Chng

VIRUS V C N G N G H SINH H C

VIRUS

Virus l m t k sinh p h b i n hu ht c c c t h sng t n g i n n phc tp.

M i c t h sng t v i k h u n n c y trng, vt n u i v con n g i u c t h b l n c n g
bi virus. Virus g y ra rt n h i u bnh dch nguy h i m n h b n h l m m long m n g ,
bnh b i n , bnh c m H 5 N 1 , bnh SARS, bnh H I V / A I D v n h i u b n h k h c . V i r u s
c n l n g u y n n h n ca m t s bnh t r u y n n h i m nguy h i m n h virus epstein bar,
virus bnh v i m gan B (Hepatitis B ) , virus v i m gan c (Hepatitis C)... d n n ung th.
Ngoi ra, do virus c k h n n g ci genom ca n vo genom ca sinh vt ch v chuyn
ti thng tin d i truyn t c th sng ny sang c th sng k h c n n c t h g y ra nhiu bin
d hay nhng dng t bin k h n g mong mun. Trong nhng n m gn y, vus v a n g
l i tng nghin cu quan trng ca nhiu lnh vc c n g ngh sinh hc, n g s , m t
s virus c s dng lm vector phc v c n g tc chuyn gen.
5.1. LCH S PHT HIN RA VIRUS
N g i ta p h t h i n ra virus n h nhng n g h i n cu t m k i m t c n h n g y b n h k h m
l cy thuc l. Bnh n y l m cho c y c i cc v m u sc p h i n l b k h m . N m
1883, A . Mayer p h t h i n t h y bnh k h m thuc l l b n h ly n h i m v cho r n g t c
n h n g y bnh l m t loi v i k h u n r t n h b v k h n g t h n h n t h y bng k n h h i n v i .
n g ta t h n h c n g trong g y ly n h i m bnh n h n to bng c c h phun dch c h i t ca
l c y b bnh ln c y khoe. Quan st cht dch d i k n h h i n v i A . M a y e r k h n g
quan st t h y tc n h n g y bnh.
n c u i nhng n m 1880, D . Ivanowsky, m t n h khoa hc n g i Nga cho rng
bnh k h m l thuc l g y ra b i m t v i k h u n r t n h b c k h n n g l t qua m n g l c
vi k h u n . n g d n g m n g lc c k h n n g l o i tr v i k h u n l c cht c h i t t l c y
bnh. Dch chit thu c qua m n g lc v i k h u n v n c k h n n g g y b n h v c n g
g i l c t sau l c .
N m 1897 Martinus Beiferinck, m t n h sinh hc H L a n cho thy bnh g y ra b i
m t c th sng nh v n gin h n v i khun, n h n g l i c k h n n g sinh sn. C y khoe
sau k h i c phun dch chit t cy bnh b n h i m bnh, cht dch t c y m i n h i m
bnh l i c th gy ra n h i m bnh cho cc cy k h c na. T h n g h i m n y c l p l i
nhiu t h h v n g i ta thy rng tc n h n g y bnh c t h sinh sn v tc n h n n y
k h n g b long hoc y u i k h i chuyn t cy n sang cy kia. n g cng cho bit:
- K h n g th n u i c y tc n h n g y bnh trn m i trng dinh d n g n h n to.
- T c n h n g y bnh k h n g b git bng c n .
- T c n h n g y bnh ch sinh sn trn cy ch m n ly n h i m .
118

