made
using SPECTRO MIDEX (WD XRF) and FISCHER XAN-150 (ED XRF) X-ray spectrometers by
mgr Przemysaw Zdanowski at the District Assay Office in Warsaw (Okrgowy Urzd Probierczy
w Warszawie) to whom we are indebted for this contribution.
11
12
133
Table 1
Brodnia, powiat Poddbice, wojewdztwo dzkie. Results of WD XRF analysis of micro-areas at
the fractured end of the central bar (area 1) and one of the fractured ends of the wire (area 2)
Element
Area 1
content [%]
Area 2
Abs. error [%]
content [%]
Abs. error [%]
Cu
67,60
0,10
82,16
0,12
Pb
24,42
0,07
10,78
0,05
Sn
5,806
Mo
1,362
Zn
<0,013
Other
>0,799
0,057
5,364
0,018
(0,0)
0,056
1,184
0,017
<0,012
(0,0)
>0,5
Table 2
Brodnia, powiat Poddbice, wojewdztwo dzkie. Measurement results (ED XRF)
of the micro-area at the fractured end of the central bar
Element
Content [%]
Cu
73,36
Pb
17,42
Sn
8,83
Mo
0,021
Zn
0,194
Other
0,175
Table 3
Jastrzbniki, powiat Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie. Measurement results (WD XRF)
of micro-areas at the fractured end of the central bar (area 1) and at one of the fractured ends
of the wire (area 2)
Element
Cu
Area 1
content [%]
90,64
Area 2
Abs. error [%]
content [%]
0,13
90,90
Pb
1,109
0,017
1,121
Sn
6,738
0,059
6,351
Mo
1,035
Zn
<0,012
Other
>0,466
0,015
(0,0)
0,978
<0,012
>0,638
Abs. error [%]

0,13
0,017
(0,0)
0,015
(0,0)
134
series of analyses of these forms. But even at this stage we can say with conviction that this type of alloy has no analogy among Przeworsk Culture bronzes (cf. A n d r z e j o w s k i 1998, 125130) recorded so far. This fact has the
force of an unambiguous confirmation that we have here imports manufactured
outside the Przeworsk territory. And certainly, also outside the territory settled
by the people of Wielbark Culture. And, in looking for an alternative place of
manufacture Eastern Alpine workshops cannot be an option because, at least
the onset of the Roman Period, the alloy commonly used by them was aurichalcum (cf. D r o b e r j a r, F r n a 2004).
Rustoiu author of the classification system for bracelet with a cord ornament, type imleul Silvaniei, and the largest number of their analyses (R u st o i u 1990; 1991; 1992; 1996) described them at first as Dacian. Sometime
later he changed his mind and concluded that they cannot be given an ethnic
attribution since they are spread out across large tracts of East-Central Europe
and were used by different populations. He sought their origin to our belief,
most correctly in the Celtic environment, where similar objects executed in
a plastic style appear as early as on the turn of phase LT B and C1. At the
same time, Rustoiu concluded that the majority of imleul Silvaniei forms
originate from the area of Transylvania where their production centre was
probably found (R u s t o i u 1996, 95f.). Similar views were presented recently
by another Romanian researcher, C. Plantos, who concluded that bracelets type
3 are an echo of Celtic influence on Pre-Roman Dacian metalworking (P l a n t o s
2005, 80). At first the same researcher proposed to date these forms quite
broadly from the end of second century BC until the first century AD, inclusive. At the same time, he was inclined to narrow down this time-period to
the first century BC, possibly, also the early years of the next century. imleul
Silvaniei bracelets/armlets have been discovered mainly in forts and important
centres. He concluded that they were used by Dacian aristocracy as a symbol
of prestige.
A more detailed examination of the origin and attribution of type imleul
Silvaniei bracelets falls outside the scope of the present analysis13. We shall
confine ourselves to a concise presentation of conclusions made so far.
