Ge6152 - Engg Graphics Ge 2111 Q A Form PDF

www.rejinpaul.
com
DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

GE-1101 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
UNIT 1
FREE-HAND SKETCHING
Problem 1
Sketch the orthographic views of the I BEAM given below.
Procedure
1. Decide the required views, i.e., Front and Right Side Views.
Top view not required.
2. Mark their directions in the Pictorial View.
3. Measure the overall Length L, Width W and Height H of the object.
4. Using L, W and H, mark spaces for the front and Right Side Views in the form of
rectangles [2H Pencil].
5. Mark the axes at the appropriate places [2H Pencil].
6. Sketch the details simultaneously in both Front and Right Side Views by drawing
the corresponding projects [2H Pencil].
7. Darken all the visible lines [HB Pencil].
8. Add the dimensions.
Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 2
Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial view shown in
fig.
Procedure
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 3
fig.
Procedure
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 4
fig.
Procedure
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 5
fig.
Procedure
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 6
fig.
Procedure
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 7
fig.
Procedure
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 8
Make free-hand sketches of object, the orthographic views of which are shown in fig.
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sketch the three isometric axes.

Draw the Top view and Front view of the object for the respective cases.
Transfer all the dimensions from the orthographic views to the isometric axes.
Darken the isometric view.
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem 9
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

www.rejinpaul.com
10

Problem 10
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

www.rejinpaul.com
11

Problem 11
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

www.rejinpaul.com
12

Problem 12
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

www.rejinpaul.com
13

Problem 13
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

www.rejinpaul.com
14

Problem 14
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

www.rejinpaul.com
15

Problem 15
Procedure
1.
1.
2.
3.

www.rejinpaul.com
16

Assignment problems
Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views from the following pictorial
view of the objects.
Problem1
Problem 2
Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views from the following pictorial
view of the objects.
17
www.rejinpaul.com

Make free-hand sketches of pictorial views from the following orthographic views.
www.rejinpaul.com
18

Problem 5
www.rejinpaul.com
19

Problem 6
www.rejinpaul.com
20

Problem 7
www.rejinpaul.com
21

Problem 8
www.rejinpaul.com
22

Problem 9
23
www.rejinpaul.com

CONICS
ELLIPSE
An ellipse is defined as a plane curve tracing the locus of point moving such that
the sum of its distances from two fixed points in the plane is always constant.
Example 1: Draw an ellipse for the distance of the focus from the directrix is 60 mm and
the eccentricity is .
Procedure:
1. Draw a line CD as the directrix.
2. Draw the axis perpendicular to the directrix through any point E on it.
3. Fix the focus F on the axis so that EF=60mm.
4. Divide EF into 7 equal parts using geometrical construction and locate the vertex
V on
VF
3
the fourth division from E. Now -------- =
---VE
4
5. Draw a perpendicular VG at V such that VG=VF. Join E and G
VG
VF
3
the fourth division from E. Now -------- =----= ---VE
VE
4
6. Mark an arbitrary point 1 on the axis and draw a perpendicular through 1 to meet
EG produced at 1.
7. With F as centre and the length 1-1 as radius, draw arcs to cut the perpendicular
through 1 at points a1 and a1.
The distance of point a1 from the directrix = distance E1.
Fa1
1-1 VG
3
-----=-------=------=------E1
E1
VE
4
Hence, a1 is a point on the ellipse. So also a1.
8. In the same way, mark 2,3,4etc. on the axis and repeat the same construction to
obtain points a2 and a2, a3 and a3, etc.
9. Draw the smooth curve through these points to get the required ellipse which is a
closed curve.
To draw a tangent and a normal to an ellipse at any point P on it
Method-1
Draw lines joining the given point P with the foci F1 and F2. Draw a line PN
bisecting <F1PF2. This line PN is the normal to the ellipse.
Through P, draw a line PT perpendicular to PN. The line PT is the tangent to the
ellipse at P.
www.rejinpaul.com
24

Method-2
Draw a line joining P and F. from F, draw a perpendicular to PF meeting CD at
M. Draw a line through P and M. This line is the required tangent. Through P, draw a
line PN perpendicular to Pm. This line PN is the normal to the ellipse at P.
PARABOLA
Parabola is defined as a plane curve by the locus of a point moving such a way
that its eccentricity is always equal to 1.
To draw the parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix
Example 2
Draw a parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix as 60 mm.
Procedure:
1. Draw a line CD as the directrix.
2. Draw the axis through any point E on CD.
3. Fix the focus F on the axis so that EF=60 mm. Since the eccentricity is equal
to 1, the vertex V can be located at the midpoint of EF.
4. Mark points 1,2,3 etc. on the axis arbitrarily and draw parallels to the directrix
through these points.
5. With F as centre and E1 as radius, draw arcs to cut the parallel through 1 at
two points marked 1.
6. With F as centre and E2 as radius, draw arcs to cut the parallel through 2 at
two points marked 2.
7. In the same way, obtain points 3, 4 etc. on both sides of the axis.
8. Join these points by a smooth curve to get the required parabola.
25
www.rejinpaul.com

To draw a tangent and a normal to the parabola at any point P on it

Method-1
Draw a line P and F. Through P, draw a line parallel to the axis. Bisect the
angle between PF and the line drawn parallel to the axis by a line PM. Then, the
line PM is the tangent to the parabola at P. Line PN drawn perpendicular to PM.
This line PN is the normal to the parabola at P.
Method-2
Draw a line joining P and F. From F, draw a line perpendicular to PF to
meet CD at M. Draw a line through P and M. This line through P and M is the
tangent to the parabola at P. From P, draw a line PN perpendicular to PM. This
line PN is the normal to the parabola at P.
26
www.rejinpaul.com

HYPERBOLA
To draw a hyperbola given the focus, directrix and eccentricity
Example 3
Draw a hyperbola given the distance of the focus from the directrix as 55 mm and
eccentricity as 1.5.
Procedure:
1. Let CD be the directrix. Draw the axis AB perpendicular to CD.
2. Locate the focus F on the axis at 55 mm from A. Fix the vertex V on the axis at
22 mm from A so that eccentricity =VF/VA = 33/22 = 3/2 = 1.5
3. Draw a line perpendicular to AB at V. Mark a point E on this perpendicular such
that VE=VF. Join A and E and produce.
4. Draw perpendiculars at points 1, 2 etc. on the axis to cut the line AE produced
at 1 ,2, etc.
5. With F as centre and radius equal to 1-1, draw arcs cutting the perpendicular
through 1 at a1 and a1 . With F as centre and radius equal to 2-2, draw arcs
cutting the perpendicular through 2 at a2 and a2.
6. Repeat the construction for points 3, 4 etc. and obtain points a3 and a3, a4 and
a4 etc.
7. Draw a smooth curve through these points. This curve is the required hyperbola.
To draw a tangent and normal at any point P on the hyperbola

Draw a line joining P and F. From F, draw a line perpendicular to PF to meet CD
at M. Draw a line through P and M. This line through P and M is the tangent to the
hyperbola at P. From P, draw a line PN perpendicular to PM. This line PN is the normal
to the hyperbola at P.
27
www.rejinpaul.com