N m 1935, \Vendell M . Stanley, m t n h khoa hc M k t t i n h c c c ht ca

t c n h n g y bnh m n g y nay n g i ta g i l virus k h m thuc l ( T M V - tobaco
mosaic virus).
T r o n g nhng n m 1950, T M V v c c virus k h c c quan st t h y bng k n h
h i n v i i n t, virus n h nht c n g k n h ch k h o n g 2 0 n m . H t virus c c u t r c
n g i n b i m t si axit nucleic n m trong m t l p v bc protein.
5.2. C IM CHUNG TRONG CU TRC CA VIRUS
Genom virus r t n g i n , c t h l m t si A D N k p , m t si A D N n , m t si
A R N k p hoc m t si A R N n . A D N ca virus c t h l p h n t si thng hoc si
v n g , trong c t h ch g m 4 gen hoc t i a l vi t r m gen.
5.2.1. V bc ca virus (capsid v envelop)
Virus c th c 2 l p v , l p trong g i l v capsid, l p ngoi c g i l lp bao
envelop. Capsid l m t lp v protein bc b n ngoi genom ca virus. C u trc ca v
capsid c th a dng v c to b i cc tiu phn n h g i l capsomeres - cc tiu phn
ny c th l m t hoc vi loi protein k h c nhau. v envelop l lp m n g ph ngoi v
capsid c vai tr g i p virus ly n h i m t bo. T h n h phn c bn ca v bc l protein.
5.2.2. Sinh sn virus trong t bo sinh vt ch
Virus l m t k sinh n i b o bt buc, c h c k h n n g b i u h i n v sinh sn b n
trong t b o sng. M i virus c t h c m t hoc vi sinh v t c h c t h :
- C c virus n h n b i n t b o ch n h s t n g tc thun gia protein v b n n g o i
ca virus v m t receptor c t h t r n b m t ca t b o ch.
- M t vi virus c k h n n g k sinh n h i u sinh vt ch, c t h l vi loi sinh vt,
v d: virus c m g (bird A u H 5 N 1 ) v virus d i (rabies).
K h n n g k sinh ca m t s virus mang t n h c h i u cao:
- M t vi virus c h c k h n n g ly n h i m m t loi: v d virus l y n h i m v i k h u n
E.coli.
- M t vi virus ch c t h k sinh m t l o i m m t loi: virus g y c m l n h
n g i ch c t h ly n h i m c c t b o phn trn ca n g h h p , virus A I D S ch c
th b m v o c c receptors c t h t b o bch cu.
Chu trnh sinh sn v ly n h i m ca virus g m 3 bc:
- Genom ca virus t h m nhp v o b n trong t b o ch.
- Virus s dng c c vt l i u ca t b o c h n h n bn genom virus v sn x u t c c
protein v virus (capsid v envelop).
- T i t hp ( l p rp) c c p h n t nucleic axit (genorri) ca virus v c c t i u p h n ca
v virus (capsomers) to ra c c virus m i .
119

5.2.3. C c h n h i m b n h v i r u s
V d : T - even phage s dng phn u i b m v o t h n h t b o c h v b m A D N
v o t b o ch. K h i genom virus v o trong t b o n l m thay i c c c h n g t r n h
hot n g ca t b o ch v bt u n h n bn.
C 3 cch nhn

genom

virus:

- A D N - > A D N , n u genom ca virus l A D N si k p , A D N virus n h n b n g i n g

n h A D N ca t b o , virus s dng A D N polymerase ca t b o c h n h n b n A D N
ca n .
- A R N - > A R N , t b o ch k h n g c enzym n h n b n A R N virus, a s A R N
virus c cha gen m hoa A R N replicase - m t enzym s d n g A R N virus l m k h u n
tng hp c c A R N t n g n g .
- A R N - A D N - A R N , m t vi virus c k h n n g m hoa reverse transcriptase - m t
enzym tng hp A D N t si k h u n A R N ca virus.
Vrus

s dng

cc vt liu ca t bo ch sinh

sn:

- C c gen ca virus s d n g c c enzym, ribosome, t A R N , axit a m i n , A T P , c c

nucleotid v c c y t l i u k h c ca t b o ch n h n b n genom v sn x u t c c protein
v vus.
- C c t i u phn ca virus g m axit nucleic v v virus c l p r p v t o ra h n g
t r m n h n g n g h n virus k h c nhau p h v t b o c h v l y sang t b o k h c . C c tiu
phn ca v u s c t h t l p r p trong n g n g h i m k h i t r n A R N v c c protein v v i
nhau to ra m t virus h o n chnh.
ARN (genom ca virus)
>f
ADN virus