There is no doubt that the form and technology of production of bronze
bracelets or armlets with a cord ornament derives from the tradition of Celtic
metalwork. More or less similar ornaments are to be found in that environment, especially in inventories of Late La Tne finds from Moravia ( i m
1989, Pl. 2:10, 12; 1990, Pl. 2:7) and south-western Slovakia (P i e t a 2008,
368, Photo 23; 2010, 400, Photo 23:1, 2). R u s t o i u (1996, 96) drew attention
to some of these but none are exact analogies to any of the variants of type
3. This applies also to the specimen from the cemetery at Orosfaia, judeul
Bistria-Nsud, found to be different from type 3 by P l a n t o s (2005, 78).
The bracelet decorated with a cord ornament discovered in grave No. 8 at that
13
They are the subject of a separate publication by M. Rudnicki, pending.
135
cemetery (V a i d a 2000, Fig. 9:2) definitely cannot be classified to type 3, but

undoubtedly it deserves to be named as its archetype form. There can be doubt
only as to one of the ornaments in hoard No. 10/2005 from Plaveck Podhradie.
Among the many objects in this deposit are two bracelets, which have their
style continued by variant 3c in the classification of Rustoiu, and at least one
more (similar to type 3a [?]) not easy to identify from the photograph (P ie t a 2010, Photo 23:2). Consequently, it is unclear whether it may be linked
with the evident case of the armlet type Rustoiu 3b from the nearby Gajary
(E i s n e r 1933, 177, Pl. LIX:4; Z a c h a r 1977, Fig. 3:2). The site from which
it originates figures in literature as a late La Tne settelement but the dating
of this surface find cannot be regarded as a foregone conclusion. Equally obscure
is the find of a complete armlet variant 3a together with a bronze knobbed
ring (Knotenringe) in the area of the Naklov Pass linking Bohemia with
Saxony ( i m 2008, 230f., 3:1, 2). The answer to the question of when, in
what circumstances and why in so small number the ornaments of interest to
us put in appearance on territory of Boiohaemum we have to leave to the
future researches. In the meantime we shall focus our attention on the largest
concentrations of the closest counterparts of variants classified by Rustoiu recorded on territory of Dacia and in the area between the Carpathians and the
Baltic Sea. A truly relevant question is the chronological context of the finds
from Poland. This is because its analysis may help us to clear up the reservations which are posed by the difficulty in precise dating the Romanian finds
(cf. P l a n t o s 2005). And so, the chronological confines of imleul Silvaniei
bracelets, at least of variant 3a (3b?), take in the younger (?) segment of the
late La Tne (Kleszewo?), roughly corresponding to phase A3, and phase B1a
(Mae Czyste, Malbork-Wielbark?) and B1b (Niedanowo) of the Roman Period.
It is hard to say whether this period corresponds exactly to the time of manufacture of the ornaments under discussion. However, there is no doubt that
they were produced exclusively, or for the most part, after the decline of Central European oppida main centres of Celtic craft production. Even if the
Celts had something to do with their manufacture they would have been individuals or small groups, part of the Dacian population residing in Transylvania. For it is in that region we have to locate the centre or centres of production imleul Silvaniei bracelets.
CONCLUSIONS
Finally, what remains to be resolved is the extremely important question of
the culture background of the bracelet finds from Brodnia and Jastrzbniki, the
point of departure of our inquiry. Namely, we need to explain the circumstances in which they appeared in the area of central Poland. To do this we have to
broaden somewhat our perspective on the settlement context of both these finds.
136
During the Late Pre-Roman Period the site at Jastrzbniki was part of
a large concentration of Przeworsk Culture settlement on the Prosna River in
the region of Kalisz, one recorded already during the Late-Pre-Roman Period,
as well as during phase B1 of the Roman Period (cf. G o d o w s k i 1985, 45).