SPECIAL CURVES
Cycloid
It is the curve traced out when a point on the circumference of a circle rolls
without sliding on another curve
Example 4:
Construct a cycloid given the radius of the generating circle = 30 mm. Also draw
a tangent to a point on the cycloid.
Procedure:
1. With O as centre and radius 30 mm draw a circle.
2. Mark a point A on the circle, which is the generating point.
3. Through A, draw a line AB tangent and equal to the circumference of the circle.
4. Divide the circle and the line AB into 12 equal parts and give notations.
5. From O, draw a line OC parallel and equal to AB.
6. Divide the line 12 equal parts and mark the points O1,O2,O3,
7. When the circle starts rolling towards right hand side the centre point O will move
to O1, also the point 1 of the circle coincides with 1 on AB. At this position the
point A on the circle have moved to the position 11 at a distance equal to 11 from
1 and at a distance R=30mm from O1. To obtain this point 11,first draw a line
through 1 parallel to AB. With O1 as centre, radius equal to 30 mm, draw an arc
cutting the line passing through 1 and 11. Similarly get the points 21,31,41,121.
8. Join the points 11,21,31,.. by free hand. The curve obtained is a cycloid.
To draw a tangent from a point P on the curve:
1. Mark the point P on the curve.
2. With P as centre, 30 mm as radius draw an arc, cutting the line OC at Q.
3. From Q draw a line QR perpendicular to AB.
4. Draw the line joining R & P. This is the normal to the curve at point P.
5. Draw a line PT perpendicular to RP, which is the tangent of the curve at point
P.
28
www.rejinpaul.com

EPICYCLOID
Example 5
Construct the path traced by a point on a circular disc radius of 30 mm rolls on a
circular path of radius 100 mm.
Procedure:
1. With O as centre 100 mm as radius draw the directing arc.
2. Draw the radial line OA & produce it to D such that AD = 30 mm.
3. With D as centre, DA as radius, draw the generating circle. Let point A be the
generating point.
4. Mark point B on the directing arc such that the arc length AB is equal to the
perimeter of the circular disk.
R
30
= ---- x 360 =
---- x 360 = 108.
R
100
5. Divide the circle and the arc AB into 12 equal parts and give notations.
6. From point D, draw an arc DC with O as centre and OD as radius such that
<BOA=<COD.
7. Divide the arc DC into 12 equal parts and mark the notations O 1,O2,O3
8. When the circle starts rolling towards right hand side the centre point D will move
to O1, also the point 1 of the circle coincides with 1 on AB. At this position the point
A on the circle have moved to the position 11 at a distance equal to 11 from 1 and at
a distance R=30mm from O1. To obtain this point 11,first draw a line through 1
parallel to AB. With O1 as centre, radius equal to 30 mm, draw an arc cutting the line
passing through 1 and 11. Similarly get the points 21,31,41,121.
9. Join the points 11,21,31,.. by free hand. The curve obtained is a Epi-cycloid.
29
www.rejinpaul.com

HYPOCYCLOID
Example 6
Construct the path traced by appoint on a circular disc of radius 30 mm rolls in a
circular path of radius 100 mm inside it.
Procedure:
1. With O as centre 100 mm as radius draw the directing arc.
2. Draw the radial line OA & produce it to D such that AD = 30 mm.
3. With D as centre, DA as radius, draw the generating circle. Let point A be the
generating point.
4. Mark point B on the directing arc such that the arc length AB is equal to the
perimeter of the circular disk.
R
30
= ---- x 360 =
---- x 360 = 108.
R
100
5. Divide the circle and the arc AB into 12 equal parts and give notations.
6. From point D, draw an arc DC with O as centre and OD as radius such that
<BOA=<COD.
7. Divide the arc DC into 12 equal parts and mark the notations O1,O2,O3
8. When the circle starts rolling towards right hand side the centre point D will move
to O1, also the point 1 of the circle coincides with 1 on AB. At this position the point
A on the circle have moved to the position 11 at a distance equal to 11 from 1 and at
a distance R=30mm from O1. To obtain this point 11,first draw a line through 1
parallel to AB. With O1 as centre, radius equal to 30 mm, draw an arc cutting the line
passing through 1 and 11. Similarly get the points 21,31,41,121.
10. Join the points 11,21,31,.. by free hand. The curve obtained is a Hypo-cycloid.
30
www.rejinpaul.com

Involute:
It is the curve traced by an end of a string when unwound from a circle or a
regular polygon.
Example 7:
Construct an involute of a square of side 30 mm.
Procedure:
1.
Draw the square with side = 30 mm.
2.
With 1 as centre 14 as radius draw an arc till it cuits the line 21, at 1, if produced.
3.
Follow the same to complete the full curve. It should be drawn using compass. It
is composed of arc segments.
Example 8:
Draw an involute of a regular pentagon of side 30 mm.
31
www.rejinpaul.com

Procedure:
1.
Draw the square with side = 30 mm.
2.
With 1 as centre 15 as radius draw an arc till it cuts the line 21, at 1, if produced.
3.
Follow the same to complete the full curve. It should be drawn using compass. It
is composed of arc segments.
Example 9:
Construct an involute of a circle of radius 30 mm. also draw the tangent to a point
on the involute.
Procedure:
1.
With O as centre, radius equal to 30 mm, draw a circle.
2.
Let point A be the generating point / starting point.
3.
Divide the circle into 12 parts and give the notations.
4.
If a thread to be partly unwound from the point A upto 1 1, the point A will move
to the position 11 such that 111 is equal to the arc length 1A and also the line 111 is
tangent to the circle.
5.
To get the point 11, through the point 1 draw a line tangent to the circle. Mark the
point 11 such that 111= arc length 1A.
6.
Similarly get the points 21, 31, 41,
7.
Join the points 11, 21, 31, by free hand. The curve obtained is an involute.
To draw tangent from a point P on the curve :
1.
2.
3.
Mark the point P on the curve. Draw the line joining P&O.
With mid point of PO as centre PO as diameter draw a semicircle, intersecting the
circle at Q.
Draw line joining P&Q, which is a normal line to the curve at the point P>
www.rejinpaul.com
32
4.

Draw the line RS passing through P and perpendicular to PQ, which is the
required tangent.
UNIT II
PROJECTION OF POINTS
PROBLEM 1:
Point A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP.Draw its front view and top view.
Procedure
1. Point A is 20 mm above HP. Hence a is the front view of the point A and it is 20
mm above the XY line.
2. point A is 30 mm in front of VP.Hence a is the top view of the point A and it is
30 mm in front of XY.
3. Front view: Draw the XY line and draw a projector at any point on it. Mark a 20
mm above XY on the projector.
4. Top view: On the same projector, Mark a 30 mm below XY.
www.rejinpaul.com
33

PROBLEM 2:
A point A is 35 mm above HP and lying on VP. Draw its projections.
Procedure
1. Point A is 35 mm above HP. Hence a is 35 mm above XY.
2. Therefore mark a 35 mm above XY
3. Point A is on VP. So its top view lies on XY itself.
4. Therefore mark a on the projector drawn from a.
PROBLEM 3:
Draw the projections of point A lying on HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
Procedure
1. Point A is lying on HP. And so its front view a lies on XY line.
2. Therefore draw the XY line .Mark a on it.
3. Point A 30 mm in front of VP. Therefore its top views a lies on HP itself and in front
of XY.
4. Mark a 30 mm below XY on the projector drawn from a.
www.rejinpaul.com
34

PROBLEM 4:
Draw the projections of point F lying in HP and VP.
PROBLEM 5:
Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference line:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
P, 35 mm behind the VP and 20 mm below the HP

Q, 40 mm in front of the VP and 30 mm above the HP
R,50 mm behind the VP and 15 mm above the HP
S,40 mm below the HP and in the VP
T,30 mm in front of the VP and 50 mm below the HP
U,35 mm behind the VP and in the HP
www.rejinpaul.com
35

PROBLEM 6:
Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line. Take 30 mm
distance between the projectors.
A, 35 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP.
B, 40 mm below HP and 15 mm behind VP.
C, 50 mm above HP and 25 mm behind VP.
D, 45 mm below HP and 20 mm in front of VP.
E, 30 mm behind VP and on HP.
F, 35 mm below HP and on VP.
G, on both HP and VP.
H, 25 mm below HP and 25 mm in front of VP.
PROBLEM 7:
A point E is 20 mm above HP and in VP. Draw its projections.
Procedure
1. Draw the reference line XY.
2. Mark a point e at a distance of 20 mm above XY. Through this point draw a line
perpendicular to XY.
3. Mark the top view e on XY line.
www.rejinpaul.com
36

PROBLEMS 8:
A point A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.
Procedure
1. Draw the reference line XY.
2. Mark a point a at a distance of 20 mm above XY. Through this point draw a
perpendicular line to XY.
3. Mark the top view a at a distance of 30 mm below XY.
Assignment problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A point R is 25 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.

