Seminar Report

On

Wireless Communication for Vehicle Safety

Applications
M.E.-I: Seminar I
Pradnya P. Wagh
Roll No.- 04
M.E. E&TC (Digital Electronics) Ist Year, First Semester
(2011-2012)

Under the Guidance of

SHRI S.R. SURALKAR

ISO 9001-2008

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Shram Sadhana Bombay Trusts
College of Engineering and Technology
Bambhori - Jalgaon 425 001(M.S.)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled Wireless
Communication for Vehicle Safety Applications submitted by Pradnya
Prakash Wagh student of ME-I year Term-I of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering Department with specialization in
Digital Electronics is approved by us for submission. It is further certified
that to the best of our knowledge the report represents the work carried
out by her. The referred matter in this report has been duly cited.

Prof. S.R. SURALKAR

Guide and Head

DR. K.S.WANI
Principal

Department of E&TC

Acknowledgement
Education along with the process of gaining knowledge
and stronghold of subject is a continuous and ongoing process. It is an
appropriate blend of mindset, learnt skills, experience and knowledge
gained from various resources.
This Seminar would not have been possible without the
support of many people. First and foremost I would like to express my
gratitude and indebtedness to our guide & head of E &TC department
Prof. S. R. Suralkar for his kind and valuable guidance that made the
meaningful completion of seminar possible. New ideas and directions
from him made it possible for me to sail through various areas of image
compression techniques which were new to me.
I am also greatful to Prof. P. H. Zope & Prof. A. H. Karode
for his valuable suggestions and encouragements during my project
period.
Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues who have
helped me throughout my seminar.

Page Index
3

Chapter

Name of Chapter

Page No.

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Introduction
Literature Survey (History)
Implementation
Methodology
Conclusion
Future scope
Bibliography

08
10
14
18
33
34
35

Figure Index
Figure

Name of figure

No.

Page
No.

Statistics from the Department of Road Transport and

10

Highway
2

DSRC Wireless Communication between Vehicle

12

SDR Platform Overview

13

DSRC Wireless Communication between Vehicle

14

SDR-based Wireless Communication Gateway

16

Communication between The Gateway and External

16

Devices
7

Reliability of Link layer (1)

18

Reliability of Link layer (2)

19

Reliability of DSRC in Application Layer

20

10

Relationship between Link Layer and Application Layer

21

11

Application scenario of DMB service

22

12

DMB service implementation

23

13

UML sequence diagram describing main procedures of

25

DMB service
14

SWICOM prototype implementation

30

15

Run time performance of signal processing

32

Abstract
The 802.11-p based Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is
being seriously considered as a promising wireless technology for enhancing
transportation safety and highway efficiency. However, there is very little research
5

done in characterizing the reliability of DSRC communication based on real-world

experimental data, and its effect on the reliability of vehicle safety applications. Our
experimental set-up includes a fleet of three vehicles equipped with DSRC
communication system, GPS receiver and a number of vehicle safety applications
based on vehicle to-vehicle communication. This analyzes the link-level behavior of
DSRC vehicle-to-vehicle communication in a wide variety of traffic environments
based on real-world experimental data. In addition, we also characterize the
application level reliability of DSRC for vehicle safety communication (VSC) system.
Based on experiments, it is showed that the reliability of DSRC vehicle-to-vehicle
communication is adequate since packet drops do not occur in bursts most of the time.
It is also showed that the application level reliability of VSC applications based on
DSRC communication is quite satisfactory. Finally, an analytical model is developed
to relate application level reliability with communication reliability and VSC system
parameter, laying out a clear way to improve reliability of VSC applications under
harsh traffic environments.
Software defined radio (SDR) technology enables software components
running on a generic hardware platform to perform signal processing instead of
hardware chips. Thus, it is possible to support multi-standard, multi-band and multimode solutions and easy to enhance and reconfigure wireless communication. An
SDR-based wireless communication gateway is, the software-defined radio (SDR)based wireless communication gateway (SWICOM) for vehicle networks. It integrates
multiple wireless devices into one single wireless gateway reducing maintenance
costs of hardware chips and improving flexibility, adaptability and connectivity of
wireless communication. SDR devices can be controlled using dynamic software
programming and thus can easily be reconfigured and updated. Using the dynamic
reconfigurability capacity of SDR, the SWICOM can provide an effective means to
reduce the maintenance costs associated with multiple wireless devices and
connectivity of wireless vehicular communications. The worst-case execution time
(WCET) analysis of the SWICOM is also given using a synchronous data flow (SDF)
model. Some wireless vehicular communications, such as vehicle safety applications,
need to satisfy stringent timing constraints. In those applications, knowing the WCET
of tasks is a very important part for the schedulability analysis.