Phin m

Phin m genom

>

mARN virus

ARN ca virus trong t bo

vt ch to ra virus mi

>f

Protein ca virus

S 5.1. Nhn

120

bn vrus c genom

>

Virus mi
l ARN trong t bo vt

ch

5.2.4. C h u t r n h s i n h s n c a v i r u s k s i n h v i k h u n
C c virus k sinh v i k h u n c g i l bacteriophage, hay v i t g n l phage, t i n g
V i t g i l thc k h u n hay siu v i k h u n ( S V K ) . C 2 k i u chu t r n h sinh sn ca S V K :
lytic v l y s o g n i c .
5.2.4.1. Chu trnh hoi sinh (lytic)
V d , chu trnh lytic S V K T 4 x y ra g m c c giai o n sau:
- S V K T 4 b m v o m n g t b o ch: T 4 n h n b i t t b o ch n h c s t n g n g
gia protein trn si u i ca virus v repceptor c t h m n g n g o i ca v i k h u n
E.coli.
- Genom t h m nhp v o t b o l i phn v protein ca T 4 b n n g o i t b o .
- C c hydrolytic enzym (enzym t h y p h n ) p h n huy A D N ca t b o ch

E.coli.

T b o ch bt u sao m v p h i n m genom ca virus. M t trong c c enzym u

tin ca virus l enzym p h n huy A D N ca t b o ch. A D N ca S V K k h n g b nh
hng v c cha c c cytosine b i n i v v v y A D N virus k h n g chu n h h n g
bi enzym t h y p h n A D N ca t b o ch.
- Virus s d n g nucleotid (c p h n huy t t b o ch) n h n bn genom virus.
- T b o ch sn x u t 3 l o i protein v v l p r p c c protein to u i phage, si
u i (tail fibers) v u virus (polyhedral heads).
- C c t i u phn ca virus t l p r p to ht virus h o n chnh.
- P h n huy t b o ch v g i i p h n g c c ht virus:
+ Genom ca virus sn sinh c c lysozyms p h n g i i m n g t b o v i k h u n .
+ p lc t h m t h u l m p h v t b o v g i i p h n g ra h n g t r m virus t m t t
b o ch.
+ C c virus m i c t h ly n h i m c c t b o ch ln cn.
Chu k lytic (lytic cycle) k o d i 20 - 30 p h t nhit 3 7 c . T r o n g giai o n n y
mt qun t h T 4 s t n g ln h n g t r m l n .
C ch t v ca vi

khun

- V i k h u n c t h thay i receptor bng m t t b i n , n h v y virus k h n g t h nhn

bit receptor b m v g y bnh.
- Cc enzym ct g i i hn ca v i k h u n nhn bit v ct c c A D N l , trong c c c
A D N ca siu v i k h u n . N h n g A D N ca c h n h v i k h u n c c c thay i hoa hc do v y
k h n g b p h n huy b i c c enzym ct ca c h n h n . E n z y m ct g i i hn l c c enzym t
nhin ca v i k h u n c k h n n g ct c c A D N l , x c tc ct A D N t h n h c c m n h n h .
Trong

chu k hoi sinh, vi khun

v siu v khun

lin tc cng tin

hoa

- H u n h c c v i k h u n c c c h chng siu v i k h u n c h i u q u .
- C c virus c n g t i n hoa theo h n g vt qua c c h thng t v ca t b o ch.
- M t s virus c c c p h n g n c n g chung sng v i t b o ch.
121

5.2.4.2.

