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A l Cl
Arlo
Clark-Foos
kF
( X M )
s=
N 1
The t Statistic
y
Hypothesis Tests:
Single--Sample t Tests
Single
Hypothesis Tests:
Single--Sample t Tests
Single
y
Degrees of Freedom:
The number of scores that are free to vary when
estimating a population parameter from a sample
df = N 1 (for a Single-Sample t Test)
Sample:
y 6, 6, 12, 7, 8
y
1.
Distribution of means
Assumptions
2.
1 = 2
1 2
s
2.490
sM =
=
= 1.114
N
5
4.
5.
( M M ) (7.8 4.6)
t=
=
= 2.873
sM
1.114
M k a decision
Make
d ii
6
6.
Paired--Samples t Test
Paired
y
Used to compare
p 2 means ffor a withingroups design, a situation in which every
pparticipant
p
is in both samples
p
(paired/dependent)
Paired--Samples t Test
Paired
Identifyy
2. State null & research hyp.
3 Determine characteristics of
3.
comparison distribution
H 0 : 1 = 2
1.
Paired--Samples t Test
Paired
Determine cutoffs
5. Calculate test statistic
(M M )
4.
t=
6
6.
M k a decision
Make
d ii
sM
Used to compare
p 2 means ffor a betweengroups design, a situation in which each
pparticipant
p
is assigned
g
to onlyy one condition.
What p
percentage
g of cartoons do men and
woman consider funny?
Women:
y Men:
y
84 97 58 90
88 90 52 97
86
1.
2.
H 0 : 1 = 2
Women will categorize the
same number of cartoons as
funny as will men.
men
H 1 : 1 2
Women
Wo
e will
w categorize
catego e a
different number of cartoons
funny as as will men.
3.
H0: 1 = 2
Measure of spread:
a) Calculate variance for each sample
b) Pool variances,
variances accounting for sample size
c) Convert from squared standard deviation to
squared standard error
d) Add the two variances
e) Take square root to get estimated standard error
for distribution of differences between means.
(
X
M
)
868.752
s X2 =
=
= 289.584
N 1
4 1
(
Y
M
)
1314 4
1314.4
sY2 =
=
= 328.6
N 1
5 1
Degrees
g
of Freedom
dfX = N 1 = 4 1 = 3
dfY = N 1 = 5 1 = 4
dfTotal = dfX + dfY = 3 + 4 = 7
Pooled Variance
b)
2
Pooled
2
Pooled
df X
=
dfTotal
2 dfY
sX +
dfTotal
2
sY
3
4
= 289.584 + 328.6
7
7
2
sPooled
= 124.107 + 187.771 = 311.878
2
MX
2
sPooled
311 878
311.878
=
=
= 77.970
N
4
2
MY
2
sPooled
311 878
311.878
=
=
= 62.376
N
5
4.
5.
dfTotal = 7
p = .05
t = 2.365
Make a decision