PHAN 3: MQT s6 V~T LI$U VA CONG NG~ GIA CONG

VAT L~U DEO TIEN TIEN

CHUONG 9: VAT LiltU

TiJ DEO
'
9.1. Khai quat
Cung vcri si., phat trien bung n6 cua v~t liu va c6ng ngh~ chi ~o v~t li~u polyme,
v;t liu polyme Ill (tu dco), mmocompozit polyme (se duqc trlnh bay ky ti chucmg 10)
dang duqc cac nha khoa hQC va oong nghe the gim quan tArn dau tu phat trien. St! d6i mcri
cua v~t li~u va cOng ngh cht t~o v~t li~u polyme da dem l~i sue s6ng mcri cho v~t li~u nay.
Nhtmg v~t liu polyrnc thong d',lng. sir dl;)ng trong cac thl~t bi, lam cac san pha'.m gia diJng
duc;,c cai ti!n, tha.n thi~n voi m6i tnrong, ngucri ta con t~o ra rAL nhiiu cac san ph!m mm,
vm nhiiu tfnh nang mang cac d~c ti'nh cua cha:t deo va cua kim lo~i, thay the cho ra't nhieu
v~t li~u kim lo~i va chat dco kinh dien. trong d6, chung duqc sir d~ng trong cac thi~t bi may
tfnh, CCI di~n tu, trong y tf.
Nguyen nhan cua St! phat

trien mm la:

- Sv phat trien cua khoa hQC c6ng ngh cu6i th! ky 20 da'.u th~ ky 21, doi hoi phai
lC;lO ra cac v;t li~u mm, c6 cac Hnh nmg d~c bit. dap ung ytu cau cua san pham ca khi din ti.I cao cap, yeu du trong y sinh h<;>c, yeu ciu m9i ho~t dng cua cuc s6ng trong thoi
d~i cong ngh thong tin - m~ng internet. Cac
pha.m do doi hoi chat luc;mg cao v~ tinh
nilng SU dt:1ng, kh6i luqng nho gQn, k!t hc;,p duc;,c C<J - sinh h9C va nhieu yeu du khac.

san

- Cac v~t li~u kinh dien da hoan thanh duqc nhi~m Vl,1 lich SU, tuy con m~t then gian
niia phat huy tac d1.,mg, nhung, c6 kha nhieu nhuqc di~m. nhtr tho {$1g, gia tha.nh cao, qua
tr1nh san xuat ch! t~o kha phuc tC;lp. Nha'L la v~t liu chat deo polyme khOng thAn thin v6i
mOi truong. sau khi khOng SU' d~ng, nhieu lot,li khOng thi ta.i che ho~c tai SU dyng duqc, gAy
6 nhi~m mOi tnrong ho~c t6n them ti~n de huy chung.
Theo quy d~nh rn~ cua qu6c tt, v~t liu polyme c6 mt s6 dc t6, kh6ng tai chl
duqc da bi c~ san xuat va phai thay bAng v~t liu polyme khOng dc t6 va c6 thi tai cht.
Trong d6, V~t li~u ti:r, cac chat deo dang
FelTte
Nam 1999, tdng th! tr\lanQ S,4 tf USO
sir dt:1ng g& polyme la lo. v~t liu khtmg
aNdFeB
tai che dl!QC va gAy O nhic!m mOi lntO'llg.
7%
Ngay nay, nhieu phat ki~n dua ra cac v~t
liu thAn thin mOi truong, v~t liu tu deo
la mt trong cac v~t li~u hi~n d~i dap ung

duqc cac yeu cau do.

Theo th6ng ke, de'n nam 1999,
t6ng gia tri san phArn v~t liu 1u cua th!
gim d"'t 5.4 ty USD. Th.i phfo cua rung

Hinh 9.1. Ty lef sdn xuat cac Vf;it liefu tii nam 1999

IO<!-i san pham duqc biiu dicfo

o hlnh 9.1. San luqng sit ll! vin con chie'm hrqng lan. Nhtmg

do nam cham vinh cuu d~g riin c6 tinh khOng Lai che va k.hOng dung l.~1 duqc n~n dAn dfo
ty tr9ng se giarn va duqc thay the' d:tn bAng v;t li~u tit deo. Gic cht! phrlm sAt tu duqc dung
dum d;ig bt de che t~o chat cOt cho v~t h~u tu dco.
9.1.1. M<)t

so khai ni~m

~ de

n::'.1ien CU'U, cac tac gia dua them mt s6 k.hai ni~m ve

V~t

liu tu.

la cac V~t duqc du t<,lO ti.r cac va.t Ji~u ll! cung c6 kha nang
ma:t lll lntcmg ngoai, duqc SU dung nhu nhung ngu6n lc_\0 tu truong.

a. f;am dzc.im ii11/i Clfll

giu tlC t(nh khOng

hl

la hi~n tuqng bai lhu~n nghich gifra qua trinh 1ir h6a

h. Tit r,i (magne11c hy.,reresi!i)

va dao tu CJ cac v~t li!u sit tu <lo kha

nang giu '~ tu 1inh cua cac v~t li~u
sat tu. Hi~n tuc;mg 11.1 Ire la ml)t d:).c
tnmg quan tr9ng va dt tha'y nhat Cl cac

cha't sAt

tu.

Oucmg cong tu tr! cua 2 lo~i

v~t li~u silt tu va cac thOng sO cua \'~l
li~u duqc xac dinh tr!n duong cong tu
tre.

B
B(H)l-lJ'(+J

Ducmg cong tu tre bi6u dien

quan h~ giua tu d - tir truong, M(H)
va cam ung tu - ttr 1rucmg. B(H). Sau
khi cu h6a, mt v~t sit Lii dua de'n mt
tu trucrng ha'L ky, ntu ta giam dlin lir
truang va quay lai theo chieu ngU(JC,
thl n6 khC>ng quay lrO' ve duong cong
9..2. D11img cong u1d9 t1itntimg M(H) ,J Ccim
tu h6a ban dau nua, ma c1i theo ducmg Hinh
ring -Tu lrllimg B(H) CLJG v~t bfU Ill Cl(llg va IL( mim
khac. Va ne'u ta dao tu theo m1 chu
trlnh kin (tu chieu nay sang
1B ;;;:,
BR
chicu kia), lh1 ta se c6 mt
B (T)
1.2 j
- 17T
duong cong kin g9i la duoog
15 T
cong tu lr~ hay chu trlnh Ill tre.
0612T
Tfnh chat ttr tre la mt tinh chat
I
10 T
0 j
n1 t. dac trung cua cac v~t liu
-OST
-OST
slit tu, va hin tuqng lr~ bieu hin
-0.6
-03T
kha nang tu tinh cua cua cac ch~t
I
1.2 1
sat 1it.

Tit dq /),Jo Ju)a la gia If!

tu d dat duqc khi du~ tir h6a
dfo ttr trucmg du Ian (vuc;n qua
C

-16
-150

-100

t" (Alm)

1
50

50

100

150

Hinh 9.3. D11img cong Cam 1i11g- Tir 1ruin1g 8 (HJ

145

gia tri truang di hmmg) sao cho v~t a tr~ng thai bao hoa tir, c6 nghia la cac m6rnen tit hoan
toan song song v6i nhau. Khi d6 duang cong tit tre Tit dc)-Tir truang, M(H) co d,;mg nam
ngang. Tir d bao hoa la tharn s6 d~c tnrng cua v~t li~u sat tu. Neu b kh6ng d9 tuyt d6i (0
K) thl n6 la gia ttj tu d ti,t phat cua chat sM tit. Tit d() bao hoa thuang duqc ky hi~u la M,
ho~c I, (chfr "s" c6 nghia la saturation - bao hoa).

d. Tit du la gia tri tu d con giu duqc

khi ngat tir tnrang (H = 0), thuang duqc
ky hiu la M, ho~c I, ("r"- remanent - du).
Tu du kh6ng phai la th6ng so mang tinh
ch~t ni t;,1i cua v~t liu ma chi la th6ng
SO dAn XUa'.t, phl,I thu('lc vao cac CC1 ch tU
tre, cac phuong tir hoa, hlnh d,;mg v~t tir ...

Ti s6 giua tu du va tir d() baa hoa

M,/M. duqc g9i La tu d rut gQn hoi,\c h
so chii nh~t cua duang cong tir tre (gia lf!
M,/M, cang gAn L thl duang cong tu tr~
cang tien tdi d~ng hlnh chu nh~t).

-~
E

<t<J

-~

f-

J-1.i
Q""'-----------Tll truong

Hinh 9.4. Duitng cong tu h6a cua char sat tit

M(H), duitng cong d9 tu tluim ph~ thu(!c vao tit
tn10'ng va cac gia trj thu duqc: Tud(J bao hoa

e, Lt!c khang Ill la gia tri tu truang

M ... III thtim ban dau ,, til tlufm CI./C d~i Jlmn:r"
nguqc d.n d~t vao d~ trit titu de:) tu h6a
(M = 0). LJ!C khang tll' thucrng duqc ky hiu la He (Coercivity), dOi khi duqc g9i la truang
dao tu (nhung kh6ng hoan toan chinh xac). Ll,l'C khang tu ciing khong phai fa tham s6 ni
t~i cua v~t li~u ma la tham s6 ngoi;li gi6ng nhu tu du. Ll,l'C khang ti:r cu.a narn ch~.m vinh ctiu

du Ian

khu tu bcn
tu

tu

tu

phai
d~ kh6ng bi
cac tnrcrng ngoai, kha nang hru trfr trucrng cua nam
cham cang Ion khi lt,rc khang cang Ian. Cac nam chAm vinh ci'.ru ph6 bie'n hin nay c6 h;c
khang tu tu 1000 Oe den vai ch1,1c ngan Oe.

T6n hao nang IU(fng tr! la din tich ducrng cong tu tre, la nang luqng tieu t6n cfui
thiet cho mt chu trinh tu tre, c6 don vj cua m~t d() nang lm;mg.
f

g. Tich niing ha;tng IU ClfC d{li la nang luqng tit Ion nhat c6 the ton tru trong mqt don
vi tht tich v~t tit, lien quan den kha nang san sinh tit truong cua v~t tu, thuang la tham s6 ky
thu~t cua cac narn cha.m vinh ci'.ru va v~t liu tir cung. Tich nang lm;mg tit ClJC d~ duqc xac
djnh tren duong cong khir tu B(H) trong g6c 1/4 thu 2, la di~m co gia tri tfch B.H 1cm nhat.
Tich nang luqng tu la tharn s6 dAn sua'.t, ph1,1 thuc vao cac tfnh chat tu ni t~i cua v~t liu
va hlnh d~g cua vit liu, thuang mang y nghia ung d1,1ng trong cac nam cha.m vinh ci'.ru va
v~t li~u tu cung. Ti s6 tich nang luqng tu ClJC d;,1i chia cho tich h!c khang tu va tit du duqc
gQi la h s6 l6i cua duang cong tu tre, hay h s6 16i cua v~t tir. N6i len kha nang hru tru
nang luqng tu cu.a nam cha.m vinh dru, la nang luqng Lon nhat c6 th~ ton trii trong mt d<111
vi tht tich nam cham, duqc xac djnh duong cong tir
Muon c6 tich nang luqng tir ct,rc
d;,1i lan, nam cha.m cAn co h!C khang tir lon, tu du cao va h~ s6 chu nMt cua duang cong tu

tu

tre lcrn.
146

tre.

tu

la

tu

Nguyen nha.n ca ban cua hin tUQ'llg tre SI! tmmg tac giua cac m6men c6 tac
dtmg ngan can cac m6men
bj quay theo tir trubng. C6 nhieu ca ch khac nhau t~o ntn
hi~n tuqng tir trt, t~o nen cac h'1.nh d,;mg duo'ng cong tu tre khac nhau: Cache quay cac
m6men tir hay "cd che quay ket hqp cua cac momen tu", la cache dao tir khi cac m6men tir
ghim c, tr~ng thai '1inh hu&1g, sau d6 dqt ngt quay theo chieu cua tir truang dao tir khi tir
tntC1ng vuc;rt: gh tri truung dao
Ca che nay thuC1ng xuat hi~n trong cac v~t Li~u sat tu c6
cau true gf. .,1 cac h,:it dc;n d6men ho~c khi bi dao tu theo phuc;ng cua t11,1c de tu h6a. Cache
nay thuong t,.i.o ra duong cong tii co di:i,ng h1nh chu nMt.

tu

tu.

tu

Trong qua trlnh dao tu, cac m6men tu c6 XU hu&tg bi quay theo chieu cua tu tnrcrng
dao tu, diin den vic cac vach domen bi dich chuyen. Tuy nhien, neu co cac Ulm t~p. ho~c
d.c sai hong, chu6ng ng~i ... tren chifo dtch chuyen ciia vach d6men, chtlng co tac dt,mg

ham SI.J dich chuy~n cua vach domcn va l?O nen hin ttr<;1ng tr~. MAm dao tir la mt vimg ra't
nho hlnh thanh trong qua trlnh tu h6a, co chi~u nguqc vm toan khoi (cung chieu vm truo'ng
dao tu) va. c6 tac d1,mg nhu mt mam d~ keo cac m6men tu quay theo chi~u tll' truang dao tu.
Tuy nhien, c6 nhicu nguyen nMn khac nhau da.n den vic ngan can Sl! phat tri~n cua cac
m:im dao tu nay cling fa mt cache t~o nen hin tuqng tre.
h. Nhift d9 Curie La nhit d<) ma t;,i.i d6 cac v~t s!t tir b; mat tu tinh va tra thanh
thu~n ti'r. Nhi~t d Curie cho ta biet kha nang ho~t dng cua nam cha.m trong di~u kin
nhit d cao hay thap. C6 nhiing nam chAm c6 nhit d<} Curie kha thap (vi dl_.l nhu nam
cMm Nd2Fel4B c6 nhit d Curie chi 312C), nhi.rng cfing co nhfrng lo.;ii nam chAm c6
nhit de) Curie rat cao (v( d~ h~ hqp cha'.t SrnCo c6 nhi~t d Curie hang ngan di). drrc;,c sir
d1,mg trong d9ng ca phan h!c c6 nhit d cao).
Ngoai cac tham so mang tinh chat tu tinh, cac tham so khac ciing rat duqc quan ta.m
d6 lad cung, kha nang ch6ng mai mon, chong 6xi h6a, m~.t d ... Ben qnh ct6, hinh d,:mg
nam cha.m cling la mt tham so rat quan tnmg quyet dinh diim lam vic cua nam cha.m do
hlnh d~ng nam cha.m quy djnh thua s6 khu tir cua v~t tir, co tac dng 1&1 den rning lu<111g tir
cua nam chAm.

9.1.2. Phan lo:;ti theo v~t li~u

V~t liu tll' duqc phAn loc;1i theo thanh phan Va thuc tfnh, dtrm day trlnh bay each
phAn lo;,ti thee tha.nh phan h6a hQC, dtrQC SIJ dt;1ng lam cot cho V~t liu tir polyme.

a. Oxit sat la lo~i nam cha.m vinh ciru dau titn cua loai nguoi. dtr(JC sir d1:1ng dum
d~ng cac "da nam cha.m", du<;1e su di,ng tir thoi. c6 d~i. co ngay trong ti! nhien nhung khi
khoa h9c ky thu~t phat tri~n lo;;ti nay kh6ng con drrqc sir di,ng do tu tinh rat kem.
b. Thep cacbon la lo~i nam vinh ciru duqc SU dt;1ng tir the ky 18 den giua the ky 20
vm kha nang cho tu dtt tai hem 1 T, nhung h.Jc khang tu rat thap nen tu tinh ciing de bi mat.
L<;li nam chftm nay hau nhu kh6ng con duqc si'.t di,ng hi~n nay.
c. Nam chdm AlNiCo la lo~i nam cha.m duqc ch~ t~o tit v~t liu tir cU'ng la hqp kim
ciia nhom, niken, c6ban va mt s6 cac ph1,1 gia khac nhu dong, titan ... , la lo;;ti nam cha.m
cho tir dtr cao (tm 1,2-1,5 T) nhung c6 II.Jc khang tir chi xung quanh 1 kOe, dong thm gia
147

thanh cfing kha cao nen hin nay ti 1 si:r dvng ngay cang giam d.an (chi con kh6ng dAy 10%

thi phan SU d1,mg).

d. Ferrite tit cung la lo~i nam ch!m vtnh ciru duqc cht t~o tu cac ferit tu cung (vi d1:1
ferit Ba, Sr.. ) la cac v~t li~u d~ng g6m. Nam cha.m ferit c6 uu dit:Sm la rat d~ che t:;,.o, gia
c6ng, gia thanh re va d hen cao. Tuy nhitn, vl da.y Ia nh6m cac v~t li~u ferit tir d6ng thm
co ham luqng 6xy cao ntn c6 tu d kha thffp, c6 h,rc khang tu tir 3 den 6 kOe, c6 kha nang
cho tich nang lm;mg tu cl,l'c d~i lon nhilt kh6ng qua 6 MGOe. Lo~i nam chdm nay hin nay
chiem tm hon 50% thi phan SU dt,mg nam cha.m vi'nh ciru do nhiing uu diem ve gia thanh
ci,c re, kha nang ch t:;,.o, gia c6ng va d() hen.

e. Nam cham dat hilm la. lo~i nam cha.m vinh CUil dl1Q'C t~o ra tu cac v~t li~u
la cac hqp kim ho~c hqp cha'.t ctia cac kim lo~i da'.t hiem va tim lo~i chuyen tiep.

tu cung

f Nam cham nhit di) cao SmCo la h cac nam chAm vinh Cl!U dugc che ~o tir h<;1p

chit ban dau la SmCo5 duqc phat minh nam 1966 bm tien si Karl J. Strnat cua U.S. Air
Force Materials Laboratory (My) c6 tich nang lm;mg tu eve d._i.i 18 MGOe, sau d6 Karl J.
Stmat l~i phat minh ra hqp ch9:'t Sm 2Co 17 c6 tich nang lm;mg tu tm. 30 MGOe vao nam 1972.
H nam chAm Sm Co c6 nhit d Curie rat cao (co th~ di,lt tm. 1100C) va c6 ll!C khang tir
C1:fC t6'n (tm. vai chl!C kOe) nha ca'u true d~ng la d~c bit. Nha c6 nhit d() Curie cao va ll!C
khang tit l6n n~n dU(JC SU' d1,mg trong cac U'ng d9ng nhit d{) Cao (vf dl;l trong dQng CC1 phan
luc ... ).
g. Nam cham NdFeB la h~ cac nam cMm d1=1a trtn hQp chA't R 2Fe 14B (R

la ky hiu

chi cac nguytn t6 dat hiem v{ d1,1 nhu Nd, Pr ... ) c6 ca'.u true tinh the ki~u tu giac v6i h!C
khang tir Ion (hem 10 kOe) va tu d bao hoa rat cao (tm. 1,56
nen la lo~i nam cha.m vi'nh
ciru m~nh nha'.t hi~n nay vm kha nang cho ti'ch nang Iuqng tir tm 64 MGOe (tinh toan theo
ly thuyet) va hi~n nay da xuat hin lo: nam chAm Nd2FC14B c6 tfch nang lugng tit 57
MGOe. Tuy nhitn, lo.,li nam chAm nay l~i k.h6ng th~ sir dl.).ng a nhit de} cao do c6 nhit d<,
Curie chi 312"C. Nam chtim Nd 2 Fe 14B Ian dAu titn duqc phat minh nam 1983 boi R.

Sagawa (Nh~t Ban).