A point B is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm behind VP. Draw its projections.
A point C is 20 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP. Draw its projections.
A point D is 20 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.
Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line. Take 30
mm distance between the projectors.
P, 30 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP.
Q, 20 mm below HP and 15 mm behind VP.
R, 50 mm above HP and 45 mm behind VP.
S, 50 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP.
T, 30 mm behind VP and on HP.
U, 15 mm below HP and on VP.
V, on both HP and VP.
A, 45 mm below HP and 20 mm in front of VP.
www.rejinpaul.com
37

PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES

PROBLEM 1
A line PQ, 50 mm long is perpendicular to the HP and 15 mm in front of the VP. The end
P, nearer to the HP is 20 mm above it. Draw the projections of the line.
Procedure
1. The line PQ is perpendicular to the HP and hence is parallel to the VP.The front
view will show the true length.
2. Mark the front view p of the end P at 20 mm above XY and the top view p,15
mm below XY.Draw a line pq of length 50 mm perpendicular to XY to
represent the front view.
3. The top view is a point 15 mm below XY. The end Q is only is visible in the top
view and thus the visible q coincides with invisible p.
www.rejinpaul.com
38

PROBLEM 2
A line PQ, 70 mm long is parallel to the HP and inclined at 30 deg to the VP.The end
P is 25 mm above the HP and 40 mm in front of the VP.Draw the projections of the
straight line.
Procedure
1. The line PQ is parallel to the HP and hence the top view will show the true
length and true inclination with the VP.The front view will be parallel to XY.
2. Mark the top view p of P,40 mm below XY and its front view p 25 mm above
XY.Draw a line pq of length 70 mm at 30 deg to XY.
3. Draw a line parallel to XY through p.Draw a projector through q to meet the
parallel through p at q
4. Then pq and pq are the top view and front view resp. of the line PQ.
www.rejinpaul.com
39

PROBLEM 3
A line MN 70 mm long lies in the VP and has the end M in both the HP and the VP. It is
inclined at 35 deg to the HP.Draw the projections of the line.
Procedure
1. The line lies in the VP, the front view will show the true length and inclination of
the line with the HP.The top view lies in XY.
2. Mark m and m at any point in XY.Draw a line mn of length 70 mm inclined at
35 deg to XY.
www.rejinpaul.com
40

PROBLEM 4
A line PQ, 60 mm long has one end p,20 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of the
VP.The line is parallel to the HP.The front view has a length of 50 mm.Find its true
inclination with the VP.
Procedure
1. Since the line is parallel to the HP, the top view will show the true length and
true inclination of the line with the VP.The front view parallel to XY.
2. Mark the front view of P,20 mm above XY and top view 35 mm below
XY.Draw pq of length 50 mm parallel to XY.
www.rejinpaul.com
41

3. Draw a projector through q with p as centre and true length 60 mm as radius,

draw an arc to cut the projector drawn through q at q.
PROBLEM 5
One end P of a line PQ, 55 mm long is 35 mm in front of the VP and 25 mm above the
HP.The line is inclined at 40 deg to the HP and 30 deg to the VP.Draw the projections of
PQ.
Procedure
1. Locate the top view p of P, 35 mm below xy and the front view p, 25 mm above
xy.
2. It is next required to find the length of the top view and front view of the line and
also the paths of the end Q in the top view and front view. The line is first
assumed to be parallel to the VP and inclined at 40 deg to the HP. Then the front
view will have the true length and will be inclined at 40 deg to xy.
www.rejinpaul.com
42

3. Project q1 to q1 on the line drawn to xy through p.then pq1 will give the length
of the top view of the line.
4. Next the line is assumed to be parallel to HP and inclined at 30 deg to VP. Then
the top view will have true length and inclined at 30 deg to xy. Draw pq2 inclined
at 30 deg to xy and make pq2 = 55 mm.
5. Project q2 to q2 on the line drawn to xy through p.pq2 will represent the length
of the front view of the line.
6. Draw a line ab through q1 parallel to xy. This line is path of the end Q in front
view. Similarly, draw cd through q2 parallel to xy to represent the path of q
in top view.
7. with p as centre and pq2 as radius draw an arc to cut the path ab at q.draw a
line joining p and q.
8. Similarly with p as centre and pq1 as radius draw an arc meeting the path cd at q.
draw a line joining p and q.
9. Then pq is the required top view and pq the front view of the line PQ.
PROBLEM 6
One end S of a line SR, 70 mm long is in both the HP and the VP.Then line is inclined at
40 deg to the HP and at 35 deg to the VP.Draw its projection.
Procedure
1. Both the top view and front view of S coincide and line in xy. To find the length
of top view the line is assumed to be parallel to the VP and inclined at 40 deg to
the HP. The line will lie in the VP and hence top view will lie in xy.accordingly
draw sr1 inclined at 40 deg to xy and to have length of 70.project r1 to r1 on
xy. Then sr1 is length of top view.
2. Similarly draw sr2 inclined at 35 deg to xy to have a length of 70 mm. project r2
to r2 on xy. Sr2 is length of front view.
www.rejinpaul.com
43

3. Draw ab through r1 parallel to xy and cd through r2 parallel to xy. Then ab and

cd are the paths of the end R in front view and top view resp.
4. with s as center and radius sr2.draw an arc to cut ab at r.with the same centre
and radius sr1,draw an arc to meet cd at r. draw a line joining s and r.
PROBLEM 7
A line NS, 80 mm long has its end N, 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP.The
other end S is 65 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of VP.Draw the projections of the
line and find its true inclinations with HP and VP.
Procedure
1. Mark the projections of one of the points say N. draw ab and cd parallel to xy 65
mm above xy and 50 mm below xy respectively.ab and cd are the loci of the end
S.
2. with n as centre and 80 mm radius draw an arc meeting ab at s1.project s1 to s1
on line drawn through n parallel to xy.
www.rejinpaul.com
44

3. With n as centre and radius ns1, draw an arc to cut cd at s.project s to s on ab.
join ns and ns. Then ns and ns are top view and front view respectively.
PROBLEM 8
A line PQ has its end P, 10 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. The end Q is
35 mm in front of the VP. The front view of the line measures 75 mm.The distance
between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and find its true
length and its true inclinations with the VP and the HP.
Procedure
1. Locate the projections p and p. draw a projector perpendicular to xy at 50 mm
from the projector pp. on this projector, mark q at a distance of 35 mm below xy.
2. with p as centre and 75 mm as radius, draw an arc to cut the projector through q
at q.pq and pq are the required projections of PQ.
www.rejinpaul.com
45

