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Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
AND
FRANK W. CROSSMAN
ABSTRACT
A
simplified
method for
plished by smearing
two
or more
Rather,
as
some
finite-difference
76
stress
multi-
procedure,
layer laminate is involved. Numerical methods,
provide the option of placing highly populated grid-work near regions of possible
stress concentration [8]. However, one major difficulty in the numerical approach
is that the number of nodes in the grid-work can be excessive if laminates of large
number of layers are to be examined, and the limits of available computational
capacity can easily be exceeded.
In this paper, a simple scheme is suggested, which calculates the stress field in
laminates of any number of layers without increasing the computational requirement. While the scheme is essentially a compromise which had to be made in
approaching a very difficult problem, it is hoped that the results obtained therein
would still give the desired accuracy. The scheme is derived within the premise of
Saint-Venants principle which states, in essence, that the stress at a point distance
from the boundary does not distinguish the actual boundary force distribution
from its static equivalence. Thus, for a multi-layer laminate, the stress distribution
along a particular laminar interface should remain unaltered if layers at some
distance from this interface are replaced by a statically equivalent body~.
As an example, let us consider the 6-layer laminate shown in Figure 1. If the
stress distribution along the interface between layer 5 and 6 is desired, one wishes
to &dquo;smear&dquo; layers 1, 2, 3 and 4 into a single uniform layer having &dquo;statically
equivalent&dquo; properties such that the stresses along the specified interface remain
unchanged. The problem then can be treated as one of 3-layer laminate as depicted
in the same Figure l. Similarly, stresses in any other layer or on any other layerinterface can be calculated by sub-structuring the laminate with fewer number of
effective layers. In this manner, the number of laminar interfaces are greatly reduced facilitating finite element calculations with a minimal grid size requirement.
Two practical questions now remain2 : (1) What constitutes a &dquo;statically equivalent&dquo; replacement body? (2) What is considered a proper distance between the
1
By equivalence, it is meant that the internal stresses acting on the surface which separates
the replacement body from the laminate will remain statically equivalent in the sense of
Saint-Venant.
2
The plausibility of Saint-Venant principle has been argued. Exceptions have been cited
where the premise of Saint-Venants principle becomes invalid. See discussions in, e.g.
Sokolnikoff [ 11].
77
interest
so
that the
computed
stresses
are
accurate?
78
Figure 2
layers smeared.
79
Figure 3.
clear that we must not smear the two adjacent layers if the stresses on a
interface
are to be calculated. In order to gain more insight about the
particular
stress field in the entire laminate with or without sub-structuring, let us examine
Figure 4 which shows a through-thickness distribution of QZ near the free edge of
the laminate. Again, the solid line depicts az computed without sub-structuring; the
dashed line is for the case when the (45/-45) layers are smeared. These two lines
agree well inside the 0 and the 90 layers as expected, but depart from each other
inside the (45) layers. On the other hand, when the (0/90) layers are smeared, az
(circled dots) is accurate inside the (45) layers, but is averaged out inside the
(0/90) layers. Finally, when the (45/-45/0) layers are smeared (black dots), the
stress a., inside the 90 layer is still very accurate, and is averaged out inside the
smeared layer.
A similar through-thickness distribution of TxZ (near free edge) is shown in
Figure 5. As was mentioned earlier, the smearing of the (45) layers removes the
distorsional effect and TxZ is zero in the field. The smearing of the (0/90) layers
does not seem to have any effect on the accuracy of the TxZ stress even within the
smeared layer. This may be due to the fact that the laminate preserves the monoclinic symmetry of the individual layers; the smearing of the (0/90) layers does not
alter this symmetry property.
As a second example, let us examine the stresses in the (90/0/45/-45)s laminate.
It is
80
now
(45/-~5/0/90JS
with various
near
free edge of
81
presented. Application of this approach would be especially useful in the calculation of a fully three dimensional stress field such as that in a laminate structure
containing holes or cutouts.
Caution should be exercised, however, in the use of the suggested scheme, for
82
the method would be only as accurate (and perhaps less) as the specific numerical
procedures used. In the present illustrations, for instance, a standard constant-strain
finite element method is used; the accuracy of the results obtained therein is still
subject
to
scrutiny.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported under the Lockheed Independent Research Program.
Discussions with Dr. N. J. Pagano on this topic are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
," Holden-Day
Lekhnitsky, "Theory of Elasticity of An Anisotropic Elastic Body
(1963).
2. N. J. Pagano, "On the Calculation of Interlaminar Normal Stresses in Composite Laminates," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 8 (1974), p. 65.
3. R. B. Pipes and N. J. Pagano, "Interlaminar Stresses in Composite Laminates - An Approximate Elasticity Solution," J. Appl. Mechanics, Vol. 41 (1974), p. 668.
4. S. Tang and A. Levy, "A Boundary Layer Theory - Part II: Extension of Laminated Finite
Strip," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 9 (1975), p. 42.
5. P. W. Hsu, "Interlaminar Stresses in Composite Laminates — A Perturbation Analysis,"
Ph.D. Thesis, VPI and SU (1976).
6. R. B. Pipes and N. J. Pagano, "Interlaminar Stresses in Composites Under Uniform Axial
Extension," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 4 (1970), p. 538.
7. N. J. Pagano and R. B. Pipes, "The Influence of Stacking Sequence on Laminate Strength,"
J. Composite Materials, Vol. 5 (1971), p. 55.
8. A. S. D. Wang and F. W. Crossman, "Some New Results on Edge Effects in Symmetric
Composite Laminates," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 11 (1977), p. 92.
9. A. S. D. Wang and F. W. Crossman, "Edge Effects on Thermally Induced Stresses in
Composite Laminates," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 11 (1977), p. 300.
10. F. W. Crossman and A. S. D. Wang, "Stress Field Induced by Transient Moisture Sorption in
Finite-Width Composite Laminates," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 12 (1978), p. 2.
Mathematical Theory of Elasticity," McGraw Hill (1956), p. 89.
11. I. S. Sokolnikoff, "
12. R. M. Jones, "Mechanics of Composite Materials," Scripta (1975).
13. R. M. Barker, J. R. Dana and C. W. Pryor, "Stress Concentrations Near Holes in Laminates," J. Eng. Mech., ASCE, June (1974), p. 477.
14. E. F. Rybicki and D. W. Schmueser, "Three-dimensional Finite-Element Stress Analysis of
Laminated Plates Containing a Circular Hole," AFML-TR-76-92 (1976).
1. S. G.
83