NhUQ'C diem chung cua ca.c narn chAm da't hiem la c6 gia thanh cao, do chua nru~u
cac nguyen t6 dat hiem dAt titn, c6 d Mn kem do cac nguytn t6 dAt h.it'm co tfnh 6xy h6a
ra'.t cao. Vi nhtlng di~m yu nay ma nam chAm dat hie'm tuy la lo~i mt,lnh nhat nhung van
kh6ng phai la lo~i drrqc sir dt,mg nhieu nhfft.
h. Nam cham 16 htJp nano la lo~i nam chAm mm ra jcri tu dau th~p ky 90 cua thtky
20, la lo; nam chtim c6 ca'u true t6 hqp cua 2 pha tu cung va tir mem b kich thuac nanomet.
Cac pha tu cung (chiem ti phan thap) cung c,p h,rc khang tit 1cm, pha tu mtm cung cap tir dl)
1cm. Tinh chat t6 hew nay c6 dU(JC la nhO' lien ktt trao dOi dan h6i giiia cac h~t pha tir cung
va mtm akfch thuac nanomet. L~i narn cha.m nay dtrqc tmh toan c6
nang cho tfch
nang luqng tu khOng 16 hon 3 lan so vm nam chAm m~ nha'.t hin nay l~ NdFeB nhung
thgc nghim mm chi di;it dugc rat nho so vm ly thuyet va cac san pham thi,tc nghim m6i
trong giai do~n San XUllt thi:r nghi~m.

tu

148

kha

i. V ljt lifu ti:t dio: V~t liu tu deo (plastic magnet) la v~t liu tir phi kim (nonmetallic magnet) duqc cht ~o bang each trn v~t li~u tit v6i cac polyme hiiu co.
Thi d1,1: PANiCNQ, dugc t6ng hgp tu g6c polyaniline (PANi) v6i
tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) do cac Nha nghitn cU'U Trucrng University of Dwham
phat minh ni\m 2004. DAy la polyme tmh lam vic nhit d thucrng d!iu tien. Otl trong
vai nam, san luqng va chung lo;;ii cua v~t liu tu deo da phat trien va chi!m m<:,t vi tri quan
tr9ng trong c6ng ngh v~t liu deo.

tu

PANi la polyme d!n din (conductive polymer), 6n dinh trong kh6ng khi. Khi t6
hgp v6i g6c t1,1 do hlnh thanh tir TCNQ, n6 trcr thanh mt phan tir ho~t dng theo CC1 che tu
tinh kim lo~i. Cac tinh chAt tu tang nho c6 chua Nitcr h6a ttj kep duqc ket h<;1p vm phAn tu
mang din tich. Tinh ch[t nay lam phAn tit tang m~t d() spin di~n. d6 lam tang c~p tu tmh
cua trucrng din tu. Khi polyme tu dUQC tong hqp, chu6i phlln tu polyme can thm gian dai
di ti;}O tir tfuh.

tu

V~t liu tit deo duqc dung trong 6 cung cua may tinh din tu va cac thiet bi y te nhu
chi tiet may dieu hoa nhjp tim (pacemakers) va tai nhAn ~i (cochlear implants), vl cac cha'.t
hfru ca g!n gi6ng d~ thich nghi (biocompatible) hem so v6i cac thiet bj sir dlplg kim lo~i.

9.2. l>~c di~m cau true v$t li~u tit deo

9.2.1. Nguyen ly hlnh thanh tu tinh
Trong chat tir deo dga tren nen polyaniline (PANi) va Tetracyano-quinodi-methane
dn
(TCNQ), ngum ta chQn nen la PANi. vi chung gAn gi6ng kim lo~i. c6 tinh dAn din
dinh trong m6i tntong tl:f nhien. TCNQ duqc ch9n vl chung c6 xu hu6ng ~o thMlh cha'.t
mang din gQi la g6c tg do. Trong nam cha.m tu quy uac nay, tu tfnh Ia ket qua hlnh thanh
cac spin din tu. Trong polyme, cac nha nghien cuu mu6n bat chuoc C<J che nay bang each
~o ra cac g6c tl,I do slip th!ng hang ...

va

V ~t liu tit deo lien ket c6 d~c tmh tu cao so voi tu tinh cua v~t liu tir deo ferrit ban
d!iu, do chung t6n tt;1i h6n hQp 6xit d~g strontium ferrite magnet voi 6xit da'.t hitm cua
magnet Nd-Fe-B. Lo;p v~t liu tit deo nay chc! ~o d! dang kh6ng dAt. hon hqp hai lo; Oxit
nay cho h s6 nhit tit llm. Chung dugc kh6ng che bang ty I~ cac Oxit.

9.2.2. Cau true v~t li~u ti'r deo

Trong thanh phin cua v~t li~u tir deo g6m cac bt hgp kim NdFeB va bt v~t liu tu
ferrit duqc trn U.n voi v~t liu polyme d~g keo. Cac h~t hgp kim Nd.FeB c6 kfch co
khoang 100 den 400 m, bt ferrit tu c6 ca hi;lt khoang 1 m. Ty 1 trQng lu<111g giii'a bt
NdFeB va bt ferrit tir la 30:70 den 70:30. Sau d6 chung duqc trn lAn deu. Chung duqc
tr6n voi ch~t deo vm ty 1 trQng luqng 90: 10 den 80:20. NhU' hlnh 9.3, v~t li~u tit deo l
duqc ti,10 thanh tir td hqp cac h~t hqp kim NdFeB, xung quanh co cac h~t ferrit tir 3 nam tren
nen chAt deo.
V mv~t li~u tu deo vm cac h;;it nano, khi chua tir h6a, cac h~t ~o thanh cac vimg gQi
la C3.C 16 h6ng "ma", t,p do cac h~t tll' lien ket rm f<:lC. Nhung khi b! tir hoa, cac h~t tu litn
149

ket ch~t lc,\O thanh CaC 16 h6ng "kin', CclC chu(')i pol ymc hum,g ra ngoai,

Mai day ng11e1i ta tlm ra m(>t kct

ca:u cua polyme din tu duc,1c lc,to ra khi
cac nguyen
d6ng bo l<;1i thanh kh6i
phAn ttr l<;iO ca'u tnk ta'm lap. di.Jue bi~u
di~n theo hlnh mau nhu hinh. Loc,\i v~t
li~u tir dco nay c6 chua phan ui I IF:,
l~O thanh c:ac bloc tuAn thco thu ll! c6
tu tinh (nguytn t6 Fluo c6 mau xanh
da lrlri). Chung l<;tO thanh cac kh6i 30,
chinh v, \'ilY chung c6 tfnh On djnh
nhict cao. Cac thu<)c tinh ke't c.:~lu nay
cho m(H kh,t nang mcri t~o cac chip
may tinh c6 t& dC, nhanh hem va da
nilng hem.

l~O

thanh cac

ClJC

tl!.

tu

Cac hat tir nano

Hinh 9.5. s,1 do f~IO ("(](" qt(

fl( klu

dtkTr Iii lufo

Phan bO thi tn1c1ng nam c.:ham

vi:nh dru trcn the gi6i nilm 1999. narn
cham NdFeB da chiem 37% th( phfin.

9.3. Cac d~c tinh

v~t li~u tu deo

C(J

ban ciia

9.3.1. Tinh nang co ban

V~t liu tlf deo dUQC chc t<;\O
bAng each trn cac v~t li~u tu tn~n nfo
polyme, nho d6 chung c6 tinh m~m
deo.

Ht'nh 9.6. Mn /ri11/r lihl kit ('(JC plzan (I( polyme

\'(i cac hgt \'(1{ [iefu ,,~

Cac v~t li~u tu n6i chung dvc;,c ch! t~o bAng phucmg phap luy~n lc.im bt. n~n cac
nam cMm \'Lnh dru thue1ng c6 tinh tr.! thap va tfnh thuAn ngh,ch kern. D6i v6i v~t li~u tu
dco, chung duac che Lao bAng cac v~t liu tll' d~c bit ncn co tinh khang tlf cao, tOn tJ1a't tu
tfnh 1h:(p, nhllt Ia crue1ng hqp c6 tai tn:mg dng. Nguyen li~u <.le chc:: t~o la c,k 6xit ncn don
va cung, kh6ng h\ gi. Oiung UU<JC lam v1c trong ph:,un vi nh1t d kha rng tir -40 de'n
+200C.
Oiung c6 the chc l.,lO lhanh v~t li~u tu d6ng )un'mg ho~c d! htt6ng. V~t li~u tlf <.lOng
httang CO tu tfnh ye'u, c.:hung <le bj ll! hoa thco cac hl16ng khac nhau, t<;\O thanh nhieu qrc.
V~t li~u tu di hu6ng chi c6 th~ tir h6a theo mt hu(mg c6 dinh, nen tlt truoog mc_lnh hem.

9.3.2.Tinh n~ng tai che cua v~t li~u tir dco

Hin nay th~ g1u1 da chc t~o mt h.tqng v[H liu tir 16'n. Oic v~t li~u nay thuc d<;ll1g
khOng than th1~n vd1 mOi truong. Theo Nghi quyec cua Lien minh Oiau Au. cin dt giam
va tie'n tl'ri khOng s,in xuat v~t liu nay, bang each sir dung v~t li~u c6 th~ tai cht. T~i Chau
150

Au. nam t99& da san xuat 6 triu ta:n thiet b! din va din tu. g6m: 1.2 triu tan chat deo,
27000 tan chi, 8 tan thiiy ngAn va 3,6 triu ta:n kim lo,:i.i. V~t liu tir deo duqc ch<;>n Lam d6i
mqng nghien CU'll tinh tai che ciia chung. Nguytn nhAn ch<;m v~t liu tir deo tai ch( duqc
thay the cho nam cham vinh ci'.ru che t;,io tll' pp luy~n kim vl v~t liu di:
- Gia thanh v~t liu tir cao;

- T6n nhieu nang lm,rng d~ san xuat;

- Che t~O O nhi~t de'.) Cao Va doi hoi Sl,l' ()n dinh c6ng ngh~;
- Tmh khir tu kh6ng 6n dinh;
- M6i trucrng dc h<;li.
Theo Lu~t m6i truang mm cua EU, tu 01/07/2006 cac thiet bi din va din tu kh6ng
duqc chua cac chA't nh11 chi. thuy ngAn, cadimi, cromit h6a trj 6, polybrominat biphenyl
(PBBs), Polybrominat diphenil Ether (PBDE) phai thay bang chat khac. Chi cho phep
0,0 l % tn;mg luqng Cd va 0, 1% d6i voi cac v~t liu khac. Oi~u do da thuc day cac nha
nghien CU'll sir dl_mg V~t liu mai.
V~t liu tu deo tai che duc;,c da duc;,c san xuat c6ng nghi~p t~i nhieu nu& tren the
gim. Chung vua lam nguyen liu
che t~o thay cac nam cha.m tu kieu cu, nhu che t~o loa
dai, che t~o nam cham vinh cir trong dqng co nho, che t,:i.o cac chi tiet may bcnn. Ngoai ra
chung duqc cung cap duoi d,;tng kh6i, tam vm cac mac v~t liu khac nhau, co the dem vi
che ~o cac san ph:lm tuy theo cac doanh nghip.

de

- Nam chAm NdFeB lien ktt ho~c gan dinh duqc san xua'.t vm nhan: N30,
N35,N38,N40.N45,N30H va san phAm ducri d:;mg nguyen liu vm cac hlnh dang: tron, dia
tam, vanh, 6ng ...
- V~t li~u tu SmCo va AlNiCo c6 cac mac AlNiCo2 to AlNiCo8 va SmCo5 and
Sm2Co17.

9.4. Tinh chat va ung d1.1ng cua m<)t

so v~t Ii~u tit deo

9.4.1. V~t li~u sAt ta

V~t liu sat tu la mt trong cac v~t liu tir co ban, duqc dung d~ ch t,;to cac nam
chAm vinh ciru d,:i.ng ran va cac nam chAm tu deo. V~t li~u du(Jc che t~o bang phuang phap
luyn kim bc)t.
V~t liu silt tu co d~c tinh tu ra'.t tot, c6 d tir du va thu~n nghtch it. Do lt,rc cucrng
hue Cao, nen kh6 mat tir tinh Va thich hqp dung trong Ca.C thit b~ CO tac dng CC1 hQC.
Nhung v~t li~u sat tu c1II1g va don, khi can gia c6ng, phai gia cOng bang dao kim cuang.
Do sir d1,mg d.c nguyen liu la cac 6 xit, nen kh6ng bi gi. Nhi~t d<) lam vi~c tu :-40c
-+200C.
C6 2 lo,:i.i ferrit la ferrit dAng hmmg va ferrit dj hmmg. Ferrit dAng hu6ng c6 tu tmh
thAp, c6 th~ tu h6a b ca.c hucrng khac nhau, ho~c t~o thanh da Cl,l'C tu. Nguqc l~i. ferrit di
hu6ng c6 nhieu tinh uu vit, c6 th~ tu h6a theo 1 h116ng c6 djnh.

151

Nam cham Ferrils duc;,c dung rng rai d~ ch~ ~o cac d1:1ng c1:1, thuac do, 1hict bi
di~n 1hanh, may sao ch1,1p, thitt hi y 1 va dttqc cht t;;,.o b~ng phuong phap luy~n kim bt, ep
va thieu ket t~o hlnh.

oO
. - g.oO

-0

...

o ....:o

llinh 9. 7. Cuc: sd11 pha'm cu;i11g dai. d~11g tain. ddi

\IQ d6 du11g }u;c l{ip lam ha11g v(ir lief u (LI deo

Bt sit tu duqc dung d~ che' t~o v~t liu sM tu deo.

V~t liu sat 1u deo duc;,c ch! t~o 1rtn n~n polyamide (Nylon 12), polys1yrenc va
cthylene-vinylacctate copolymer, voi cac lo~i bQt sii1 tu khac nhau va vcri n6ng d tre.>n khac.:
nhau: (20. 35 va 50% the tich). Tu tinh va d 6n djnh nhi~t co the duqc phan bi~t k.hac nhau
vc d da.n nhat va tfnh nhi~t cua polyme va v~t li~u dco tit. Tu tinh cua \.'~I li~u tit deo ph~
Lhu(>c ham luc;mg ht tit va hmmg tu cua chung tren n~n polyme. Muc d dinh hucmg chiu
lac d1,1ng cua SlJ tmmg tac giua nfo polyme V6i b1 tit va tfnh dan nh6'1. cua n~n polyme.
D6ng thcri cilng phl;l thuc hlnh dang cua cac phfo tu tu. Thu lJ! tuang tac giua polyme va
bt tu theo thtr tl;f: PA> EVA copolymer> PS, va PA-nam chain tir lien ket cho tu tinh cao
nhAt tren c:ic n~n polymc duqc kiem Ira. Si,r giam tu tfnh du St! !hay d6i djnh hucmg cua bQt
ti.r, chung rat fl khi thay dOi khi XU ly nhit. Cac kh6i dC111 pha.n tan cua kim lo: sit tu nhu
sat, c.:oban va niken co the duqc t<'\ng hqp aca micro met va nano met bing each giam mu6i
bang dun s<">i polyol. Cac h~t s~t tit duc;,c ph:in b<5 deu tren ntn chat deo. Kich thuoc h<1-t
fcrrit tu 4uyct dinh tu tinh cua v~t li?u, nen din k.h6ng ch~ kfch thuac h~t d6.
V~t li~u sAt tir deo duc.;,c chc' t:,io thanh cac.: bang. Tinh chAt C(1 ban cua chung la: dt)
dai ye'u. tinh deo t6t, de t~o thanh cac hlnh dang khac nhau.

deo

de

V~t li~u cau t~o nen slit tu

g6m bt ferrit tr9n v& polymc. Chung duc;,c dung
che t~o d6 chcri. tre em, gioi\ng cua, micro-m6to, d9m ... Co 3 lo~i sAt tu dco: tu deo d6ng
hucmg. di huang va ban dj huang.
152

I
--4--~',--L.1-+7
I I

I I
I

s
S

Hinh 9.8. Coe cung ti"r du(fc chf tan clw cac dqrif? cd

V~t liu tu deo Ferrit c6 the dung de cht LJ,lo cac born micro dung trong y-sinh h(.>C.
Ok v~t li~u tu deo dung lam van tim. ham lQC mau ...

Hlnh 9.10. Van dieu tier, ma11g bum va hmn mini

9.4.2. Nh6rn v~t li~u tir deo hl~n d1;1i - v~t li~u dat hiem
V~I liu IV deo vinh dru bao gc"im nam cha.m vinh ciru lam tlf dat hie'm va phi dit
hie'm. Tu deo phi <lit hie'm la cac chat AINiCo (Aluminum- Nickel-Cobalt) va g6m tu
(Strontium va Ferric Barium). Nam cham tir deo dat hiem g6m nam cha.m SmCo
(Samarium-Cobalt) va NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron). Lo<;ti nam cha.m ti.r deo phi clac
hi6m c6 tmh thOng dt,mg hem do gia thanh h~. Nam cham tu dco da:t hie'm c6 dt nhieu Hnh
nang d~c bi~t. cho tu tfnh rat t6t. C6 2 lo~i duqc SU dt,mg nhieu nha'l la nam cha.m tir deo
SmCo va NdFeB.

153

a. NdFeB MaR1iet Nam chtim tit NdFeB

De che! t~o nam ch:lm

tu deo NdFeB, tru6c het che t.;i.o cac b<>t hgp k1rn

NdFeI3 va

bt sAt tu. Titp sau tr<)n v& cMt deo

,t1i l)' I~ trc;mg lm;:mg tu 90: 10 de"n
80:20. V~t li~u tu dang nay co nhieu
tfnh nang <l~c bi~t. B()t hgp kim NdFeD
co m\ng luqng tu tr~n mt dan V! thi
tfd1 ra't cao, c6 kich thu6c h;_1t It!
lOOm uen 400~1rn. Thay d6i ty I~ cua
hap kim NdFcB trcn c.km V! the tich co
the ca1 thin de tinh chit tu nhieu han
Hinh 9.11. Nam cluim dot hilm NdFeB d,wc .H(
la lam dong d6u co hat hoac dting co
d~nK tro11g ti ni>1g may tfnl,
h~t Mu. Ty l~ theo tr9ng hrqng g1tia
h(in hqp b<;>t sat tu va ht NdFeB con ti.ty thut')c yeu du Sll dt_mg. Ty]~ tr9ng ht<,mg bQt hon
hqp vai ch:ir <lc.!o c6 gia tr~ gicri han <lfo 90: IO. den ty 1 d6 chung c6 the dung c6ng ngh~
phun Neu t~ le chat deo v6i hon hqp bQt nho hcrn 1/9. do nhcn v~t liu Jue <lo khong bao
dam cho qua lr1nh chay kh1 phun. Ty I~ 80:20 la c~n bao dam t<;l.O hinh dang trong qua tr1nh
phun va bao dam du tu tfnh cho san pham.
Tanh nang co ban cua lo<:1,i v~t licu nay la: h6n hgp ~dFcD C<J t(nh cOng ngM r~t t6t,
gia thanh ha. Nhtmg chung co nhuc;,c di~m tuoi th<,> kem. nh1et d Curi thtfp, tinh chiu nh1et
chap. de b! ma1 mon. Tanh n:ing c6 the ca1 thitn khi phu chac hoa hQC d~c bit va xu ly nhi~t.
Nam cMm tu deo NdFcI3 c6 tich ni\ng luong max l<Jn nhA"t (BH)max so vai nam
cham tu d~o SmCo. Gia tr\ (BH)max cua NdFcB d~t gia tri 30MGOe th~m ch( c6 th~ d;;it
tl~n 48MG0c.
Nam cham tu dco NdFeR c6 the thay the nam cha.m SmCo trong nhi~u trucmg hqp,
d4c bi~t lam vi~c a nhit d<;> du& 80C. D 6n dih nhi~t cua NdFeB khong tot bAng nam
cham SmCo. Tinh nang lam vic cua nam cham NdFeB giam nhanh k.hi nhit d(> d,;it den
180C. So voi nam cham SmCo. tfnh chong gi va oxyt h6a cua NdFeR tha'p hem.
Hqp kim NdfeD du(JC chc' t,;io theo cac chanh phan khac nhau tuy tinh cha't dn thict

cua nam cham tit. Hqp kim J'\t!FeB duqc luy~n trong lo chan kh6ng. Sau d6. hqp kim du~
ngtuen thanh d~ng b<>t. Tu bt d6 c6 th~ t1:10 ra nam cham vinh CLIU ran va nam cham ti.r dco.
Nam ch:lm v'inh ClJU r~n chtqc t~o h1nh ba.ng khu(>n ~r ho~c cp lhuy tinh sau d6 thieu kc"t.
Trong qua trlnh cp. tu trumig dl!(,1C ll:lO thanh nhcr thi~'t bi t.;i.o dOrncn tu duc;,c thi!t kt va d~t
c6 dinh va duoc t6i ttu h6a t(nh nang tu cua nam cham. Khi cp nam chftm du~x: c.l~t crong lo
co khi bao v~
chi~u ke't S.,u khi thicu ke't. nam chi:\m c6 be m~t sa.n sui, dn duqc gia
cOng. Crf kh( vr, dugc l~O hinh then ycu du. Nam chi\m tu NdFeB dn phai m,:1. phu ~ rn~t
m91 lop kcm ho,?.c nikcn. Cung c6 th~ dung Cadmium chromate. Aluminum chromate,
Th1~c ho(lc polymer (epoxy) dti lam 16p pht1 bao v9. Ca hai lo~i v~t li~u tl! NdFcB va SmCo.
kh1 dung d~ che l~o nam ch:im tu deo. duqc trn v<Ji polymc duqc t<:10 hlnh bang each ep
ho~c phun vao khu(>n.

de

154

V~t li~u tu NdFeB dtroc "tr dt;mg r()ng rai trong cac thiet bi va dyng c1:1 dn c6 trvcrng
d1en tu Ion nhu cac thiet b! cua may bay. tau \"U lf\l, th1et b! d1~n tit. thi~t hi di~n thanh, may
din, dl,mg C\I y te. cac dqng coda d(p. DC, servo va mOlc.1 tuyfo tfnh, dau Ill, Joa, tai nghc,
cac.: thitt hj, kh6a chuy~n 01;,\Ch, raJe, Chl;lp a.Jlh lLI lrong y te', ung dl;lng dia V~t Jy, thi{t bj
l~H.> tit, c~p (\/, 6 c.:U'ng may tinh.
D6ng thcri. Y~t liu tu ~dFcB phu hqp cho cac Sa.Jl phtlm doi chat luqng cao, th~
tich nhi,. tr~mg lttt1ng nht>. ~am cham cv deo N<lFeR ct'> ch~ dung d10 cac.: <l(mg c.:c1 mini
trong may tfnh \'a may rn. cac d1,1ng c1,1 do dung nam chAm vinh cuu. trong c6ng nghi~p
di~n Ill, c.:Ong nghi~p (j tri, cring nghi~p hoa d:iu. c(mg hl!cmg tu, thiet b( am lhanh. lhi~l b(
truy~n phat.

