Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(part I)
Yao Wang
Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY 11201
Based on J. L. Prince and J. M. Links, Medical Imaging Signals and
Systems, and lecture notes by Prince. Figures are from the textbook.
Lecture Outline
Instrumentation
CT Generations
X-ray source and collimation
CT detectors
Image Formation
Line integrals
Parallel Ray Reconstruction
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Radon transform
Back projection
Filtered backprojection
Convolution backprojection
Implementation issues
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2nd Generation
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4G
Fast
Cannot use
collimator at
detector, hence
affected by
scattering
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6G: Helical CT
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7G: Multislice
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X-ray Source
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X-ray Detectors
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CT Measurement Model
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CT Number
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Parameterization of a Line
Each projection line is
defined by (l,)
y
Option 2:
=l
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What is g(l,
)?
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Example
Example 1: Consider an image slice which contains a
single square in the center. What is its projections along
0, 45, 90, 135 degrees?
Example 2: Instead of a square, we have a rectangle.
Repeat.
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Sinogram
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Backprojection
The simplest method for reconstructing an image from a
projection along an angle is by backprojection
Assigning every point in the image along the line defined by (l,) the
projected value g(l, ), repeat for all l for the given
y
s
x
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Option 2: going through all sampling points (x,y) in an image, find its
corresponding l=x cos +y sin for the given , take the g value for
(l, )
g(l, ) is only measured at certain l: ln=n l
must interpolate g(l, ) for any l from given g(ln, )
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Backprojection Summation
Replaced by a
sum in practice
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Implementation Issues
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Implementation: Projection
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Example
Continue with the example of the image with a square in
the center. Determine the backprojected image from
each projection and the reconstruction by summing
different number of backprojections
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G ( , ) = g (l , ) exp{ j 2l}dl
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Proof
Go through on the board
Using the set form of the line integral
See Prince&Links, P. 198
G ( , ) = g (l , ) exp{ j 2l}dl
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Filtered Backprojection
Inverse 2D FT in Cartesian coordinate:
f ( x, y ) =
F (u , v)e j 2 ( xu + yv ) dudv
f ( x, y ) =
=G(,)
=l
0 > 2 0 >
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Convolution Backprojection
The Filtered backprojection method requires taking 2 Fourier
transforms (forward and inverse) for each projection
Instead of performing filtering in the FT domain, perform convolution
in the spatial domain
Assuming c(l) is the spatial domain filter
|| <-> c(l)
||G(,) <-> c(l) * g(l,)
For each :
Convolve projection g(l,) with c(l): q(l,)= g(l,) * c(l)
Backprojecting q(l,) to image domain -> b(x,y)
Add b(x,y) to the backprojection sum
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Step 1: Convolution
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Step 2: Backprojection
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Step 3: Summation
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Practical Implementation
1 / 4 2 ;
2
c(n) = 1 / (n ) ;
0;
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n=0
n = odd
n = even
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Common Filters
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Matlab Implementation
MATLAB (image toolbox) has several built-in functions:
phantom: create phantom images of size NxN
I = PHANTOM(DEF,N) DEF=Shepp-Logan,Modified Shepp-Logan
Can also construct your own phantom, or use an arbitrary image
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Summary
Different generations of CT machines:
Difference and pros and cons of each
Reconstruction methods
Backprojection summation
Fourier method (projection slice theorem)
Filtered backprojection
Convolution backprojection
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Reference
Prince and Links, Medical Imaging Signals and Systems,
Chap 6.
Webb, Introduction to biomedical imaging, Appendix B.
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Homework
Reading:
Prince and Links, Medical Imaging Signals and Systems, Chap
6, Sec.6.1-6.3.3
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Computer Assignment
1.
2.
3.
4.
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