Article Hydrochimie PDF

European Scientific Journal March 2014 edition vol.10, No.
9 ISSN: 1857 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
HYDRO CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

GROUNDWATER AND LOGON OF OUALIDIA
AREA, MOROCCO
Boubker Jghalef, Student Chemistry

Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia, Morocco,
Laboratory of Chemistry, Physic and of Bio-organic Chemistry
Ebrahim Alwashali, Student in Biology

Faculty of Sciences Ibn Tofil, Kenitra, Morocco,
Laboratory of Biodiversity and Natural Resources
Chakir Ashraf, Prof.

Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia,Morocco,
Laboratory of Chemistry, Physic and of Bio-organic Chemistry
Guemimi Abdelhak
Head of management of irrigation and drainage in Office rgional de mise en
valeur agricole des Doukkala (ORMVAD), El Jadida, Morocco
Abstract
Our work aims to study the physical-chemical water quality of the
lagoon of Oualidia and surrounding wells used in agriculture to assess the
impact of saline water on the hydrochemical groundwater quality. This is
part of a program to safeguard the lagoon of Oualidia.
We conducted a companion water extraction on several wells in the
agricultural field near the lagoon and governed by the National Office for
Agricultural Development Doukkala (ORMVAD). To each well, we specify
the GPS location and the groundwater level. We thus classified the wells,
according to their geographical locations into three groups: "DOUAR
BAKIR ", "DOUAR OULAD LHLAL " and "Other collection".
The majority of wells has a hydrochemical facies chlorinated and sulfated
calcium and magnesium included all groundwater " DOUAR OULAD
LHLAL " upstream, with the exception of groundwater " DOUAR BAKRI "
in the center who has a facies hyper chlorinated lime, hyper sulfated calcium,
indicating a slight intrusion of the marine water table that this caused a
change in the nature of these hydrochemical groundwater waters.
However, this issue is clearly pronounce the novel water source flowing into
the lagoon faces which completely turned in chlorinated sodium and
potassium intake by sodium chloride and lagoons that have substituted the
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European Scientific Journal March 2014 edition vol.10, No.9 ISSN: 1857 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
sulfate ions, calcium and magnesium. The analysis of main components

includes wells on its chemical characterization. Water lagoon and wells near
of it have a strong mineralization which shows the interchange between the
lagoon and the wells by the issue of infiltration.
Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrochemical parameters, facies, water quality,
Oualidia lagoon
Introduction
Oualidia lagoon is classified an Ecologically and Biologically
Significant Area (EBSA). This region is certified from wetlands of
international importance under the Ramsar Convention as N 1474 dated
15/01/2005 and as its preservation is an absolute necessity (El Hamoumi and
Qninba 2008).
At the town of Oualidia, the Useful Agricultural Area (UAA) is
approximately 1426 ha. The UAA is covered by 622 farms average
agricultural area of approximately 2.3 ha. The cultural activity is
concentrated mainly around the lagoon. Irrigation covers about 35 % of the
total UAA. It is only by the waters of the wells (CCEC, 2011).
Salty water from the Atlantic Ocean or lagoon can be a major cause
of salinization of groundwater and have a major impact on their quality.
Indeed, many studies describe the impact of seawater intrusion on the
chemistry of coastal aquifers around the Mediterranean, for example in
Morocco (Younsi and al. 1997), (Fakir and al.2001a, 2001c), (El Yaouti and
al. 2008), (El Yaouti and al. 2009), (Mdiker and al. 2008), (Bouchaou and al.
2008).
As some authors (Shafik and al, 2001. Cheggour and al, 2001.
Zourarah and al, 2007. Maanan, 2007) provided information on chemical
contaminants in the lagoon of Oualidia (Cheggour and al, 2005) and its
surrounding area.
Many studies on the impact of anthropogenic activities on coastal
water quality have been carried focusing mainly on urban expansion and
agricultural development in coastal areas (Maanan Me. And al. 2012).
The research is expected to provide information that can be used to
improve water resource management in anthropogenic wetlands
experiencing strong agricultural activity especially vegetable crops. It is
hoped that this can lead to better water and soil conservation and in
particular, salinity control in irrigated plots of land around the lagoon of
Oualidia.
Thus, the primary aim of the present report is to evaluate the
hydrochemical characterization of these water wells and monitoring of their
144
physical-chemical quality. We also used the typological analysis to locate the