H1~n nay da t~i cac thi tnccrng the" gic'.ri lo~i b<.rrn \1X. dV<Jt: thiet kc va c.:he t~o c1:1m
born bfmg chf1t tir dco (plastic magnetic drive pumps), voi v~t li~u N<lFi::R. Dng u1 bcnn c.:6
kich thuoc gon nhe, c6 h1nh dang da1 va M lap d~t. D9ng CC! co nhicu kich ca k.hac nhau.
Chling dang dvqc nhi~u nha Lhiet ke co khf Va dung thay the cho cac.: dong C.:l1 SU dyng sat tu.
Cle hmn lhLiong ph3m da dugc :-.an suat theo quy Chu.in. duqc li~t ke o bang 9. l.

, . , .. t ~

.'

.;)

Hinh 9.JJ. M(lr sodtptg may bmn Im, .nidw1g vt;it liu 11"tde'o
V~t li~u tu deo con dl!~1C dung cht t~o tMn ham. Barn lam bttng v~t li~u tu dco c6

nhicu tinh uu \'i~t. Chung t~o dong xoay rat t6t. nho do cai thi~n hi~u qua thuy h,rc cua born
va co th~ Jam viec trong di~u k1en kh6 kh6ng duqc b6i trcm.
155

Ban~ 9.1. Tinh ndng cua mt>t s6' bum MX SU' dl;lng vdt liefu tit dio cao SU
S6 nut ke't n6i MAX.ap li!c MAX.Luu
x do tat (TN) d<) tai (FT) lugng (GPM)

Model

K.h6i luqng
ri~ng

Dau rn m6to
60HZ

JO

0.24 HP

1.2

0.35 HP

MX-70

1X I

36

26

jMX-100

Ix I

38

33

IMX-250

IX I

53

40

1.0

0.5 IIP

MX-251

IxI

75

40

1.0

I HP

70
70

1.2

0.75 HP

1.2

1.5 HP

'

1
MX-400

6
..__

11/:xl

J8

43

--

59

80

- .

68

80

2xl 1/i

73

107

1.2

2 HP

2 X) 1/1

99

45

1.0

2HP

MX-403

2 x I

101

130

1.2

3HP

MX-40311

2xl'li

126

70

1.0

3HP

48

4J

1.2

0.5 HP

43

1.2

0.75 HP

50

65
65
86
75

1.2

1.5 HP

2HP

IMX-401

6
,__

1 x I

rx:02
MX-402H

MX-F250
MX-f-400
-----.
MX-F401

I
V

X
V

l 1/1xl1/:

11/i x 11/i

34
68

\.1X-F402

2 XI

70

120

1.2

MX-F403

2 x I

88

130

1.2

1/inh 9.14. 8<1111 che' 1~0 tll vc;it liefu

IS6

ru deu

9.4.3. Nam cham cao su (Rubber Magnel'i)

Nam cha.m cao SU duqc che' ~o vcri nhieu lo~i V~l li~u tit. Thanh ph.in ca ban cuat
h9p kim tu la IJarium Ferrite va Strontium va m<)t s6 lrn;ii tir d~o da't hiem nhu ~eodymium
lron Boron (~dFeB), tren nen cha't deo PVC.
V~t li~u tit cao SU thubng duqc cht t~o thanh cac ta.'m. bang, nhb cOng ngh dun can.
Khi can, polyme duqc polyme h6a va b<)t tit duqc bie'n cung, d6ng thai cho them mqt so
cha't phy. gia nen v~t li~u tit cao su c6 tir tinh nit cao. V~t li~u tu cao su dvqc ung dl;lng
nhicu trong cOng nghip. Do dlJQC che' t<;10 tharlh cac tam nguyen li~u. n~n chung c6 the c.:he"
tac thanh cac an pham co h1nh dang kkh thuoc tuy nguai Sil d1,mg. M(ll c.l~c tmh nila la, khi
chung bi cun l.,ti hay t~o hlnh khong mll"t tit tinh. V~t W~u tir cao su duqc che ~o c6 11nh
d6ng hu6ng ho~c di hu6ng.

cua, cac dng ca mini. cac chi tie't

V~t li~u tlt cao SU duqc dung che l<;}O c.:ac giang
dung trong cOng ngh cao, c.:ac Cl;(C ttt h~i t~I trong CRT.
l~nh,
hep.

tu

Hinh 9.15. Coe lol(ll gia11g cho cua

MQl s6 t[nh chat V~l

cac

gioang u~m bit kfn lrong

tu

tu /gnh \'Cl Cr(a kinh

ly V~l li~u tu cao su:

- Gi6'i h;p1 hen (kg/cm3) 20 < f < 100

- H~ s6 dan ctai (%) 60 <I< 300
- 0 cung (Hv) 95 5

- M~l d (g/cm3 3.70 0.2

- 0 ben trubng bao hoa IO KOe, 800 KA/m

- D mem deo khOng gAy vcr khi v~ xo~n thanh Iron dubng kinh 20-60mm, g6c
xoin: 180
IS7

.""-'

Hinh 9. 16. M,-Jt s6' d~111g r1e1 d111 rua gin<i11K

Ban~ 9.2. Cac Linh cluii <;it lj cua m(Jt s,f mac v{it /if u lit dio

V~t
li~u

flex-

D6ng
huong/ di

htrcrng

L\rC kMng tu

D tfr du

Ni ll.rc khang cu

Br

Hr

blk

bHc

ilk

iHc

(mT)

(Gs)

(Wm)

(Oe)

(kA/m)

(Oe)

Tfch nang luc;111g Ion

nha't
(BH)

(Bl I)

ma\
(kJ/m ')

max

(MGOe)

Isotropic

165!10

1650100 1088

1350100 1328

1650100 5.20.4

0.650.05

Isotropic

17010

1700100 11218

1400100 13618

1700100 5.610.4

0.700.05

2205

220050

1361-8

1700100 l60.l8

2000100 8.010.4

1.000.05

!lexAnisotropic 2455
12

245050

140.18

1750100 148:L8

1850100 11.2_::0.4 1.400.05

1--kxAni,;otropic 247.:52.5 2475J25

12!3H

1688

21001100 2248

2800+100 12.0:cO 4

7L

Flex-

7H

FlexSemi-aniso
JO

1.50+-0.0."i

9.4.4. ~am cham AINiCo (AINiCo Magnets)

D~c diem v~t liu tu All'\iCo 1a co tinh tht sit ch~t. Cl!CJ'ng di'.) tu m~.nh. d<',> 6n dtnh
h6a hQC tot, tinh ch6ng an mon tot. Thanh phan h6a hoc cua hqp kim giu On d~nh, n~n l<_tO
difo ki~n IU tfnh tc'it va On dtnh. H~ s6 Br nho. nho nhat trong cac V~l li?u lU. NhiL d9 lam
vic cao nhat c6 the d~l dfo 500C.

158

lJinh 9.J 7. CW Ill Iron.~ cac dt}11g c,1 rii' 11/,n, cac rnto d<j11g C<T la ll'W rmtt: mciy in

Vat lieu ti.r AINiCo dugc su d1,mg trong che ~o cac nam cham co kfch thuac nho
nhL! cac \..hung llf trong cac dong ho do. von met, ampe met, va cac thiet hj do lumig kh:ic.
D6ng 1h01 c6 the dttng de chc t~o cac scnxcr tir vm dai do r<;>ng, ra le phtin qrc, thict bi do
kicm nhi~t d. ap suat. cac nam cham loa trong ~ob1le phone, th1et bi trq thlnh, loa mini,
h~ uanh lua cua o co, d6ng h6 c1o hanh tnnh cua 6 t6 xe may. ct(mg eel "vinh citu". Do tfnh
l!U v1t d6 V~l liu ti.r con dvqc dung lrong nganh hang kh6ng. ten lua va thi6t bi quAn St!,
V~t li~u tu deo AlNiCo lam vic trong dieu ki~n nhi~t d(> den 550C.
V~t li~u ti.r deo lam nam cham vinh CU'l.l cho 1oa cac coda duqc tieu ch~n va san
XU:lt IO<;tl v6i cac kfch CO' va h1nh dang theo tieu chufln, dtCcJC li~t ke c:1 bang 9.3.

Hlnh 9.18. Loa

va 11am chdm ft< de'o d1ing sd11 x11ci; loa

Bang 9.3. Cac qtc tir dung sdr, xuat loa

Kfch thtroc nam cham sll' d1,1ng chung:(00 x ID x T), Dem vi: mm

32xl8x3

45x22x8

53x24x 11

72x12x l.S

121x57xl7

32xl8xS

45x22x9

60x24x8

90x36xl5

121x57x20

32xl8x6

45xI8x8

60x24xl2

90x50x15

1.14x57x 17

36xl8x8

45x22x 11

60x32x 10

90x36xl7

155x57x20

39x22x6

49x28x8

60x32xl2

100x57xl7

184x60x20

40x22x8

49x30x8

72x32xl0

I00x57x20

220x60x20
159

Tiep bang 9.3

K[ch thuoc nam cMm hinh vanh dia:(00 x ID x T), mm
l 2.4x7x2

l6x7x5

2lx7x5

23xl0.5x3

25x13x7

12.2x4. I x3.8

13x7x2

20x7x3

29x16x5

30x6x4

14.5x9.3x3.5

l 7.5x7x3

19x I lx2.2

27x 17x3

27:x 12.5x5

Kfch thuoc van chfhn hlnh lJ1,1:(0D x

C

e 8x3

6x2

t 6.5x2

i lOx.5

7.5x3
<f.

12x3

n. mm
i 15x3

20x3

I 2x I 2

18x5

<t 25x4

19x30

55x10

12.Sx.4

30x10

Hlnh 9.19. Cac d<jng cd mmi cho 6 c1r11g may tinlr

w}

s<in pluim kluic

MOt ung d1..mg cua nam chAm tll' deo dang dan phat trien, d6 la dung

de chl l~O cac

dng co di~n dung cho xe d~p di~n. Dng co c6 kfch thuoc nho gqn, cho cOng suc\t va
momcn du bao dam lap tr~n xe d~p de cha
ngum voi toe d dn 50 km/h.

Ck lo<;ti

mo

ta nh~. di~n ap 48/36V,

cOng sua"t d~n 500W, m6men xoAn den lONm,
Slf dl:lng V~l liu tu deo (NdFeB, AlNiCo,
Ferrite)
VO bfulg hqp kim nh6m.Do tmh tru
vi~t cua v~t liu tlf dco. cho tu tfnh lon. vm
kich thuoc nho. nhi~u dQng co mini duqc san
xuAt va h\p tn:n cac thit bi din tu. may tinh
may in va nhieu thiet bi kh:ic.

vm

9.4.S. Sm-Co Magnets (nam chAm SmCo)

d,n
160

Nam chain SmCo thuc hQ nam chAm

hiem ciu l<;lO tu cac hqp cha'l cua

Hinh 9.20. D~11g Cc/ clt'mg clro :te d<;1p difll

Samarium (Sm) va COban (Co) (va mt so nguyen t6 khac), la h~ cac v~t li~u ti.I cung c6 di
hu(mg tll' tinh the , c6 l'!C khang tU' ra't 16n va nhi~t d Curie lift cao. ph6 bi~n nha't la hai M
hqp cha't SmCo 5 va SmiCo,Fe) 17 D~c diem chung cua h h9'P chat nay la c6 di hu6ng tu
linh thi ra't l(m, nen c6 th~ cho h!C khang tir ta vai kOc den vai Chl;lC kOe, nhtmg c6 ti.I d
bao hoa khOng cao. va c6 nhi~t d Curie ra'.t cao va d suy giam pha'.m cha'.t theo n.hi1 d
lha'.p nen thuang dU(Jc ~V d1:1ng Lrong cac ung d1:1ng O nhi~t d cao va do d6 thucmg chrqc g9i
voi Len chung ':t nam cham nhi(t d cao.
Hqp cha'.t SmCo,, Ou<,1e phat rninh ooi Karl J. Stmat (U.S. Air Force Materials
Laboratory) lan dau lien vao nam 1966 vai tfch nang luc_mg tu C1:fC d~i (BH)max d~t l 8
MGOe.
SmCo5 thu()c n.h6m hqp cha'.t RCo~ (R thucmg duqc dung de ky hi~u cac nguytn t6
dat hi~m, c6 ca'u true tinh the li;ic giac. SrnCo~ c6 hAng s6 dj huang ti.r 1inh the b~c 1
K, = 11,9.106 J/m', tu d bao hoa M, =840 kA/m va nhi1 d Curie Tc= 1003 K, trucmg di
hu6ng H.., = 28,6 T. Loi nam eha.m nay c6 kha nang cho tich nang luc_mg tu Cl!C d~i
(BH)max 16n nha'.t t6i 28,5 MGOe (220 kJ/mJ)_
Hqp chat Sm2Co 17 , Ouqc Karl J. Strnat va Dr. Alden Ray phat minh nam 1972 vai
tfch nang htc_mg tu eve d~i tcri 30 MGOe. H v~t liu nay c6 cfo true tuang 11! nhu SrnCoS,
nhtrng c6 sv k.hac bi~t ve thong so tu m)i ~- Hang s6 di hu(mg tu tinh the b~c l
K 1 = 10.106 J/m\ tir ch) bao hoa M. = 990 kA/m va nhi~l dQ Curie Tc= 958 K. Lo"'i nam
chAm nay c6 kha nang cho tfch nllng hrqng tir qrc d<;ti (BH)max Ion nhat tai 41,3 MGOe
(331 kJ/m3). Trong eac nghi~n euu hin nay v~ nam cham nhi?t d9 cao, ngum ta pha them
eae nguyen t6 khac (Fe, Cu, Zr ... ) cai thi~n e!u true va tfnh chat nh!m nllng cao nhi~ d
Curie cung n.hu pham chat tu cua h~ V~l 1iu nay.

de

Bang 9.4. Dl)c trung vt lj cua m9t so h{IP chtft dung lam vt li~u

tu

~nga
(nm)

HAngs6
m,ng c
(nm)

CeiFe 14B
Pr2Fe, 4B
Nd 2Fe 14B

0,877

1,211

7,81

11,6

44,25

424

0,882

1,225

7,47

14,3

125

564

0,882

1,224

7,55

15,6

150

585

Sm2Fe 14B

o,880

1,215

7,73

13,3

--

612

GcliFe 14B

0,879

1,209

7,85

'8,6

76,25

661

~Fe 14B
Dy2 Fe 14B

0,877

1,205

7,93

0,64

350

639

0,875

1,200

8,02

6,5

312,5

602

Ho2Fe 14B

0,875

1,199

8,05

8,6

250

576

Er2Fe 14B

0,874

8,24

9.3

0.874

8,13

10,9

--

554

Tm2Fe 14B

1,196
1,195

541

Y2Fe 14 B

0,877

1,204

6,98

12,8

25,3

565

Hqp
chlt

Hangs<>

M~t Tud() bAo

d()

Trumig df .

hoaM,(kG) hu6ng ~A (kG)

Nhift ct()
Curle Tc
(K)

16{

Day la h~ v~t liu duqc phat minh vao niim 1983 do d6ng thm 2 nuoc la

My

(J. J.
Croal) va Nh~t Ban (M. Sagawa]) la hqp chat Nd 2Fe 14B cho de"n hi~n nay Nd 2Fe 14 B van
la lo<;li nam cham vinh cuu t6t nha't voi di hu6ng tu tinh the K 1 = 9,4. 106 Jim\ ttch nang

va

luqng ti'r C\_IC di;ii c6 the d~t tcri 64 MGOe (da san xua't thucmg pha'.m d~t 57 MGOe).
Nam ch!m dat hiem c6 nhung nhuqc diem la d() ben kem, do cac nguy~n t6 dat
hie'm c6 ho~t tinh h6a h9c cao, d<! bi 6xi h6a. Ok nam cham thucrng phai duqc phu keo bao
v~ de ch6ng Oxi h6a. Gia thanh cao (do cac chua ham lugng Jan cac nguyen t6 da't hiem dit
ti~n va cac ky thu~t che' t~o phuc t<;1p. Nam cham m~nh nha't la Nd2 Fe 14 B la lo~i m~nh nhat
tht l<;ti c6 nhi~t d Curie tuang d6i tha'p va c6 d9 suy giiim phrlm chfit do nhi~t d kha 1cm.
Nhtmg khi t~o thanh bt va SU' dt,mg Jam nam chAm deo, chting c6 the khic ph1:1c chtc;,c
nhvqc diem v~ d<} don.
V~t li~u tu SmCo (Samarium Cobalt ) c6 tu Linh ra't t6t, h~ s6 nhi~t d thap. C6 th~
lam vic cr nh it d<) ch.rm 300C. duqc ch9n de thiet ke die nam cham tir lam vi~c nhi~t dq
cao. SmCo c6 tinh ch6ng a.n mon t6t, khOng clin m~ phu be m~t. do kh6 bi an mon va
kh6ng bi 6xyt h6a.
Cung nhu cac v~t li~u ti'r khac, sau khi t~o duqc hqp kim SmCo, su d1,mg c6ng ngh~
nghien tan dl t~o ra die hc_tl c6 kfch ca khac nhau M lam nguyen liu cho V~t liu tu dco
SmCo. V~t liu ti'r deo SmCo duqc su d(:1ng r<;>ng rai trong cac mo tcr, dong h6, thi~t b(
chuyen d6i, cac dt,mg Cl:1, may phat va ra da.

Hinh 9.21. M91 s6' sdn plu1m clfc tu

9.4.6 V~t li~u tu lam la ban

V~t li~u tu lam la ban c6 d~c trung chi hucrng tu truong. Chinh v'i V~l duqc slt dl;lng lam
kim cua la ban voi cac kfch co khac nhau. Kfch thuoc tir 6 den 250 mm. V~t liu tir deo lam
Ill V~t li9u nay c6 th~ dung de che' t~O cac tro chcri tre em.
9.4.7 Cac san pham khac lam bAng v~t li~u tit deo
Trong thl!C te, v~t li~u tu deo duqc SU' dl;lng rat rng ra1 trong san xua't cac d6 gia
d1:]ng va cac San phAm khac ph1.:1c V1:J doi. s6ng nhu: che U;lO cac thiet b~ din, dO Choi tre em,
hQC Cl}, mo hlnh thf nghim .... Hlnh 9.22. 9.24 va 9.24 la mt s6 ung di,mg cua v~t li~u tlJ
deo trong vi~ san xuat hang tieu dung.
162

nu
Wi:M!l'iift

Hinh 9.22. Cac d(!ng nam cJu:im

Hinh 9.23. Car\'() Thiel b! di11

\ '(J

Cl( deo

loa clu111: wjt li~u ril deo

163

Hinh 9.24. Coe Ju'nh d(mg tri deo vi!i rrufo s&c kliac nhau

Bang 9.5. Cac Lhanh va vanh nam cham vfnh cuu bdng v~ l~u tii dlo

Nhan

D~g

Kfch thuoc

Huong tuh6a

Mau

Thanh

30*64mm

Chi6u dai

Thanh

50*8*6mm

Chi~u dai

Do va xanh
Do va xanh

"N .S"

Thanh

359*6mm

Chi~u dai

Do va xanh

"N,S"

Thanh

105mm*13mm"'8mm

Chieu dai

Do va xanh
Do va xanh
Do va xanh

"N ,S"

u
u

164

30*30*8*6mm
50*40*8"'8mm

u
u

11

N ,S..

