CHAPTER 11

11.1 (a) The time after which the thermocouple will follow the gas temperature
steadily can be obtained from Eq. 11.12a;
t
y = KA e + t

= Ka (e

1) + t

To satisfy this condition: e

t

<< 1 for = 0.286 sec.

Theoretically lim et 0 = 0 , but if approximately 99% approach to the

steady state is satisfactory, then:

= 0.01 t = 132
. sec

(b) The continuing error will be:

y = y S.S. y e = KA(t ) KAt = KA

Where KA = 10C / sec

y = 10 0.286 = 2.86C
11.2 These devices are usually first order, and we can use Eq. 11.9a (response
of a first order system to a step input) for this purpose:
t
t
y
y = KX o 1 e
= 1 e = 0.98

KX o

= 0.02
(sec)
t98%(sec
)

0.1
0.391

1
3.91

10
39.1

11.3 Response of a first order system to a sine input is (Eq. 11.14 and 11.15):
KX o
y (t ) =
sin(t + )
1 + 2 2

= tan 1 ( )
= 2f = 20.1 = 0.2 rad/sec
(sec) =
y (t )
1
=
=
kXo
1 + 2 2
(rad) =
Note: 2 rad 360 deg.

11.1

0.1

10

0.998

0.84
7
-0.56

0.15
7
-1.41

-0.063

11.4 For a thermocouple (first order system) to closely follow the temperature
variation, time constant of the thermocouple () should be much smaller than the
time scale (period) of temperature variation, thermo<<variation. All thermocouples
of problem 11.2 satisfy this condition.
Note: the smaller the thermocouple, the more closely it will follow the
temperature variation of the building.
11.5 For a thermocouple (first order system) to closely follow the temperature
variation, time constant of the thermocouple () should be much smaller than the
time scale (period) of temperature variation, thermo<<variation. All thermocouples
of problem 11.2 satisfy this condition.
Note: the smaller the thermocouple, the more closely it will follow the
temperature variation of the oven.
11.6 Time constant of a thermocouple is calculated from Eq. 11.16,

d 3

m= V
=
mc
where:
=
6
hA
A=
d2
For copper from Table B.5, =8930 kg/m3 and c=385 J/(kgK)
Therefore:
0.002 3
5
m = 8930
= 3.741 10 kg
6

A = (0.002) 2 = 12.57 10 6 m 2

(3.741 10 )385
=
5

gas

liq . =

100 12.57 10 6
3.741 10 5 385

3000 12.57 10 6

= 114
. sec
= 0.38 sec

11.2

11.7

The thermocouple spherical junction diameter, d, of 1/16 is equivalent to:

1
1 ft
in
16
12in
= 0.005208 ft
d=

Time constant of a thermocouple is calculated from Eq. 11.16,

d 3

m = V =
mc
where:
=
6

hA
A = d 2
From Table B.5, copper has a density, , of 8,930 kg/m3 and a specific
heat, c, of 385 J/kg.K. These values are equivalent to:
kg
1 lbm
m3
lbm
= 8930 3
0.02832 3 = 554 3
m 0.4563 kg
ft
ft
J
1 Btu
kg 5 K
Btu
c = 385

0.4563
o = 0.0925
kgK 1055.0 J
lbm 9 F
lbmo F
Therefore:
0.0052083
= 4.098 10 5 lbm
m = 554
6

A = d 2 = (0.005208) 2 = 8.52110 5 ft 2

gas =

(4.098 10 ) 0.0925 3600 = 3.2 sec

liq . =

(4.098 10 ) 0.0925 3600 = 0.32 sec

50 (8.52110 5 )
5

500 (8.52110 5 )

11.3

11.8
a) Time constant of the thermocouple:
mc
=
hA
The junction of the thermocouple is made of a combination of Chromel
and Alumel. For properties of the junction, we take the average properties
of the two (for lack of better available data). From data of Table B.5,
+ 2 8600 + 8730
= 1
=
= 8665 kg / m 3
2
2
c + c 2 526 + 450
c= 1
=
= 488 J / kg K
2
2
d 3
0.0013
6
m =
= 8665
= 4.54 10 kg
6
6