Chu k tim sinh (Lysogenic

cycle)

M t s virus c t h c n g chung sng v i t b o c h bng c c h c i g e n o m ca c h n g

v o genom ca t b o . Sau k h i ci genom ca m n h v o genom ca t b o c h , sinh sn
v i t b o ch n h n g virus k h n g hot n g cho n k h i bt u chu k l y t i c . C c virus
n h v y c g i l c c temperate virus v c h n g c 2 chu k sng: Lysogenic v l y t i c .
Phage X (E. Lederberg, 1951) l m t v d . Chu k t i m sinh ca phage X d i n ra
theo trnh t sau:
- Phage X gn v o b m t t b o v i k h u n E. c o l i .
- Phage . t i m A D N ca n v o t b o ch.
- A D N ca phage c t h bt u chu k t i m sinh hoc h o i sinh ( l y t i c ) .
Trong q u trnh t i m sinh, A D N ca phage ci v o m t v tr c t h n o ca
n h i n sc t h v i k h u n v tr t h n h t i n phage (prophase). H u h t c c gen ca prophage
trng thi k h n g hot n g . Gen ca prophage m hoa m t protein k m h m l m c
c h hu ht c c gen ca prophage. Prophage genom s c n h n b n l n n h i u l n c n g
v i q u trnh p h n chia ca t b o c h v c t h t n t i trong t b o c h n h i u t h h .
n m t t h i i m n h t nh, A D N ca phage c t h t c h ra k h i A D N ca t b o ch
v c t h bt u chu k h o i sinh.
5.3. MT S BNH VIRUS NGUY HI
V i r u s g y ra r t n h i u b n h n g i , n g vt, thc v t v k c v i k h u n . M t s
bnh virus r t t h n g gp n h c m . c i m quan t r n g ca b n h virus l k h i mc
bnh virus, vic cha bnh s gp n h i u k h k h n .
D i y c h n g ta s tham k h o ba bnh virus n g i : b n h b i l i t , c m v
H I V / A I D S . C c bnh n y u c chung m t c i m l u do virus c genom l A R N
g y ra.
5.3.1. Virus bi lit
Bnh b i l i t r t t k h i x y ra c c nc p h t t r i n n h c vacxin, tuy n h i n y v n
l bnh nguy h i m c c nc a n g p h t t r i n . V i r u s b i l i t x m n h p v o c t h qua
n g m i n g do nc ung, thc n b n h i m . Trong trng hp c t h k h n g c h
m i n dch m n h virus s t h m nhp v o m u , theo m u c c virus s t n c n g c c t b o
thn k i n h v h thn k i n h trung n g . K t q u h thn k i n h s b p h huy d n n b i
l i t hoc cht. H a i l o i vacxin k h c nhau a n g c s d n g rng ri v cu c
h n g t r m n g n cuc sng con n g i . Sabin virus l m t dng virus b i l i t c l m
y u . Virus Sabin k h n g c k h n n g sinh sn trong t b o thn k i n h do v y k h n g g y
bnh bi l i t . C h n g c k h n n g sinh sn c h m r u t v g y ra phn ng m i n dch
mnh m n g i c t i m p h n g . M t vacxin k h c c g i l vacxin S A L K . y l
122