"N,S"

"N ,S"

CHUONG 10: V! T LitU NANO COMPOZITE PO LYME

10.1. Khai ni~m va phAn Io~i
10.1.1. V$)t li~u nano
Nano, g6c chii Hy L~p. la dan vj do m()t phan ty(l0-9), nanomet = 1 phan ty met
(1 nm = 109m). Ctmg ngh nano la cOng ngh xu ly v~t cha'.t a muc nanomet. COng ngh
nano tim ca.ch la'.y phin tu de1n nguyen tu nho
tfch hQp tl~ nhiing sin ph.im c6 kich ca
binh thuong d~ SU d1;mg, da.y la each lam tu nho dtn to khac vm ca.ch lam th6ng thucrng tir
trtn xu6ng dum, tu to dtn nho.

de

Cong ngh nano, dUQC phat minh bai nha v~t ly hQC ngttm My Richard Feynman
vao nam 1959, la cOng ngh di vao chieu sa.u cua ca'.u true v~t chat dtn tung pha.n tu,
nguy~n tu. Nhlillg thu~t ngu "cOng ngh nano" duqc
d1a1ng vao nA.m 1974 do Nario
Taniguchi m()t nha nghi!n cuu t.,ii truang di hQC Tokyo sir dla1fig nghitn cuu ch~ 4-0 c!u
true vi hlnh CUa ffii:\Ch vi din tit.

su

V ~t li~u athang do nano, bao g6m cac la nano, sQi va 6ng nano, h~t nano dUQC dieu
che bAng nhieu each khac nhau. acS:p de) nano, v~t liu se c6 nhiing tmh ni\ng d~c bit ma
v~t liu truyen th6ng khOng c6 duqc, d6 la do Sl,l thu nho kich thttac va vic tang din tich
m~t ngoai cua lo~i v~t liu nay.
V~t liu Nano la lo.,ti v~t liu ma trong clu true cua cac thanh pMn cau 4-0 nen n6 it nhat
phai c6 m()t chieu akich thuac nanomet. Ve hinh dang v~t liu, ngum ta phan ra thanh ba lo~:
~

V ~t liefu nano khong chieu (ca ha chieu deu c6 kich thuac nano, khOng con chieu tl,l

do nao cho din tu), vf d1:1, dam nano, h~t nano ...

- Vt;it lief u nano mt)t chie'u la v~t liu trong d6 hai chieu c6 kich thuac: nano, din tu
duqc t1:1 do tren m(>t chieu (hai chieu cam tu), vf d1=1, day nano, 6ng nano, ...

- V t;it li?u nano hai chieu la v~t liu trong d6 m(>t chieu c6 kich thuac: nano, hai chieu
ti! do, vi d1:1, mang mong, ...
Thuong vt.;it lif u co cdu true nano hay nanocompozit trong d6 chi c6 mt phin cua v~t
liu c6 kfch thuac nanomet (nm), h~c c!u true cua n6 c6 nano khOng chieu, m()t chieu, hai
chieu dan xen lAn nhau.

10.1.2. Nanocompozit
Theo Bach khoa toan thu, Nanocompozit la v~t liu dugc 4-0 ra bAng d1.ta vao trong
v~t liu macro (gQi la v~t liu nen - matrix) cac h,t kich ca nanomet (gQi la filler) ket qua
lam thay doi cac thuc tinh cua v~t liu nen. Thi dl,l cho 6ng-nano cacbon lam tang cac tinh
dart din, d.in nhit nhieu Ian cho v~t liu nen. Ngoai ra cac h~t nano c6 the lam thay doi
cac thu~ tinh quang hQC, each din ho*c tinh chat ccr hQC nhu d cung viing, d hen. Ty 1
d11a v~t liu nano duqc tinh theo ph!n tram trQng lUQng. Do tinh uu vit, nen chung duqc sir
d9ng trong c6ng nghip din tit, O to va c6ng nghip trang ~.
165

C6 3 lol,li v~t li~u nanocompozit: nanocompozit n~n kim lo~i (MMC), nanocompozit
nen g6m (CMC) va nanocompozit nfo polyme (PMC). Trong chmmg nay, t~p trung gi6i
thiu nanocompozit polyme.

V{it liiu nanocompozit polyme : Ia lo~i v~t liu compozit-polyme v6i ham luc;rng
ch~t gia cuang thap ( 1-7%) va chat gia cucmg nay phai a kich thuoc nanomet. Pha gia
cuong o kich thuoc nanomet duqc sir d1,mg trong linh V\!C nanocompozit thmmg la hi~t
nanosilicat, clay va 6ng carbon(Carbon NanoTube-CNT). Oic phucmg phap duqc sir d1,mg
ph6 bien hin nay d~ che t~o v~t liu nanocompozit polyme la phuong phap in-situ, n6ng
chay, nhu tucmg va phucmg phap dung dich.

Polyme nanocompozit la mt d,ig d~c bi~t cua v~t liu polyme. Vcri cac v~t li~u v6
co (clay), co kfch ccJ it nha'.t 1 chieu, duqc tn')n va pha.n tan deu trtn n6n polyme da dem l~i
m<)t buac tien v6 cung Ian cai thin tfnh nang cua polyme. Cac clay d~g ta'm lap la cac
filler, c6 ket ca'.u lop tu din ho~c bat din duqc phAn tan tren ntn polyme. Theo each thuc
litn ket giiia chu6i cua polyme vai cac lap clay, v~t liu moi duqc ti;).O ra c6 tinh chAt CC1
hQc rA't cao so vcri polyme nguytn chit, d Mn tang 40%,
nang chtu nhit cao va ch!u
tac d1,mg h6a h<;>e t6t. C6 tinh ch6ng khi va chat long th:un thau qua (barrier) tot. Khi ham
luqng nanoclay 3% trtn nen chat deo da lam tang d thau nuoc len 50% va d thau khf len
100%. N goai ra, nanocompozit c6 d dai, trong va dt Lai che.

kha

C6 3 d1;1ng nanocompozit:
- Polyme/silicat nanocompozit

- Polyme/clay nanocompozit
- Polyme/CNT nanocompozit

10.1.3. Cong ngh~ nano (nanotechnology)

Da.y la nganh cong ngh litn quan den thiet ke', phan tkh, ch t~o va (tng d1,mg cac
CllU true, thiet bi
nan6met (nm).

Va

h th6ng bang vi?c di~U khi~n hlnh dang, kfch thUoc tren quy m6

Nano filler duqc chia thanh ba lo~i theo hinh d~ng va kfch thu6'c:
- Filler sqi ho~c nanotube~
- Filler d,,mg phien nhu clay;
- Filler d~ng h,~t du.
Trong d6, cacbon nanotube dang duqc nghitn clIU, nhung do kho khan cOng ngh,
nen
dt,mg chua nhi~u, chu yeu hin nay fa SU' d1,mg nanoclay. Con nanofiller h;~.t cau doi
hoi phai co thiet bi c6ng ngh dlltc bit, do la cOng ngh~ tmmg lai.

ung

C6 3 c(mg ngh CO ban li;lO nanocompozit.

Phuong phap chen la phucmg phap d6 polyme hoa tan trong chat dung m6i, sau do
clay duqc trn pha.n tan deu d~ duc;rc dung dich, sau do cho cha't dung m6i b6c hcri ho~c
polyme ket tua. Phuong phap nay cho luqng clay it ph~n tan, gia thanh cao vl phai c6 chat
dung m6i, ngoai ra con anh hUClng den m6i truang Va an toan.
166

Phuong pha.p in-situ la phmmg phap polyme h6a dt phAn b6 cac lap clay silicat nha

qua trlnh polyme h6a, cac lap silicat trn d~u Vffi monome. Qua trinh dUQC lien hanh nha
~6 chat khcri mao ho~c chit xuc tac.
Plurang phap thu 3 la phU'ang phap cac lop silicat tn,rc tiep dUQ'C phan tan vao trong
polyme trong qua trlnh n6ng chdy. D~ dung phucmg phap nay, silicat cful phai XU ly tnr&:,
nha qua trinh bien tinh hihl ca.
Hin nay co 2 kh6 khan 16n la t~o nanocompozit polyme tir chat deo nhit rAn va
tf nh 6n djnh nhit cua cac clay bi!n tinh hiiu co.

Biet rang, cac tinh chat v~t ly, h6a hc;>c cua cac v~t liu Mu c6 mt gim han v6 kfch
thu6c. Neu v~t liu ma nho han kfch thu6c nay thi tfnh chat cua n6 hoan toan bj thay d6i.
Ngum ta goi ct6 la kfch rhu6'c tm hc;m. Vf)t liu nano c6 tfnh chat d('ic bit la do kich thuac
cua no co th/ so scinh dur;tc vai kich thztilc tiri hr;m cua cac tinh chat cua vgt lieu. Thuang
din tr& cua mt kim loi.i.i tuan theo dinh lu~t Ohm b kich thuoc vi mo. Neu ta giam kich
thuoc cua v~t liu xuong nho hem quiing dztcmg fl! do trung binh cua din
trong kim lo~i.
tu vai nm den vai tram nm, thi dinh lu~t Ohm khong con si'.r d1,mg duqc nua. Luc nay di?n
trd cua V~t CO kfch thll'O'C nano SC tuAn theo cac quy tdc /ll<711g tU.

tu

Cong ngh~ nano la m(>t cOng ngh~ mang tinh thal d<;1i. Vi v~y t6ng hQ'p va ung dt,mg
nanocompozit polyme la m(Jt cong nghf chien luqc phat triln khoa h9c vt liefu mifi. Den

nay cac nha khoa hQC Vit Nam t~i D~i hQC KHfN Ha n(>i va Tp.HCM dang nghien CU'U
cht t~o v~t liu nanocompozit trtn ca h6n hqp Polyme/Organoc1ay.

sa

10.2. Ciu true va hi~u

ung co ban cua v~t litu polyme/clay nanocompozit

10.2.1. D~c di~m c~u true cua Clay

Oay. hay con g9i la khoang set , la lo:,i khoang co san trong n, nhien, duqc cA'u t~o
lll cac lap mong, m6i ]op c6 chieu day tu mt dc!n vai nanomet, con chieu dai tu vai tram
dtn vai nghin nanomet. Khoang Smectite con duqc g9i la Bentonit, hay Montmorillonit
(viet tat la MMT, lay ttn vung mo khoang cua Phap). Smectite la hQ ca.c khoang trong d6
bao g6m 2 lo.,i.i quan trc;mg nha't: Natri montmorillonit va Canxi montmorillonit.
Clay, dung trong nanocompozit polyme, duqc ca'.u 4-0 tir cac don vi ccr s& la cac tAm
t11 di?n Si(OH) 4 va cac tam bat di~n Al(OH)!- . Cac tAm nay litn ktt voi. nhau ~o nen cAu
true cua lop clay. Tuy thuc vao ty 1 s6 tAm tu din tren s6 tAm bat di~n trong m6i lap ma
ta c6 cac lo~i clay khac nhau. Khoang Bentonit c6 ty 1 s6 trun tu din /so tam bat din =
2/1, c6 m<;lllg tinh th6 nhtt h1nh ...
Trang ca'u true thuong c6 2 tAm tu di~n chua si1ic va 1 t.1m bat din chua nh6m ho~c
magit bi k~p giua 2 tim tu din. Ca.c W:m nay co chung cac nguyen oxy b dinh. D day
cua m6i lop clay khoang 9,6A0 Trong clay, cac lap c6 chieu dai CC1 1 mn. Giua cac lap la

tu

khoang tr6ng va cac lop dtrqc litn k!t vm nhau bang h,rc hut finh din. Khoang each cua
mt)t lop don

vi

la khoang tr6ng giii'a hai lap, g9i

la

khoang cac ca ban (khoang each d).

Khoang ca.ch nay c6 kfch thucrc nm va khac nhau d6i voi. m6i loi.i.i clay. D9 day tinh th~

tu

167

300A11 den vai m ho~c l6'n hon, tuy

thuc loai sihcat. Su sap xe'p va thanh
phan cua ca:u true tu din hay hat din
quyl!t d!nh den t(nh chat cua clay.

Trong clay, c6 SL! thay the d6ng

hinh giua cac cation l1 I.Am tu din va bal
din nhu cac ion Si4,+ ta:m tu din co the bi
thay th~ boi cac ion Al3 hay Fe'. Con
cac ion Af a lAm cac bat di!n c6 the bj
thay the' boi cac 2n2 hay Mg. Ch.inh si,
lllnh JO.I. Cau true eua Ben1om1
lhay th d6ng hlnh nay lam cho clay
mang din t(ch am vase duc;,c tnmg hoa v6i din tfch Cation kim lo~i nhu: Ca+, Na+, K tren
~ mat cac 16'p.

Oay Bentonit
c6 t(nh chat d~c tnmg
la k.ha nAng hap th1,1
nu6c va trucmg, nen
giua cac 16p nanoclay
thucmg c6 cac nguyen
nu&, c6 di~n tich
he m~t r!t Ian va d~c
bit la c6 dung luqng
trao d6i cation (CEC)
cao: 80-lOOmeq/lOOg.
Cac lap nanoclay duqc
lien ke't v6i nhau bAng

-..

tu

A1
Si
0
e Na+, Li+
Lop codltn

:.----(Si04 )
L6pbatd~

(AIOJ

20 lllll 1 m

hJc Van dcr Waals.

Hinh 10.2. M~ Ju'nh 3D ea'u true Clay
Ck lap clay c6 din
tkh khOng gi6ng nhau nen phai SU d~ng gia ttj di~n tich trung blnh.
Ml)l

s6 thong s6 V~l ly cua nanoclay:

Kh6i htqng pMn

tu (g/mol):

540,46

TS tr9ng lrung blnh (g/cm3): 2,35

H tinh the Monoclmic
DQ cling Mohs iJ 20C:

1,5 - 2,0

Mau ~c trAng.-vang
D~c 11nh Tinh th~ truong ltn nhi~u lAn lchi hap th9 nu&

u">ng thuc chung cua MMT c6 d~ng: Mx(A1 4 - xMgx)Si110 20(0H)4.

Trong d6 M la cation don hoa lf!, x la mtic dQ the!' x = 0,5 - 1,3.
168

MQt s6 tai li~u cOng h<5 thanh phan hoa h9c cua nanoclay c6: Al= 9,98% 1 Si= 20,78%,
H = 4,10% va O = 65,12%.
Ngoai Montmorillonite thl hcctorit va saponit cung la nhung 10<;1,i
d.1g 16'p thong di,rng va chung d~u c6 cau !rue gi6ng nhu tn~n.

v~t

W;u silicat

Bang 10.2 du& day cho bilt c6ng thuc hoa hc;>e va mt s6 d~c trung cua cht1ng.

Bang 10.1 C6ng thuc h6a hQC va d~c tinb cua m()t s6 day
COng tbuc hoa h<;>c

Loi chit

CEC (meq/100g)

Chj6u dai h~t (nm)

Montmorillonite

M,(Al~-x Mg,)Si~0 20(0H).

110

10(),.., I 50

Hectorit

M ,(Mgt1-xLi 1 )Six020( OH) 4

120

200-300

Sapcmit

M,Mg6 ( Si 3-xAl,)Si80 20(0H),

86.6

5o-60

Trong d6: M: cation hoa trj I: x: muc d th! d6ng hlnh (ti! 0,5-1,3); CEC: kha nang trao dOi cation.

10.2.2. Bien tinh Clay

Polyme/clay nanocompozit, chu ylu su dl.mg phucmg phap bien tinh clay, nhAm m1,1c
di'ch lam cho cac filler d6ng h1nh vm polyme.
Nanoclay la chat vO ca, c6 Unh ua nuoc , trong khi d6, nen polyme de cht ~o v~t W~u
nanocompoz.it, la cac chat hrru co va c6 tfnh ky nuoc. Do v~y, nanoclay rat kh6 tn'.)n hqp v&
polyme. M~t khac, clay khi chua duc:;,c bien tinh rat kh6 tuong hqp v6i polyme do ban chat
h6a h(?C rat khac nhau, hon nua, clay c6 cau true lap va giua cac lap duqc lien ket v6i nhau
rat ch~t che b1ng lt,!C hut tin.h din. Vl v~y. mu6n chen cac ph1n tll polyme vao giil'a cac 16'p
ho~c tach cac lap ra de t~O ra poJyme/clay nanocompozit ngUcri la phai thl,l'C hin qua trlnh
bien tfnh clay, lam cho clay c6 tinh hrru co va lam tang khoang each co ban giiia cac lap di
cac m~ch polyrne de dang chen vao.

a. Phuong phap trao d6i ion

Ngucri ta thuong thi,rc hin phdn 1mg trao
ddi cation v6i m1,1c dfch g.in rnf:tch hydrocacbon dai
vao trfn be m~t cac 16'p di giam Sl,I tucmg tac Va
lam ttmg khoang each giua cac 16'p. Cac hqp chAt
lhuong duqc dung dt bitn Hnh Oay la cac mu6i
ammoni c6 d~ng N(R)4Cl. lrong d6 R la ffif:\Ch
hydrocacbon dai de thl,IC hin phan ung trao d6i
cation, de U;lO rel clay hiiu CO :
Oay-Na + N+(R)4 Cl'

Hf2 t
1

~
~

I_
1

~~A

~~?~

w,~,.1!

Lop Cla:,

~ Hydrocacboom~ch mi
----~

"---..

Hinh 10.3. Cau true

cua Clay hiiu Cd

Clay- N~(R) 4+Na0

Nhu v~y, bing phan ung trao d6i cation, m~ch hydrocacbon dai duqc gAn l!n ~ m~t
cac 16'p clay. Cac m~ch hydrocacbon ffi(?t m~t lam tang khoang each giiia cac lap clay, m~l
khac chung co the tucmg hqp t6t vcri cac m~ch polyme trong qua lrlnh ch~ t~o polyme
nanocom pozi t.
169

H1nh 10.3 m6
ta c.:au tnk c.:ua clay
sau khi bie'n tf nh hay
dm g9i la Clay hiiu
co (OganoClay):

Bict r~ng, lgc

lien ket giila cac lap
clay la lgc lien k6't
Van der Waals. Da.y
la mqt lo~i lgc lien
ket v~t ly, c6 nang

Biin tfnh

houca

..;~

Ammonium Alkyl b~c 4

Clay chua bifo tfnh

Clay sau blfo tfnh

Hinh 10.4. Mo hinh Clay tr11ac vtl sau bie,, rfnh

luqng lien ke't rfit

nhb. Do d6 Sl! g~n
Bien tinh b:\ng cation
.:'\a+ )lont:morillonite
ke"t cac lap clay
+ .-\11\Jnonium
vai nhau la r~\t
kcm nen cac phan
CH 2 CH 20H
I
tii khac c6 th~ xen
~lnm t
CH,- f"- Tor HT
vao khoang giiia
CH 2 CH 2 0H
cac lap clay do
Tron& d6: T 12 T:dlow
mc>t each kha de
{~5% Cl8: --300,o
dang. De lam cho
Cl6; ~5% CU)
Bien tlnh Ion Onlu1n
MMT
nen lq
bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl
Tallow Ammonium bl hydro h6a
mtoc. tucrng hqp
t6t v6i polyme,
1/lnh 10.5. 8iei1 ti11lz clay hang cation ammo11iurn
cac
cation
a
khoang giiia cac lap clay <lllc/(: thay the' bang cac chat ho~t dng ~ m~t cation nhu ankyl
amoni hay ankyl photphat. Oic cation c6 the thay the' thong d1:1ng nhat la Na+, ea2, Mg 2,

tra

H 1 , K+

va NH'a.
Qua trlnh thay the' xay ra nhu sau:

Khi bi(n tinh bAng cac cha.'t ho~t dng be m~t cation th, dau mang di~n ducrng cua
m~ch polyme hucrng ve phfa cac m~t clay (do tuong tac di~n Culong) con cac m;,ich ankyl
huong ra ngoai, duqc danh gia bAng kha nl'.l.ng trao ddi cation (CEC) cua clay. D6 la s6
cation 1cm nhat c6 the trao d6i, la h~g s6 d6i v6i tung lo~i clay Cl,J tht N6 duqc tfnh bing
mili ducrng luqng cho 1 garn (meq/g) ho~c th6ng d1:1ng hon la mili duang luqng cho 100
gam (meq/lOOg). Trong h dcrn vi SI thl dcrn vi d~c tnmg cho kha nang nay la Culong/gam
(C/g), I meq = 96,5 C/g. Kha nang trao d6i cation duqc hien thi 6 pH= 7. Kha nang trao dOi
cation cua Montmorillonile mim lrong khoang 80 + 150 meq/g.
Sau khi bie'n tfnh huu ca, be m~t clay tra ne.n ki nuoc mt phan, nang luqng be
m~t cua n6 giam, n~n tuang hqp vcri cac polyme hiiu co. Kich thu6c cu.a nh6m ankyl
170

cang 1cm thi tinh ky nu6c cua clay cang cao va khoang each giiia cac lap nanoclay cang
tang.

s., sap xep mt_1ch ankyl trong khoang giiia cac lop clay phl,J. thu<)c vao 2 yu t6 la
m~t d din ti'.ch cua clay va lo~i cha't ho~t dng M m~t. Mt_1ch ankyl cang dai, m~t d din
tkh cua clay cang Ian thi khoang each d dmg lan.
M;,1ch ankyl co the sAp xp

vm

song song
M m~t clay t~o nen
cau true don lap (khi m1,1ch ankyl
ngan), hai lop (khi m1,1ch ankyl trung
L6p don
L6p kep
blnh), ho~c gia ba lop (khi m;,1ch
ankyl dai). Tuy nhien mi;}ch ankyl
cfing co the kh6ng nam song song
ma l1,1i n~m cheo so voi be m.)t clay,
khi d6 t,,io ra c1u true paraffin. ca'.u
Gli316p
Cau true paraffin
true paraffin ding c6 tht don lap
hol;ic hai lop. Khi m~t dQ din tich
Hinh 10.6. Cac dt;mg cau true litp CUQ clay hiiu Cd
clay cao va chat ho;,1t dng ~ m~t co
kfch thuac Ian thuang ~o thanh d~ng 2 lap gi6ng chat long. Vm dt:1ng dc:m lap, hai lap, gia
ba lap, khoang each CO SC1 giCi'a Ca.C lap clay tUang tmg la d = 13,2; 18,0; 22,7 tht hi~n SI/
sap xep kh6ng tr~t u,r, giong chat long. Vm d,,rng praffin, thl. SI! sap xep co tr~t tg hon, cac
m;,1ch ankyl khong nim song song voi cac m~t clay nfra ma nam cheo voi cac ion duong a
vj tri doi nhau.