Chapter 1
Introduction
7

Traffic accidents and highway congestion continues to remain a serious

problem world-wide. Annually, in the United States, traffic accidents result in
approximately 44,000 fatalities, 6 million crashes and about $250 billion in economic
costs. Active safety applications, that use autonomous vehicle sensors such as radar,
lidar, camera, etc., are being developed and deployed in vehicles by automakers to
address the crash problem. Moreover, the FCC has recognized the importance of
having a dedicated wireless spectrum for improving traffic safety and highway
efficiency. In the US, the FCC has allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in 5.9 GHz band as
Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) for the primary purpose of
improving transportation safety and highway efficiency but the spectrum may also be
shared by commercial vehicular applications [15]. The rule making for the lower layer
standards for DSRC have been developed and accepted by the FCC [13]. The lower
layer standards for DSRC are now being revised under the IEEE 802.11p task group
[14]. The 802.11p based DSRC is being seriously considered as a promising wireless
technology for enhancing transportation safety and traffic efficiency. The 802.11pbased DSRC communication had not yet be fully evaluated and analyzed through
field experiments in a systematic manner. Thus characteristics of DSRC wireless
communication and its link-level behaviors remain unclear to the research
community, which may hinder efficient design and rigorous evaluation of the VSC
system. DSRC wireless communication can provide a reliable and trustable
application service.In this, we aim to answer the following sets of questions:
1) Which metrics can better illustrate the fundamental characteristics of
communication reliability itself ?
How reliable is DSRC wireless communication?
2) Which metric can accurately represent the reliability properties of VSC
applications that end users experienced?
How reliable are these DSRC-based VSC applications?
3) What is the difference between communication reli-ability and application-level
reliability? What is their relationship?
As telematics and infotainment services become more and more prevalent,
vehicle networks need to extend their communication range out of local vehicle
devices. Among those services, wireless communication protocols play an important
role. For example, long-range wireless protocols such as Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA
are essential for one to connect to the internet; short-range wireless protocols such as
WAVE

and

DSRC

implement

vehicle-to-vehicle

and

vehicle

to-roadside
8

communication; and Zigbee and Bluetooth are popular wireless protocols to make
Connection among in-vehicle devices and consumer electronics.

Chapter 2
Literature Survey (History)
Why Communication between vehicles is necessary?
Traffic accidents and highway congestion continues to remain a serious problem
world-wide. Annually, in the United States, traffic accidents result in approximately
44,000 fatalities, 6 million crashes and about $250 billion in economic costs.
Active safety applications, that use autonomous vehicle sensors such as radar, lidar,
camera, etc., are being developed and deployed in vehicles by automakers to address
the crash problem.
Given below are some statistics from the Department of Road Transport and
Highway, Government of India:

Figure.1: Statistics from the Department of Road Transport and Highway

The above table shows that the no. of fatalities has increased day by day.
Thus it is very necessary to take action against these road accidents. Hence Wireless
Communication for Vehicle Safety Applications is used to reduce the number of car
accidents.
10

Types of Wireless Communication in Vehicles:

1) DSRC Wireless Communication for Vehicle: DSRC means Dedicated Short Range

Communication. It is based on 802.11-p.

