2.1.

Daktilitas
Kemampuan material, penampang, atau struktur untuk menahan respon inelastik,
termasuk lendutan terbesar dan menyerap energi (Paulay & Prietsley, 1992).
Kemampuan struktur dan komponen struktur untuk berdeformasi melewati batas
elastik tanpa kekuatan yang berlebihan dan penurunan kekakuan.
Daktilitas Material
Daktilitas Penampang
Daktilitas penampang adalah kemampuan penampang untuk mengembangkan
deformasinya setelah mengalami leleh pertama kali.
Daktilitas Struktur
Daktilitas struktur adalah daktilitas struktur secara keseluruhan, khususnya dalam
memikul beban lateral (gempa)
Daktilitas dapat ditinjau dari segi regangan (strain), lengkungan (curvature), dan
lendutan (displacement).
-

Daktilitas regangan
Kemampuan material
Daktilitas regangan dapat diberikan dengan hubungan
=
dimana = total regangan yang terjadi dan

= regangan leleh

Regangan ditentukan tidak melebihi kapasitas maksimum regangan (

-

Daktilitas curvature
Sumber deformasi inelastic struktur yang paling sering adalah rotasi pada sendi
plastis. Makanya, ada hubungan rotasi per unit length untuk bending momen.
Maximum curvature ductility =
=

= maximum curvature expected

= yield curvature
a) Yield curvature
Estimasi kebutuhan daktilitas didasarkan dari asumsi hubungan daktilitas dan
force reduction factors.

b) Maximum curvature
The maximum attainable curvature of a section / ultimate curvature is normally
controlled by the maximum compression strain
=

cu = neutral axis depth at ultimate curvature

Faktor yang mempengaruhi daktilitas: ultimate compression strain (
compressive strength, reinforcement yield strength

Daktilitas lendutan

= +

= yield component of total lateral tip defelction

= fully plastic component of total lateral tip deflection

), axial force,

Hubungan curvature & displacement ductility

Yield displacement
actual curvature distribution will be nonlinear as result of the
basic nonlinear moment curvature relationship

Maximum displacement
Curvature distribution at maximum displacement (y) corresponding to a maximum
curvature m.

(T. Paulay & Priestley , page 135)

2.2. Nonlinearity
Elastic analysis konservatif karena tidak memperhitungkan kemampuan material yang mampu
menopang beban lebih dari kondisi leleh (yielding). Efek plasticity harus diperhitungkan untuk
mendapatkan respon sesungguhnya dari material
-

Material/physical nonlinearity = stress-strain behavior nonlinear

o When deformation small, problems involve only nonlinearity due to material
behavior
o When deformation large, nonlinearity of material, change of configuration & inplane stress

Geometrically nonlinear = large deformation change the geometry

o Nonlinear strain-displacement relation
o Relationship between curvature and displacement assumed to be linear

Nonlinearity governing equations for beams

Hubungan beban yang diaplikasikan ke deformable structure dan resulting deformations =
maybe nonlinear karena:
-

Interaction between 2 parts of a structure may depend on the deformation

Strain suffered by the elements of material may become large

Stress-strain relationship of material maybe nonlinear

Deformation of body may become large

Nonlinearity due to large deformation may be due to stretching of neutral axis of the beam /
nonlinear moment-curvature relationship
a. Moment-Curvature Nonlinearity

b. Geometric nonlinearity due to stretching

When a beam supported by unyielding support undergoes large deflection / large
amplitude vibration, the neutral axis of the beam stretches, resulting in a relationship
between strain and displacement is nonlinear

The axial strain:

(Nonlinear Analysis Structure, Muthukrishnan Sathyamoorthy)

Isotropic material:
-

independent of the direction of loading or the orientation of the material

shearing behavior is uncoupled from extensional behavior

not affected by temperature change

Isotropic behavior is usually assumed for steel and concrete, although thus is not always the
case.

http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/mat_mechanics/hooke_isotropic.cfm

Orthotropic material:
-

behavior of an orthotropic material can be different in each of the three local coordinate
directions

shearing behavior is uncoupled from extensional behavior (like an isotropic material)

not affected by temperature change (like an isotropic material)

Anisotropic material:
-

behavior of anisotropic material can be different in each of the three local coordinate
directions

shearing behavior can be fully coupled with extensional behavior

can be affected by temperature change