m t c h p h m vacxin t virus b i l i t b git cht v k h n g c n k h n n g sinh sn

c t h n g i , n h n g c k h n n g g y m i n dch.
5.3.2. Virus cm (Influenza hoc Flu)
L virus g y bnh nguy h i m n g h h p v l m cht h n g t r i u n g i . V i r u s
c m c t h ly n h i m n g i , l n , g, vt, h i c u v nga. V u s c m c genom l c c
p h n t A R N c bao bc b i l p v protein (v capsid) v m t l p m n g c n g u n
gc t t b o sinh vt c h ( m n g envelop).
Virus c m c c c spike (ci que hoc gai) c to ra b i 2 l o i protein k h c nhau
ca virus g i l Neuraminidase v Haemagglutinin. Spike n g vai tr quan trng trong
ly n h i m t b o c h .
N h n g thay i t h n g x u y n ng n h t axit amin ca hai protein v virus d n
n s x u t h i n lin tc c c chng m i . C c chng m i c t h sinh sn c c bnh n h n
c phn ng m i n dch manh i v i c c chng c.
Chng c m m i x u t h i n k h i a s c t h trong qun t h sinh v t c h c h a h n h
thnh h m i n dch k h n g bnh m t c c h h i u q u g y ra dch c m ly lan nhanh
chng.
5.3.3. Virus gy suy gim h min dch HIV/AIDS
Virus g y suy g i m h m i n dch thuc n h m retrovirus, genom ca virus n y l
A R N . K h i A R N virus t h m nhp v o t b o n s c enzym sao c h p ngc (inverted
transcriptase) x c t c c h u y n hoa t h n h A D N . y l m t d n g c A D N ca virus. P h n
t c A D N n y c t h ci v o n h i m sc t h ca t b o ch to ra m t d n g t i n virus t i m
sinh (provirus). Provirus c t h n m y n qua n h i u l n p h n b o cho n k h i bt u
hot n g v sinh sn, to ra c c virus m i .
H I V ly n h i m c c t b o ca h m i n dch, c h y u ly n h i m c c i thc b o
(macrophage) v t b o C D 4 Positive T-cell.
Virus H I V c v n chuyn theo m u , ly n h i m qua n g m u v n g sinh
dc. T h n g t h n g s c m t giai o n m ngn, st v x u t h i n k h n g t h chng l i
H I V trong m u . C t h p h i 6 t h n g sau k h i b n h i m H I V , c t h m i c b i u h i n H I V
dng tnh qua t h k h n g t h .
Bnh A I D S x y ra k h i c t h k h n g c n k h n n g chng l i s ly n h i m c c bnh
vi khun, n m , virus k h c . T i p theo virus s n h i m v o c c l o i t b o k h c n h h thn
kinh trung ng v g y ra bnh thn k i n h , m t tr. M t vi l o i ung t h cng lin quan
n giai o n p h t t r i n nht nh ca bnh A I D S .
N g i n h i m H I V d n g tnh c t h trong trng thi sc khoe b n h t h n g vi
n m sau m i x u t h i n triu chng suy g i m m i n dch. Trong giai o n c h a b i u
h i n bnh (c t h t n l o n m ) , H I V v n n h n bn trong t b o macrophage v t
b o C D 4 T \ n h n g c t h v n c n k h n n g thay t h tt c c c t b o cht v n h i m

123

virus. B i u h i n p h t bnh u tin l s x u t h i n c c h c h k h i t b o C D 4 v t b o

T b cht h n g lot v h m i n dch bt u suy y u .
5.4. CC CHIN LC c BN PHNG CHNG BNH VIRUS
D i y l 4 c h i n lc c bn ca c n g n g h sinh hc trong p h n g c h n g bnh
virus:
- Sn x u t v s d n g c c vacxin t r u y n thng
- T o c c vacxin ti t hp (recombinant vacxin)
- T o ra c c A R N i ngha (antisense R N A ) c t h c h , k h i virus t h m n h p v o
t b o ch, c c A R N i ngha s bt cp v i c c A R N (sense R N A ) ca virus v l m
cho virus bt hot.
- T o ra c c s i A R N ( A R N ngn, 2 1 - 2 5 nucleotid) trong t b o c h , k h i c virus t n
c n g c c A R N n g n s bt cp v i c c t r n h t t n g n g t r n si A R N ca virus v
l m cho A R N virus b p h n huy. y l m t c n g n g h m i ra i c h a y 10 n m l i
y , c tc dng p h n g chng bnh virus r t h i u q u .
T i m v o c t h c h c c t r n h t A R N si k p hoc c c s i A R N , c c t r n h t A R N
k p trong t b o n h n thc c t h b c c enzym Dicer ct t h n h c c s i A R N . C c s i A R N
t h m nhp v o t b o v g y ra b t hot virus.
C h i n lc s d n g s i A R N a n g c n g h i n cu v ng d n g p h n g chng cc
bnh virus nan y n h H I V .