2) An SDR-Based Wireless Communication Gateway for Vehicles, where SDR
means software-defined radio (SDR)-based wireless communication gateway
(SWICOM).
1) DSRC Wireless Communication for Vehicle:
The 802.11-p based Dedicated Short Range Communication. (DSRC) is being
seriously considered as a promising wireless technology for enhancing transportation
safety and highway efficiency. The reliability of DSRC communication based on realworld experimental data, and its effect on the reliability of vehicle safety applications.
The experimental set-up includes a fleet of three vehicles equipped with
DSRC communication system, GPS receiver and a number of vehicle safety
applications based on vehicle to-vehicle communication. This analyzes the link-level
behavior of DSRC vehicle-to-vehicle communication in a wide variety of traffic
environments based on real-world experimental data. In addition, we also characterize
the application level reliability of DSRC for vehicle safety communication (VSC)
system. Based on experiments, It is showed that the reliability of DSRC vehicle-tovehicle communication is adequate since packet drops do not occur in bursts most of
the time. Also it is showed that the application level reliability of VSC applications
based on DSRC communication is quite satisfactory. Finally, an analytical model to
relate application level reliability with communication reliability and VSC system
parameter, laying out a clear way to improve reliability of VSC applications under
harsh traffic environments.

11

Figure 2: DSRC Wireless Communication betweenVehicle

2) (SDR)-based wireless communication for Vehicle (SWICOM):

A novel wireless communication gateway for vehicle networks. It is based
on SDR technologies to support wireless communication occurring in vehicles. The
proposed gateway can reduce the maintenance costs of multiple wireless devices and
improve

flexibility,

adaptability,

portability

and

connectivity

of

wireless

communication services. Software defined radio (SDR) is the next generation radio
communication technology which offers several benefits to traditional wireless
communication systems, enabling multi-band and multi-standard solutions. SDR
equipment and network devices can be controlled by programming its waveform
software and be reconfigured and updated in order to improve its features, security
protocols, performance and services.

12

Figure3. SDR Platform Overview

The SDR platform requires one or more programmable processor such
as GPP, DSP and FPGA.SCA core framework (CF) is based on CORBA (Common
Object Request Broker Architecture) middleware and POSIX real-time operating
systems. The CF is the essential set of open application-layer interfaces and services
to provide an abstraction of the underlying software and hardware layers for software
application designers. A waveform software application of SCA means a software
application that manipulates input data and determines the output of the system.
Wireless protocols, such Mobile WiMAX, DSRC, Bluetooth and so on, are
implemented as the waveform software applications.
A SDR-based wireless communication gateway, which fulfils the
following goals:
1) To provide external devices with an uniform interface to wireless communication
services
2) To support multiple wireless communication services simultaneously
3) To dynamically install, update and remove wireless communication services
4) To guarantee robust and seamless wireless communication links in the mobile
vehicular environment

13

Chapter 3
Implementation
1) Vehicle Safety Communication through Dedicated Short Range Communication
(DSRC)

Figure 4: DSRC Wireless Communication between Vehicle

The experimental set-up includes a fleet of vehicles equipped with
DSRC communication system, GPS receiver and a number of vehicle safety
applications based on vehicle to-vehicle communication. This analyzes the link-level
behavior of DSRC vehicle-to-vehicle communication in a wide variety of traffic
environments based on real-world experimental data. In addition, we also characterize
the application level reliability of DSRC for vehicle safety communication (VSC)
system. Based on our experiments, we show that the reliability of DSRC vehicle-tovehicle communication is adequate since packet drops do not occur in bursts most of
time. Also it is showed that the application level reliability of VSC applications based
on DSRC communication is quite satisfactory. Finally, we develop an analytical
model to relate application level reliability with communication reliability and VSC
system parameter, laying out a clear way to improve reliability of VSC applications
under harsh traffic environments.
There are two experimental Setupsa) Real Freeway with many obstacles is shown in figure. Each obstacle and vehicle is
communicating with each other.
14

b) Test in General Motors no obstacle

For better results above experiments performed three times
The various car equipments used are:
i)

802.11p-based DSRC radio

ii)

Directional antenna

iii)

GPS devices

iv)

Application to exchange and display messages.