3. Assume the line to be parallel to the VP.the top view will be parallel to xy. The
front view will show true length and true inclination of the line with HP.
4. Next the line is assumed to be parallel to HP and inclined to VP. With centre p
and radius pq draw an arc to meet the line drawn through p parallel to xy at
q2.it can be checked that pq1 = pq2.
PROBLEM 9
A line PQ has its end P, 10 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. The end Q is
35 mm in front of the VP. The front view of the line measures 75 mm.The distance
between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and find its true
length and its true inclinations with the VP and the HP ( by using rotating trapezoidal
plane method)
Procedure
1. P1 Q1 AND P2 Q2 represents the same true length. Produce Q1 P1 and qp to
meet at a point. This point locates the VT of the line and the angle included
www.rejinpaul.com
46

between Q1 P1 produced and qp produced gives true inclination of the lie

with the VP .
2. The same construction is repeated with the top view and angle , inclination of the
line with HP is obtained. The intersection of pq and P2 Q2 locates the HT.
Assignment problems
1. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The
line is kept perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
line is kept perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections. Also mark
the traces.
3. A line MN 60 mm long has its end M 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
The line is kept parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections.
www.rejinpaul.com
47

4. A line PQ 50 mm long has its end P 40 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The
line is kept inclined at 40 deg to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections. Also
mark the traces.
line is kept inclined at 40 deg to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
6. A line CD 65 mm long has its end C 20 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Its
front view has a length of 35 mm. Draw its projections and find the inclination of the
line with VP.
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
PROBLEM 1
A square lamina ABCD of side 26 mm is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw
its projections.
Procedure
1. From the given statement decide the view to be drawn first. Lamina is parallel to
VP and when viewed from the front it is seen in true shape and size.therfore draw
the front view first.
www.rejinpaul.com
48

2. Front view: the lamina ABCD is above HP.so draw its front view abcd in true
size above xy.
3. Top view: when the plane is viewed from the top, edge BC is seen in true length
and parallel to VP.so draw its top view be parallel to and below xy.
4. To mark invisible corners in the top view: look at the front view in the direction
of arrow shown. a and d are hidden by b and c respectively.therfore in the top
view, ad coincides with bc and is marked as (a) (d).now bc(d)(a) is top view.
5. To obtain H.T and V.T: extend the plane to meet the HP. the extension coincides
with the top view. So the top view bc(d)(a) itself is the H.T.
6. Extend the plane to meet the VP. Since the plane is parallel to VP. It will not meet
it and hence no V.T.
PROBLEM 2
A square lamina of side 35 mm is parallel to the HP with one of its sides inclined at 30
deg to the VP. The lamina is 20 mm above HP. Draw its top and front views.
Procedure
1. The lamina parallel to HP, its top view is drawn first. Draw a square pqrs of side
35 mm with one of its sides sp inclined at30 deg to xy. This is the required top
view.
www.rejinpaul.com
49

2. Project each of the corners p,q,r and s draw the front view as a line 20 mm above
xy since surface is 20 mm above the HP. The line pr is required front view.
Since s is hidden, it is shown within brackets.
PROBLEM 3
A hexagonal plate of side 35 mm rests on the HP on one of its sides perpendicular to the
VP. Draw its projections when its surface is inclined at 50 deg to the HP.
Procedure
1. The hexagon is assumed to be lying in the HP with one of its sides perpendicular
to VP. The top view shows the true shape with one of the sides perpendicular to
xy. The front view is the line qs lying on xy.
www.rejinpaul.com
50

2. Since the surface of the hexagon is inclined at 50 deg to HP, the front view is
tilted about q so that it makes an angle of 50 deg with xy.
3. project r1,s1,t1 and u1 on to lines drawn parallel to xy through r,s,t and u to
obtain points r1,s1,t1 and u1 resp. join p,q,r1,s1,t1 and u1 in proper order to get
the required top view.
PROBLEM 4
A circular lamina of dia 60 mm is held vertical with its surface inclined at 45 deg to VP.
Its centre is 40 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of the VP. Draw its top and front
views.
Procedure
1. The first stage front view is a circle of dia 60 mm with its centre 40 mm above xy.
2. The first stage top view is a line of length 60 drawn parallel to xy 30 mm from it.
www.rejinpaul.com
51

3. The second stage the top view is titled by 45 deg to xy.

4. The second stage the front view is drawn by projecting the division points of the
circle in tilted top view to meet the horizontals drawn from the respective division
points in the first front view.
PROBLEM 5
A hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on the HP on one of its sides inclined at 45 to the
VP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 with the HP. Draw the front and top
views of the plate.
Procedure
1. Draw the projections of the hexagonal plate in its simple position with the plate
lying on HP with one of its sides perpendicular to the VP.
www.rejinpaul.com
52

2. The front view is drawn as a line u1s1 inclined at 30 deg to xy.

3. Project the top view from the new front view. P1 q1 r1 s1 t1 u1 is the top view
thus obtained.
4. Redraw the top view so that the resting edge p1 u1 makes 45 deg with xy.
Project the final front view by drawing vertical projectors from p2, q2, etc
PROBLEMS 6
A square lamina of side 40 mm has its surface parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Draw its projections when one of the sides is inclined at 30 deg to HP.
Procedure
1. Draw a line inclined at 30 deg to XY. Arbitrarily mark the side 40 mm of the
square on this line and construct the square. Name the corners as abcd.
www.rejinpaul.com
53

2. Project the top view of the plane by projecting all the corners from the front view
which is a line a(b)cd drawn parallel to the XY line.
PROBLEM 7
A circular plate of diameter 50 mm has its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular to
VP. Its centre is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.
Procedure
1. Mark the projections of the centre of the circle its front view o is 20 mm above
XY.
www.rejinpaul.com
54

2. Draw the top view of the plane with o as centre and 25 mm radius. Project the
front view of the plane by projecting the top view which is a line passing through
o and parallel to XY line.
Assignment problems
1. A square plate of side 40 mm has its surface perpendicular to both HP and VP. One of
the sides of the plate is inclined at 30 deg to HP. Draw its projections.
2. A pentagonal plate of side 30 mm is placed with one side on HP and the surface
inclined at 50 deg to HP perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
55
www.rejinpaul.com

3. A square lamina of side 35 mm has its surface perpendicular to both HP and VP. One
of the sides of the plate is inclined at 30 deg to VP. Draw its projections.
4. A pentagonal plate of side 30 mm is placed with one side on VP and the surface
inclined at 50 deg to VP perpendicular to HP. Draw its projections.
5. A hexagonal plate of size 40 mm is placed with a side on VP and the surface inclined
at 50 deg to VP perpendicular to HP. Draw its projections.
6. A circular lamina of diameter 60 mm has its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular
to VP. Its centre is 40 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections
UNIT III
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Problem.1
Draw the top and front views of a cube of 40 mm side resting with one of the square
faces on H.P. such that one of its vertical faces is parallel to and 10mm in front of V.P.
Procedure:
1. Look at the pictorial view. top faces ABCD and bottom face 1234 are connected
by four vertical faces bounded by vertical edges A1
56
www.rejinpaul.com