M9t so chat dung

de bien tfnh nanoclay theo co ch trao d6i ion la amino axit va

Ion ankyl amino.

* Amino axit:
Amino axit la nhii'ng phan ti'.r co chua

ca

nh6m amino (NH2) mang tinh haw

va.

nh6m cacboxylic (COOH) mang tinh axit. Trong m6i truang axit, m<)t proton cua nh6m
COOH chuyen sang nhom NH 2 t~o thanh NH 3+. Luc nay c6 s1:1 trao d6i cation giiia NH 3+ va
cac cation ton t~i

a giiia cac lop clay (nhu Na+, K+)

lam cho clay c6 tinh ua dau. Thi d1,1,

che t~o v~t liu nanocompozit tren co scr polyamid 6 va nanoclay da si'.r d9ng (.!}-amino axit
dt bien tfnh nanoclay.

* Ion ankyl amino

Montmorillonit sau khi trao d6i cation v6i cac ion ankyl amoni m~ch dai thl c6 tht
phAn tan duqc trong cac cha'.t long huu ccr phAn

C\!C

t~o ntn ca'u true gel. Tinh chat nay duqc

phat hin boi Jordan va Weiss. Cac ion ankyl amino co th~ xen vao giiia cac lap clay mc)t

de

each
dang t~o ra amino axit de t6ng hgp ntn nanocompozit trea CC1 SO polyme. fon ankyl
amoni duqc
d1;1ng rc)ng rai nha'.t la cac ion t~o boi cac ankyl b~e 1 trong m6i truang axit.

su

Cl'lng thuc hoa h9c chung cua chung la: CH3 (CH2)n- NH3.. , trong d6 n = 1 7 18.

171

DI) dai cua ion amoni ~o ra tinh chat hen va d~p cao cua v~t liu nanocompozit.
Ca.c nghitn cuu gAn day cho thay, khi bit'n tfnh nanoclay v6i h<Jp chat ankyl amoni co s6
nguyen tu C lcrn hO'n 8 thl t,;io nen cau true nanocompozit ta.ch lap. Trong khi do, ntu biln
tfnh nanoclay v6i hqp chat ankyl amino co d dai rn~ch ngAn hem l~i t~o nen can tnic
nanocompozit xen lap. Ca.c ion ankyl amoni tir amin b~c 2 cung da duqc su dt,mglam chat
bifo tinh nanoclay.
b. M(Jt so'phum,g phap bien tinh khtic

Ngoai phUO'ng phap trao d6i ion, ngum ta con co the dung m<')t
m~t de biln tinh clay ma tieu bi~u trong s6 do la hqp ch~t silan.

so chat ho~t d<ing be

* Silan
Silan thucmg du<;1c sfr d1,mg trong ch~ t~o v~t li~u nanocompozit tr~n cd sb
polyeste kh6ng no va nanoclay. Silan la cac monome silicon huu co co c6ng thuc holi
hi;,c R-SiX3. Trong d6, R la nh6m chuc hihl ca duqc gan vao Si, X la nhom co the bi
thuy phAn dt t~o thanh nh6m silanol. Silan c6 the phan lffig vm be m~t cua cac chit vO
cc:1 t,;io nen ca.c lien ktt oxan ho~c hydro. Cac b6 m~t nay co d~c tnrng la chua cac nh6m
OH gAn vao nguyen tir Si ho~c Al. Trong nanoclay, cac nh6m OH xua'.t hin tren b~ m~t
cac lap clay. Silan truoc titn duqc chuytfo thanh cac hqp chat silanol bang phan ung
thuy pha.n. Sau do silanol phan ung v6i. cac nh6m OH tren bt m~t clay t~o thanh cac
lien ket oxan va lien ket hydro.

* Mot vai chat khac

Mt s6 chfft bien tmh clay khac c6 thi duqc sir dt,mg lfl:l'C tiep trong hie che 4-0 v~t
li~u polyme-nanocompozit VI cac chit nay CO thi ho~c tham gia t.rl!C tiep vao phan ung
trimg hgp ho~c khcri mao phan ung trlmg hqp. Thi d\), khi che t~o v~t li~u polymenanocompozit trtn ca
polystyren va nanoclay, ngum ta co the sir d11g amino metyl
styren ho~c LFRP (ch~i khcri rnao phan ung trlmg h<Jp g& tq do s6ng) lam cha'.t bitn tmh
cho clay.

sa

10.2.3. Cac d~ng k~t cfu vtt ll~u polyme/clay nanocompozit:

Tuy theo each pha.n bO hay d;ig t6n ~i cua clay trong nen polyme ma ngum ta chia
ca'.u true v~t li~u polyme/clay nanocompozit tha.nh 3 lo;p khac nhau: di;lng chen lap, d;ig
ket 11:1 va d~g hoc lop.

a. D~ng chen lltp (intercalated nanocompozit)

Ca.c phAn tU polyme dUQC chen vao giiJa Ca.Clop clay Va lam cho khoang ca.ch gifra
de lop clay tang ltn. Nhung clay trong polyme/clay nanocompozit van con cau true nhu
khi chua ket hQp v6i. polyme.

b. Dr,mg kit t~ ( flocculated nanocompozit)

Cung nhu truong hqp chen lop, nhung c6 hin tuqng m()t s6 lap clay dinh v6i nhau
do tuang tac hydro giiia cac lap. D,;ing nay co tfnh chat Cc:1 hc;,c khOng t6t so vm d;ig chen
lap, vl hin tttqng ket u,1. lam cho clay khtJng duqc pha.n M dlu trong n~n polyme.
172

c. D<;ing b6c lbp (e.efoliated nanocompozit)

Cic lop clay dU'gc Lach hoan toan khoi nhau va phAn tan diu trong n~ polyme. Va cac
lop clay dugc tach hoan loan ra khoi nhau va phAn tan deu trong n~n polyme, nhU' mc)t pha gia
cuong. Nhu v~y. tuong tac giua nen va pha gia cucmg trong tnrong hgp nay la t6t nhAt. Hi~n
tuqng b6c lop xay rn kh.i ham luqng Oay nho va pha n6n polymc tuong tac t6t vm clay.

+
Chu61 Polymer

Boe l6p

Chen lop

Ilinh 10.7. Cac d,;mg cau true cL,a polymelclay 11a11ocvmpozit.

~4u true ~lay

Cau troc b6c l6p

Cao true kct n,

Hinh 10.8. Ml> hinlt JD polymelclay nanocompo:ir

, .,' .. ,,
..\

.. .,

.,

,:

\,

-:- .". - \ ,
,

,\/
,~
I l

'

1... /

.'

~ /"

'

,'

I~

'
'

'

-,/

'

'

, \
\
. / ' .,, ,, ,

.) \

Tllnh 10.9. Mo hl11h phan Iii tro11g cat, true rra110

173

Nano PA6 Nanocomposite

Hinh JO.JO.

Mo hinh mqch plufo tu polyme trong clay nanocompozit

10.2.4 Cac hi~u ung kfch thttoc nano

Mt trong nhii'ng tinh cha'.t quan tr<;mg cua ca'u true nano la S\f phl,l thu<)c vao kfch
thuoc. V~t chat khi b di:\ng vi th~ (nano-size) c6 the co nhiing tfnh chit ma v~t chat khi b
d,;lng nguyen thti (bulk) khOng th~ tha'y duqc.

a. Hifu

ung duirng hdm

Khi ki'.ch thuoc cua v~t chdt trb nen nho tm ki'.ch thuac nan6met, cac din tu khong
con di chuyen nhU' dong chay trong ch.it d~ din, ma din tu chuyin dtch theo dinh lu~t ca
luqng tu, c6 nghia la tuAn theo tinh song cua dong din tu, di?n tu c6 the tuc thoi chuy6n
d(>ng xuyen qua m9t lap each din (clay). Nbu v~y. neu duc;1c lam cac chip din
kich ca
nano kh6ng nhung chung c6 th~ dugc dong g6i day d~c hon utn rn()t chip,
con co the
ho~t dqng nhanh h<1n vai it din tir hon va mil't it nang lugng hem so vm nhung transistor
th6ng thuang.

ma

b. Hiefu

tu

ung din va quang

Hi~u ung kich thuoc con lam thay doi cac tinh cha'.t cua v~t ch.ft nht.t tinh chat din
va tinh chat quang phi tuyen (non-linear optical). Klt qua nghien ClIU cho thay, v~t chat (j
d~ng nano c6 thUQC tinh khac hin so voi v~t cha't od~ng nguyen the. Xuat hi~n hi~n tugng
chdm lur;ng tu, QD (quantum dots). M<,t QD la m<)t hl,lt v~t chat c6 kich thuac nho tm muc
vic bo th~m hay lay di mt din tu se lam thay d6i ha.n tinh chat h~t theo hmmg hfru ich
nao d6, QD c6 thu(}c tinh nhu m<)t ban dAn kh6i va dong thm ciing gi6ng nhu mt phAn tu
rm r~c. Do ton t~i cac khOng gian din tit hyp hay co S\I' giam ham cac din tit va cac 16
tr6ng do v~ng mt di~n tir (chung hol,}.t d(>ng nhu mt din tich ducmg), nho d6 hi~u ung
luQng tir ho~t dng. Khi ta kich thkh mQt QD bAng mc}t ngu6n di?n nho, se say ra hi~n
tuqng phat nang hrqng, phat quang QD dmg nho thl nang htqng va cuong d phat sang cua
no cang tang. Vl viy, QD trb thanh mt linh V\l'C nghitn cuu va ung d1,mg mm, se tdnh bay
them phtin polyrne di~n

tu.

Hiu ung din

c. Hiu

va quang se dUQC trmh bay ti~p b phlin duoi.

ung bi ,ru;'it cua v(jt liu nano/clay compozit

tu

Khi v~t li~u co kich thuac nanomet, cac s6 nguyen narn tren ~ m~t se chiem ti l~
dang k~ so vm t6ng s6 nguyen tti. Chinh vl v~y, chung c6 hiu ung be m~t rat quan tr9ng,
d6 tinh cha't
v~t li?u c6 kich thuac nanomet khac bit h!n so voi v~t li~u dq.11g

tu

174

cua

th6ng thug. Be m~l Cl'.ia nanocompoziL polyme c6 ca'u true kh6ng barn mroc (nhu m~t la
khoai, la sen), lam cho chat long chay tron ho~c gi<,>t nu& d<,>ng tron tren be m~t. Nho hi~u
ung nay, nano/clay
duqc
compozit
dung pha vao scm
bong son OtO, lam
chat phu be m~t
ho~c cac tui dl.Jllg
khOng tha'm nu&.
Be m~t co cau true
cac cc)t nano 6

cung dau ct va g6
ghe do c6 nhitu

c9t c6 tac dt:1ng

Hlnh JO.I J. 1/iefu ting di~n va quang cua QD
kh6ng tham u61. ti!
lam s~ch. Cac giQLnu& li ti tren be m~t de dang co c~m l~i thanh nhfrng gi9t mr6c to va lan
xu6ng, khi Ian kco thco ca bl,li . BAt chuoc ca'u true k.hOng bi tham um cua la sen, nguoi ta
da lam va ban ra thi tnrO'ng loc:ti polymc c6 gia cOng be m~t di n6i len nhieu ct nho co
nano. Dem lo<:1i polyme nay dan l~n be m~t. ta se c6 be m~t khOng than, u6t, tt;r lam s~ch
nhu mong muon.

Hinh 10.12. Mo hinh klz611g rJufo1 nuiic cua 110110

d . Hi1u ung ch{in (barrier) cJ1<fng tlufm tlui'u

Do cac tam clay sAp x6p song song va khOng thkg hang nhau. ntn chung t~o nen
st;r can d6i v6i cac chat truyen qua nhu Oxy. nuoc va. cac chftt khL Tmh can khi va nuoc tclng
theo s6 lu<;tng lop clay tr~n chi~u day mang nano/clay compozil polyme.
'.\rho tfnh chat nay, nguoi ta che t~o de mang mong chat lvc;mg cao dung bao quan
cac chat trong thcri gian dai, ch6ng tham l~u va ch6ng am cho san phim, chong khuin.
ThuO'ng dl!~1c dung bao g6i cac San phdm quAn Sl,J, cac tui bao g6i thlJC ph:lm.

Oic tam clay c6 tac dL,mg ngcln can lham thA'u cac cha'.t nhu Oxy, so v6i cac mang
chuan, PA va PET chua nanoclay: d(;> tham thau 0 2 giam 50-80%, d lham thiu CO2 giam
60-80%.
175

Hinh 10.13. Nguyen ly chijn cua 11a11oclay compozit

DI/Olla t.b.Ln tMu

:Nanomcr

Hinh 10.14. Du<'mg tlui'm thau khi va nu6'c qu.:.i mang polyme

10.2.5 Cac yeu to anh hmmg den

trnh ch:.'t C(I ly cua nanoclay
compozit
Thu~ tfnh co h9c va v~t ly
cua nanoclay compozjt polyme phl:J
lhuc vao cac ylu co ban sau:

lo

- Kich thucrc

tm

he:tn cua

clay;
Thanh phan cua clay

va

polyme;
- Ty 1~ tr9ng luc;mg cua day
trong compozit;

Hinh IO.JS. DI) tham tlufu lwi mt6'c theo

ham /u(/ng clay cua PA6

- Phuong phap ch t<;to clay.

Bang I0.2 cho thA'y. cac tfnh chat co ly ph1,1 thuc d dai t6i h.1 cua cac nano.

Tfnh cha"t co nhi~t cua polyamide 'in - situ':

- Tang 40% de) ben:
Tang 68% mOdun kco;
- Tang 60% d ben u6n:
- Tang 126% mo duo u6n.
176

Bang 10.2. D,J dai kich thuuc toi hf:Zn cua m~t so tinh chat cua v~t li~u

Brrcrc song din tit

Tfnh chit di~n

DO dai toi han (nm)
I

Quang duang ti, do trung blnh kh6ng dan h6i

...

Hi~u ting duang nglim

I

1-10

D() day vach d6 men

ITinh chat tir

Quang ducrng

10-100

tan x~ spin

1-100

H6 luqng tir

Tfnh cha'.t quang

10-100

D sAu ~ m~t kim lo~i

10-100

0 dai litn ket c~p Cooper

0,1-100

0 thdm thA':u Meisner

1-100

Tucmg tac bat dtnh xu

1-1000

IBitn h~t

1-10

Ban kinh khm dng dth vcr

1-100

Sai hong m:im

0,1-10

D<) nhan

Xue tac

tu

Mien dtch

1-10

m~t

Hinh h9c topo

D dai

Situ phAn

1-100

Dl) dai suy giam

Tfoh sieu din

Tinh chat co

1-100

be m~t

1-10

Kuhn

1-100

au true nhi cap

au true tam cap

10-1000

Nh~n biet phan tii

1-10

1-10

Bang 10.3. Tinh chdi Cd nhi't ph1:t thu~c ham lU'fhJg (% trt;>ng IU{1ng) cua nanoclay
I

Ty 1 nanome (%)

M6 dun u6n, MPa

M6 dun keo, MPa

HDT, C

3404

3117

56

3474

4220

125

4578

4897

136

177

0,8
:\tontmorillonlte
~

Q.

Saponll~

0,6

0
0

o :'\)1on 6
0,-'

~
_,.
~

0,.2
L
0

=Chieu daJ blnh quAn cua lop sillcat

2
6
Ty I~ cr9na 1uvna clay (wtl, %

"

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

~dlnd;ai, %

Hinh 10.16. Quar, h~1 m6 dun da11 hoi vo'i 1y /

Hinh 10.17. Tinlz elicit crt h9c pJu., 1/ru()c

rr911g IU{111g clay

phumig phap chl l(lo

Bang 10.4. Tlnh chat

phii'n polyme

Cd

nhifl cua m(>t so polymelclay nanocompozU phf:l llzu<Jc thimh

D~ bcn kco, MPa

60

Nylon 6
5%0rganoCla y
92

M6 dun u6n MPa

2900

4300

4800

4100

HDT9 cr 1820kPa, 11C

6S

102

92

190

Kh6i tuqng rieng

1. I 3

1.14

1.36

1.35

Nylon 6

Nylon 6
30% Minernl
65

Nylon 6 30%
Thuy tinh soi

96

----

10.3. Phuong phap gia cong v~t li~u nano/clay

10.3.1. Cac phucmg phap CCJ ban t~o v~t li~u nano
V~t ti~u nano duqc ch~ t<;to bing hai phuc:mg phap: phuong phap tu tren xu6ng (topdown) va phuong phap tu ducri ten (bottom-up). Phuang phap tu tren xu6ng la phuong phap
t<;10 h<_1.t kfch thuoc nano tu cac h<_1.t c6 kfch thucrc Ion han; phuang phap tu du& lcn la
phuang phap h1nh thanh ht;1t nano tu cac nguyen tu.

a. Phucrng phap tit tren x116ng

Nguyen ty: dung ky thu~t nghien va bitn dt;tng de bi~n v~t li~u c6 kfch thuoc Ion v6
k(ch thuoc nano. Day la cac phuang phap don gian, re tien nhung nlt hi~u qua, c6 the che'
t,to duqc mqt 1tr(Jllg Ian v~t liu, nhuc;,c diem la tinh d6ng nha'.t cua v~t li~u khOng cao.
Trong phlt<1ng phap nghien, V~l li~u CJ d,;tng h~t duqc trn tin vai bi nghi~n. duqc lam tu cac
V~l li~u cung hem va d~t trong thung nghien. C6 the SU d1.:1ng cac d~ng may nghien: nghien
t~c. nghitn rung ho~c nghi~n quay (nghi~n kitu hanh tinh). Cac bi nghi~n cung va d~p va
lam vfJ h~t nghitn va lam cac h~t giam den kich thu6c nano. Ket qua thu duqc v~t li~u nano
kh6ng chi~u (cac h~t nano). Cung co the si.t dL_mg phuang phap bien d)g, nhv dun thuy h,rc.

178

chu6t, can, ep. Nhit d co the dU'(}C dieu chinh tuy thu(>c vao tirng trucrng hQp c~ th~. Ne'u
nhit d Ian hon nhi~t d phong duqc gQi la bien d~ng n6ng, con nhit d nho hon nhit d
phong th'i dttQ'C gQi la biln d<:1ng ngui. Klt qua thu drrqc la cac h~t v~t li~u nano mt chieu
(dAy nano) ho~c hai chieu (lap c6 chieu day run). Ngoai ra, hin nay ngttoi. ta thuang dung
cac phuong phap quang khac de t;;i.o ra cac cau true nano phuc t~p.

b. Phudng phap ta dulti Jen

1iu nano, CO the SU' d1,mg phuong phap tU CclC nguyen tlt ho~C ion.
duoi len duc,1c phat trien rit m<:1nh me, VI tfah linh dng va chat tuqng cua

I)~ i.~O V~t

Phue111g pha.p tu
san pham cu6i cung. Phan Ian cac v~t liu nano dung hi?n nay duqc che t<:10 tu phuong phap
nay. Phuong phap tir dum Jen c6 th~ la phuong phap v~t ly, h6a h<;>c ho~c kt hqp ca hai
phuong phap h6a-ly.

* PhUdng phap v~t ly la phuong phap t~o v~t li~u nano tu nguy~n tu ho~c chuy~n

tu

pha. Nguyen d~ hinh thanh v~t liu nano duqc t<:10 ra tu phuong phap v~t lynhu b& bay
nhit (d6t, phun x~. ph6ng din ho quang). Phue1ng phap chuyen pha la v~t li~u duqc nung
nong r6i cho nguc)i v6i t& d nhanh de! thu duc;,c tr~ng thai VO d~nh hinh, XU' ly nhit d~ xay
ra chuy~n pha v6 dinh hlnh - tinh tM (ktt tinh) (phuang phap ngui nhanh). Phuong phap
v;t ly thucmg dUQC dung de t<;\O de hi;lt nano, mang nano, VI dt;i V,}t lit~U lam c') CIIIlg may
tinh.