Experiment Execution :

i)

Cars periodically broadcast each 0.1 sec, the message contains information like
Location , velocity, breaking status etc.

ii)

Cars within 300m can capture in DSRC Communication

iii)

Messages are recorded in a log file

15

2) SWICOM: An SDR-Based Wireless Communication Gateway

for Vehicles

Figure 5: SDR-based Wireless Communication Gateway

Fig. 5 describes the overview of the SDR based wireless communication
gateway. Different wireless standards are implemented in a same hardware platform,
in the form of SCA waveform software applications. They are easy to install, update
and remove. POSIX real-time operating systems support multithreading so that it is
possible to run waveform software applications simultaneously. This gateway
transfers major communications functions such as waveform generation, encryption
and signal processing, previously performed in hardware chips, to waveform software
applications by exploiting the SDR technology.

16

Figure 6. Communication between The Gateway and External Devices

As described in Fig. 6, the SDR-based wireless communication gateway
communicates with external devices, i.e. an application host, in order to provide them
with the wireless communication services, which are defined waveform services.
Every external device should implement a uniform set of waveform service APIs,
which is used to communicate with the waveform server through the SDR message
set. Virtual communication channels, called streams, are established to transfer
waveform data such as audio video and data. Those streams are implemented based
on OSI transport layer protocols, e.g. TCP or UDP.
1. The waveform server is located on an SDR based wireless communication gateway.
It manipulates stream objects to realize the streams to be used for waveform data
transfer. Each stream object is linked with the corresponding waveform software
through ports. The waveform server also manages waveform software components,
i.e. instantiation, revocation, start, stop and configuration.
2. Waveform Service APIs are implemented in external devices. They offer the
waveform service interfaces to telematics software. E.g.waveform proxy objects are
available from the APIs to make waveform data transfer with the desired steam
objects located in the gateway. Telematics software uses the waveform proxy object to
implement their wireless communication services.
3. The SDR Message Set is a uniform set of network messages exchanged between
external devices and waveform servers. Its primary goal is to provide external devices
with the desired waveform services. CORBA and RMI can be used to support SDR
message transactions between AMI-C hosts and external devices by implementing the
functionalities as a set of methods and objects.
Benefits:
It facilitates incorporation of new wireless communication standards with minimum,
or even without, modification of hardware; it achieves true mobility enabling to
seamlessly roam across operator boundaries and optimally tune parameters of wireless
communication; it improves vehicle connectivity for mobile consumer electronics
such PDAs and cell phones through flexible support of new emerging wireless
technologies; it provides ability to reconfigure its waveform software components or
itself over the air; and it reduces wireless devices and improves reuse of a single
wireless hardware platform, resulting in decreased maintenance costs.

17

Chapter 4
Methodology
1. Reliability of DSRC :

a) Reliability of DSRC in Link Layer (1)

i)Packet Delivery Ratio
ii)Distribution of Consecutive Packet Drops
Reliability of DRSC in Link Layer (1) :

Packet Delivery Ratio

#successful received packets/

#total transmitted packets

Freeway

Test

Figure 7 : Reliability of DSRC in Link Layer (1)

Experiment 1:
Car broadcast info each 0.1 second
1.

In a time window 2 seconds, sender broadcast 20 times. Each broadcast,

sender records the seqNum of the broadcasted message and its location.
Correspondingly, receiver records its location each 0.1 second, and it records all
seqNum of received packet within 2 seconds. We have loosely synchronize time. The
distance will be the average distance among 20 records of sender and receiver. PDR is
18

the number of received packets in the receiver side / 20 packets sent. We can count the
# of received packets from seqNum recorded in the log file of the receiver.
2. Average distances are grouped into 25 meter bins and then sorted increasingly.
b) Reliability of DRSC in Link Layer (2)

Distribution of Consecutive Packet Drops

P(1 packet dropped) = 4/6

P(2 packets dropped) = 2/6

Freeway

Test

Figure8: Reliability of DSRC in Link Layer (2)