2. To obtain the projections of the cube , first draw the projection of its top face
ABCD and bottom face 1234 .then connect them by straight lines in correct
sequence i.e. join the projections of the edges A1,B2,C3 and D4.
3. Cube rests with a face on H.P. so top face ABCD is parallel to H.P, and edges CD
of a vertical face is parallel to and in front of V.P .so draw the top view abcd, a
square of 40mm side with its edge CD parallel to and 10mm below XY.
4. Bottom face 1234 is hidden by the top face abcd .so in the top view mark the
bottom face as a (1) (2) (3) and (4).such that (1) and a coincide, (2) and b coincide
etc. thus complete the top view.
5. Draw the projection from the top view.
6. Look at the cube from the front .bottom face 1234 is on H.P. so draw the front
views of the bottom faces as1234on XY.
7. Height 40mm is seen in front view. therefore draw a horizontal line 40mm above
XY to cut the projectors drawn from a, b, c and at a, b, cand drespectively.
8. To draw the visible and invisible edges in the front view.
Problem.2.
Draw the projections of a square prism of side of base 30mm and height 50mm resting
with its on H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces is perpendicular to V.P. the nearest
edge parallel to V.P. is 5mm in front of it.
Procedure:
57
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Look at the pictorial view. ABCD is top faces. 1234 is base and rectangular faces
are bounded by the vertical edgesA1, B2, C3 and D4.
2. Prism rests with its square base on H.P and hence the axis is perpendicular to H.P
so top views gives true size of the end face and draw it first.
3. To draw the top view, look at the prism from the top: prism rests with its base on
H.P. hence top faces abcd is parallel to H.P. face b2, c3 is perpendicular to V.P
and edge CD is parallel to and 5mm in front of V.P. So draw the top view abcd, a
square of 30mm side with edge BC perpendicular XY .edge CD is parallel to and
5mm below XY.
4. Base 1234 is hidden by ABCD .so in the top view mark the four corners of base
as (1),(2),(3) and(4).such that (1)and a coincide,(2)and b coincide etc
5. To draw the front view
6. To draw visible and invisible edges in the front view.
Problem.3.
A triangular prism of base of side 35 mm and 50mm rests with its base on H.P such that
one of its rectangular faces is perpendicular to V.P. draw its projections. The nearest edge
parallel to V.P. is 10mm in front of it.
Procedure:
58
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Look at the pictorial view. Since the prism rests with its base on H.P., its base on
H.P., and its axis is perpendicular to H.P. Hence its top view gives true size of the
end face. So draw it first.
2. To draw the top view.
3. To draw the front view.
4. To draw the visible and invisible edges in the front views.
Problem.4.
Draw the projections of a regular prism of side of base 30mm and axis 55mm resting with
its base on H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces is perpendicular to V.P.
Procedure:
59
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Look at the pictorial view. ABCDE is the top face and 12345 is base. Since the
prism rests with its base on H.P. top view gives true size of the end face. So draw
it first.
2. To draw the top view :
3. To draw the front view:
Problem.5.
Draw the projections of a hexagonal prism of side of base 25mm and axis 50mm resting
with its base on H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces is perpendicular to V.P.
Procedure:
60
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Look at the pictorial view. ABCCDE is the top face and 12345 is base. Since the
prism rests with its base on H.P. top view gives true size of the end face. So draw
it first.
2. To draw the top view :
Problem.6.
Draw the projections of a regular pentagonal prism of side of base 30mm and axis 60mm
resting with its base on H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces is parallel to and in
front of V.P.
Procedure:
61
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Since the prism rests with its base on H.P., the top view gives the true size of the
end face. Hence draw it first.
2. To draw the top view:
Problem.7.
Draw the projections of a cylinder of base 30mm and axis 50mm long resting with its
base on H.P. and axis 25 mm in front of V.P.
Procedure:
62
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Look at the pictorial view. Both the end faces are connected by a number of
generators.
Problem.8.
A square pyramid side of base 30mm and axis 50mm long resting with its base on H.P.
such that one of its edges of the base is parallel to and 10mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections
63
www.rejinpaul.com

Procedure:
1. Look at the pictorial view. Base is on H.P. Hence axis is perpendicular to H.P. so
the top views gives the true size of the base and hence draw it first.
Problem.9.
Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30mm and height 60mm
resting with its base on H.P. such that one of its edges of the base is perpendicular to V.P.
Procedure:
64
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Look at the pictorial view. Base ABCDE; apex-O and slant edges are OA, OB,
and OC etc.
2. Base is on H.P. hence axis is perpendicular to HP true size of the base is seen in
the top view and hence draws it first.
Problem.10.
A hexagonal pyramid side of base 30mm rests with its base on H.P. such that one of its
edges of the base is parallel to and 10mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections
Procedure:
65
www.rejinpaul.com

Problem.11.
A tetrahedron of side 40mm rests with its base on H.P. Draw the projections (a) when one
of its edges is perpendicular to V.P. and (b)when one of its edges to parallel to and 10
mm in front of V.P.
66
www.rejinpaul.com

Procedure:
Problem.12.
Draw the projections of a right circular cone of base 40mm diameter and height 60mm
when resting with its base on H.P.
Procedure:
67
www.rejinpaul.com

1. To view gives the true size of the base. So draw it first.

Problem.13.
A square prism of base 35mm and height 50mm rests with its base on H.P. such that one
of its rectangular faces is inclined at an angle of 30 0 to V.P. draw the projections.
Procedure:
68
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Top face of the ABCD is parallel to H.P. and is seen in true size in top view. So
draw it first.
Problem.14.
A square prism of base 30mm and axis 45mm long lies on H.P. Such that its axis is
parallel to both H.P. and V.P. draw the top and front views of the prism when (1) it lies
with one of its rectangular faces on H.P. and (2) it lies with one of its longer edge on H.P.
Procedure:
Case (I): when lying with one of its rectangular faces on H.P.
69
www.rejinpaul.com

1. First assume the prism in its simple position .i.e. resting with its base on H.P. such
that one of its rectangular faces is perpendicular to V.P. to enable to tilt the prism
on the right side of lie on that rectangular face.
5. Draw the final top view.
Case (II): when lying with one of its longer edges on H.P.
1. For this, assume that the two rect. Faces containing the longer edge make equal
inclination with H.P. so while drawing the top view in simple position, imaginary
line connecting the centre of the base with its corner should be parallel to V.P.
5. Draw the final top view
Problem.15.
Draw the top, front and left side views of a cone base diameter 40mm and altitude 45mm
when its base is kept parallel to the VP.
Procedure:
70
www.rejinpaul.com

1. The front view is circle of diameter 40mm with a point o at the centre
corresponding to the apex
4. To draw left side view is drawn in the usual manner. It is also a triangle.
Problem.16.
A hexagonal prism side of base 20mmand length 50mm lies on the ground on one of its
rectangular faces with the axis parallel to both the H.P and the VP. Draw its projection.
Procedure:
71
www.rejinpaul.com

4. To draw the visible and invisible edges in the front view
Problem.17.
A triangular pyramid of base edge 40mm and altitude 60mm is resting on the HP on
one of its base edges with its axis parallel to both the HP and VP. Draw its top and front
views.
72
www.rejinpaul.com

Procedure:
1. Look at the pictorial view. Base is on H.P. Hence axis is parallel to H.P. so the top
views gives the true size of the base and hence draw it first.
4. To draw the visible and invisible edges in the front view
Problem.18.
Draw the projection of a square pyramid of base of side 30mm and axis 50mm when it is
resting on the HP on one of its base corners with a base side containing the corner
www.rejinpaul.com
73

making 350 with the HP. The axis is inclined at 300 to the VP and is parallel to the HP
and the vertex is away from the VP.
Procedure:
1. To start with, assume the axis of the pyramid to be perpendicular to the VP and
parallel to the HP. Draw the front view in this simple position with one of the
corners in XY and abase side containing that corner making 35 0 with XY.
2. Project the top view from the front view. The axis is perpendicular to xy in the top
view and the vertex is away from xy.
3. The second and the final views is obtained by the change of position method
.accordingly, the first view is redrawn so that the axis is inclined at 300 to xy.
4. Draw the top view
5. The views are finished as shown in fig.
The tilted top view and the second front view are the required projections. The
invisible edges are shown in dashed lines.
Problem.19.
www.rejinpaul.com
74