A = d 2 = (0.001) = 3.14 10 6 m 2
(4.54 10 6 )488
= 141
. sec
500(3.14 10 6 )
b) Response of first order system (such as a thermocouple) to a step
change in input is represented by Eq. 11.9, where K=1 and y= T Ti and
x= TfinalTi (refer to Ex. 11.1). So the response of the thermocouple will be:
t
T Ti
T
=
= 1 e
Tfinal Tfinal Ti

For

t
t
T
= 0.99 = 1 e e = 0.01 or t = ln 0.01 = 6.49 sec
Tfinal

c) If the diameter of the thermocouple is doubled, then:

d 3
2 c
6
m c
2 = 2 =
= 2 1 (because d2 = 2d1)
hA2
hd 22
So, 2 = 21 = 21.41 = 2.82 sec
t2 = -2ln0.01 = -2.82ln0.01
=13.0 sec

11.4

11.9
a) The thermocouple spherical junction diameter, d, of 1/16 is equivalent
to:

1
1 ft
in
16
12in
= 0.005208 ft
d=

Time constant of the thermocouple:

mc
=
hA
The junction of the thermocouple is made of a combination of Chromel
and Alumel. For properties of the junction, we take the average
properties of the two (for lack of better available data). From Table B.5,
+ 2 8600 + 8730
= 1
=
= 8665kg / m3
2
2
c +c
526 + 450
c= 1 2 =
= 488J / kg K
2
2
These material properties are equivalent to:
kg
1 lbm
m3
lbm
= 8665 3
0.02832 3 = 538 3
m 0.4563 kg
ft
ft
J
1 Btu
kg 5 K
Btu
c = 488

0.4563
o = 0.1173
kgK 1055.0 J
lbm 9 F
lbmo F
Therefore:

d 3
0.0052083
= 538
= 3.979 10 5 lbm
m =
6
6

A = d 2 = (0.005208) = 8.52110 5 ft 2
(3.979 10 5 ) 0.1173 3600
= 3.94sec
50 (8.52110 5 )
b) Response of first order system (such as a thermocouple) to a step
change in input is represented by Eq. 11.9, where K=1 and y= T Ti and
x= TfinalTi (refer to Ex. 11.1). So the response of the thermocouple will be:
t
T Ti
T
=
= 1 e
T final T final Ti

For

t
t
T
= 0.99= 1 e e = 0.01or t = ln 0.01 = 18.16 sec
T final

c) If the diameter of the thermocouple is doubled, then:

11.5

 d 23
c
6
m2 c

2 =
=
= 2 1 (because d2 = 2d1)
hA2
hd 22
So, 2 = 21 = 23.94= 7.88 sec
t2 = -2ln0.01 = -7.88ln0.01
=36.29 sec

11.6

11.10 Thermocouple is a first order system. As derived in Ex. 11.1, the response
of the thermocouple is represented by:
t
t
T Ti
T T
T
=
= 1 e final
=e
Tfinal Tfinal Ti
Tfinal Ti
t
T
or
= e ln(T / Ti ) = t
Ti
By drawing ln(T / Ti ) vs. t, the slope of the line be the negative inverse
of the time constant, . In this case:
Ti = TfinalTi = 020 = -20 C
T = TfinalT = 0T = T C
ln(TTi

T(c)

0.1
0.5
1
2
3

16.7
8.1
3.3
0.6
0.1

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

T
Ti
0.835
0.405
0.165
0.03
0.005

T
Ti
-0.180
-0.903
-1.802
-3.507
-5.298
ln

Time - sec

A quick method to find the slope is to pick two points. Selecting t = 0.1 and
t = 1 sec, we have:
1802
.
( .180)
then = 1 / a = 0.555 sec
a=
= 1801
.
1 0.1
Alternatively, we could use linear regression on the data for ln( T / Ti )
vs. t. The resulting time constant is 0.569 sec., 3% higher than the above
value.

