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In precalculus or calculus you may have studied conic sections with equations of the form
Ax 2 Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0
Here we show that the general second-degree equation
Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0
X r cos
Y r sin
x r cos
y r sin
P(x,y)
P(X,Y)
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
x X cos Y sin
y X sin Y cos
X x cos y sin
Y x sin y cos
EXAMPLE 1 If the axes are rotated through 60, find the XY -coordinates of the point
60, we have
2 ROTATION OF AXES
Now lets try to determine an angle such that the term Bxy in Equation 1 disappears
when the axes are rotated through the angle . If we substitute from Equations 2 in
Equation 1, we get
AX cos Y sin 2 BX cos Y sin sin Y cos
CX sin Y cos 2 DX cos Y sin
EX sin Y cos F 0
Expanding and collecting terms, we obtain an equation of the form
A
X 2 B
XY C
Y 2 D
X E
Y F 0
AC
B
xy=1 or
This will be true if 2 2, that is, 4. Then cos sin 1s2 and Equations 2 become
X@ Y @
- =1
2
2
x
FIGURE 3
X
Y
s2
s2
y
X
Y
s2
s2
AC
0
B
X
Y
s2
s2
X
Y
s2
s2
1
or
X2
Y2
1
2
2
ROTATION OF AXES 3
Thus
cot 2
AC
73 52
7
B
72
24
The values of cos and sin can then be computed from the half-angle formulas:
24
cos
2
7
FIGURE 4
sin
1 cos 2
2
1 cos 2
2
1 257
4
2
5
1 257
3
2
5
y 35 X 45 Y
30( 45 X 35 Y) 40( 35 X 45 Y) 75 0
4X 2 Y 2 2Y 3
which simplifies to
Completing the square gives
4X 2 Y 12 4
or
X2
Y 12
1
4
y
Y
(0,1)
37
0
FIGURE 5
73+72xy+52+30x-40y-75=0
or
4X @+(Y-1)@=4
4 ROTATION OF AXES
Exercises
A Click here for answers.
1 4
512
5. x 2xy y 2 x y 0
2
6. x 2 xy y 2 1
represents a hyperbola.
(b) Find the XY -coordinates of the foci. Then find the
xy-coordinates of the foci.
(c) Find the xy-coordinates of the vertices.
(d) Find the equations of the asymptotes in the
xy-coordinate system.
(e) Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola.
15. Suppose that a rotation changes Equation 1 into Equation 4.
7. x 2 xy y 2 1
Show that
8. s3 xy y 1
A
C
A C
10. 3x 2 12s5 xy 6y 2 9 0
Show that
11. 2s3 xy 2y s3 x y 0
B
2 4A
C
B 2 4AC
Exercises 912.
ROTATION OF AXES 5
Answers
S
1.
9. X 2 Y 29 1, ellipse
X
Y
3. (2s3 1, s3 2)
sin! 5
5. X s2 Y , parabola
2
1
x
Y
X
7. 3X 2 Y 2 2, ellipse
y
X
17
17 51
(b) (0, 16 ), ( 20 , 80 )
(c) 64x 48y 75 0
13. (a) Y 1 4X 2
6 ROTATION OF AXES
Y = 1 sin 30 + 4 cos 30 = 2
3
,
2
AC
= 0 2 =
B
5. cot 2 =
x=
3 12 .
3 + 2.
[by Equations 2]
X Y
X +Y
X
2X or Y 2 = .
2
[Parabola, vertex (0, 0), directrix X = 1/ 4 2 , focus 1/ 4 2 , 0 ].
gives 0 = (x y)2 (x + y) = 2Y 2
AC
= 0 2 =
B
7. cot 2 =
Equations 2] x =
[by
X Y
X +Y
X2 Y 2
X 2 + 2XY + Y 2
X 2 2XY + Y 2
+
+
2
2
2
Y2
X2
+
= 1. [An ellipse, center (0, 0), foci on
2/3
2
3X 2 + Y 2 = 2
9. cot 2 =
7
97 153
=
192
24
and cos 2 =
7
25
tan 2 = 24
7
<<
,
2
cos = 35 , sin =
x = X cos Y sin =
3X 4Y
and
5
y = X sin + Y cos =
4X + 3Y
. Substituting, we get
5
97
(3X
25
4Y )2 +
192
(3X
25
which simplifies to X 2 +
4Y )(4X + 3Y ) +
153
(4X
25
< 2 <
4
5
+ 3Y )2 = 225,
Y2
= 1 (an ellipse with foci on Y-axis, centered
9
at origin, a = 3, b = 1).
1
AC
3X Y
=
x=
,
=
B
6
2
3
X + 3Y
. Substituting into the curve equation and simplifying gives
y=
2
11. cot 2 =
ROTATION OF AXES 7
7
3X 4Y
4X + 3Y
AC
=
so, as in Exercise 9, x =
and y =
.
B
24
5
5
2
2
Substituting and simplifying we get 100X 25Y + 25 = 0 4X = Y 1, which is a parabola.
1
(b) The vertex is (0, 1) and p = 16
, and the xy-coordinates are
, so the XY -coordinates of the focus are 0, 17
16
17 4
17 3 51
03
17
04
x = 5 16 5 = 20 and y = 5 + 16 5 = 80 .
15
16 ,
so x
4
5
+y
3
5
15
16
64x 48y + 75 = 0.
A(X cos Y sin )2 + B(X cos Y sin )(X sin + Y cos ) + C(X sin + Y cos )2 + D(X cos Y sin )
+ E(X sin + Y cos ) + F = 0.
Comparing this to Equation 4, we see that A0 + C 0 = A(cos2 + sin2 ) + C(sin2 + cos2 ) = A + C.
17. Choose so that B 0 = 0. Then B 2 4AC = (B 0 )2 4A0 C 0 = 4A0 C 0 . But A0 C 0 will be 0 for a parabola, negative for a
hyperbola (where the X 2 and Y 2 coefficients are of opposite sign), and positive for an ellipse (same sign for X 2 and Y 2
coefficients). So :
B 2 4AC = 0 for a parabola,
Note that the transformed equation takes the form A0 X 2 + C 0 Y 2 + D0 X + E 0 Y + F = 0, or by completing the square
(assuming A0 C 0 6= 0), A0 (X 0 )2 + C 0 (Y 0 )2 = F 0 , so that if F 0 = 0, the graph is either a pair of intersecting lines or a point,
depending on the signs of A0 and C 0 . If F 0 6= 0 and A0 C 0 > 0, then the graph is either an ellipse, a point, or nothing, and if
C 0 (Y 0 )2 + D0 X + F 0 = 0. This is a parabola, a straight line (if only the second-degree coefficient is nonzero), a pair of
parallel lines (if the first-degree coefficient is zero and the other two have opposite signs), or an empty graph (if the first-degree
coefficient is zero and the other two have the same sign).