* Phltctng phap h6a hqc la phrrong phap t~o v~t liu nano tu d.c ion. Phuang phap
boa ht;,c CO d~c di~m la rat da d,;mg Vt tuy thuc vao v;t (iu C1:f thi ma ngUOi ta phai thay
d6i ky thu~t che t~o cho phu hqp. Tuy nhien, chung ta van co th~ pha.n lo<;\i cac phuong
phap hoa h9c thanh phuong pha.p hlnh thanh v~t liu nano tu pha long (phue111g phap ket
tua, sol-gel) va phuong phap tir pha khf (nhit pha.n). Phue1ng phap nay co th(S ti;10 cac h~t
nano, da.y nano, 6ng nano, mang nano, bQt nano.
Phuang phap hiu qua de dieu cht nanoclay La phucmg phap bo'c bay h6a hqc CVD
(Chemical Vapor Depozition). Cic v~t li~u compozit (polyme) c6 th~ c6 de tinh chat meca
d~c bit khi kich thuac cua cac h,,lt ran filler d~t kich thu6'c nano. Dieu nay la do khoang
each trung b'inh giii'a cae pha.n tU phu hQ'p VCJi dimension d?-C tntng CUa cac chu6i po(yme.
Khi C cao han Tg, cac v~t li~u nay c6 th~ cho hiu qui tar.g hen cao hon compozit truytn
thong nhi~U nhc:1 vao vic t6n t~i mitg lUOi h<_1.t/macromolecules/h;,1t ho~C tuong tac t[l!C tiep
giiia ca.c h~t ran.

* Phucmg phtip ket h9P la phue1ng phap t.,io v~t liu nano dl,l'a tren d.c nguytn tac v~t
ly va h6a h9c nhu din phAn, ngung ti;i tic pha khi. Phue1ng pha.p nay c6 th~ ~o ca.c h~t nano,
da.y nano, 6ng nano, mang nano, b<,t nano.

10.3.2. Nano Cacbon

a. Ong nan6 cacbon
Cac 6ng nan6 cacbon (Tieng Anh: Carbon nanotube - CNf) la cac diig thu hlnh
cua cacbon. M9t ong nano cacbon don lop la mt tam cod day mt-nguyen-tu cun trcm
\79

Ir thanh mt hlnh t11:1 lifo. vm ducrng kinh CCf nanomct. Di~u nay xay ra trong cac ca.'u true
nano ma cr d6 ti 1 gifra chieu dai va ducrng kinh VU(Jt trtn 10.000. Cac ph!n tu cacbon hlnh
tll;I d6 c6 cac tfnh chat d~c bi~t. c6 kha nang SU d~ng trong cOng ngh nano, cOng nghi~p
cJin tu, quang h9c, va mt s6 nganh khoa hQC v~t li~u khac. Chting cho ~9 ~n r~t cao, tinh
da.n di~n d~c bi~t. d~ dan nhi~t theo dinh huang ~t t6t.
.

Hinh 10.18. Nanotube cacbo11

* Ck thuc tinh co ban cua 6ng nano:

MO dun: -10000Pa (SWCNT) -1200 GPa(MWCND
Gi6i h~ Mn: -lOOGPa
H~ s6 din nhit 200W/m/K

M~t dC,: 1300-- l 400kg/cm 3

01i~u dai

< m

Ong nano la mQt lo~i cau true 6ng tf9 (fullerene), cung hao g6m ca cau trtic du
(buckyball). MQt 6ng nano l<;ti c6 d,~.ng h1nh tTl:). vm ft nhlit mt da.u dtr<JC phu ooi mQt ban
du co cfo true buckybaJL Do duong kfnh cua 6ng nano vao co mQt vai nanomct, d~ dai t6i
vai milimet. C6 hai loc,ti 6ng nano cacbon chfnh: 6ng nano dcrn 16'p (SWNn va 6ng nano da
16'p (MWNT).
Ban chat cua lien ke't trong 6ng nano cacbon duqc giai thfch bang h6a hQC ll.rqng tu
nha St! xen phu orbital. Lien kt h6a hQC cua cac 6ng nano duqc cfo thanh hoan toan hoi
cac litn ke't sp2 , tucrng fl! v6i than ch1. CA'u trtic litn ket nay. m~nh hem cac litn ket sp~a
trong kim cucrng. l..;10 ra nhiing phan tu v6'i d ben d~c bi~t. Cac 6ng nano th6ng thvcmg ti,
sflp xtp thanh cac "sc;ri day thirng" duqc giu v6i nhau bai ll;!c Van der Waals. Du6i ap suat
cao. cac ong nano co the trQn v6i nhau, trao d6i mt s6 li~n ket sp2 cho li~n kel sp3, ~o ra
k.ha nAng san ra cac sqi dAy .k.hoe, d dai khOng gioi h<;tn thong qua lien ket 6ng nano ap
sui\t cao.
h. Ong nano drm l(tp

Ong nano don 16-p co kich Lhuoc 1 chieu nano, cu()n thanh 6ng. Ph~ J{m cac 6ng
nano dan lap (SWNT-Single Wall Nanotubc) c6 duong kinh gin 1 nanomet, v6'i dQ dai
180

ducrng ong co tht gap hang m. Ciu true cua mt SWNT c6 tht duqc coi la cun m(>t lap
than chi d() day rn(>t-nguytn-tu (graphene) thanh mt hinh tn,i IUn. Ta'm graphene cun nhu
v~y dlIQC bitu di~n bcri mt C~p chi s6 (n,m) gQi la vector chiral. Cac SO nguycm n Va. m la
s6 cua cac vector dan vt dQC theo hai hmmg trong lucri tinh th~ hlnh t6 ong cua graphene.
Co th~ m=O, n=m va n-!-m .
Ong nano don lap La lo~i 6ng nano cacbon quan trc;mg, cac tinh chat din t6t hon
nhieu so vcri ong nano da lap. Cac 6ng nano don lop ung d1,mg trong nganh ccr din tu, c6
kha nang thu nho cac kich thuac san phAm den nano, nhu day din. SWNT c6 th~ t~o ra cac
tranzitor cam ung (FET-field effect tranzitor) ni pha.n tu. Thi d\l, san xu!t cira logic (logic
gate) su dl,mg FET lam bang SWNT. SWNT tra thrum p-FET khi titp xuc vm oxy va nFET khi khOng ti~p xuc v6i oxy, chung deu c6
bao v mt nira SWNT khoi bi ti!p xuc
v6i oxy, trong khi cho tiep xuc v6i oxy nua con h;1.i. Ket qua la mt SWNT don c6 the ho~t
dng nhu mt cua logic NOT voi ca lo~i FET n va p trong cimg mt pha.n tu. Nano cac bon
dan lop c6 th~ ung d1,mg trong y hqc lam phuong ti~n v~ chuyen gen, lam tam phim v6
hinh. Phirn 6ng nano cacbon khoe hon phim ITO rat nhieu, lam chung trb nen ly tubng cho
vi~c SU d~ng trong man hinh cam ung va man hinh deo. Phim 6ng nano dang nghitn CIIU
lam man hmh may ti'nh, din tho~i di dng, PDA, va ATM.

the

10.3.4. M(>t so vAn d~ trong nghlen c(ru

Va san xuat

Hin nay ngoai cac phuong phap thgc nghim con SU d1,111g cac phuong phap m6
phong so (Simulation) SU d1,mg cac phep toan IUQ'llg ti!, d6 la phuong phap ab initio, g6m ab
initio molecular dynamics, quantum Monte Carlo, quantum mechanics, vv... Nhfi'ng
phucmg phap nay dl)c bit hCiu hiu trong vic O.m hieu tinh chat cua v~t cha'.t ad~ng vi mo
bai vi nhirng vi cAu true chi chua vai nguyen tu.

Biet rang, S\f k~t hc;rp giua 1 polyme va khoang clay (clay mineral: bectonit,
hectorite ... ) da nghitn CU'U tu nhung nam 50 CUa th~ ky tnlCJC, nhung do ham lm;mg trQng
luc;mg clau qua Ian, den 40 - 50 wt%, nen hi~u qua tang CCI tinh (Modun dan hoi) gan 2
Mn. Nguyen nha.n CCI ban la SI! ph!n tan cua clay trtn n6n polyme. Clay t6n t~i dmn di;l.llg
nhfrng h~t Ion (agglom crated tactoids) voi kich thuoc nm va th~ chf d8n mm. Va'n de
tucrng hqp giua hai chit clay mang tinh ua nu&c (hydrophilic) va. polyme mang tinh kY.
nuoc (hydrophobic) chua giai quyet thoa dang. Giai phap la phai bien tinh clay (TCRD),
b~g each thay th~ nhiing ion kim lo~i (Na+, Mg+, Li+ ... ) t6n t~i giua hai lap clay bfulg
cac ch!t ho~t dt)ng b~ m~t nhu mu6i alkylamnium th6ng qua phan ung trao d6i ion thOng
thucmg (clay bi~n tinh t~o thanh duqc gQi organoclay). Qua trinh bi~n tinh clayt~o ra kha
nang ma rng clay galleries (swelling of clay) va dfut d~n tach lap cua clay (exfoliation
or delamination of silicate layers) thanh nhfrng dan lap vm clay vm chi~u day khoang 1
nm va dm'mg kinh khoang mt tri'i.m den va.i tram nm. K~t qua nghien cuu da duqc ap
d\mg di~u ch! v~t li~u Nylon 6/clay nanocompozit (NCN.). Vcri ham lm;mg organoclay
4,2 wt% trong Nylon 6/matrix, NCN. da lam tang m6 dun dan h6i len gA'p d6i, ung suit
ben tang Ion 50%, nhi~t de;, chuyen bitn pha (heat distortion) tang Ion 80C so v&i polyme
181

Nylon6. D~n nay c6 rA't nhi~u nghien cuu v~ PCN,, dieu ch~ tren ca s6 nen epoxy,
polyurethnes (PU, polyetherimides (PEI), polylenzoxazin, polypropylen, polystyreme
(PS), polu (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycaprolactonne (PCL), v.v ... su d\111g
nhfrng ky thm~t phu hqp cho tung lo~i hqp chtt. C6 hai ky thu~t CC1 ban la ky thu~t insitu
polymorization (nhu duc;rc su d\lng cho di~u ch~ NCN, tru6c dAy) va ky thu~t direct
blending giua organoclay v&i polyme, d~c bi~t cho nhfrng nanocompozit v&i n!n matrix
la 1 polyolefin.
Polypropylene (PP) la m<)t trong nhiing themoplastics duqc su d\mg r<)ng rai nht
tren th~ gim, ciing duqc dua vao nghien cuu PPCN,. PP khong tuong tac v&i organoclay do
tinh hydrophobic qua m~nh cua chung. Chinh vi th~ PP duqc bi~n tinh vm maleic anhydricde (MAH) ti~n hanh a TCRD th6ng qua phuong phap direct goafting & nhi~t dQ
cao. San ph~m bi~n tinh PP (PP - MA) duqc k~t hqp v&i nhiing ham luQTig khac nhau (tu 2
dSn 7 ,5 wt%) cua organoclay (montmorilonite bi~n tinh vm mu6i dimethyl steary;
ammonium chloride) th6ng qua melt - extruding d! dieu ch~ PPCN,.
V&i uu.th~ ve tinh ca ly, ciing nhu cac tinh ch.it t6t khac cua PCN, v&i tinh sful c6
cua nguyen li~u (tir khoang clay), qui trlnh bi~n tinh clay kh6ng phuc ~p (hi~n t~ clay
duqc cung cdp n;mg rai tren thi tnrong v&i cac nha cung d.p nhu Nanocor, Nanomat ... ) va
v&i vi~c san xudt PCN, bfuig phuang phap th1a1ng d\111g melt - extruding, hi~n t~i linh V\l'C
nay duqc nghitn cuu va san xuAt r(mg rai a cac nu6c phat tri~n nhu My, Nh~t Ban va cac
nu6c chAu Au (cac hang cung d.p Bayer AG, Gedlastics, Nanocor, Showa Denko, Ube,
v.v ... ). Cac nu&c nhu Trung Qu6c, Han Qu6c cung dang c6 gfulg c~p nh~t va phat tri~n,
tuy nhien ciing c6 muc de) h~n ch~ nhdt dinh v~ m~t ky thu~t. Trong vong 10 nam t6i, dAy
la nganh se phat tri~n va mang l<;li nhi~u lqi nhu~. PCN, la m(;t nganh m6i me chua dUQC
nghien c\IU nhi~u v~ ccr ban nhung ciing c6 nhiing bu6c ti~n C\l thS trong ap d\mg thvc ti~n,
d~c bi~t la nganh v~t li~u cho san xuilt 6 t6 (Tosota, Gennerd, Motorsz ... ) san xuftt bao bi
d\IIlg va bao quan thuc an ...

10.4. Tinh chat va ung da,ng cua mc)t so nano compozit polyme
a. Chip deo

N~u ch!t polyme huu co duqc nhung vao dung d{ch boa hQC, chung c6 th~ c6
nhilng tfnh ch~t nhu kim loi;li va co kha nang dful di~n rit t6t nho tfnh dful va ban dful cua
chat deo, nhu v~y. Polyme hfru ca c6 th~ SU d\mg d~ lam chip. M~t khac, gia thanh che 40
b<) vi m~ch da giam rat nhi~u Hin so vm th~p ky tntac, nhung vAn con kha cao, cang doi hoi
cac nha
xua't nhanh ch6ng da.u tu nghien CIIU che t~o chip deo. Vin nang IU(1ng chuyen
drli (IEC) cua truang d<;ti h9c Delaware da nghien cuu va phat tri~n mt cong ngh ch 40
d.c tt bao quang din deo tu nam 1995. Den nam 2004, da che t~o duqc cac tam panel chua
tt bao quang din bllng each d~t h6n hQp d6ng, indi, gali va diselinide, (h6n hqp nay duejc
cac nha khoa hQC t~i IEC gQi la CIGS), tren m()t nen polyme day 25,4 cm va dai 15 m. Sau
d6 n6 duqc XU ly thanh cac tl! bao quang di~n deo. Cac bao quang din CIGS duqc che

san

te

182

bang cong ngh thin-fiml (mang mong) dc,tt duqc hiu qua tltctng ducmg cac
quang din silicon, hin dang su d~ng.
C<;tO

te bao

du true phan cir polyme c6 th~ thay d6i trong di~n truong khi~n kha nang dfui su!t
cua n6 t<;1i mt ditm nio d6 thay d6i, ch~t nay c6 th~ dm,Yc dQc la J ho?c O trong h~ nhi
pha.n. Nhu v~y, c6 thi su d~ng hru tru th6ng tin voi chi phi san xuit th5.p, thi~t bi luu tru
bAng ch~t deo con c6 th~ luu du li~u ca khi l5t ngu6n di~n.
Cac nghitn CU'U da chi ra r~ng hiu sutit chuy~n d6i di~n n~ng cua cac tt bao quang
din dc:1t duqc la 10%. Hiu suat chuyen d6i nang luqng cua mt tt bao quang di~n la ti l~
phan tram ma nang IUQ'11g duqc chuy~n h6a tu cac tia anh sang thanh nang luqng va sau d6
duqc t~p hqp lc,ti khi mt t~ bao quang di~n cluqc noi v6i mt m~ch din. Cac te' bao quang
di~n CIGS dugc chc t~o bang c.:Ong ngh~ thin-film c6 cau true nhieu lap duqc xe'p ch6ng len
mt lap rn~n trong truoog hqp nay d6 la lop n~n polyimide nhit d cao duqc phu chat
molydcn. CIGS, Sunfua Catmi, 6xit kem va 6 xit indi thitc. Diet~ bao quang din tren n~n
<.:atrni Va telua phai qua nhieu bu& XU ly de (;,1.0 chung thatlh nhCing nen deo. Nhu v~y. anh
sang di vao chip phai qua cac 16'p nfo. Do d6, cac nen nay cung duqc doi hoi phai trong
su6t. Hin nay, cac nen c.hiu nhi~t d9 cao, trong suot va deo con dang duqc nghien cuu che
~ode cho cac tebao quang din tren nen catmi va telua.
Chip cha't deo c6 rat nhieu (mg d9ng, nguoi ta c6 th~ in chip chill deo ten cac m~t
hang ticu dl_ffig nhu qmin ao, VO d6 ' u6ng, hang lhl!C phfim, cac san phAm

can chi r5 cac

th6ng tin v6 xuat XU, ve chat luqng, nhfun bao v thucmg hi~u. Hin nay da xuat hi~n chip
deo tren thi tnrcmg, v6i rat nhieu ung d9ng k.hac nhau .

.-.1a1111 A.Vo.&.,, 1,u.11v

e..1uy

Hang HP dang phal triSn rn(>t thi~t bi luu trii bkg polyme, tren nguyen ly chip deo,
d~ng tftm mong dai, ~o ra noi luu tru vinh vi~n c6 dung lm;mg 16n cho may camea ky thu~t
s6, thi~t bi s6 ca nhan va dien tho~i di d<)ng. ToiJt bi luu tru d1:fa tren qua trinh chuy~n dbi,
2
Sil d\lng cac chum phAn tll g9i la "rotaxances", chua 64 bit. trong mQl cm CO th~ chua IOi
6,4 Ob th6ng tin, v6i chi phi thp.
IJ. Polyme pJuiL quang (Ll:.'P- Light Emitting Polynze) hay di-61 phar quang hftu c(f
(Organic L1ght-Emilling Diode0LD)

Di~t phat quang ( light-emitting diode LED) la cac di6t c6 kha nang phat ra anh
sang hay tia hong ngo~i, ngo<;1i. Cung gi6ng nhu diot ban din, LED duqc ca.'u t<:10 tu mt
kh6i ban dlin lo~i p ghep voi mt k.hoi ban dAn lo~i n.

tu

183

Kh6i ban dAn to~i p chua

nhi~u to tr6ng tt,r do mang din
tfch du<1ng nen khi ghep vai kh6i
ban dan n (chua de din
ti!
<lo) U1t cac )0 trOng nay c6 XU
hu6ng chuyen d()ng khue'ch tan
sang k.h6i n. Cung Jue k.h6i p l<;ti
nh~n them cac di~n 111 (din tkh
am) tu kh6i n chuyen sang. Ke't
qua la kh6i p tich din !m (thifo
ht;1t 16 trt'>ng va du thira di~n !tr)

tu

trong khi kh6i n tich di~n dl.!dng

(thieu hl;ll di~n III va du thtra 16

EOF-

Hinh 10.20. P/111011g chuy!n d{ing ciia di11 ti dLllti tac d(Jng
di11 m,m,g

Lr6ng). 0 bicn gi<ri hai bcn m~t tie'p giap. m~t s6 di~n
ttr b! t6 Lr6ng thu hut va khi chung tien l<;ti gin nhau.
Chung c6 XU hu(mg ket hgp v(ri nhau l(:\O thanh cac
nguyen !tr trung hoa. Qua trlnh nay c6 the giai ph6ng
na.ng lu~mg du6'i d,;mg anh sang (hay cic buc x~ din tu

c6 btroc song gjn <16). Tuy theo muc nAng luc;mg giai
ph6ng cao hay thap ma bUCIC s6ng anh sang phat ra
khac nhau (tlic mau sAc cua LED SC khac nhau). Muc
nang luqng (va mau sic cua LED) hoan toan ph9 thu~
vao cau true nang lm;mg cua cac nguyen tu cha't ban

dful.

+-

LED lhuong c6 di~n the' ph!n ct,rc thu~ cao h<1n

di6t thong thuong, trong khoang l,S dln 3 V. Nhung

di~n thl pha.n C\!C ngh\ch aLED thl kh(mg cao. Do d6,
LED rat M bi hLI hong do din the nguqc gAy ra.
Pol yme phat quang (LEP- Light Emitting
Potyme) di-6t phat quang hfru co (Organic lightemitting diodc(OLED) la mt mang g6m nhieu 16p hiiu
co, trong d6 c6 lop polyme, dug<: sip xtp theo thu ll!
lhkh hqp. Trung d6. c6 m(>t 1~m phim polymc mong.

Hlnh 10.21. Diod pMt quang

dan trcn nen In thu5 tinh hiiu co ho~c chfi.t deo d6 duc;yc
trang lap polyme dAn di~n trung subt. Chung l<_O thanh hang Va C'1l thco day nhcr m()l qua
trlnh 'in', tu d6 ~u thanh ma tr~n 'pixel' c6 thi phat ra anh sang v6i cac mau khac nhau.
Chung c6 ti'nh dan din va Mn din.

184

Khong ccln phai dung d~y t6c

Vonfam nhu bong den, LEP c6 th~ t\I
sang lcn theo tung chu ky Cl,J'C ngan,
gi6ng nhu mot bong den lien t\lc b~t
t~t. LEP c6 th duqc su d\lng ca
trong di~u k1~n ban ngay va ban d~m.
va in len nhieu ~ m~t khac nhau. c6
th~ bi~n buc tucmg thanh man h1nh.