-

DSRC doesnt have burst most of the time

Packet drop has the memory less property

1. Why the 1-packet drop of Test is higher than that of Freeway? Test should have
between performance? Yes, it does. Here we have higher 1 packet-drop probability
with Test scenario because most of packet loss in Test scenario is 1-packet. It is good.
Here we do not know the total number of loss. We only care about the probability (or
ratio)
2. Experiment description: simply count the total number of missing seqNum in the
log file of receiver (called A). Then, count the consecutive missing seqNum in this log
(called B) and compute B/A.
19

3. The memory less property comes from two points:

a) In safety app, later packet overwrites previous packet. For example, car can
periodically broadcast its location, engine status, brake status. So, the later
information can overwrite previous information. It is memory less. However, this
property make the analysis and experiments here harder to apply into other
application like Convenience and Commercial, where the loss of one packet (like in
TCP or FTP) can result in loss or useless of its following packets.
b) The second point is that, from these two figure, the curve of pdf follows
exponential distribution (though here there is no quantitative results about this
exponential distribution), the number of consecutive loss can be considered follow the
exponential distribution
b) Reliability of DSRC in Application Layer
i)Tolerance Time Window
ii)Reliability of DSRC in Application Layer
Freeway

Test

Figure 9: Reliability of DSRC in Application Layer

Experiment 2:
i) At each time t0, app checks whether a packet is received during [t0-T, t0]
ii) Record locations of sender and receiver

20

Relationship between Link Layer and Application Layer Reliability

Figure 10: Relationship between Link Layer and Application Layer

T: Tolerance Time Window

t: broadcast interval (t = 0.1s)

M: # packets broadcasted during T (M=T/t)

Pcomm(d): prob. of successfully receiving each packet at distance d in Link layer

Papp(d): prob. of successfully receiving at least one packet at distance d in Application
layer, during a Tolerance Time Window T

Assumption: packet drops are independent

Pcomm(d): prob. of successfully receiving each packet at distance d in Link layer
Papp(d): prob. of successfully receiving at least one packet at distance d in Application
layer, during a Tolerance Time Window T
Papp(d)= 1 Pr (receiving no packets from M consecutively sent packets during T)
Papp(d)= 1 [1-Pcomm(d)]M = 1 [1-Pcomm(d)]T/t

21

2. DMB service implementation in SWICOM :

Figure 11: Application scenario of DMB service

The waveform service agent is installed as an OSGi bundle in an application
host and establishes a control session with a waveform server using a control session
connector and maintains the control session while the application host is operating. A
remote waveform proxy provides application service software with a remote
waveform service application programming interface (API). The API realizes the
functions enumerated in Table I. A data session acceptor waits for a data session
connector, which is located in the SWICOM, to establish data sessions with it. A
stream binder is attached to the waveform software via ports. The stream binder
connects the data sink or source of waveform software to its data session. Thus, a
stream of data have been constructed from the waveform software to the remote
application service software.

22

Figure 12: DMB service implementation

Wireless service quality is strongly dependent on the location of the
vehicle. If multiple wireless communication protocols for the same service are used
according to the location, the service quality can significantly be improved. Fig. 11
describes such an example in which a moving vehicle is using digital multimedia
broadcasting (DMB) service. DMB is a mobile TV technology that can transmit
multimedia data to mobile devices moving at high speed and can operate via satellite
(S-DMB) or terrestrial (T-DMB) transmission. T-DMB is used when the vehicle is in
urban areas, whereas in rural areas, S-DMB may be a better option because satellites
may have a clearer line of sight for radio signal transmission. Hence, a moving
vehicle using T-DMB may switch to S-DMB by executing the corresponding
waveform software. This indicates that by adaptively using such protocols, the quality
of wireless services can be improved.
Fig.12 illustrates the architectural overview of the DMB service integrated
with the SWICOM under the aforementioned moving-vehicle scenario. Available
resources of display, HMI, and audio devices, which are already fitted to the vehicle,
are allocated to an application host by the in-vehicle gateway. To control the DMB TV
software on the application host, a vehicle occupant uses HMI devices, such as
buttons or touchscreens. After the DMB TV software is launched, it accesses the
SWICOM to execute T-DMB or S-DMB waveform software. The waveform software
23

transmits the DMB multimedia data to the DMB TV software, which in turn delivers
it to the in-vehicle display and audio devices.

