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Chapter 06
Synchronous Machines
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Rotating machines
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Over view!
* Qualitative analysis
How does a rotating machine can work?
* Quantitative analysis
Using balanced energy method
The rate of change
_ Power out
= Power in
of stored energy
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* Structure
Stator
Rotor
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Stator
Balanced windings
Single phase
Two phases
Three phases
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Balanced currents
* Corresponding to number of phases
Single phase current
Balanced two-phase currents
Balanced three-phase currents
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Single phase
* Flux characteristics
Fixed direction
Magnitude is time-varying as sine signal
Ni i sin sin
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Conclusions
* Stator is static
* Is flux is rotating
With
60 f
ns
p
(1)
4 poles of
stator windings
6 poles of
stator windings
Where
f: frequency of electric source
p: number of pair of poles
p can be changed by designing the stator windings
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Conclusions
* Given a rotor
The same number of poles with stator
Then rotor will rotate follow stators field
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Rotating machines
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Objects
Electro-mechanical systems
Transformers
Synchronous machine
Asynchronous machine
DC machine
Linkage flux i
Voltage equations vi
Energy or co-energy
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Rotating machine
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* 1 mechanical port
Rotor rotates: Te,
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* Co-energy
where:Lsr M cos
1
1
2
W Ls is Lr ir2 Lsr is ir
2
2
'
m
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(2)
(3)
(4)
16
W
dLsr
e
m
T
i i
i i M sin
if :
is I s cos s t
ir I r cos r t
s r
s r
(5)
Mechanical power
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(7)
17
Let mt
Frequency condition
For average power: Pm 0
m s r
Pm
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m I s I r sin
(8)
(9)
(10)
4
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d s
vs is Rs
dt
d r
vr ir Rr
dt
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(11)
19
Rotating machine
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as Ls
0
bs
ar M cos
br M sin
0
Ls
M cos
M sin
M sin
M cos
Lr
0
* Co-energy
M sin ias
M cos ibs
iar
0
Lr
ibr
(12)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
W Ls ias Ls ibs Lr iar Lr ibr Miasiar cos
2
2
2
2
Mibs iar sin Mias ibr sin Mibsibr cos
'
m
(13)
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T I r I s M sin
e
(14)
Mechanical power
Pm m I r I s M sin
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(15)
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Three-phase
synchronous machine
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(16)
ir I r constant
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L0
M 0
M 0
M cos ia
a
M
L
M
M
cos
120
0
0
0
ib (17)
b
c M 0
M 0
L0
M cos 120 ic
Lr
ir
r M cos M cos 120 M cos 120
* Co-energy
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
W L0ia L0ib L0ic Lr ir M 0iaib
2
2
2
2
(18)
M 0ibic M 0iaic Miair cos
'
m
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3
T
I a I r M sin
2
e
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(19)
27
d a
L0
va
L0 I ms sin s t I ms sin st 120
dt
2
(20)
L0
I ms sin s t 120 I r M s sin s t
2
* Equivalent voltage equations
MI r
3
j
Va j L0s I a j
s e
2
2
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(21)
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xs
Ear
MI r
3
j
Va j L0s I a j
s e
2
2
3
L0s :synchronous reactance
2
(22)
MI r
MI r
j
j
s e
s :voltage phasor
(23)
2
2
2
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Va jxs I a Ear
(24)
Ia
Va
PT
Pm
Elec.
Mech.
Va
Ear
jxsIa
Ear
Ia
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Three-phase synchronous
machine
Va E ar
Ia
jx s
* Consequence
3EarVa 2 d
3EarVa sin d
3
0
(25)
PT Re jEar d Va 0
xs
xs
xs
Va
jxsIa
Ear
Ia
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Three-phase synchronous
machine
* Consequence
Generator operation
Ear
PT
Pm
Elec.
Mech.
jxsIa
Va
Ia
Va jx s I a Ear
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or
Ear Va jx s I a
(26)
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Three-phase synchronous
machine
* Consequence
Generator operation
E ar Va
Ia
jx s
Ear
Va 0 0 E ar d 3Va E ar sin d
PT 3 Re
(27)
jx
x
s
s
jxsIa
Va
Ia
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Example 6.5
* A three-phase, 60 Hz, six-pole, wye-connected
synchronous generator is driven by a turbine that
delivers 16910 W to the shaft. The friction and windage
losses are 500 W. The field current is adjusted so that the
voltage Ear proportional to field current on a per phase
basis is Ear = 355 V. The generator supplies a load at 440
V (line-to-line). Find speed, Ear, Ia phasors and real and
reactive power output of the generator. Synchronous
reactance xs = 5 W.
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Solution
PT
Pm
Elec.
Mech.
* Generator operation
PmTurbine 16910W
Prot 500W
PT xs
16410 5
sin d
0.3033
3Va Ear 3 355 440
3
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Ear
jxsIa
Va
Ia
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Solution
PT
Pm
Elec.
Mech.
27.34 38.04
jxs
j5
* Apparent power
Ear
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jxsIa
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Va
Ia
37
Thanks!
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Power transformer
Objects
Voltage equations vi
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di1
di2
v1 R1i1 L1
M
dt
dt
di1
di2
0 R2i2 M
L2
RLi2
dt
dt
v2 RL i2
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Power transformer
di1
i2
d
v1 R1i1 L1 aM aM i1
dt
dt
a
i2
i2
d
d i2 2 i2
2
2
0 a R2 aM i1 a L2 aM a RL
a
dt
a
dt a
a
i2
2
Equivalent voltage equations
av2 a RL
a
Electrical
equivalent circuits
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