contamination for each Douar.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The lagoon of Oualidia is situated on the Atlantic coast 76 km south
of El Jadida and 67 km north of Safi. It stretches over a length of 7 km and a
width of 0.5 km, with a total area of 3.5 km2. The hydrological regime of the
lagoon is linked to the tides, and water renewal is provided by the intake of
seawater invades the entire lagoon at high tide (Orbi and al. 1995 Hilmi and
al. 2005). We chose to survey several representative sites covering the entire
length of the estuary of Oualidia and at a distance of those waters that do not
exceed 154 km :
- An upstream area defined by the " Douar Oulad Lhlal ", where we
inspected twenty three wells.
- An area in the center defined by the " Douar Bakir ", where we
inspected twenty-one wells.
- An area downstream, at the entrance of the estuary of Oualidia
where we take two sampling waters of the lagoon (LG1 and LG2), a sample
of spring water that flows to the lagoon (ES) and represents a transition point
freshwater groundwater and salty waters of the lagoon, and a collection of
other well water (E2) at 380 m and 160 m ES water lagoon
- Also a sample of ocean water outside the estuary of Oualidia and
seventeen others scattered samples were performed. (Figure 1)
All of our study wells are located in agricultural areas and drawn for
irrigation. We determined for each well every sound groundwater level and
its GPS location which may be placed accurately on the map. This study was
conducted during a sampling campaign in May 2011.
Figure 1: Location map of the study area and groundwater sampling points
145
Hydrochimical analysis
The physicochemical characterization of waters from different wells
required the realization of Piper diagram and chart Schoeller - BERKALOFF
using appropriate software (Logiciel "Diagrammes" ) created by Roland
Simlar of Hydrology Laboratory Avignon.
The diagram is used to represent the Piper chemical profile of a set of
water samples. It allows the representation of anions and cations on two
specific triangles, these triangles is associated with a diamond, which is
carried on the intersection of two lines drawn on each of the identified
triangles. This intersection represents the overall analysis of the sample, its
relative position is used to specify the facies of the water body. This diagram
is frequently used in the field of water chemistry with very good results
Kouzana and al. (2007), Oga and al. (2009), M. A. Halim and al. (2010), and
Dongmei al. (2011), Ahoussi and al. (2010, 2012b).
Schoeller diagram - BERKALOFF : This type of diagram is
particularly suitable for sample comparison with similar facies but different
dilutions (Abba E.H and al. , 2011).The measuring equipment and the
methods of analysis are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 : Methods of analysis of physicochemical parameters
Physical and chemical Parameters
Equipment and the methods of analysis
pH
pH meter. NM ISO 10523
Electrical Conductivity
Conductivimeter. NM ISO 7888
Extrait sec
NM 03.7.019
ionic balance (K, Na, Ca, Mg, PO4,
SKALAR San++ Automated Wet Chemistry
NH4, NO3, NO2, SO4, Cl)
Analyzer - Continuous Flow Analyzer (CFA)
Carbonates and Bicarbonates
Graduated burette. NM ISO 9963-1
Acid attack and Continuous Flow Analyzer (CFA).
Total Phosphorus
ISO 15681-2:2003
Typological analysis
The power of the test is useful when making research plans such as
criteria for determining sample size or defining level of statistical
significance. Power estimation can be divided into two types which are priori
and posteriori power analysis. The priori power analysis can be done by
studying documents and related data. This will indicate effect size which is
an index that measures the influence of independent variables on dependent
variables. The result will be used for determining the size of the sample
which is based on the effect size.The posteriori power analysis was evaluated
by using SPSS v22 (Myer & Well ,2003).
The statistical approach is based on the processing of data by
multivariate statistical method called P developed by Statsoft France PCA
(Principal Compoment Analysis). The statistical software used for these
146
analyzes is the "STATISTICA" developed by Statsoft France. (Escoufier Y.,