11.7

11.11
Thermocouples are first order systems with the following responses to a
step function (TfTi),
t
mc
T Ti
= 1 e where =
hA
Tfinal Ti
For the two thermocouples, assuming spherical junctions,
d 3
0.0013
6
m1 = 1 1 = 8930
= 4.676 10 kg
6
6

d 2 3
0.002 3
5

m2 = 2
= 8930
= 3.741 10 kg
6

6
2

A1 = d1 = (0.001) = 3.14 10 6 m 2
2

A2 = d 2 = (0.002) = 12.56 10 6 m 2

1 =

(4.676 10 6 )385
= 0.191 sec
3000(3.14 10 6 )

(3.741 10 5 )385
= 0.382 sec
3000(12.56 10 6 )
The response of thermocouple of Ti = 20 C and Tf = 100 C are given in the
following table:
t
T1
T2
1
99.59
94.16
2
100.00 99.57
5
100.00 100.00
10 100.00 100.00
They will read the effectively the same temperature after 2 seconds.

2 =

11.8

11.12
Thermocouples are first order systems with the following responses to a
step function (TfTi),
t
mc
T Ti
= 1 e where =
hA
Tfinal Ti
From Table B.5, copper has a density, , of 8,930 kg/m3 and a specific
heat, c, of 385 J/kg.K. These values are equivalent to:
kg
1 lbm
m3
lbm
= 8930 3
0.02832 3 = 554 3
m 0.4563 kg
ft
ft
J
1 Btu
kg 5 K
Btu
c = 385

0.4563
o = 0.0925
kgK 1055.0 J
lbm 9 F
lbmo F
For the two thermocouples, assuming spherical junctions,
1
1 in
d1 = in
= 0.002604 ft
32
12 ft
1
1 in
d 2 = in
= 0.005208 ft
16
12 ft

d 3
0.0026043
= 5.122 10 6 lbm
m1 = 1 1 = 554
6

6
d 3
0.0052083
= 4.098 10 5 lbm
m2 = 2 2 = 554
6

6
2

A1 = d1 = (0.002604) = 2.130 10 5 ft 2
2

A2 = d 2 = (0.005208) = 8.52110 5 ft 2

1 =

(5.122 10 6 ) 0.0925 3600

= 0.053sec
1500 (2.130 10 5 )

(4.098 10 5 ) 0.0925 3600

2 =
= 0.107sec
1500 (8.52110 5 )
The response of thermocouple of Ti = 75oF and Tf = 32 oF are given in the
following table:
t
T1
T2
1
32.00
32.00
2
32.00
32.00
5
32.00
32.00
10
32.00
32.00
They will read the effectively the same temperature at 1 second.

11.9

11.13 Equation 11.12 represents the response of a first order system (such as a
thermocouple) to a ramp input:
t
y = KA e + t

where yTTi (i is initial); and KAramp slope; and K =1 (input has same
units as output).
The output is then given by:
t
t
T Ti = A e + t = 10 / 60 e + t

Time delay in indicated measurement is = 10 sec. This estimate is for

the times larger than the initial transient period.
The ideal output (actual temp. variation) would be TTi = At
Instantaneous error in temperature reading is then the difference between
the indicated temperature and the ideal temperature
t
t
(Tindic Ti ) (Tiact Ti ) = TindicTact = 10 / 60 e + t 10 / 60t = 10 / 60 e 1

After the initial transitory period:

Tindicated Ti = 10 / 60(t )

10 C
. C

10 sec = 167
60 sec
That is, the output of the thermometer will read 1.67 degrees low.
Tact Tindicated = A =

11.14 (a) Average, maximum and minimum of the measured temperature:

1
Tave = Tdt = 200; Tmax = 200 + 10 1 = 210C; Tmin = 200 + 10 (1) = 190C
0
= 0.5 rad/sec
(b) The measured temperature (T=200+10cos05t) is the response of a
first order system to a sinusoidal input of the form:

Tin = Tave + Tamp sin(t )

and the output form:
Tamp
Tout = Tave +
sin(t + )
1 + 2 2
Tamp
2
= 10 Tamp = 10 1 + (0.5 5) = 26.9C
1 + 2 2
The phase lag of the output:
=tan-1() = tan-1(0.55) = 1.19 rad
The input will have an advance of 1.19 rad (68.2 deg) with respect to the
output. Consequently, the input time variation will be:
T = 200 + 26.9cos(0.5t+1.19) C

11.10

11.15 (a) Average, maximum and minimum of the measured temperature:

1
Tave = 0Tdt = 300;Tmax = 300 + 15 1 = 315o F ;Tmin = 300 + 15 ( 1) = 275o F =

1.5 rad/sec
(b) The measured temperature (T=300+15cos15t) is the response of a
first order system to a sinusoidal input of the form:
Tin = Tave + Tamp sin (
t)
and the output form:
Tamp
Tout = Tave +
sin(t + )
1 + 2 2
Tamp
2
= 15 Tamp = 15 1 + (1.5 5) = 113.5o F
2 2
1+
The phase lag of the output:
=tan-1() = tan-1(1.55) = 1.44 rad
The input will have an advance of 1.44 rad (82.4 deg) with respect to the
output. Consequently, the input time variation will be:
T = 300 + 113.5cos(1.5t+1.44) oF
11.16 We will convert this equation to the standard form of:
1 d 2 y 2 dy
Eq. 11.22: 2 2 +
+ y = kx (t )
n dt
n dt

5 d 2y
1 dy
x (t )
+
+y =
2
1000 dt
1000 dt
1000
1000
2
n =
= 200 n = 14.14rad / sec
5
By comparison:
2
1
=
= 0.007
n 1000
Equilibrium response of the system:
x (t )
In the absence of dynamic effects, y eq ( t ) =
= 0.025
1000
11.17 Following the same process as problem 11.11,
1 d 2 y 2 dy
Eq. 11.22:
+
+ y = kx (t )
2
2
n dt
n dt

1 d 2y
2 dy
50
+
+y =
sin(50t )
2
100 dt
100 dt
100
2
n = 100 n = 10rad / sec
By comparison: 2
2
=
= 0.1
n 100
In the absence of dynamic effects: yeq = 1/2sin(50t)

11.11

11.18 Amplitude and phase response of the equation in Prob. 12 can be

calculated from Eq. 11.30 and 11.31:

y amp
y eamp

y amp
kX o

=
2

n
= tan 1
2
1
2
n
2

1
2

1 2 + 2
n
n

In Prob. 11.12: n = 10 rad/sec, = 50 rad/sec = 0.1

y amp
1
=
= 0.042
1
kX o
2
2500 2
50 2
1

+
2
(
0
.
1
)

100
10

50
10 = 2.4
= tan 1
2
50
1
10
2(0.1)

11.19
The equation for a mass, spring, damping system is given as Eq. 11.23,
and the general form of it is given by Eq. 11.22:
d2y
dy
m 2 +
+ ky = F( t ) ; where m=mass, =damping ratio, k=spring
dt
dt
constant
Substituting for m, k, and :
d2y
dy
0.020 2 + 5 + 1000y = F( t ) ; all units in MKS
dt
dt
d2y
dy
F( t )
standard form: 0.02 10 3 2 + 5 10 3
+y=
dt
dt
1000
1

k 2 1000 2
n = =
= 223.6rad / sec
m
0.02

5
=
=
= 0.56 The system is under damped.
1
1/ 2
2
(
1000

0
.
02
)
2(km ) 2

11.12

11.20
In this problem, we can assume that effectively we have a mass, spring,
damping system governed by Eq. 11.22. For the given transducer, k = 106
N/m and m = 2 kg.
a- n = (k/m)1/2 = (106/2)1/2 = 707.1 rad/sec
b- In this case = 0.1 and = 25 Hz
Amplitude ratio is given by:
y amp
1
=
1
kX o
2
2
2