This concentration was made up of several settlements and a cemeteries associated with them, situated along the river. It is worth focusing on at least a few
of the better understood sites in this group. In cemetery at Zadowice (powiat
Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie), 20 km or so to the south of Kalisz, one of
the burial assemblages (grave No. 11) from the first century BC yielded a painted pottery vessel (J a s n o s z 1958, 223f., Pl. XXXIII). At Piwonice (now a part
of Kalisz) were unearthed the remains of Przeworsk Culture settlements from
the Pre-Roman and the onset of the Roman Period. Among finds which surfaced
there is a Roman Republican denarius and a late Celtic coin 1/8 stater, type
Jankw (R u d n i c k i, Z i b k a 2010). At Zagorzyn (powiat Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie), close to Jastrzbniki, a cemetery from the Pre-Roman Period was discovered and excavated by archaeologists in 1966 (D b r o w s k i
1970, 331332). Two settlements from the turn of the era and a cemetery from
the same period were recorded at Szadek (powiat Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie) nearby (P u d e k o 2001, 2023). A grave-field in the village Kurza
(powiat Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie), a little more to the north furnished
materials from the Early Roman Period (K a s z e w s k a 1977, 106107). At
nearby Jankw Drugi (powiat Kalisz, wojewdztwo wielkopolskie; known formerly as Oszczywilk, Piat, Weski), were uncovered the remains of two settlements and two cemeteries datable to the period of interest. Of these the
best known is the cemetery at Weski, investigated in 19611963. Its excavators determined the time of its use as early first century BC second half of
second century AD (D b r o w s k a, D b r o w s k i 1967, 79, 8283). At the
same village Jankw Drugi (its part formerly known as Oszczywilk and Piat),
was another cemetery excavated in 19651966 by an archaeological fieldwork
unit of the IHKM PAN (Archaeological Institute of History of Material Culture
[today Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology] Polish Academy of Sciences) in
Kalisz. Its chronology was defined as Pre-Roman and Roman Period (K o z o ws k a 1972, 350, 389). About 150 metres to the north of the cemetery at Weski,
in the area of a multiple culture site investigated on a small scale in 1964,
were identified the remains of a settlement from the same period (K o z o w s k a
1966, 104). One more settlement at present Jankw Drugi discovered in 1920s
by J. Kostrzewski (cf. K a r p i s k a 1927, 239) was investigated on several
occasions. The first excavation was carried out by J. Fitzke in 1934 (F i t z k e
1934, 2122, 35). Not only archaeologists but also treasure hunters were attracted to this site. The fruit of the labour of amateurs, and since 2007, also
of archaeologists, are 11 Celtic coins as well as other finds which confirm that
the coins were manufactured at that location (R u d n i c k i et al. 2009). The
conclusion that during the first century BC and early years of the next century a mint workshop was operating on the Middle Prosna producing gold coins
137
according to the Boii system has serious consequences of historical nature. The
minting of coins by the Celts, considered the most sophisticated specialised
production and the highest achievement in their economic development required
not only appropriate organization but also a technologically advanced knowhow (cf. R u d n i c k i, Z i b k a 2010, 20 with a list of references). There
is no doubt that at the close of the La Tne and long afterwards the Germanic population had neither. Thus, we need to link the minting activity in
the region of Kalisz with the physical presence of Celts in the area. We have
to surmise that one or several settlements on the Middle Prosna had as its
inhabitants a small group of Celts probably aristocracy as it were they
who had the right to mint coins. This small community functioned in the midst
of the Przeworsk population and probably had strong links with its elite the
material culture of the two groups was the same or similar. The most likely
explanation why the representatives of Celtic elite had settled in what is now
central Poland and started minting money there, far from the centres of settlement of their kinsmen, is that they came to organize the trade or, more
broadly, the routes of distant exchange linking the North with the South. There
is no doubt that the community living in the settlements crowded along the
Middle Prosna played an important role in this exchange. Possibly, it reflected
the high status of the local community within the hierarchy of their larger
socio-political structure which unified the Przeworsk Culture people, such as
the Lugian federation (Lugiorum nomen).
Looking at the distribution map of type imleul Silvaniei bracelets one
sees clearly that, next to the route which linked Caput Adriae with the shores
of the Baltic Sea running across central Poland, there was another route of
distant exchange. It began in Dacia and led northward, to the area of the
Wielbark Culture on the Lower Vistula (Lasy, Malbork-Wielbark, Mae Czyste),
and north-westward, all the way to Mecklemburg (Lalendorf) and Branderburg
(Pltzin). The role of an important transit point on this route would have been
played by the people of the Tyniec Group residing in western Lesser Poland.