1980) (Aller L. and al., 1987)
Fifteen physicochemical parameters are measured. All results are
shown in Table 2. The same table also contains raster data statistically
processed by the PCA. This is a data matrix consisting of a double entry
table of variables x 63 samples.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Douar Oulad Lhlal
- Piper Diagram
The Piper diagram provides that different wells identified in the
"DOUAR OULAD LHLAL" shows a facies which is generally chlorinated
of sulfated calcium and magnesium despite small variations that it has the
same facies. We note the inseparable combination of different wells. (Figure
2)
- Diagrams Schoeller - BERKALOFF
The previous interpretation shows the presence of twenty three
similar chemical facies. We used the diagram Schoeller-Berkalof to
determine the chemical profile of each sample. (Figure 3)
The results of chemical analyzes of water from wells studied in
"DOUAR OULAD LHLAL" were plotted on diagrams, which allows us to
deduce the following chemical facies :
- The waters of the wells P58 marks the lowest rate of chloride (Cl)
and sulfate (SO4), but also calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na),
potassium (K) and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3).
- The P54 wells, P55, P56, P57, P58 and P59 have high levels of Ca,
Cl and sulfate in comparison with their magnesium and HCO3.
- The p59 is distinguished by high concentrations of all elements
except HCO3 and nitrate (NO3). (FIG. 3A)
- The wells of P37 to P45 wells show the same chemical profile with
dominance still elements Cl, SO4, and Ca. The curves are nearly
superimposed.
- Also for P46 to P52 wells wells, we notice a strong resemblance
chemical facies, the curves are almost superimposed with the dominance of
the same elements. Only P53 wells out by lower levels of bicarbonate, nitrate
and magnesium. (FIG 3B and 3C)
147
Figure 2 : Piper plot for waters sampled in DOUAR OULAD LHLAL
3A
3B
148
3C
Figure 3 (3A, 3B and 3C) : SCHOELLER BERKALOFF plot for waters
sampled in DOUAR OULAD LHLAL
Douar Bakir
Piper diagram
Referring to Figure 4, we find that different wells identified in the
"DOUAR BAKIR" shows a facies generally hyper chlorinated and hyper
sulfated calcium, despite small variations that it has the same facies. We note
a complete superposition of well studied (difficult to separate the different
wells and to distinguish the central diamond digraph Piper has allowed us to
deduce the general facies of water), with a slight individualization of P5
wells with different facies slightly, since it is located at the limit of the facies
chlorinated and sulfated calcium and magnesium.
Diagrams SCHOELLER BERKALOFF
The curves representing wells P12 and P7 are superimposed and have
high levels of Ca and SO4 over other elements. Also in wells P1 and P6 is
dominated rather by Cl and Ca. Wells P1, P5, P6 and P7 are aligned and
distant waters of the lagoon by the respective distances 2.20 km, 2 km, 1.65
km and 0.93 km, which is the same chemical profile with dominance Ca and
Cl, could mean they have the same water aquifer. (Figure 5A)
149
In Figure 5B and 5C, the curves representing wells from P21 to P29
are overlaid with dominance of Ca, Cl and SO4 compared with the other
elements.
The wells P30 and P36 have the same group as the chemical profile
of the wells in Figure 5B, with the well 36 which are distinguished by
minimum values of all elements in relation to all the other wells. Wells P31
to P35 meanwhile, have identical sinks 5A dominance with SO4 and calcium
chemical facies. Referring to Figure 1, these are aligned wells are equidistant
from the lagoon waters. The remoteness of these well waters of the lagoon
does not exceed 100 m.
5A
Figure 4 : Piper plot for waters sampled in