Draw the projection of a hexagonal prism of base side 20mm and axis length 50mm when
it is lying on the ground on one of its rectangular faces and the axis is inclined at 350 to
the VP.
Procedure:
Change of position method
1. The position of the top view is changed such that the axis is inclined at 350 to xy.
The means that the top view is to be redrawn with its axis inclined at 35 0 to xy.
The change of position will not alter the shape and size of the top view.
2. The different corners of the tilted top view are projected upwards. Horizontal
lines are drawn from different points in the front view. The meeting points of the
projectors and horizontal lines fix the points in the second front view. For the
instance, the point of intersection of the second front view similarity, other
corners are located.
3. Draw the to p view
4. Draw the front view.
5. Project the lines from the top view and we will get the true shape of the prism.
Problem.20.
www.rejinpaul.com
75

Draw the projection of a cylinder of diameter 50mm and axis 80mm when it is lying on
the ground with its axis inclined at 450 to the VP and parallel to the ground.
Procedure:
2. Draw the top view. They are drawn by the cylinder are drawn with its axis
perpendicular to the VP and parallel to HP.
3. The top view redrawn such that the axis is inclined at 45 0 to xy.
4. The points in the second front view are located by drawing the projectors from the
tilted top view and horizontal lines from the first front view. For instance, the
point of intersection of the projector from p1 and the horizontal line from p.
5. Draw the visible and invisible line.
Problem.21.
www.rejinpaul.com
76

A square pyramid of base side 30mm, axis length 50mm has one of its triangular faces in
the VP and the axis parallel to and 25 mm above the HP. Draw its projection.
Procedure:
1. Draw the top view.
3. The top view is projected from the front view.
4. The top is tilted such that one of its faces is in xy since one of the faces is in xy
since one of the triangular faces is in the VP.
5. Project the second front view from the tilted top as shown in fig.
Problem.22.
www.rejinpaul.com
77

A square prism of base side 35mm, axis length 60mm lies on the HP on one of its longer
edges with its faces equally inclined to the HP. Draw its projections when its axis is
inclined at 300 to the VP.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Draw the top view.

Draw the front view.
project the simple top view
Redraw the top view such that its axis is inclinedat300 to xy.
Project the second front view by drawing vertical projectors from the corners in
the tilted top view and horizontal lines from the first view.
Problem.23.
www.rejinpaul.com
78

A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm, axis length 60mm rests on the hp on one of its
edges with its inclined at 600 to the HP and parallel to the VP. Draw its top and front
view.
Procedure:
1. Draw the simple top view below xy. It is a hexagon of side 30 mm with two sides
perpendicular.
2. Project the simple front view from the simple top view by drawing projectors
from the corners in the top view perpendicular to xy. Only three vertical edges are
seen. Name the corners as shown in fig.
Problem.24.
www.rejinpaul.com
79

Draw the projections of hexagonal prism of base side 20mm and axis length 50mm lies
on the ground on one of its edges of the base and axis inclined at 350to the ground and
parallel to the VP.
Procedure:
1. Simple top view is drawn first with the axis of the prism perpendicular to the
ground and one of the edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. Front view is
projected from it.
2. Then, the front view is tilled so that the axis is inclined at 350 to xy. The second
top view is projected from the tilled front view as shown in fig.
3. The upper end p1q1r1 s1 t1 u1 is visible and is drawn by using full lines. The longer
edges are drawn next and the other end is finished at the end. The prism rests on
the ground on the ground on the edge 61 of the base. The longer edges p 111 and u1
61 are hidden but parts of them coincide with visible edges. The edges 2 111,1161
and 6151 of the lower end are hidden.
Problem.25.
www.rejinpaul.com
80

A cylinder of diameter 30mm and axis length 50mm is resting on the hp on a point so that
its axis is inclined at 450 to the HP and parallel to the VP. Draw its top and front views.
Procedure:
1. Draw the projections of the cylinder in simple position.
2. Redraw the front view so that the axis is inclined at 450 to xy with a point of the
base touching XY.
3. Project the second top view in the usual manner. Since corners are not present,
about 8 to 12 points are located on the periphery of the ends and they are
projected.
Problem.26.
81
www.rejinpaul.com

A cone of base diameter 40 mm and altitude 80mm rests on the HP with its axis inclined
at 300 to the HP and parallel to the VP. Draw its front and top views.
Procedure:
1. After having drawn the simple projections of the cone as shown in fig, the front
view is tilted so that the axis is inclined at 300 to xy.
2. Project the second top view from the tilted front view in the usual manner. One
half of the ellipse representing the base is hidden and hence is shown by dashed
line.
Assignment Problems (to be solved in A2 sheet)
82
www.rejinpaul.com

1. Draw the projections of a triangular prism of base of equilateral triangle of side

35mm when it is resting on its base on the ground. One of its rectangular faces is
perpendicular to both the hp and VP. The length of the axis is 40mm.
2. Draw the projections of a right circular cylinder of base diameter 25mm and axis
length 45mm when it rests the hp on its base.
3. Draw the front, top and right side views of pentagonal prism base of side 25mm,
axis 35mm when it is resting on hp on its base with one of the edges of the base
inclined at 30 0 to the VP.
4. Draw the projections of a hexagonal prism of base side 20mm and axis length
50mm when it rests on the ground on one of the edges of the base and the axis
inclined at 350 to the ground and parallel to the VP.
5. A square prism of base side 35mm and axis length 60mm rests on one of its base
edges on the hp with its axis inclined at 300 to the hp and parallel to the VP. Draw
its plan and elevation.
6. A cylinder of diameter 30mm and axis length 50mm is resting on the hp on a
point so that its axis is inclined at 450 to the hp and parallel to the VP. Draw its
top and front views.
7. A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 35mm and altitude 80mm rests on one of its
base edges on the hp with its axis inclined at 300 to the hp and parallel to the VP.
Draw its plan and elevation.
8. A cone of base diameter 50mm and altitude 80mm rests on the hp with its axis
inclined at 30 0 to the hp and parallel to the VP. Draw its front and top views.
83
www.rejinpaul.com

UNIT IV
SECTION OF SOLIDS
Example 1: A pentagonal pyramid of base side 20 mm and altitude 55 mm rests on its
base on the HP with one of the base edges perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a plane
inclined at 50 deg to the base. The cutting plane meets the axis at 15 mm above the base.
Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape of the section.
Steps to be followed:
The top and front views of the pyramid are drawn with the cutting plane shown
as a straight line inclined at 50 deg to xy in the front view.
The cutting plane cuts 4 slant edges and 2 edges of the base which are numbered
as shown in fig. They are projected on the corresponding slant and bottom edges
to obtain points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the plan.
These points are joined in proper order. The fig 123456 is the section shown in
plan.
The true shape of the section is obtained by projecting the section on an AIP as
shown. The fig 11 21 31 41 51 61 shows the true shape of the section. Hatch the
cut surface in the plan and the true shape.
84
www.rejinpaul.com

Example 2: A cone of base diameter 50 mm and altitude 60 mm rests on its base on the
HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to one of the extreme
generators, 10 mm away from it. Draw the sectional plan and the true shape of the
section.
Draw the top view and front views of the cone and show the cutting plane by its
VT drawn parallel to one of the extreme generators, 10 mm away from it. The
cutting plane cuts all but three generators on the right.
Number the cutting points and project them in the plan as shown in fig. Points 6
and 7 are projected as points 6 and 7 on the circle in the plan.
Points 4 and 9 cannot be projected directly and are projected by using the
special construction explained.
Join points 6 and 7 by a straight line. Draw a smooth curve through
6,5,4,3,2,1,11,10,9,8,7. The fig enclosed between the curve and the straight line
67 shows the section in plan, which is only the apparent section.
www.rejinpaul.com
85

Example 3: A pentagonal pyramid side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm long, rests with
its base on HP and an edge of its base is parallel to VP. A section plane perpendicular to
VP and inclined at 45 deg to HP passes through the axis at a point 35 mm above the base.
Draw the sectional top view.
Draw the top and front views as in the previous example.