2

1 2 + 2

n
n

y amp
1
=
= 1051
.
5.1% error in amplitude
1
kX o
2

2
2

(50 )
50

+
2
(
0
.
1
)
1

707.1
10 6

n
= tan 1
2
1 2
n
2

= tan 1

50
707.1 = 2.68 0
(50 ) 2

2(0.1)
1

10 6

11.13

11.21

In this problem, k = 1 N/m = 1106 N/m

m = 250 N = 25.5 kg; and = 0.07. For this underdamped system, the
actual amplitude will be greater than the ideal amplitude.
Governing equations for amplitude and phase response of the system are
Eq. 11.30 and 11.31.
y amp
1
=
1 =1.005
kX o
2
2
2
2


1 2 + 2
n n
1
2
2 2
2

1 2 + ( 0.14) = 0.995
n
n

solving:

n =

=.071
n

k
110 6 N / m
=
= 63.2rad / sec
m
250kg

= .071n = 4.5 rad/sec

11.22

In this problem, k = 5 lbf/in = 5106lbf/in=60106 lbf/ft

m = 50lbm; and = 0.05. For this underdamped system, the actual
amplitude will be greater than the ideal amplitude.
Governing equations for amplitude and phase response of the system are
Eq. 11.30 and 11.31.
y amp
1
=1.005
=
1
kX o
2
2
2

2

1 2 + 2

n
n

1
2
2 2

1
+ (0.1)
= 0.995
n

n 2

solving:
=.071
n

n =

k
60 10 6 lbf / ft
ft lbm
=
32.17
= 6,213rad / sec
m
50lbm
lbf sec 2

= 0.071n = 441 rad/sec

11.14

11.23

2500 Nx1000mm / m
= 10 10 6 N / m
0.250mm
k
N
1
n =
= 10 10 6
= 1000rad / sec
m
m 10 kg
Under a step input (sudden application of load) for = 0.1, Eq. 11.28 can
be used. The maximum deviation from equilibrium is:
e n t
1
= 0.995
1 2
k=

for = 0.1, e nt = 0.005 0.995 = 0.005

Solving for t, t = 53msec
11.24

k=

500 lbf
= 50000 lbf / in = 600,000lbf / ft
0.01in

k
lbf
1
ft lbm
= 600,000

3217
.
= 982.47rad / sec
m
ft 20lbm
lbf sec 2
Under a step input (sudden application of load) for = 0.1, Eq. 11.28 can
be used. The maximum deviation from equilibrium is:
e nt
1
= 0.995
1 2
for = 0.1, e t = 0.005 0.995 = 0.005
Solving for t, t = 54msec

n =

11.15

11.25 We should calculate natural frequency and damping ratio of the system
using
Eq. 11.35 through 11.37:

R
8314
T = 13
.
298 = 448.7m / sec
m
16
d 2
0.005 2
6
3
Vs = L
= 0.2
= 4 10 m
4
4

C = RT =

Vt = 2 10 6 m 3

Then:

n =
=

C
L 0.5 + Vt Vs

448.7
= 2243.4 rad / sec
0.2 0.5 + 0.5

Rl =

115
. 10 5
32
=
32
= 14.7 kg 3
2
m sec
ds 2
(0.005)

. 10 )16
P
PM 1000(1013
=
= 6.54 kg / m 3 (M=16 for Methane)
=
RT R T
8314(298)

14.7 kg 3
(0.2m )
Rl L
m sec
0.5 + 0.5 = 0.5 10 3
=
0.5 + Vt Vline =
3
2C
2 6.54kg / m 448.7m / sec

Because << 1 Eq. 11.28 can be used to calculate the time lag to detect
the pressure loss to 90%,
e nt
e nt
1
= 0.9;
= 0.1
1 2
1 2

t=

ln 0.1

= 2 sec

Damping might be increased by putting a restriction in the sensing line.