Hang Seiko Epson cua Nh~t

Ban

da ch~ t~o man hlnh LEP 2,8

Hi'nh 10.22. Sad6 pl1t1t1 b,fdiefn 11101.ED:

1. Cathode(-). 2. Urp plicir, J Phar buc x<;z, .J . l.itp
dJn d1f12, 5 . Anode ( +)

inch, c6 d9 day d~n 1/10 inch, v6i JOO pixel tren mQt inch va sti di,mg ky thu~t in phun.
Qua trl.nh in g~m 3 buoc. Chfit polyme duqc pha trong nuoc d! u,to thanh ffi'l,J'C. Lop ffilJC
dclu t ien duqc
phun ten <;an phfim
la polyme c6 li'nh
dan din d~ l,;10
di~n qrc d!u vao
Al02
Up trvym tfifa hiva dAu ra. Lop
:i..n
phun thtr hai la
tron
polyme ban dful
con 16p phun cu6i
IOT Aaot
cung la polyme
each di~n. C.ic
Tam tbu7 ti.ah
giQt chit LEP mau
do, xanh ducmg va
xanh la cay duqc
phun Jen ch~t n~n
cho phep xu ly tuy

y nhung mau khac

nhau cua h'lnh anh

llinh 10.23. Cau tnk Jqp ci,a OlLD

dang hi~n thi.

1 pixel

LJ l::J l::J LJ LJ l.::::J }

Lop dUn C:IJ't trona su6t

Ca'- putl bitu quan

(Khi

cllieu qua lop dien eve

trona)

Hinh 10.24. Sdd6 hiei, thf qua litp polym' long

185

Nhung phAn tu polyme c6 kha nang truy~n d~ va ban dn, chua cac electron t~o

lhanh mQt phdn quy d~o phAn tu cua toan chu6i polyme, cht'.r khOng chi don gian la quy d~o
CUa CllC phM tu don. NhlI V~y, nang lm;mg cfui d6 giai ph6ng electron ph\l thUQC vao hlnh
d?f)g va du true phAn tu polymc.

c. Man hinh OLED va gia'y din

tu e-paper

Mt dt,r bao cho bie't, man hlnh hCru C<J va man hlnh giay di~n ltt (e-paper), se d~t
doanh thu 10,2 ty vao nam 2011 va 14,7 ty USO vao nam 2013.

1/inh 10.25. Man hi11h OLED cho TV va thier bi d9c bao

D<;l11g man hlnh nay con duqc gQi la electrophoretic display di.fa tren nguyen

ly din

tnrcrng va phat may cua polyme nhu ncu CJ trcn.

Hin nay dang nghien cuu san xuAt cac man hinh mong nhu giy c6 th~ cu(m l~i
nhu giAy vm chi phi nganh h~. nhcr cac cht li~u nhi,ra Iinh ho~t va chl nin cho phep ctat
mong. Hang Samsung da dua ra m(H mAu man hlnh nhtt v~y. ~an hlnh gi~y se bin df>i
each in fu1 de hlnh anh ro rang, chi phi thp v6i kha nang n6i m~ng de ngucri dung c6 the
luOn c~p nh~t thong tin.
Nhiing d~g m6i cua man hlnh deo cfJ nho da dung trong cac di~n tho~i di
d<)ng, cac thiet bj do ap huy~t. thitt bj dQC sach di~n tu.

du

Hi~n nay. hu<'mg nghi~n c\IU san xu!t la lo.,u thi~t bi hitn thi mong nhu gilly v6i co
phlln tu luong qrc cho phep luu tru thOng tin kh6ng dn ngu6n nang lm;mg.

o::tC:,.

o:4-,. ..-: -'

I

.-

--

'4\\\oo

--

Hinh 10.26. SQ do nguyen

186

--- ' -

- - -'

,., /~

iI - -

\~\\oo

,4=:p,.

I
\
' - - - -........ .

+
ly hil,1 th/ difn (Electroplwretic Dzsplay)

.. ..

-...

Hinh 10.27. So d6 nguyen 1_.;,, hiei, thi difn mau

Giay di~n ttr e-papcr duqc phat minh tu 1070 bm Nick Sheridon t~i Trung tAm
nghien ClIU Palo Alto cua Xerox. La cOng ngh~ hien Lhi hlnh anh len tren mQt t.Am mc'.mg
polyme. Nguyen 15, hi~n hlnh nhcr SU dtJ.ng chat deo dAn din. "&.n trong c6 cac h~t h1nh bi
tich din. Oum tac d1,mg cua mt di~n truong bi se quay va chuy~n dc)ng. t~o ra cac din
Cl.JC trcn giay, lam thay doi hien thi trcn gia'y nhll cac diem anh tren man hlnh. Giriy di~n tu
khOng phat sang, ma chi hap
[I)
th1,1 va phan X<;l anh sang llf
nhitn, gi6ng nhtr hiin thi
tren sach bao, do v~y co the
lam nguai d9c cam thay de
chiu han so vcri nhln man
h1nh may tfnh. Lam bang
cht\'t deo, gi!y nay c6 thi u6n
duqc, nh~ va c6 the re hem
man h1nh th6ng thuong.
Hinh 10.28. HO(l( d{mg cua cac bi dam di11 (rtl<Yllg

Ngoai ra. cac diem anh tren

gia:y c6 the giv nguyen tr<;1ng
th.ii ma khong dn ngu6n
nang luc;mg, khifo gift"y nay
tiet k.i~m nang h.t(Jng, va
kh6ng nhap nhay ttin s6 cao
c6 the c6 h<,li cho mit ngum.
Nhfrng

1990,
Joseph Jacobson dua ra m()t
lo<;1i giay di~n tu k.hac, gia'y
Hinh 10.29. Gia:y dif11 r,i 'paper
nay dung cac 6ng nho chua
cac hon bi trAng nam trong dau c6 mau. Cac m~ch di~n tren giay di~u khi~n SlJ ltn xu6ng
cua cac hon bi, Lhay d6i mau siic cua cac ong. Joseph Jacobson gay dlfng ntn cOng ty E Ink
nam 1997 de san xua't giay di~n tu thucmg mc:ti. Ni'im 1999, san phAm dau t ien ra dm la mt
bang hien thi trong sieu thj. E Ink tiep tl;IC phal tri~n cac phien ban dung bi den va trang
trong dau trong su6t. Nam 2007, hang Philips cho ra dm gia'y din tti khO A4. Gity mong
0.3mm c6 the cun l~i nhu ta gia'y thuong va c6 k.ha ni\ng hien thi 4096 mau khac nhau.
nam

187

Giffy di~n tl! mau dfo tien the' gioi cua LG Philips tit kim di~n. n6 chi SL! dl;lng
din khi hlnh anh lrtn man hinh duqc thay d6i. Hin nay da c6 miu giA'y day 0,3mm, vm
d() phfln giai 1024x768 va vcri m~t c1 diem anhl60dpi, b nh6 duqc 224MB.

GiA'y di~n tt'r duc;,c dung M litn ke't dC?C bao hang ngay. Epaper c6 uu di~m:
- Dam bao tfnh nha:'t quan

ve thuang hi~u cua to bao, d6i voi ca ban in va ban din

tu;

- C6 k.hach hang dang ky mua

bao tren toan diu;

- Tang doanh 1hu lfl!C tuyen;

- Tang doanh thu quang cao tren m~g (c6 the thay nhieu quang cao chu khong bi
an d(nh nhu bao in);

- Ti, d9ng hru tru d~ng

ky thu~t so ta't ca cac s6 bao.

Cong ngh e-paper cho phep hien thi video va ca audio, tlm ki~m chu, h1nh anh ,
quang cao, danh dau trang (bookmark) kf'l n6i trvc tie'p tren m.1g.

Hinh JO.JO . Cac sdn pluim e-paper

Gi~y dien tu c-paper dang dm;:,c nhi~u c~ng ty nghien C\IU va ch~c ch!n se thay th~

cho bao gi~y thm:mg trong tuong lai.

Ngoai tfnh nang v~t ly ke tren c-paper con c6 k:ha nang tai hi~n (refresh) man hlnh
\& t6c d() cao,k:hoang 2 gy/la.n voi hlnh anh 8 mau va I0gy/lan vm hlnh anh 4 096 mau.
T~p doan Fuji Xerox cho bi~t se nhanh ch6ng san xufi't hang lo~t E-paper c6 1nhs
nang ghi va x6a lai IO 000 lan, d6ng thm con c6 tinh nang sao chlJ,p hinh anh.

d. Diu d{Jc/ghi HVD (Holographic Versatlie Disc)

Hi~n nay da xuA't hi~n dia dC?C - ghi HVD, vai ky thu~t hologruphic storage, c6 the
hru trfr du li~u tren 4 tcrabyte (4TB).
Dia VCD va DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) hi(;n nay SU d1:1ng ranh va ducmg V<:tCh de
bicu dien so 1 va 0, duqc khik bAng 1ia lazcr, t~o thanh cac duong tron d6ng t!m. Khi dQC,
do Sl;f phan X<;l anh sang t<_ti cac do.t n0i ho~c do~n ranh sau khac nhau lU do, dli liu dUqc
ghi luu trfr hay dqc ra. D chfnh xac cua d9c luu trii du li~u ph1:1 thuc nhi~t d. Do sl! thay
d6i nhi~t d(>, la cac dtrcmg va ranh meo Cong, lU d6 SJ! phan Xe,!, anh sang c(jng bi~n d6i.
188

_:\

' ,

----.; ., .~ - 0.74 m
o.,m
min.

_L

-t
llinh JO.JI. Cac ducing ra11/, 11e11 ,lia (pit

1a >:rome)

Qua Lrinh chuyen d6i s6ng anh sang nho de duang va ranh ~ m~t cua CD/DVD
dlil,1<.: dung l~O h V!

trf cho du liu. De

giam sa1 \0, ngucri ta
t~o rn d'ia nhitu lap.

Double-sided. single layer (9.4 GB)

Slnglt-elded, slnglt layer (4 7GB)

,:

E
~ i ... ....:....... - E. -.:..t.....-:..-~-:....--'"r'~;, -~5:"'
.... ~t-:. :, ., . .

Hologrnph1c

'

Double-sided, double layer (17GB)

Vesatile Disc la
cOng
ngM
aia

'I-

--,.~.,., ,

---- -:.1 . ...,_ ... ._..... ., .__....,l,.

--

...

.,

._.

quang, sl1 dl;lng cOng

ngM g1ao thoa cQng

c:::i

1ubstr1te

adhesive

lacquer

_,,

f"

'

..

refl11ctive layer

tu yen

(collinear
llinh 10.32. C,ic dc;wg c,111 tnic ciia Jia HVD
holography). v(n 2
tia lazer do
xanh
duqc dva 1ren cung mot thanh . Lazer
(!)
xanh dqc dfr li~u ma hoa tir nhifug van
giao thoa 1u lap holographic gan dlnh.
trong k.hi d6 )azer do dung de Jam thanh

va

tham chi6u

vm lap nh6m gan day.

@
@

Thong tin servo dm,1c dung djnh vi dau

dQC tren toan dfa. gi6ng nhu dau. trek va

sector cua dia c ung (hard disk drive).
Lap rnang l9c mau nilln giOa dii liu 3
chi6u holographic va dua liu servo phan
x~ lazer xanh k.hi tia lazer do di qua.
Nhb' ho<;tl d~ng cua 2 tia lazzer. nen k.ha
nang ltru giu cua l lVD rill Ian. tAng gap
5800 lfo so v6i dia CD, 850 JJn so vm
dia DVD. HVD c6 t6c d chuyen d6i
dt 'n 1GBit/s.

G)
,@

va dQC th6ng tin servo tir dia

CD thOng thlllfng

0
Hinh 10.JJ. Cau true dia /!VD llnlng1c1phic
V Prsatile Dfac.
1. ducn,g d r

/a;:er xm,h gl,il,19c (532mn); 2.

duimg di (l(l la:a do d!llh vf l'(l clfa chi (650nm):
3. dri' lifu 3 clrilu flologram (daM); 4. l.itp 11e11
Po/icarho11: 5 li!p Plrotopnlimeic clr11a dtt /iefu;
6. Ldp each: 7. Lap m,1n;: /9c Dirhroic (plui11 xq
,in!, sang xa11h). 8 uip plui11 i-9 nhom
Alum1mum (Plrdn xc;i cinh ~,fog de>): 9. Lirp 11/11
trn11g sufii; P. Riiflh pit.
tia

189

\IG dun Me nh
un1khoo111an

quana

Dia dQC thl HYD

Luff 1u,n chltu

Hinh 10.34. Nguve11 ly q11a11g c,ia rhie1 b/ d9clghi HVD

Phan chlfu
:"\p6n Laur
Thanh d(J lifu

Tim modun boa

' tnh una khona alan

Khol mina
kicmtra

1/inh 10.35. Nguyen

ly ket ccfo c,ia thiet bf dqcl~h, /f\.'D

e. M9t s(/ 1111g d~WR kluk

* Cha't dee nha hlnh d"'ng
Ok nha nghi~n CIJ'U Due da l~o n:l nhung loai chat deo thong minh c6 kha nang bi~n hlnh
dUm tac dt,mg CUa Itnh sang C:l;JC tfrn Va Va trCJ V~ h1nh dang CU khi chieu tia Cl,IC llrn O bU<.JC
song khac.
190

:%6m nghien cuu thuoc Vi~n C6ng ngh~ Massachusetts (My) va trung tAm nghicn
cuu GKSS (Due) da l~O ra nhung
chitt deo lh6ng minh c6 kha nang
bien h1nh duai tac d1:1ng cua anh
sang Cl_!C llffi Va lf(J (~j h1nh dang CU
khi chieu tia Cl!C tun Cf bUOC song
khac. Chung c6 the ung d1:1ng trong
rAt nhicu linh VlfC, nhat la c6ng
nghiep va y hQC. Nguytn ly ca ban
la t~o ra dttc,1C cac nano compozit
polyme. vai cac cha'.t nh<;1y sang niim
pMn tan d~u trtn nen polyme. Tful
mang polymc nh~y sang dU<;1C keo
cang va chie'u tia ClfC tfm iJ mt
buoc song, nhu v~y. cac phan lU'
c6ng tac tro thanh du n6i giil'a cac
phan Ill k.hac trong rn<;tch. Khi anh
sang eve tf m duqc tat di va sue kco
ltl' ben ngoai ngttng tac dng, cac
m~ch n6i va.n iJ nguyen do, t<:10 ra
mt ca.'u true hlnh thon dai. Nhung
llinh 10.36. Tliiei bi ,:Ju dia HVD
khi duqc chic"u anh sang cr buoc
song khac, nhung m6i n6i tren bi dm ra, cho phep v~t lieu quay tro l~i hlnh dang ban dau.
Nguai. ta c6 the bien cha't deo thanh nhitu hlnh d~ng t<;1,m Thai khac nhau. Ok nha nghien
Cl!U cho hiet hlnh dang l<;llll thoi ra't ~11 vung theo lhO'i gian, ngay ca CJ nhit d('., 50 d(> (.
Trong y hc;x; dung lam cac 6ng nong dQng m~ch ct~ ch6ng tac.

* Nano compozit polyme che t<;ti bang ve't thucmg:

t.!i I 1 J,!,

--............

Hinh 10.37. Nano compozir polyme lam Mng

ier tl111011g
191

* Nanocompozit polyme chc t~o ao giap chong d~

Sqt cJQ bcn cao + L6p b6 nano Iona ~o tnrqt +sqt

Hinh 10.38. Ao giap choizg df111 N(l/,o compozrt pol_yml'

192

PHI.) Ll)C
BANG TRA D6I CHlfU TtN THUONG M~I TtN HOA. HQC VA C6NG TY SA.N XUAT

T~n thucmg m~i

T~n boa h()C

Cong ty san xu4't

PP copolymer

Amoco Polymers

Acctuf
Acetron

Acetal

ASM

Aclon

fluoropolymer

Allied Signal

ACP

PVC

Alpha Gary

Acrylite

acrylic

Cyro Industries

Acryrex

acrylic

Chi Mei Industrial

Adell

thermoplastic resin

Adell

Adflex
Adpro

Montell
polypropylene

Adstif

Huntsman

Montell

Affinity

plastomer

Dow Plastics

Aim

PS

Dow Plastics

Akulon

nylon 6, 66

Akuloy

nylon 6, 66 alloys

DSM
DSM

Alathon

HOPE, HDPE copolymer

Lyondell Polymers

Albis

nylon 6, 66

Albis Canada

Alcryn

TP elastomer

DuPont

Algo

flontluoropolymer

Auismont

Alphatec

TP elastomer

Alpha Gary

Amilan

nylon

Toray Industries

Amoco

thermoplastic resin

Amoco

Amodei

PPA (polyphthalamide)

Amoco Polymers

Apec

PC (high temperature)

Bayer

API

Polystyrene

American Polymers

Aqualoy

nylon 6/12, 66, PP

ComAlloy

Aquathene

polyethylene

Quantum

Alcryn

TP elastomer

DuPont
193

Arcel

styrene/ethylene copolymer

Nova Chemicals

Ardel

polyarylate

Amoco Polymers

Arnitel

TP elastomer

DSM

Aropol

thermoset resin

Ashland

Arpro

expandable PP bead

JSP

Arpak

expandable PP bead

JSP

Ashlene

nylon 6, 66, 6/12

Ashley Polymers

Astryn

PP alloy, co- and

homopolymer, TPO

Montell

Attane

ULDPE

Dow Plastics

Aurum

TP polyimide

Mitsui Toatsu

AVP

(various)

Polymerland

Azdel

Thermoplastic resin

Azdel

Bapolene

polyethylene

Bamberger

Barex

acrylonitrile copolymer

BP Chemicals

Bayblend

polycarbonate/ABS

Bayer

Baydur

structural foam PUR RIM

Bayer

Baylon

nylon 6/6

Bayer Resins

Beetle

urea formaldehyde

Cytec Industries

Benvic

PVC

Solvay

Beta Polymers

Beta
Bexloy

ionomer

DuPont

Boltaron

FRPP

GenCorp

Cabot

thermoplastic resin

Cabot

Cadon

SMA copolymer

Bayer

Calibre

polycarbonate

Dow Plastics

Capron

nylon 6, 66, 66/6

Allied Signal

Carilon

aliphatic PK

Shell

Cefor

polypropylene

Shell

Celanese

nylon 6, nylon 6/6

Hoechst-Celanese

Celanex

polyester (PBn

Hoechst-Celanese

Celcon

acetal copolymer

Hoechst-Celanese

Celstran

long fiber reinforced

Hoechst-Celanese

Centrex

ASA,ASA+AES

Bayer

Cevian

ABS, ABS+PBT,SAN

Daicel

C-flex

SBS, SEBS

Concept Polymer

Chemigum

TP elastomer

Goodyear

Chemlon

Nylon 6,66

Chem Polymer

Oaradex

ABS

Shin-A
- DIC Trading

Compodic
Comshield

pp

ComAlloy

Comtuf

impact resistant resins

ComAlloy

Cosmic

Cosmic

Corton

mineral filled material

PolyPacific

Crastin

PBT

DuPont

Crystalor

polymethylpentene (PMP)

Phillips Chemical

CTI

Nylon66

M.A.Hanna

Cycogel

ABS

Nova Polymers

Cycolac

ABS, ABS+PBT

GE Plastics

Cycolin

ABS/PBT

GE Plastics

Cycoloy

polycarbonate/ABS

GE Plastics

Cyglas

TS polyester

Cytec Industries

Cymel

melamine formaldehyde

Cytec Industries

Cyrex

acrylic/polycarbonate alloy

Cyro Industries

Cyrolite

acrylic

Cyro Industries

Delrin

acetal

DuPont

Desmopan

TP polyurethane

Bayer

Dexplex

TPO

D&S Polymers

Diamon

Diamond Polymers
195

Dimension

Nylon 6 alloy

Allied Signal

Dowlex

HDPE, LLDPE

Dow Plastics

Drexflex

TP elastomer

D&S Plastics

Duraflex

polybutylene

Shell

Dural

PVC

Alpha Gary

Durel

polyarylate

Hoechst-Celanese

Durethan

nylon 6

Bayer

Durez

therrnoset resins

Occidental

Dylark

SMA copolymer

Nova Chemicals

Dylene

polystyrene

Nova Chemicals

Dylite

expandable polystyrene

Nova Chemicals

Dynaflex

SBS, SEBS

GLS Plastics

Eastabond

PET

Eastman Chemical

Eastalloy

PC+Polyester

Eastman Chemical -

Eastapak

PET

Eastman Chemical

Eastar

(various JX>lyesters)

Eastman Chemical

Eastman

thermoplastic resin

Eastman

Ecdel

TP elastomer

Eastman Chemical

Ecoprene

TP Elastomer

Rubber & Plastics

Solutions

Edistir

polystyrene

Enichem

Ektar

PET, PBT, PCT polyester

Eastman

Ektar

FBTP elastomer

Eastman

Elastalloy

TP elastomer

GLScorp

Elastollan

olyurethane TPE

BASF

Electrafi tel

ectricaHy conductive polymers

DSM

Elexar

TP Elastomer

Teknor Apex

Elvamide

nylon copolymer

DuPont

Eltex

HDPE

Solvay

EltexP

pp

Solvay

Elvax

EV A copolymer

DuPont

Emac

EMA copolymer

Chevron Chemical

196

Emiclear

Toshiba

Emi-X.