DOUAR BAKIR
Figure 5 (5A, 5B and 5C) : SCHOELLER BERKALOFF plot for waters sampled in
DOUAR BAKIR
150
Other Collection
Piper diagram
The Figure 6 shows that the different wells have a chemical profile
chlorinated and sulfated calcium and magnesium despite small variations it
has the same facies. We note a complete superposition of well studied
(difficult to separate the different wells and to distinguish the central
diamond digraph Piper has allowed us to deduce the general facies of water),
with a slight individualization well P9. The P9 well is the closest the south
end is the "DOUAR OULAD LHAL" and therefore its hydrochemical facies
approach that characterizes the groundwater of this "DOUAR."
As spring waters show a sodium and chloride potassium facies
differently from seawater and water lagoon by enrichment sulfate and
calcium. The sulfated enrichment is due to the gypsiferous contamination in
contact with water in their passage through the terminal Jurassic formations
consisting essentially yellow Dolomite (Kaid Rassou and al. 2005, Fakir and
al., 2001). The waters of the lagoon are mainly marine waters without any
influence water source. Its hydrochemical facies is hyperchlorur sodium.
The hydrochemical facies of water sources have changed mainly due digraph
according to a depletion of (Ca +Mg) and SO4 and enrichment of (Na + k)
and (Cl+ NO3) from the waters of the lagoon. (Figure 7)
Schoeller - BERKALOFF diagram
The figure 8A shows that the curves representing wells P20, P60 and
P61 are superposed have almost equivalent dominance of the elements Ca,
SO4, Cl and (Na + K) on the other elements. Well, as the P18 is
characterized by a dominance of Cl on all the other elements, this explains its
position in the Piper diagram.
The P9 and P11 wells have almost the same shape with a slight
dominance of Cl on the other major elements Ca, SO4 and (Na + K). Field
and referring to Figure 1, the P11 is south of P9 at a distance of 731 m. This
suggests that this is the same groundwater and the rate of Cl decreases away
from the shores of the lagoon.
With the exception of P2 well distinguished by maximum values of
Cl and (Na + K), but also other elements that predominate in its chemical
composition, which are SO4 and Ca. All other wells (P3, P4, P8, P10, P15
and P17) have almost identical chemical with dominant facies Ca and SO4.
This distinction is due to its position downstream limit near of the entrance
to the lagoon and 100 meters from the shore. (Figure 8B and 8C)
Representative curves of seawater and lagoon waters are inseparable
and have an identical chemical facies with dominance of Cl and (Na + K)
comparison of the other elements. The ascendance of the same ingredients in
the water source (ES) but with significantly lower concentrations compared
to the three samples. ES also stands out with a lower magnesium content.
151
152
8C
Figure 8 (8A, 8B and 8C): SCHOELLER BERKALOFF plot for waters sampled
in other collection
Hydrochemical properties of groundwater vary with lithology,

modalities and time tracking in the different aquifers. (Aunay B. 2007) .The
Hydrochimical analysis show that mineralization of groundwater on
the coast is chiefly due to sulfates, chlorides, sodium and potassium. The
source of these ingredients is to associate both with:
- The nature of the deep aquifer (bedrock evaporite gypsiferous)
- The nature of the reservoir and the land surface hydrology in
relation thereto.
- The human activities related to agriculture in the region using
chemical based products sulfates and chloride and potassium.
- Leaching of chlorides at the floor during irrigation with salt water.
Despite the heavy exploitation of groundwater aquifers (Plio- Quaternary
limestone Dridrate ) is karst (2001a Fakir , Fakir and Razack 2003) , their
significant groundwater circulation can limit the effects of seawater intrusion
, which appear only locally (Kaid Rassou and al. 2005, Fakir and al. 2002).
From this study, we can see a double origin of salinization in the
coastal region Sahel Doukkala: marine and terrigenous.
153
Statistic tests
In this step we conducted two test ANOVA and PCA. The ANOVA
can help to calculate the F value and the degree of freedom for determining
the significant variables. These variables will also explained the main
components in the PCA.
The results of ANOVA show the most of variable are significant (Pvalue < 0, 05) except Zn, HCO3. Now that we know the groups differ in
some way, you need to learn more about the structure of the differences. For
this we will use the PCA in the second step.
Table 2: Results of ANOVA
pH
EC
Cu
Zn
Fe
Mn
Na
Mg
Ca
Cl
SO4
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Sum of squares
4,467
2,750
7,218
5383,241
82,574
5465,815
,006
,006
,012
1,537
25,060
26,597
,076
,087
,163
,009
,020
,029
37,536
,317
37,853
276233156,473
6031944,726
282265101,199
427388,545
4893,779
432282,324
2537572,979
53097,441
2590670,421
498724,665
455463,609
954188,274
854879264,598
14454138,138
869333402,737
10846507,370
2779784,993
df
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
4
58
Mean square
1,117
,047
F
23,550
Sig.
,000
1345,810
1,424
945,294
,000
,002
,000
14,714
,000
,384
,432
,889
,476
,019
,001
12,718
,000
,002
,000
6,326
,000
9,384
,005
1719,494
,000
69058289,118
103999,047
664,028
,000
106847,136
84,375
1266,329
,000
634393,245
915,473
692,968
,000
124681,166
7852,821
15,877
,000
213719816,150
249209,278
857,592
,000
2711626,843
47927,327
56,578
,000
154
HCO3
NO3
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
Between groups
Within groups
Total
13626292,363
11205,231
46602,524
57807,755
16200,723
25428,747
41629,471
62
4
58
62
4
58
62
2801,308
803,492
3,486
,013
4050,181
438,427
9,238
,000
In the PCA , Analysis of the results shows that the majority of