This should reduce the settling time.

11.16

11.26 If instead of natural gas the line carries compressed air (under similar
condition), the delay time will be as follows:
For air C, , and have different values then natural gas. = 1.810-5 N-s/m2 , k
= 1.4 and M=29 from Table B.2.

R
8314
T = 14
.
298 = 345.8m / sec
M
29
d 2
0.005 2
6
3
Vs = L
=
0
.
2

= 4 10 m
4
4

C = RT =

Vt = 2 10 6 m 3
18
. 10 5
32
=
32
= 23 kg 3
Rl =
2
2
m sec
ds
(0.005)

. 10 3 29
P
PM 1000 10 1013
=
=
=
= 1186
. kg / m 3
RT R T
8314(298)

n =

345.8
C
=
= 1729 rad / sec
L 0.5 + Vt Vs 0.2 0.5 + 0.5

23(0.2)
Rl L
0.5 + Vt Vline =
0.5 + 0.5 = 5.6 10 4
2(1186
. )345.8
2C
Because << 1 Eq. 11.30 can be used to calculate the time lag to detect
the pressure loss to 90%,
e nt
e nt
1
= 0.9;
= 0.1
1 2
1 2
ln 0.1
ln 0.1
t=
=
= 2.4 sec
n
5.6 10 4 1729

Damping might be increased by putting a restriction in the sensing line.

This should reduce the settling time.

11.17

11.27 If we use Table 11.1 for very low damping ratios, for an amplitude error of
1%, /n=0.1, or = 0.1n = 1kHz.
To find a more exact value for to result in at most 1% amplitude error, we
should use Eq. 11.30:
y amp
1
=1.01
=
1
kX o
2
2
2

2

1 2 + 2

n
n

1
2

1 2 + 2 = 0.99
n
n

Solving for (/n)

/ n = 0.0101
= 1.01 kHz
= 1.01 kHz
Which is essentially the same as the value obtained from Table 11.1.
11.28 This is similar to problem 11.20.
According to Table 11.1, for amplitude error of less than 1% for a second
order system (such as the pressure transducer under consideration), /n
= 0.1 where is the frequency of input signal.
The solution for natural frequency and damping ratio for Problem 11.18 is:
Using Eq. 11.35 through 11.37:

R
8314
T = 13
.
298 = 448.7m / sec
m
16
d 2
0.005 2
6
3
6
3
Vs = L
=
0
.
2

= 4 10 m ; Vt = 2 10 m
4
4

448.7
C
Then: n =
=
= 2243.4 rad / sec
0.2 0.5 + 0.5
L 0.5 + Vt Vs
C = RT =

Rl =

115
. 10 5
32
=
32
= 14.7 kg 3
2
m sec
ds 2
(0.005)

. 10 )16
P
PM 1000(1013
=
= 6.54 kg / m 3 (M=16 for Methane)
=
RT R T
8314(298)

14.7 kg 3
(0.2m )
Rl L
m sec
0.5 + 0.5 = 0.5 10 3
=
0.5 + Vt Vline =
3
2C
2 6.54kg / m 448.7m / sec

so, = 0.1 n = 224 rad/sec = 36 Hz

11.18

11.29 We will use Eq. 11.44 and 11.45 to calculate the natural frequency and
damping ratio,
Natural frequency:
Vse
C
fn =
4L BCvt + Vt + Vse
From Table B.1 for water at 10C, B = 2.11109 N/m2, = 999.7 kg/m3, =
1.30810-3 N-s/m2.
1

B 2 211
. 10 9 2
C = =
= 1453 m / sec

999.7
Vt = 210-6 m3
4
4 ds 2
2
-6
3
Vse = 2 Vs = 2
L =(1/)(0.005) 0.15=1.210 m

BCv = [BCvt + Vt + Vse ]