Place the cutting plane inclined to HP.
Mark the meeting points of SP with visible and invisible edges.
Project these meeting points on plan to get sectional top view.
To obtain point 2 in sectional top view, draw a horizontal from 2 to cut oc at p
in front view. Project p and obtain p on oc. With o as center and op as radius
draw an arc to cut ob at 2.
86
www.rejinpaul.com

Assignments:
1] A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm long, rests with its base on
HP and one of the edges of its base is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to VP, parallel to HP and passing through the axis at a point 35 mm above
the base. Draw the front and sectional top views.
2] A cone of base 50 mm diameter and axis 65 mm long, lies on HP on one of its
generators with its axis parallel to VP. A horizontal section plane bisects the axis of the
cone. Draw the front and sectional top views.
3] A cone, base 50 mm diameter and axis 65 mm long, rests with its base on HP. It is cut
by a section plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 45 deg to HP and passing through a
point on the axis 35 mm above the base. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of
section.
4] A cone, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, rests with its base on HP. It is cut
by a section plane perpendicular to HP inclined at 60 deg to VP and at a distance of 10
mm from its axis. Draw the sectional front view and true shape of section.
5] A cube of side 40 mm is placed and cut by a plane in such a way that the true shape of
the section is a regular hexagon. Draw the front view and top views of the cube and
determine the inclination of the cutting plane with the HP.
6] A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm rests on one of its ends
on the HP with two base sides parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the
VP and inclined at 30 deg to the HP. The cutting plane meets the axis at 30 mm from the
top. Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape of the section.
7] A hexagonal pyramid of base of side 20 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its base on
the HP with two edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. A cutting plane parallel to the
HP cuts the pyramid at a height of 20 mm above the base. Draw the front view and the
sectional top view.
8] A square pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 40 mm rests on the HP on its base
with the base edges equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the
VP and inclined at 30 deg to the HP meeting the axis at 21 mm above the HP. Draw the
sectional plan and true shape of the section.
9] A square prism of height 80 mm and base of diagonal 40 mm rests on the HP on its
base with base edges equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane passing
through the mid-point of the axis of the prism perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the
HP. Find the inclination of the cutting plane if the true shape of the section is rhombus of
diagonals 60 mm and 40 mm.
www.rejinpaul.com
87

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Example 1: A hexagonal prism of base side 20 mm and height 45 mm is resting on one
of its ends on the HP with two of its lateral faces parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 30 deg to the HP. The plane meets the axis at a
distance of 20 mm above the base. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the
lower portion of the prism.
The top view and the front view of the prism are drawn as shown in fig. The
corners and the points of intersection of the cutting plane with edges are named.
The development of all the lateral surfaces are drawn in full as six equal
rectangles of size 45 x 20 mm each between the stretch-out lines.
Horizontal lines are drawn through 1, 2 ,etc. to meet the respective vertical
edges at points 1, 2, etc. For example, the horizontal line through 2 meets the
vertical edge through Q at 2 and the horizontal line through 6 meets the vertical
edge through U at 6.
Draw lines joining 12, 23, etc. and obtain the developments as shown in fig. The
development is thus the figure enclosed by 1-2-3-4-5-6-1-P-P-1.
www.rejinpaul.com
88

Example 2: A vertical chimney of 70 cm diameter joins a roof sloping at an angle of 35

deg with the horizontal. The shortest portion over the roof is 32 cm. Determine the shape
of the sheet metal from which the chimney can be fabricated. Take scale of 1:20.
Draw the top view of the chimney as a circle of diameter 35 mm (Scale 1: 20).
Divide the circle into 8 equal parts and project the generators to obtain the front
view.
Draw a line inclined at 35 deg to XY as shown. This line represents the roofline
and is considered as a section plane.
Mark a height of 16 mm on the left extreme generator (shortest height of

chimney) and complete the front view of the chimney.
Draw a stretch-out line AA = pi*35 mm. Divide it into 8 equal parts and show the
generators in the development.
Project the section points on the corresponding generators in the development.
www.rejinpaul.com
89

Example 3: A cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base on

the ground. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to the HP at a
distance 20 mm from the vertex. It is also cut by a plane inclined at 40 deg to the base
and meeting the axis at a point 20 mm above the base. Draw the development of lateral
surface of the cut cone.
The lower cutting plane meets the base at P between the generators 2 and 3 and at
P1 between the generators 11 and 12. The position of P and P1 can be obtained by
measuring distances in the top view.
2-P = 2-p and 12-P1= 12-p1. The other cutting points of the lower plane are
marked on the generators concerned in the usual manner.
The points V and W are located by drawing an arc with center O and radius equal
to o v or o w. Since the plane is horizontal, all the points of cutting will lie on
this arc VWV.
The development is completed by drawing a smooth curve through P, Q, ,

T1, S1 ., and P1. The surface 1-V-W-V-1-P1-U-P-1 is the development
required
www.rejinpaul.com
90

Example 4: A Hexagonal pyramid of base of side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm is resting

vertically on its base on the ground with two of the sides of the base perpendicular to VP.
It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 40 deg to the HP. The plane
bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the
pyramid.
Draw the development of lateral surface of the pyramid assuming the pyramid to
be whole.
Draw the horizontal lines through the meeting points of the cutting plane with the
edges of the pyramid to intersect o p1 in the front view.
Here 1 coincides with 6, 2 coincides with 5 and 3 with 4. The horizontal line
through 1 meets op1 at 1.
Mark 1 on PO and 6 on UO such that O1 = o 1 = O6. Mark 2 on QO so that O2

= o2. O5 = o2. Similarly, O3 = o3 and O4 = o 3. Complete the
development by drawing straight lines joining 12, 23, etc. in proper order as
shown in the figure.
Finish the development by drawing the lines PQ, QR, etc. and the edge lines P1,
Q2, R3, etc. along with 12, 23, etc. thick. The other lines are retained thin.
www.rejinpaul.com
91

Example 5: A cone of base diameter 60 mm and altitude 70 mm rests on its base on the
HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to both the HP and the VP and passing through the
cone 10 mm to the left of the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral
surface of the right portion of the cut cone.
The positions of meeting points of the plane with the base are measured from the
top view. 3S = 3s and 11-S1 = 11-s1.
The development is completed by joining the points P, Q, R1, etc. by smooth

curves.
If the development is started from the right extreme the cut portion will appear as
a single curve in the middle of the development.
www.rejinpaul.com
92

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
1] A cylinder of diameter 40 mm and height 50 mm is resting vertically on one of its ends
on the HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 30 deg to the HP.
The plane meets the axis at a point 30 mm from the base. Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the lower portion of the truncated cylinder.
2] A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and height 60 mm is resting vertically on its
base on the ground with one of the sides of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to the VP and parallel to the HP at a distance of 25 mm above the base.
Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the frustum of the pyramid. Also show
the top view of the cut surface.
3] A right circular cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base
on the ground. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 30 deg to the
HP. The cutting plane bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of lateral
surface of the truncated cone.
4] Draw the development of a tooth paste carton of size 145x 30x25 mm with an overlap
of 10 mm to form joint along the length.
5] Draw the development of lateral surface of the pentagonal prism of side of base 25 mm
and height 50 mm which is sectioned by a cutting plane inclined at 45 deg to HP
bisecting the axis.
6] A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 20 mm and height 60 mm is resting on its base on
the ground such that one of the base edges is parallel to VP. It is cut by a section plane,
inclined at 30 deg to the HP and passing through the midpoint of the axis. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
7] A cylinder base diameter 40 mm and height 60 mm stands on its base on the ground. It
is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the VP inclined at 45 deg to the HP and passing
through the centre of the top face. Draw the development of the lower portion of the
cylinder.
93
www.rejinpaul.com