24

Fig. 13: UML sequence diagrams describing the main procedures of DMB service. (a) Starting
DMB TV software. (b) Seamless substitution of T-DMB by S-DMB
25

Fig. 13 shows the unified modeling language (UML) sequence diagrams

describing two primary procedures. One is starting the DMB TV software, and the
other is replacing T-DMB with S-DMB. In these procedures, there are three kinds of
messages that are exchanged among the devices: SWICOM messages between the
SWICOM and the application host; SCA interfaces of waveform software within the
SWICOM; and AMI-C common messages between the application host and the invehicle gateways. AMI-C common messages are used to establish data channels
between the application host and the in-vehicle display and audio devices. Note that
T-DMB and S-DMB waveforms are installed in the SWICOM and that the other
entities are logically separated from one another.
During operation, the application host fetches a list of waveform software and
decides which waveform software will be exploited, i.e., T-DMB in this scenario. The
T-DMB waveform software is instantiated and started in the SWICOM with its
properties appropriately configured. Subsequently, the application host occupies
resources of the in-vehicle display and audio devices and connects them to the data
session. When the vehicle enters the suburbs, the S-DMB waveform software is
instantiated and started. Seamless substitution is accomplished by a
series of operations: initially, the application host configures the S-DMB waveform
software properties in accordance with those of the T-DMB waveform software; then,
it opens a new data session for the S-DMB waveform software and closes the old TDMB data session; and finally, the T-DMB waveform software is destroyed.
WCET Analysis of Waveform Software
Knowing the WCET of waveform software is important when designing
and verifying real-time systems integrated with the SWICOM. A WCET analysis can
be used to perform scheduling and schedulability analysis to determine whether
performance goals are met for periodic tasks. This section presents how to model
waveform software to achieve the tight WCET estimates. It can also be exploited to
measure the data transmission time from the SWICOM to in-vehicle devices.
The waveform software installed in the SWICOM is very functionally and
structurally similar to signal processing systems. The waveform software consists of
one or more waveform components. Each waveform component performs a signal
processing task, which is atomically scheduled on processors and concurrently carried
26

out, given the desired input data. Port interfaces are used to establish data channels
and interconnect these waveform components.

From these connected waveform components, a data flow graph can be composed,
representing waveform software. The graph is a special case of an SDF model [28].
In an SDF model, typical digital signal processing tasks are described as
directed graphs, where the nodes represent computations (or tasks), and the arcs
represent data paths (or data channels). Any node can perform its computation given
that input data are available on its incoming arcs. Otherwise, it blocks until new input
data will be arrived. Exceptionally, a node with no input arcs plays the role of a data
source and starts its computation without input data. Whenever nodes finish their
computation, they produce output data on their outgoing arcs. The execution of nodes
is only controlled by the availability of data.
An example of an SDF graph consisting of three nodes and three arcs. A
number is located adjacent to each input and output arc of each node. The number
indicates the amount of data consumed or produced by the corresponding node every
time it performs. This implies that an arc should maintain the independent buffer to
keep produced but unconsumed data. If its input data rate is greater than its output
data rate, then the buffer requires an indefinitely large size of memory. Hence, a
periodic admissible sequential schedule (PASS) should be constructed to remove the
unbounded memory requirement of arcs. The PASS can be obtained from a topology
matrix of the SDF graph. The (i, j)th entry in a topology matrix is given by
s, if ei is an output arc of tj
i,j = { s, if ei is an input arc of tj
0, otherwise
where s is the amount of data produced or consumed by node tj on arc ei each time it
is invoked. For example, the topology matrix of the SDF graph is :

T=

1 0 2
1 1 0
0 1 2

27

To compute the WCETs of waveform software deployed in the SWICOM, a

little bit of addition should be made to the topology matrix.An SDF graph of
waveform software with some symbols omitted. Waveform components and their data
channels correspond to nodes and arcs of an SDF graph, respectively. The nodes in a
dotted rectangle represent waveform components that constitute an instance of
waveform software. In this manner, a topology matrix of the waveform software is
obtained by