CVt = 3 10 5 (cm 3 / psi )10 6 (m 3 / cm 3 )[14.7 / 101 10 3 ]psi / Pa
= 4.35 10 15 m 3 / Pa
BCv = 2.111094.3510-15+210-6+1.210-6
= 12.310-6
Cv = 5.810-15 m3/Pa

1453
12
. 10 6
fn =
= 757Hz
4 0.15 12.3 10 6
Damping ratio:
32
=
3
ds

.
10 3
LCv 32 1308
=
3

(0.005)

) (0.15)(5.8 10 ) = 17. 10
15

999.7

11.30 From the solution for Problem 11.22,

n = 757 Hz
= 1.710-4
If = 10 Hz, /n = 10/757 = 0.013 and substituting these values into Eq.
11.32 results in:
output amp
1
=
1
input amp
2
2 2
2

1 2 + 2

n
n

1
=
= 10002
.
1
2
2
2
1 0.013 2 + 2 17
. 10 4 0.013

In practice the amplitude ratio will be one.

) (

11.19

11.31 Sudden change in pressure line corresponds to a step change in the input
of the transducer ( in this case second order system). The behavior of the
system is represented be Eq. 11.28,
1

y
= 1 e nt
sin n t 1 2 +
ye
1 2

From the Problem 11.22 solution: = 1.710-4, n = 757 rad/sec

The maximum deviation of the amplitude will be:
y max y e
e nt
=
= 0.05
ye
1 2

1 17
. 10 7

=1

ln 0.05
= 23 sec
n
17
. 10 4 757
This is rather long, because there is little damping involved! The method
used to estimate damping may predict a low value.
t =

ln 0.05

11.20

11.32 Eq. 11.44 is used to calculate the natural frequency,

Vse
C
fn =
4 L BCVt + Vt + Vse
Uncertainty in calculation of f n in term of Cvt can be calculated through RSS
relation (Refer to Chapter 7, Eq. 7.4.)
1/ 2

f
2
w fn = ( n ) 2 w Cvt

Cvt

f n
CVse1/ 2
=
[
(BCvt + Vt + Vse ) 1/ 2 ]
Cvt Cvt 4L
CVse1/ 2
1
* ( B)(BCvt + Vt + Vse ) 3 / 2
4L
2
w fn
w Cvt
1 f
1
= ( n )w Cvt = B
Eq.A
fn
f n Cvt
2 BCvt + Vt + Vse
From Problem 11.22:
From Table B.1 at 10C, B = 2.11109 N/m2, = 999.7 g/m3
=

B 2 211
. 10 9 2
C = =
= 1453 m / sec

999.7
Vt = 210-6 m3
4
4 ds 2
2
-6
3
Vse = 2 Vs = 2
L =(1/)(0.005) 0.15=1.210 m

BCv = [BCvt + Vt + Vse ]

CVt = 3 10 5 (cm 3 / psi )10 6 (m 3 / cm 3 )[14.7 / 101 10 3 ]psi / Pa
= 4.35 10 15 m 3 / Pa
BCv = 2.111094.3510-15+210-6+1.210-6
= 12.310-6
Cv = 5.810-15 m3/Pa

1453
12
. 10 6
= 757Hz
4 0.15 12.3 10 6
Substituting into Eq. A above:
w fn
0.5 (211
. 10 9 )(0.25 4.35 10 15
=
= 0.093 = 9.3%
fn
12.3 10 6
This is the uncertainty in natural frequency due to a 25% uncertainty in
determination of compliance.
fn =

11.21

11.33 We will follow the same procedure as Example 11.7.

From Table B.1 for water at 10C, B = 2.2109 N/m2, = 998.2 kg/m3, =
1.00510-3 N-s/m2.
3
V
0.003 * 10 6
15 m
Compliance Cvt =
=
= 2.9 * 10
Pmax
Pa
1013
. * 10 3
150 *
14.7
B
C = ( ).5 = (2.20 * 10 9 / 998.2).5 = 1484 m / sec