information is explained by the first three factorial axes (Tables 2 and 3 and
Figures 1 and 2). The contributions of different parameters in the expression
of the first three factorial. Axes C1, C2 and C3 are respectively 38.04%,
18.66 %and 9.39%, for a total of 81.5116% of the information explained.
The maximum total inertia accumulated, the planes formed by the factorial
axes C1 C2 and C1 C3. Thus, the importance of the physical-chemical
factor axes C1, C2 and C3 is needed.
Table 3 shows the degree of contribution of 15 physical-chemical
variables in the inertia factor axes C1, C2 and C3, and plans of Figures 1 and
2 shows the projection of these variables on the plans C1 C2 and C1 C3..
It is therefore advisable to assess the importance of the cosine of the angle
between the vector of this point and the projection plane of the variable to
evaluate the quality of the projection of this variable on a given factorial axis
or determine the correlation between the axis and the variable correlation
factor between the axis and the variable factor.
Indeed, the higher the degree of correlation is close to unity (1) plus
the variable is related to the factorial axis. Conversely, the higher the degree
of correlation is close to 0 (zero), unless the variable is bound to this axis.
The analysis of correlations between variables and the factorial axes reveals
the nature of these axes. The Figure 9 and Figure 10 show that the variables
studied are not all well represented by the circle of correlations. Indeed, Mn
did not present a sufficiently large degree of correlation with a given
principal axis. It would therefore not used in the explanation of these axes.
The variables contribute significantly to the axes C1, C2 and C3 are:
1. The axis C1 is essentially positively correlated with copper (Cu),
manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), the levels of nitrate NO3 (N3) and negatively
with sulfates (SO conductivity (EC), boron (B), sodium (Na), potassium (K),
calcium levels (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl).
2. Significantly, the C2 axis is negatively correlated positively with
the pH and bicarbonates (HCO3).
3. Similarly, the C3 axis is negatively correlated with levels of Zinc
(Zn).
155
Table 3: Eigen values, contributions and percentages of inertia explained by the first
three axes.
Eigenvalue
% Total
Cumulative
3,043227
38,04034
38,0403
C1
C2
1,684851
21,06064
59,1010
C3
1,268693
15,85866
74,9596
Table 4: Degree of correlation between variables and different axes.

Variable
Code
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
0,169737
-0,688914
0,499025
pH
Ph
0,876028
0,111779
-0,159300
Copper
Cu
0,077525
-0,274891
-0,856389
Zinc
Zn
0,893927
-0,201049
-0,039716
Iron
Fe
0,629374
-0,297725
-0,241145
Manganese
Mn
-0,858785
-0,217886
-0,093816
Sulfates
SO
-0,057004
0,842371
-0,195603
Bicarbonates
HCO3
0,552270
0,485865
0,392554
Nitrates
N3
-0,602117
-0,499876
0,220466
Electrical
EC
conductivity
-0,579770
-0,499370
0,239131
Boron
B
-0,559656
-0,526652
0,251445
Sodium
Na
-0,551423
-0,517958
0,257616
Potassium
K
-0,629260
-0,477796
0,198850
Magnesium
Mg
-0,754135
0,122963
-0,304919
Calcium
Ca
-0,567909
-0,516314
0,239004
Clorures
Cl
Figure 9: Projection of the variables in the factorial plan C1 C2.
156
157
Analysis plan C1x C2 and C1x C3

