CVG 2141

Submitted by Gregory Loncaric

Due December 11th, 2016
Quiz 8
1. The types of masonry used in civil engineering are solid and hollow masonry elements.
Solid masonry elements contain up to 25% air voids whereas hollow masonry elements
contain between 25-60% air voids and contain 2 or 3 empty spaces. Concrete masonry
elements, or CMUs, can be hollow or solid. Clay bricks can be structural or nonstructural. An example of a CMU would be a cinderblock.
2. We use reinforcements in masonry elements because CMUs have high compressive
strength but low tensile strength. The addition of rebars help achieve stronger and more
serviceable walls. Rebars can be added to masonry walls, using grout as a binder, to
substantially increase the carrying load capacity. Using grout as a binder, we can insert
rebars through vertical reinforcement, through the gaps in the walls, joint reinforcement,
between two layers of bricks, or bond beam reinforcement, inside the brick.
3. In masonry, mortar is used to bind masonry elements, for example, two bricks together. It
supports the material for brick elements. Grout on the other hand, is used to bond rebars
to masonry elements.
4. There are four main rehabilitation procedures of existing masonry elements. These are
retrofitting an existing structure with reinforced concrete, where rebars in concrete are
added to support the masonry elements through a welded steel mesh, the addition of
rebars directly to the masonry element where the bars are placed using grout as a binder
and centered in the wall and extended into the foundation, the addition of FRP rods, with
either regular or coarse fibers, using epoxy paste to reinforce the masonry element, or
anchoring the walls using a parapet brace into a solid foundation to reduce vulnerability
to lateral loads. All these mechanisms improve the strength of the masonry elements by
improving resistance to both gravity and lateral loads.
5. The most common durability-related problem of masonry elements is efflorescence. This
is a migration of water soluble salts left on the surface as water evaporates, forming a
coating. This process is usually non-harmful to brick masonry.
6. The types of asphalt used in civil engineering are cementitious asphalt and liquid
asphalts. The cementitious asphalt turns into concrete asphalt when mixed with
aggregates. The asphalt cement is used for sealing while the asphalt concrete is used for
surface layers in hot mix asphalt pavements. Liquid asphalt is either a mix between
asphalt cement and a solvent or asphalt cement, water, and an emulsifier and has
applications in maintenance to seal and recoat.

7. The difference between asphalt and concrete pavements is that asphalt concrete are
aggregates mixed with asphalt cement and concrete pavements are made with aggregates
and Portland cement. Asphalt concrete is mixed and placed hot, compacted by a roller,
and gains strength by cooling, whereas Portland cement concrete is mixed ad placed in a
fluid state, compacted and vibrated, and gains strength by hydration. Asphalt concrete is
flexible, and the load is distributed over a small area and transferred through layers,
whereas Portland cement concrete is rigid and loads are distributed over a larger area and
captured by the rigid layer. Advantages and disadvantages of asphalt pavement are that it
is flexible, has a lower initial cost, is less noisy, but it has a lower bearing capacity that
PC, higher deformations, and requires major maintenance. Advantages and disadvantages
of Portland cement concrete are that it has a high compressive strength and a relatively
longer lifespan without maintenance.
8. Durability related issues that may arise in asphalt concrete are rutting in hot temperatures,
thermal cracking in cold temperature, and cracking due to fatigue.
9. Asphalt Performance Class refers to the temperature range at which a certain type of

asphalt should be used. Asphalts are classified by their high and low temperature grades.