Vs = Ld s2 / 4 = 0.25
Vse =

0(.005) 2
= 4.91 * 10 6 m 3
4

Vs = 199
. * 10 6 m 3

Vt = 2.8cm 3 = 2.8 * 10 6 m 3
Cv = Cvt + Vt / B + Vse / B
= 2.9 * 10 15 +

2.8 * 10 6 199
. * 10 6
+
= 5.08 * 10 15 m 3 / Pa
9
9
2.2 * 10
2.2 * 10

199
. 10 6
Vse / B
C
1484
2.2 10 9 = 626 Hz
fn =
=
4L Cvt + Vt / B + Vse / B 4 * 0.25 5.08 * 10 5
32 LCv
32 * 1005
.
* 10 3 * 0.25 * 5.08 * 10 15
=
= 16
. * 10 4

998.2
d s3
(0.005) 3
These values are comparable to those of Example 11.7. Lower value of f n is
mostly due to greater sensing line length (L).

11.22

11.34 Note: In this problem, we have to use the fluid properties of water at 100C.
In the problem statement, 200 oC is cited which is not included in Table B-1, so
100C is used in this solution instead. Data for temperatures greater than 100 oC
are available from other sources. Viscosity data is available from heat transfer
texts and bulk modulus data can be obtained by differentiating specific volume
data from saturated and compressed liquid tables [B=P/(/)].
N sec
At 100C from Table B 1, = 958.4 kg / m 3 , =.284 * 10 3
m2
and B = 207 * 10 7 N / m 2 . Following Example 117
. , Speed of sound,

2.07 * 10 9 .5
C=( ) =(
) = 1469.4 m / sec

958.4
B

.5

Compliance:
Cvt =

V
.003 * 10 6
=
= 2.90 * 10 15 m 5 / N
P (150 / 14.7)101325

volume:
Vs = 0.1 * (.005) 2 / 4 = 196
. * 10 6 m 3
Vse =

Vs = (

)196
. * 10 6 = 7.96 * 10 7 m 3

2.8 * 10 6 7.96 * 10 7
+
= 4.64 * 10 15
2.07 * 10 9 2.07 * 10 9
The natural frequency is obtained from Eq. 11.48,
Vse
C
fn =
4L BCvt + Vse + Vse
Cv = Cvt + Vt / B + Vse / B = 2.90 * 10 15 +

1469.4
7.96 * 10 7
4 * 0.1 2.07 * 10 9 * (4 * 10 15 )

= 1057.5 Hz
The Damping Ratiois obtainedfromEq.11.45:

32 LCv

d s3

32 * (.284 * 10 3 ) * 0.1 * 4.64 * 10 15

958.4
(.005) 3

= 3.52 * 10 5

11.23

11.35 The amplitude distortion of an accelerometer can be calculated from Eq.

11.30,
1
= 1005
.
2
2
2 1/ 2
[(1 2 ) + (2 / n ) ]

(1

2 2
2
) + (12
.
) =.99
2
n
n

2
=y
2n

y 2 .56 y + 0.01 = 0
y =.0185

=.136 or = 109
n

Hz

The other value of the solution is y = 0.542,

= 0.736 which corresponds to

n

w=589 Hz. Examining Figure 11.8, for a damping ratio of 0.5 (close to the 0.6
here) it can be seen that a given value of the amplitude ratio will occur at two
values of . The lower frequency is limiting.
11.36 Amplitude distortion in measurement of vibration with a frequency of 1500
Hz,

1500
=
=.15
n 10,000
U sin g Eq. 1130
.

amplitude ratio =

[(1

2
2 1/ 2
) + (2
) ]
2
n
n

1
[(1.15 ) + (2*.02*.15) 2 ]1/ 2
= 1023
.
So the amplitude distortion will be 2.3%
=

2 2

11.24