The projection of the "sampling" on the plane C1XC2 shows
differentiation of four groups:
- Group A: corresponding to wells with a high level of calcium.
These conditions are better performed well away from the lagoon
and the ocean.
- Group B: corresponding to wells a contamination level of Cu, and
NO3 HCO3.
- Group C: corresponding to samples with high mineralization such
as the ocean and lagoon water.
- Group D: corresponding to wells with a high concentration of iron
and manganese and characterized by a basic pH. (Figure 11)
Moreover, the projection plane C1xC3 summarizes and highlights
best ranking of three groups:
- Group A': corresponding to wells with low rate in Zinc.
- Group B': corresponding to wells having a high concentration of
Zinc (Figure 12)
3
C2
3
42
44
A
49
12
54
19
15
17
14
24209 34
Factor 2: 21,06%
60
6
18
5
32 22
27
2
25
29
30
33
31
23
7 26
45
8
4
59
46
40
13
39
36
47
38
41
4857
16
21
C1
56
37
55
43
-1
35
10
51
11
53
C
LG1
52
28
-2
58
-3
EM
50
LG2
-4
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Factor 1: 38,04%
Figure 11: Projection of records in the factorial C1 x C2
158
Active
Figure 12: Projection of records in the factorial C1 x C3
Conclusion
Studies conducted at water wells along the lagoon of Oualidia and
water at the entrance of the lagoon has a hydrochemical characterization of
these water resources. The Piper diagram can differentiate approximately the
wells in tow types according the facies."DOUAR BAKRI" has a facies hyper
chlorinated and hyper sulfated calcium. The other is "DOUAR OULAD
LHLAL has a facies generally chlorinated of sulfated calcium and
magnesium.
This could be explained by the geographical location of each Douar.
Namely "DOUAR OULAD LHLAL" is located upstream while "DOUAR
BAKIR" is located downstream of the lagoon, thus closest to the entry point
of the ocean waves. As the other samples exhibit a facies of chlorinated
general nature and sulfated calcium and magnesium, except for seawater,
lagoon waters and spring waters flowing into the lagoon, the facies is rather
chlorinated sodium and potassium, indicating a continuous exchange
between the lagoon and the sea water, so there is a renewal streaming water
lagoon which are replaced by seawater .
159
Besides, there is an intrusion of water into the underground water

lagoon of the source that would be responsible for the alteration of the
chemical profile of the initial water and chlorinated natural sulfated calcium
and magnesium uptake by the lagoon and sodium chlorides have substituted
the magnesium ions. Careful monitoring of the development of salinity is of
great necessity to carry on farming as desired.
The principal component analysis includes wells, according to its
chemical characterization. Water lagoon and wells near of the lagoon have a
strong mineralization which shows the interchange between the lagoon and
the wells by the issue of infiltration.
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European Scientific Journal March 2014 edition vol.10, No.

9 ISSN: 1857 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431

HYDRO CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

Boubker Jghalef, Student Chemistry

Ebrahim Alwashali, Student in Biology

Chakir Ashraf, Prof.

sulfate ions, calcium and magnesium. The analysis of main components

physical-chemical quality. We also used the typological analysis to locate the

analyzes is the "STATISTICA" developed by Statsoft France. (Escoufier Y.,

Figure 2 : Piper plot for waters sampled in DOUAR OULAD LHLAL

Figure 4 : Piper plot for waters sampled in

Hydrochemical properties of groundwater vary with lithology,

In the PCA , Analysis of the results shows that the majority of

Table 4: Degree of correlation between variables and different axes.

Figure 9: Projection of the variables in the factorial plan C1 C2.

Figure 10: Projection of the variables in the factorial plan C1 C3.

Figure 10: Projection of the variables in the factorial plan C1 C3.

Analysis plan C1x C2 and C1x C3

Figure 11: Projection of records in the factorial C1 x C2

Figure 12: Projection of records in the factorial C1 x C3

Besides, there is an intrusion of water into the underground water

variability on arsenic and boron enrichment . Journal of Hazardous

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