1,1 1,2 1,k

2,1 2,2 2,k
...
...
Tw = ...
m,1 m,2 m,k
where k is the number of waveform components, and m is the number of data
channels between them. However, w is just for waveform software. Note that tk is
connected to the stream binder tk+1 in Figure. Therefore, we have to include tk+1 into
Tw and let Tw denote the new topology matrix as
Tw = Tw|O/T
where O is a column vector full of zeros, and T is a row vector corresponding
to the arc connecting tk to tk+1. Now,we can obtain strictly positive integer vectors in
the null space of w. Letting q be the minimum vector of them, qi, 1 i k + 1
denotes the minimum invocation frequency of node ti within a single period. If each
node is invoked the number of times specified by q, then the amount of data left in
each arc buffer ends up equal to the amount before the invocations. Hence, the
schedule can be repeated infinitely often with finite memory. The PASS can be
constructed from q using a class S algorithm.
Finally, we can obtain the WCET of waveform software, including its
stream binder, by TW = cT q where cT is a row vector [c1, c2, , ck, ck+1],
and ci denotes the execution time of node ti. cT can be built from an additional
descriptor of waveform software in the way of Q-SCA. The obtained topology matrix
and its minimum frequency vector q can be exploited to estimate the network
transmission time for the output data produced by waveform software in a single
28

period. We can calculate the size of output data by qk+1 multiplied by m+1,k because
the output data of a stream binder are the same size as the input data. Then, given the
network
bandwidth , we can get the network transmission time by
TN = qk+1m+1,k /
.
Now, TW + TN denotes the entire data transmission time from the RF front-end to the
external device.
On the application host, a SWICOM waveform service agent was installed.
It maintains control sessions, which are established with the waveform server placed
in the SWICOM, and provides remote waveform service APIs for application service
software. The test applications used in the experiments were developed based on the
remote waveform service APIs. All software components on the application host were
developed using Java language.
The SWICOM carries out primitive operations in response to requests from the
application host. Those operations represent the implementation of the SWICOM
messages listed in Table,it presents the average execution times and the standard
deviations of those operations. The measurements were performed on the application
host using the Eclipse test and the performance tools platform .Note that InstantiateWaveform, Configure Property IO, and Open Data Session operations take relatively
longer execution time than others. This is because these operations involve explicit
I/O operations to read XML descriptor files from the hard disk or to establish TCP
network connections. However, these I/O overheads are transient because the related
operations are invoked usually once or a few times at the initial stage of the entire
waveform process.
Prototype Implementation
A prototype of the SWICOM was built on a desktop computer, which has
a 2.53-GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU, 2 GB of SDRAM, and a 500-GB hard drive with a
Serial Advanced Technology Architecture (SATA) 3-Gb/s interface. A Linux operating
system (Ubuntu 9.04, kernel version 2.6.28) was installed and configured for normal
desktop use without any additional performance configuration. The RF front-end was
a universal software radio peripheral (USRP) device, which was connected with the
29

SWICOM host via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 interface. Another desktop
computer1 was used as the application host. It had a sound card with a microphone
and a speaker installed. The SWICOM and the application host were connected via
100-Mb/s Ethernet interfaces.Fig. 14 shows the SWICOM prototype and the testbed
for the experimentation.
A CORBA object request broker (ORB) and an SCA CF were installed on
the SWICOM host. The omni-ORB, which is a freely available CORBA ORB for C+
+ and Python, was installed and used to interconnect waveform components. As an
SCA CF, we employed the open-source SCA implementation embedded (OSSIE)
framework version 0.7.4.OSSIE is an open-source SDR software framework based on
an SCA specification and developed by Virginia Tech University for educational use
and research applications. It includes a CF,waveform development tools, USRP
device interface software,and several waveform components that are primarily written
in C++. The interconnection, interoperation, and properties of the waveform
components are configured using several descriptor files written in the extensible
markup language (XML).