(various)

LNP

Empee

polyethylene, polypropylene

Monmouth

Enathene

ethylene butyl acrylate

Quantum

Engage

TP elastomer

Dow Plastics

Epalex

PolyPacific

Eref

PA/PP alloy

Solvay

Escalloy

PP (stress crack resist)

ComAlloy

Escor

acid terpolymer

Exxon Chemical

Escorene

polypropylene

Exxon Chemical

Estaloc

polyurethane

BF Goodrich

Estane

polyurethane TPE

BF Goodrich

Evalca

EV A copolymer

Eval

Exact

plastomer

Exxon Chemical

Extron

glass filled material

PolyPacific

Exxtral

TP elastomer

Exxon Chemical

Faradex

conductive wire filled

DSM

Ferrene

polyethylene

Ferro

Ferrex

polypropylene

Ferro

Ferro

Ferro

Ferrocon

Polyo)efin

Ferro

Ferroflo

polystyrene

Ferro

Ferropak

PP/PE alloy

Ferro

Fiberfil

fiber reinforced material

DSM

Fiberloc

fiber reinforced PVC

Geon

Fiberstran

Long fiber reinforced material

DSM

Fina

polyolefin

Fina Oil

Finaclear

polystyrene, SBS

Fina Oi]

Finaprene

TP elastomer

Fina Oil

Flexalloy

PVC

Telenor Apex

Flexomer

polyethylene (ULDPE)

Union Carbide
197

Flexprene

TP elastomer

Fluorocomp

reinforced fluoropolymer

Foamspan

thermoplastic foam

ComAlloy

Foraflon

PVDF

Atochem

Formion

lonomer

Schulman

Fortiflex

polyethylene

Solvay

Fortilene

polypropylene

Solvay

Fortron

PPS

- Celanese

FR-PC

PC

Lucky

FTPE

Fluorelastomer

3M Performance

Teknor Apex
LNP

Polymers
G

Gapex

nylon

Geloy

ASA,ASA+PC,ASA+PVC GE Plastics

Geolast

TP elastomer

Advanced Elastomer Sys.

Geon

PVC

Geon

Glaskyd

alkyd

CYfEC

Glastic

thermost resin

Glastic

Goldrex

acrylic

Hanyang Chemical

Grilamid

nylon 12

EMS-American Grilon

Grilon

nylon 6, 66

EMS-American Grilon

Grilpet

PET

EMS-American

Grivory

nylon

EMS-American Grilon

Halar

fluoropolymer

Ausimont

Halon

fluoropolymer

Ausimont

Hanalac

ABS

Miwon

Haysite

thermoset resin

Haysite

Hercuprene

TP elastomer

J-Von

Hetron

thermoset resin

Ashland

Hifax

PP,TPE,TPO

Montell

Ferro

198

Grilon

HiGlass

glass filled polypropylene

Himont

Hiloy

high strength resin

ComAlloy

Histat

electrically conductive

United Composites

HiVal

polyethylene (HDPE)

General Polymers

Hivalloy

PP alloy

Montell

Hostacen

metallocene PP

Hoechst-Celanese

Hostacorn

reinforced PP

Hoechst-Celanese

Hostaflon

fluoropol ymers

Hoechst-Celanese

Hostaform

acetal copolymer

Hoechst-Celanese

Hostalen

Hoechst-Celanese

Hostalen-GUR

PE
UHMWPE

Hostalen PP

polypropylene

Hoechst-Celanese

Hostalloy

polyolefin alloy

Hoechst-Celanese

Huntsman

thermoplastic

Huntsman

Hyflon

fluoropolymer

Auismont

Hylar

PVDF

Auismont

Hylon

nylon 6, 66

Hale

Hytrel

TP elastomer

DuPont

Hoechst-Celanese

I
Impet

polyester (PED

Hoechst-Celanese

Interpol

polyurethane

Cook Composites

Iotek

ionomer

Exxon

Isoplast

TPU

Dow Plastics

Iupiace

PPO/PPE

Mitsubishi

Iupilon

polycarbonate

Mitsubishi

Iupital

acetal

Mitsubishi

Ixan

PVDF

Solvay

Ixef

polyarylamide

Solvay Polymers

TP elastomer

J-Von

J-Plast

199

K
Kadel

PAEK

Amoco Polymers

Kamax

acrylic copolymer

AtoHaas

Kemcor

LDPE, HDPE

Kemcor Australia

Kematal

acetal copolymer

Hoechst-Celanese

Kibisan

SAN

Chi Mei Industrial

Kibiton

SBS

Chi Mei Industrial

Koblend

polycarbonate/ABS

EniChem America

Kodapak

PET polyester

Eastman

Kodar

PETG polyester

Eastman

Kohinor

vinyl

Rimtec

Kopa

Nylon 6,66

Kolon America

Kraton

styrenic TPE

Shell Chemical

K-Resin

tyrene/butadiene bl. copolymer

Phillips Chemical

Kynar

PVDF

Atochem

Ladene

polystyrene

SABIC

Lexan

polycarbonate

GE Plastics

Lomod

TP elastomer

GE Plastics

Lubricomp

wear resistant material

LNP

Lubrilon

nylon 6,66,6/12,PBT

Comalloy

Lubriloy

internally lubricated material

LNP

Lucel

acetal copolymer

Lucky

Lucet

acetal copolymer

Lucky

Lumax

PBT alloy

Lucky

Lupan

SAN

Lucky

Lupol

polyolefin

Lucky

Lupon

nylon 66

Lucky

Lupos

ABS

Lucky

Lupox

PBT

Lucky

200

Lupoy

ABS+PBT

Lucky

Luran

SAN.ASA

BASF

Lusep

PPS

Lucky

Lustran

ABS, SAN, ABS+Acrylic

Bayer

Luxis

nylon 6/6

Westover

Lytex

epoxy

Quantum Composites

Magnacomp

Nylon 6, 6/10, PP

LNP

Magnum

ABS

Dow Plastics

Makrolon

polycarbonate, PC blend

Bayer

Makroblend

polycarbonate blend

Bayer

Malecca

styrenic copolymer

Denki Kagaku

Maranyl

nylon

ICJ Americas

Marlex

polyethylene, polypropylene

Phillips Chemical

Mater-Bi

biodegradeable polymer

Novamont

Microthene

PE

Quantum

Milastomer

TP elastomer

Mitsui

Mindel

PSU, PSU alloy

Amoco Polymers

Minion

mineral filled nylon 6/6, 6/6/6

DuPont

Morthane

TPU

Morton

Multibase

ABS

Multibase

Multi-Flam

polypropylene

Multibase

Multi-Flex

TP elastomer

Multibase

Multi-Hips

polystyrene

Multibase

Multi-Pro

polypropylene

Multibase

Multi-San

SAN copolymer

Multibase

NAS

SMMA acrylic

Nova Chemicals

Naxell

polycarbonate (recycled)

MRC Polymers

Norsophen

Phenolic

Norold Composites

201

Nortuff

HDPE, polypropylene

Polymerlan d

Noryl

PPO, PPO alloy

GE Plastics

Novalast

TP elastomer

Nova Polymers

Novalene

TP elastomer

Nova Polymers

Novamid

nylon

Mitsubishi

NovapoJ

LLDPE.LD PE,HDPE

NOva Chemicals

Novatemp

PVC

Novatec

Novon

Novon

NSC

starch based polymer

Nylon, PS

Thermofil

Nucrel

EMAA copolymer

DuPont

Nybex

Nova

Nydur

nylon 6/12
nylon 6

Bayer

Nylafil

nylon 66

DSM

Nylamid

nylonPolym er

Service

Nylast

TP elastomer

Allied Signal

Nylatron

glass reinforced nylon

DSM

Nylene

nylon

Nylind

nylon 66

Custom Resins
DuPont

Nyloy

Nytex Composite s

Nypel

nylon 66, PC, PP

nylon 6

Nytron

nylon 66

Nytex Composite s

Olehard

filled polypropylene

Chiso America

Ontex

TP elastomer

D&S Plastics

Optema

EMA copolymer

Exxon Chemical

Optix

acrylic

Plaskolite

Oxy

vinyl

Occidental

vinyl

Occidental

Allied Signal

Oxyblend
Oxyclear

PVC

Occidental

Panlite

polycarbon ate

Teijin Chemical

Paxon

HDPE

Paxon

202

Pebax

PEBA

Atochem

Pellethane

polyurethane TP elastomer

Dow Plastics

PennaStat

( various)

RTP

Perspex

acrylic

ICI Acrylics

Petlon

PBT

Albis

Petra

polyester (PET)

Allied Signal

Petrothene

polyethylene,polypropylene, TPO

Quantum

Pi biter

polyester (PBT)

EniChem

Plaslok

thermoset resins

Plaslok

Plaslube

lubricated materials

DSM

Plenco

thermoset resins

Plastics Engineering

Plexiglas

acrylic

AtoHaas (Rohm &Haas)

Pliovic

Vinyl

Goodyear

PMC

melamine formaldehyde

Sun Coast

Pocan

polyester (PBn

Albis

Polifil

reinforced polyolefins

Polifil

Polyfabs

ABS

A. Schulman

Polyfil

Polyfil

Polyfine

Tokutama Soda

Polyflam

flame retardant thermoplastic

A. Schulman

Polyflon

fluoropolymer

Daikin

Polyfort

polypropylene, polyethylene

A. Schulman

Polylac

ABS

Chi Mei Industrial

Polyman

ABS Alloy

A. Schulman

Polypur

reinforced or alloyed TPE

A. Schulman

Polytron

PVC alloy

Geon

Polytrope

TP elastomer

A. Schulman

Polyvin

PVC

A. Schulman

Porene

ABS

Thai Petrochemical

Premiglas

glass reinforced SMC

Premix

Premi.ject

thick molding compound

Premix

Prevail

ABS/polyurethane

Dow Plastics

Prevex

PPE

GE Plastics

Primef

PPS

Solvay
203

Prism

po]yurethane RIM

Bayer

Polyvin

PVC

A. Schulman

Primacor

EAA copolymer

Dow Plastics

Pro-Fax

polyolefins

Montell

Propak.

polypropylene

PolyPacific

Pulse

polycarbonate/ABS

Dow Plastics

RTP

RTP
Radel

polyether sulfone

Amoco Performance Products

Radiflam

nylon FR

Radicinovacips

Radilon

nylon 6

Radicinovacips

Radipol

nylon 6/6

Radicinovacips

Reny

nylon 6/6

Mitsubishi

Replay

polystyrene

Huntsman

Reprean

ethylene copolymer

Discas

Resinoid

thermoset resins

R.esinoid

Retain

PE

Dow Plastics

Rexene

thermoplastic resin

Rexene

Rexflex

polypropylene

Rexene

Rilsan

rotationa1 molding resins

Atochem

Rimplast

TP elastomer

Huls

Rimtec

vinyl

Rimtec

Riteflex

TP elastomer

Hoechst-Celanese

Rogers

thermoset resins

Rogers

Ronfalin

ABS

DSM

Rynite

polyester (PET,PBT)

DuPont

Ryton

PPS

Phillips Chemical

Sabre

PC+PET

Dow Plastics

Santoprene

TPE,TPO

Advanced Elastomer Sys.

,2('),(

Saran

vinylidine chloride

Dow Plastics

Sarlink

TPE,TPO

DSM

Satinflex

PVC

Alpha Gary

Schulaflex

flexible elastomers

A. Schulman

Schulamid

nylon 6, 66

A. Schulman

Schulink

cross-linka ble HDPE

A. Schulman

Sc lair

polyethylen e

Nova Chemicals

Selar

nylon, PET

DuPont

Shell

polyolefins

Shell

Shinite

PBT

Shinkong

Sinkral

ABS

EniChem

Sinvet

polycarbon ate

EniChem

Soamol,

EV A copolymer

Nichimen

Solef

PVDF

Solvay Polymers

Sol vie

PVC

Solvay Polymers

Spectar

polyester copolymer

Eastman

Stanyl

nylon 46

DSM

Stanuloy

PC.PET blend (recycled)

MRC Polymers

Stapron

ABS+PC,S MA

DSM

Stat-Kon

static dissipative material

LNP

Stat-Loy

static dissipative material

LNP

Stereon

styrene/but adiene bl. copolymer

Firestone

Stypol

thermoset resin

Cook Composite s

Styrafil

filled styrenes

DSM

Styron

PS

Dow Plastics

Styropor

PS

BASF

Sumiplex

acrylic

Sumitomo

Sunprene

PVC elastomer

A. Schulman

Suntra

PPS

Sunk:yong Industries

Supec

PPS

GE Plastics

Superkleen

PVC

Alpha Gary

Suprel

ABS/PVC

Vista Chemical

Surlyn

Ionomer

DuPont

Synprene

TP elastomer

Synergistic s Industries
205

T
Technyl

ny1on 66

Rhone-Poulenc

Tecoflex

PUR

Thermidics

Tecothane

PUR

Therrnidics

Tedur

PPS

Albis

Teflon

fluoropolymer

DuPont

Tefzel

PE-TFE fluoropolymer

DuPont

Tekron

TP elastomer

Telenor Apex

Telcar

TP elastomer

Telenor Apex

Telcar

TP elastomer

Teknor Apex

Tempalloy

high temperature resin

ComAlloy

TempRite

CPVC

BF Goodrich

Tenac

acetal

Ashai

Tenite

polyolefin, cellulosic, CAB

Eastman

Terluran

ABS

BASF

Terlux

MABS

BASF

Texalon

nylon

Texapol

Texapol

Texapol

Texin

polyurethane

Bayer

Thermex

heat dissipative materials

ComAlloy

Thermocomp

glass, carbon fiber reinforced

LNP

Thennx

copolyester

Eastman

Tone

PCL

Union Carbide

Tonen

TCA Plastics

Topalloy

TCA Plastics

Topas

cycloolefin copolymer

Hoechst-Celanese

Topex

PBT

Tong Yang Nylon

Toplex

polycarbonate/ABS

Multibase

Toray

PBT

Toray Industries

Torlon

polyamide-irnide

Amoco Polymers

Toyolac

ABS. polycarbonate/ABS

Toray Industries

TPX

polymethylpentene (PMP)

Mitsui

206

Trefsin

TP elastomer

Advanced Elastomer Sys.

Triax

polycarbonate/ABS, ANS/Nylon

Bayer

Tri bit

PBT

Sam Yang

Triloy

PC+PBT, ABS+PC

Sam Yang

Trirex

PC

Sam Yang

Tufrex

ABS

Bayer

Typlax

Typlax
Tyri

1SAN

Dow Plastics

u
Ube

Ube Industries

Udel

PSO

Amoco Performance Products

Ultem

pol yetherim ide

GE Plastics

Ultradur

polyester (PB1)

BASF

Ultraform

acetal

BASF

Ultramid

nylon

BASF

Ultrapek

PAEK

BASF

Ultrason - E

polyether sulfone (PES)

BASF

Ultrason - S

polysulfone (PSO)

BASF

Ultrastyr

ABS

Enichem America

Ultrathene

EV A copolymer

Quantum

Unichem

PVC

Colorite Plastics

Unival

polyethylene

Union Carbide

polyester (PBT, PET, PCT)

GE Plastics

V
Valox
Valtec

Montell

Valtra

polystyrene

Chevron Chemical

Vandar

polyester alloy

Hoechst-Celanese

Vector

SBS, SIS

Dexco Polymers

Vectra

liquid crystal polymer

Hoechst-Celanese

Yerton

long fiber reinforced

LNP
207

Vespel

polyimide

DuPont

Vestamid

nylon

Huls

Victrex

PEEK

IC I Advanced Materials

Vista

vinyl

Vista Chemical

VistaFlex

TP elastomer

Advanced Elastomer Sys.

Vistel

PVC

Vista Chemical

Vitax

ASA

Hitachi Chemical

Voloy

flame retardant materials

ComAlloy

Vybex

polyester

Ferro

Vydyne

nylon

Monsanto

Vyram

TP elastomer

Advanced Elastomer Sys.

Vythene

PVC+PUR

Alpha Gary

Wellamid

nylon

Wellman

WPP

pp

Washington Penn

Xenoy

polycarbonate/polyester

GE Plastics

XT-Polymer

acrylic copolymer

Cyro Industries

Xydar

liquid crystal polymer

Amoco Polymers

z
Zemid

PE, HDPE

DuPont Canada

Zenite

LCP

DuPont

Zeonex

polymethylpentene (PMP)

Nippon Zeon

Zylar

acrylic copolymer

Novacor

nylon

DuPont

Zytel

208

T Al LitU THAM KU.AO

1. Hoang Trc;mg Ba, 199 5, Su d~ng v~t lief u phi kim trong nganh
Ha Ni.

2. Ph~m Minh Hai, 1991, V~t liu chat deo

Bach khoa Ha ni.

cd

khi, NXB KHKT,

va c6ng nghf gia ctmg, Truong D~i h9c

3. Hoang XuA.n Luc;mg (chu bien), 2003, Cd h9c V~I li~u composite, Nha xuat ban
H<;>c vin Ky thu~t QuAn sg, Ha N<:,i.
4.

Nguy~n Hoa Thinh, Nguy~n lll.nh E>uc, 2002, V(it liu Composite, Co h9c
cong ngh, Nha xua'.t ban KHKT Ha NQi.

5.

TrAn ich Thinh, 1994, V~t li/u composite

ban Giao d1:1c,Ha NQi.

6. Dinh
Ni.

Ba Tr1;1,

Cd

h9c va tinh toan

va

ket cau, Nha xua'.t

2002, Cong nghef gia cong chat deo, NXB QuAn d9i NhAn dAn,

Ha

7. Klaus Stoeckhert, 1998, Mold-Making Handbook for the plastics Engineer,

Publisher: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co.
8. Krishan K. Chawla, 2006, Composite materials: Science and engineering
Handbook, Freund Publishing House LTD.
9. Harry Dubois,1987, Plastics Mold Engineering, New York.
10. L.Sors, L.Bardocz, 1981, Plastic Mold and Dies, New York.
11. EHRENSTEIN Gottfried W. ; MONTAGNE Fabienne. 2000, Materiaux
polymeres: Structure, proprietes et applications, Editeur HERMES, Paris.
12. Philip G. Collins and Phaedon Avouris (2000). Nanotubes for Electronics Scientific American December 2000, page 67.

13.

Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties, (2004), The

Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, London.

14. Suprakas Sinha Ray va Mosto Bousmina, 2006, Polymer Nanocomposites and Their
Applications.Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Canada.

15. AU 2168100: A polymer/clay nanocomposite comprising a clay mixture and a

process for making same. Quy tr'inh ch~ ~o v~t liu polymer nanocomposite tren co
scr v~t liu nanoclay bien tinh.
16. WO 0047657: Nanocomposite articles and process for making. V~t liu
nanocomposite va quy trlnh ch ~o.
17. WO O140369: A polymer-clay nanocomposite comprising an amophous oligomer.
V~t liu polymer nanocomposite trtn co sb v~t liu nanoclay bitn tinh c6 chua
oligomer V1,I djnh hlnh.
18. US 6136908: Preparation of thennoplastic nanocomposite. Phu<1ng phap pha cht v~t
li~u nanocomposite nhit deo.
209

19. US 5385776: Nanocomposites of gamma phase polymers contammg inorganic

particulate material. V~t li~u nanocomposite lam
polymer b pha gamma c6 chua
thanh phan hChl co d~c bi~t.

tu

20. EP 1086173: Thermoplastic nanocomposites. V~t liu nanocomposite nhit deo.

21. US 6225374: Method for preparing silicate-polymer composite. Phuang phap pha
ch v~t liu composite polymer silicate.
22. http:ljmeslab.org

23. http: ljwww. uc .ed u/news/NR.aspid=5700

24. http:ljwww.carbonsolution.com
25 . .b!!P-://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic Versatile Disc
26. http://p2pnet.net/story/6302
27. www.Uspo.to.gov/putft/index/html

210

NHU HOA.NG GIANG - DINH

BA TRl) - LE THl)Y ANH

CON G NGH E. VA THIE T BI.

,...
"
"'
GIA CON G VAT
LIElT
POLYME

Chiu trach nhi~m xuat ban

BiAn tap va slia ch~ ban

TS. Phfm Vin Diin

Nguy~n Thi Di~u Thuy

Trinh bay va ch! ban

Th1,1y Anh

v~ bia

Hoai Linh

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HQC VA

70 Tran HlJ'ng O~o -

KY THU4T

Ha Nt:,i

In 500 cuon kh6 19 x 27 cm t~i Cong ty TNHH bao bt va In Hai Nam.

So dang ky keho<;1ch xuat ban: 82-2008/CXB/415.l-02/KHKTcap ngay 14/01/2008.
Quyet dtnh xuat ban so: l 19/QDXB-NXBKHKT.
In xong va np hru chitu quy II nam 2008.

2 0 8 0 3 6

.Jll.1

Gia: 63.000 dong