UNIT V
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEMS
1. Draw the isometric view of a square prism of base side 35mm and height 65mm
when its axis is i). Vertical and ii). Horizontal
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw the Top view and Front view of the prism for the respective cases.
2. Draw the isometric axes as shown in following fig.
3. Transfer all the dimensions from the orthographic views to the isometric axes.
94
www.rejinpaul.com

2.Draw the three possible ways of representing the isometric projection of a hexagonal
prism, side of base 25mm and height 60mm.
Steps of Construction
1. Draw the orthographic projections of the hexagonal prism.
2. Enclose the hexagon within a rectangle in the top view.
3. Draw isometric axes and transfer all the dimensions from the orthographic view
to the isometric axes.
95
www.rejinpaul.com

3.Draw the isometric view of a hexagonal pyramid of side of base 30mm and height
75mm, when it is resting on H.P such that an edge of the base is parallel to V.P.
1. Draw the orthographic projections of the hexagonal pyramid.
2. Enclose the hexagon within a rectangle in the top view.
96
www.rejinpaul.com

4. Draw the isometric view of a cylinder of base 50mm diameter and 70mm height
when it rests with its base on HP
1. Draw the orthographic projections of the cylinder.
2. Enclose the circle within a square in the top view.
3. Mark the mid point of all the four sides.
4. Draw diagonals for the square to cut the circle
6. Join the points on the faces by smooth curves to get an ellipse as the isometric
view of end the faces.
www.rejinpaul.com
97

5. Draw the isometric view of a right circular cone of base diameter 50mm and
height of the axis 70mm when it rests on HP with its base.
1. Draw the orthographic projections of the cone.
2. Enclose the circle within a square in the top view.
3. Mark the mid point of all the four sides.
4. Draw diagonals for the square to cut the circle
6. Join the points on the bottom face by smooth curves to get an ellipse as the
isometric view of the base.
7. Project the centre of the rectangle to get the axis.
www.rejinpaul.com
98

6. A hexagonal prism side of base 25mm and height 50mm rests on HP and one of the
edges of its base is is parallel to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined
at 45 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the isometric view of the truncated
Portion of the prism clearly showing the cut surface.
1. Draw the front and sectional top views of the truncated prism.
2. Enclose the prism in a rectangular box and draw its isometric view.
3. Draw the isometric view of the hexagonal prism in it.
4. Locate the sectional points.
5. Join the visible edges of the remaining portion of the prism as thick lines
www.rejinpaul.com
99

7. A cylinder 50mm diameter and 60mm height stands on HP cuts the cylinder and
passes through a point on the axis at a height of 45 mm above the base. Draw the
isometric view of the truncated portion of the cylinder.
1. Draw the front and sectional top views of the truncated cylinder.
2. Draw the isometric view of the cylinder inside the Box.
3. In the isometric view show the generators cut by the section plane.
4. Locate the sectional points on the isometric view.
5. Join the section points by a smooth curve.
www.rejinpaul.com
100

8.A pentagonal pyramid 30mm edge of base and 65mm height stands on HP such that
an edge of is parallel to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 30 to HP cuts the pyramid passing through a point on the axis at a height
of 35mm from the base. Draw the isometric view of the truncated pyramid showing
the cut surface
1. Draw the front and sectional top views of the truncated pyramid.
2. Enclose the pyramid in a rectangular box and draw its isometric view.
3. Locate the sectional points.
4. Join the visible edges of the remaining portion of the prism as thick lines.
www.rejinpaul.com
101

Assignment Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Draw the isometric view of a triangular pyramid of side of base 35mm and
height 75mm, when it rests on HP. Such that an edge of the base is
perpendicular to V.P.
Draw the isometric view of a hexagonal prism of side of base 25mm and height
55mm, on the top of which is placed a cone of base diameter 50mm and height
24mm.
A hollow cylinder of 50mm and 35mm outside and inside diameters and height
60mm stands vertically on a square prism of 65mm side and 35mm height.
Draw the isometric view.
Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 30mm and
altitude 60mm, with a hemispherical top touching all its sides.
A cone, base 50mm diameter and axis 70mm long, stands on HP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to VP., inclined at 45 to H.P and passing through a
point on the axis 35mm above the base. Draw the isometric of the truncated
cone.
102
www.rejinpaul.com

PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
103
www.rejinpaul.com

PROBLEMS
1. A square prism of base side 30mm and height 50mm rests on the GP with the edges
equally inclined to PP. The corner nearest to the PP is 30mm to the right of the station
point and 20mm behind the PP. The station point is 65mm above the GP and 80mm in
front of the PP. Draw the perspective projection of the square prism.
104
www.rejinpaul.com

2. A frustum of a hexagonal pyramid of base edges 25mm and top edges 15mm and
height 40mm, rests on its base on the ground with a base edge inclined at 45to PP with a
corner touching PP. The axis of the frustum is 20mm to the right of the SP. The SP is
65mm in front of the Pp and 60mm above the GL. Draw the perspective of the frustum.
105
www.rejinpaul.com

3. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis height 50mm is resting on GP on its
base with a side of base parallel to and 25mm behind the PP. The station point is 60mm
above GP, 90mm in front of PP and lies in a central plane which is 55mm to the left of
axis of the pyramid. Draw the perspective view of the pyramid by visual ray method.
106
www.rejinpaul.com

4. A cylinder of 50mm diameter and height 6omm rests with its base on ground plane
such that axis 30mm behind the PP. A cone of base 50mm diameter and axis 25mm long
is placed centrally on the top of the cylinder. The station point is 25mm in front of the PP,
100mm above the GP and lies in a central plane which is 65mm to the right of the solids.
Draw the perspective view of the arrangement.
www.rejinpaul.com
107

Assignment Problems
1. Draw the perspective view of a cylinder of 30mm diameter and 50mm long is
lying in the ground in with axis inclined by 60 to the picture plane with the axis
receding to the right. The nearest point of contact with the ground is 60mm on the
left of the station point and 10mm in front of the PP. The station point is 40mm
above the ground and 60mm in front of PP.
2. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 35mm and axis height 50mm is resting on GP
on its base with a side of base parallel to and 25mm behind the PP. The station
point is 50mm above GP, 70mm in front of PP and lies in a central plane which is
50mm to the left of axis of the pyramid. Draw the perspective view of the
pyramid.
3. A square prism of base side 40mm and height 50mm rests on the GP with the
edges equally inclined to PP. The corner nearest to the PP is 35mm to the right of
the station point and 25mm behind the PP. The station point is 60mm above the
GP and 90mm in front of the PP. Draw the perspective projection of the square
prism.
4. A cone of 50mm diameter and height 60mm rests with its base on ground plane
such that axis 30mm behind the PP. The station point is 30mm in front of the PP,
90mm above the GP and lies in a central plane which is 60mm to the right of the
solids. Draw the perspective view of the cone.

Ge6152 - Engg Graphics Ge 2111 Q A Form PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ge6152 - Engg Graphics Ge 2111 Q A Form PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.rejinpaul.

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Sketch the three isometric axes.

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

To draw a tangent and a normal to the parabola at any point P on it

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com

DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGG

To draw a tangent and normal at any point P on the hyperbola

Get useful study materials from www.rejinpaul.com