Figure 14.SWICOM prototype implementation. (a) Hardware setup. (b) Main

components.
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Signal Processing
Many modern protocols rely on specific receive and transmit latencies and impose
deadlines by which certain actions must be taken. Conventional radio chips have no
problem meeting such deadlines because the logic is implemented near their physicallayer processing units. Thus, the latency caused by signal processing in those chips is
negligible. However, SDR performs most of the signal processing on a GPP. This may
cause unexpected latency and result in performance degradation of wireless
communication protocols. Therefore, one needs to know the run-time performance of
the waveform components that are used to build waveform software. To evaluate runtime performance, we measured the block processing delay and the processing rate of
selected waveform components performing signal processing tasks, such as
modulation, demodulation, channel-coding, and filtering. All of the implementations
were based on C++ source codes generated by the MATLAB RTW. Although the
codes were not designed to be run on the real-time SDR platform, they successfully
worked on the SWICOM. For measurement, each waveform component was given 10
000 blocks, each containing 1024 samples, to process. For low-pass and bandpass
filters, as well as for the OFDM modulator and demodulator, the unit of samples is a
complex float, whereas the unit for the others is a byte. The processing delay denotes
the duration of processing a 1024-sample block and is marked with its 95%
confidence interval. The throughput refers to the average processing rate of the given
sequences. The figure shows that demodulation schemes take longer than their
corresponding modulation schemes. This is because modulation schemes can
efficiently be implemented by table mapping from bits to symbols, whereas
demodulation schemes require several arithmetic operations. This is also true for the
channel-coding schemes. Nevertheless, the processing delay for one block is far less
than 700 s. These results demonstrate that signal processing on the SWICOM, if
efficient signal processing algorithms are used and real-time scheduling is supported,
can meet the time constraints required by many wireless communication protocols.

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Figure 15: Run-time performance of signal processing

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Chapter 5
Conclusion
The DSRC technology analyzes the reliability of DSRC wireless
communication and reliability of DSRC-based Vehicle Safety Communication (VSC)
applications, under both open field traffic environment and freeway traffic
environment. DSRC wireless communication is analyzed based on metrics packet
delivery ratio and distribution of consecutive packet drops. Application level metric,
T-window reliability, is used to analyze the reliability of VSC applications. The
analysis based on extensive experimental data collected shows that DSRC wireless
communication provides an adequate degree of communication reliability under both
traffic environments, and that the packet drops do not occur in bursts even under the
harsh freeway traffic environment. By incorporating appropriate estimation
algorithms into the VSC application design neighbor vehicle status information can be
predicted
to improve the overall reliability of VSC applications in order to provide satisfactory
application service to the end users. Moreover we have developed an analytical model
that related the DSRC communication reliability and the VSC application reliability.
Wireless SDR systems are becoming more and more diverse in terms of
their standards and the frequency bands they exploit. However, their hardwaredependent implementation and the long lifetime of vehicles have been hindrances to
an integration of those systems into vehicles at a proper time. In this, we proposed an
SDR-based wireless communication gateway, which removes the hardware
dependency by exploiting software-implemented wireless communication protocols.
This approach helps integrate multiple wireless devices into one single wireless
gateway and improve flexibility, adaptability, portability and connectivity of vehicular
wireless communication. We expect that this will result in the decreased costs and
promote vehicular telematics and infotainment services

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Chapter 6
Future Scope
The future work of DSRC aims to investigate the effects of various important
factors that could potentially affect the reliability characteristics of DSRC wireless
communications. Using a systematically approach we plan to analyze the effect of
vehicle relative speed, transmission power and transmission data rate, and other
factors on DSRC communication under various traffic environments. By doing so, we
would gain better overall understanding of DSRC wireless communication. We are
also looking into the possibility of using adaptive parameter control mechanism
(varying broadcast interval t, based on environment) to improve VSC application
reliability.
We expect that SDR based wireless communication (SWICOM) will result in
the decreased costs and promote vehicular telematics and infotainment services.

34

Chapter 7
Bibliography
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