An forceful confirmation of this argument is the presence of no less than four
imleul Silvaniei bracelets on the territory of the Tyniec Group (Jakuszowice,
Nowe Brzesko, Peczyska). The culture inventory of this unit is a reflection of
its culturally and ethnically mixed nature (cf. R u d n i c k i 2009, 324). Next
to the much more numerous East Germanic elements attributable to Przeworsk
Culture we find in it traces of the presence of Celts (painted pottery, coinage)
and also of the representatives of other cultures, including Dacian. The not too
great but nevertheless evident percentage of wares characteristic for the latter
in the ceramic inventory of the Tyniec Group confirms, not so much the existence of an unspecified form of contacts, but the physical presence of Dacians
in the region of Krakw during phases LT D1/D2 B1a of the Roman Period.
After all we find it hard to credit that the crudely made hand-built vessels, for
instance, the Dacian cup (ceac dacic) from Pe-czyska (R u d n i c k i 2009,
Fig. 6:10), or Pode, powiat Wieliczka, wojewdztwo maopolskie (W o n i a k
138
1990, Pl. XVII:c), were traded over long distances (!). The richness of the inventory of finds associated with the Tyniec Group, including traces of activity
of workshops which turned out painted pottery and Celtic gold coins, confirms
the many directions of exchange and the exceptional position of the local community within Przeworsk Culture at large. In this case, similarly as with the
population residing on the Middle Prosna, we may speak about the existence
of an important social structure which included a group, admittedly small but
very influential, of representatives of the Celtic elite. A confirmation of two-way
contacts between the two groups would be the painted vessel discovered in the
cemetery at Zadowice. At the same time, we have to note that most finds of
type imleul Silvaniei bracelets discovered on the territory of Przeworsk Culture were accompanied by objects which had a Celtic provenance. The bracelet
from the cemetery at Kleszewo was associated with fragments of Celtic painted wares and glass beads. From a findspot less than 30 km to the south of
Brodnia, near Sieradz, comes a stray find of a Celtic coin, a late type 1/8
stater type Peczyska (R u d n i c k i 2003; 2005). From the vicinity of Skierniewice, where a type 3a bracelet was found, comes an unpublished find of
a Celtic coin a stater type Krakw, struck in western Lesser Poland.
A question which in its scope goes beyond the frames of the present publication is how to reconstruct the nature of the Dacian-Przeworsk relationship,
the effect of which was among other things the introduction of type 3
bracelets to the area north of the Carpathians. Could it be that, on the turn
of the La Tne and the Roman Period when we have evidence on the presence
of Dacians on the territory of Przeworsk Culture (western Lesser Poland) the
people of the latter had found their way to the Carpathian Basin? So far,
the oldest, very modest, traces of the Przeworsk presence in the area south of
the Carpathians (Malaya Kopanya, Zakarpatska oblast) are dated to phase
B1 of the Roman Period (K o b a l 1997, 51f.). Nevertheless we know that expansion of the Przeworsk people to the south-east began earlier, already during the Pre-Roman Period ( m i s z k o 1932, 106108). Very likely, at the very
beginning of the Roman Period they would have reached the lands on the Upper Dniester and during phase B1b (?) its integration with the local Dacian
population had taken place. An archaeological relic of this process are materials type Zvenigorod-Bolotnoe from which the Lipitsa Culture subsequently took
form (cf. V a k u l e n k o 1989, 33). It seems that bringing together all these
developments is a step we need to take to develop the future research on the
group of issues addressed here.
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Addresses of the Authors

mgr Marcin Rudnicki
Instytut Archeologii
Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Krakowskie Przedmiecie 26/28
00-927 Warszawa, Polska
e-mail: rudnis@yahoo.com
mgr Sawomir Miek

Instytut Archeologii
Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Krakowskie Przedmiecie 26/28
00-927 Warszawa, Polska
e-mail: slawekmilek@onet.eu
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VOL. XLVI, 2011

Marcin Rudnicki, Sawomir Miek

Marcin Rudnicki, Sawomir Miek