124

Chng

PROTEIN V C N G N G H

E N Z Y M

6.1. GII THIU V PROTEIN

Protein quy n h hu ht c c c t n h ca t b o v c t h sng. D o v y c h n g ta c
th ni protein to ra c c c t h sng m t c c h c t h , k h n g t r n g l p v a dng.
T h n h tu gn y n h t ca C h n g t r n h genom n g i (2003) cho b i t trong c t h
n g i c cha khong 30.000 gen, n h n g t lu n g i ta c t n h trong c t h n g i
cng cha khong 30.000 c c l o i protein k h c nhau v m i protein u c nhng chc
n n g r i n g bit (E.s. Grace, 1997).
Protein c c u t r c b i 20 axit amin k h c nhau. M t protein v o l o i n h nht
chng hn n h i n s u l i n c cha h n 50 axit amin trong k h i t h a s c c protein k h c
l n h n r t n h i u (cha t vi t r m n h n 1000 c c axit amin).
T n h c t h ca protein v enzym do t r n h t c c axit a m i n trong p h n t protein
to ra.
T r n h t c c axit amin trong p h n t protein l i do t r n h t ca nucleotid trong gen
quy nh. Ch c n thay i m t axit amin trong c u t r c ca protein ta c t h to ra
nhng thay i r t l n trong hot t n h , t h m c h l m thay i h n chc n n g ca protein.
Trong c u trc ca enzym c m t v n g quy n h t n h c t h ca n g i l "trung t m
hot h a " . Trung t m n y c t h coi l v n g r t nhy c m i v i c c t b i n . C c t
bin gen ch c n l m thay i ngha ca m t codon trn gen c t h d n n s thay t h
ca m t axit amin n y bng m t axit amin k h c trong "trung t m hot h a " v c t h
d n n thay i t o n b hot t n h hoc chc n n g ca protein/enzym .
6.1.1. V a i t r c a p r o t e i n
Protein

Protein l enzym

/
Xc tc ton b qu
trnh sinh hoa ca t
bo v c th

Protein cu trc

To ra cc cu trc trn mc
phn t nh nhim sc th, lc
lp, ty th, t bo, m, c quan,
prtein vn ng m c v vn
chuyn t bo mu

Protein l cc cht hot tnh

sinh hc
X
- Hocmon sinh trng, pht trin;
- Cc khng th v kh nng min
dch;
- Cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc
khc (insulin, inteeron,...)

125

6.1.2. C u t r c c a p r o t e i n
Protein l mt polymer gm nhiu monomer (c tn chung l axit amin) to thnh.
M t si polymer g m m t s axit amin c g i l polypeptid.
Cu trc chung ca axit amin:
NH

I
R c

COOH
Cu trc khc nhau ca cc axit amin l do nhm R quyt nh. Protein c to bi
20 axit amin k h c nhau (bng 6). C c axit a m i n lin k t v i nhau b n g c u n i covalent
(ng hoa tr) g i l cu n i peptid. C u n i n y c to b i p h n n g hoa h c gia
n h m cacboxyl ( C O O H ) ca axit amin n y v i n h m amino ca axit a m i n k h c :
I
H N _c
j
Ri

c(
1li

H
I
-N

H
H
I
1
1
H N _ c (
1
li
Ri

H
C-(OH H
1 li
R
o

-N

H
I
cC-OH
I

R
0

H
I
-N

H
H
I
I
OH H ) _ N
N cC-OH

cc
1 li
R
o

H H
H H
H
I
I
I
I
I
H-N-C-N-C-N-C-OH

l
H

R
R
R
2

+ 2H 0
2

Kt qu to ra mch peptid di (protein) gm axit amin kt ni vi nhau tng t

n h phn ng t r n .
Bng 6.1. Tn 20 axit amin to nn phn tprotein

126

Tn axit amin

K hiu

Tn axit amin

K hiu

Alanine

Ma

Leucine

Lu

Arginine

Arg

Lysine

Lys

Asparagine

Asn

Methionine

Mt

Aspartic acid

Asp

Phenylalanine

Phe

Cysteine

Cys

Proline

Pro

Glutamine

Gn

Serine

Ser

Glycine

Gly

Threonine

Thr

Histidine

His

Tryptophan

Trp

Glutamate

Gi

Tyrosine

Tyr

Isoleucine

He

Valine

Vai

C u t r c k h n g gian ca protein r t phc tp, g m 4 mc c u t r c k h c nhau (s

6.1). M t s k i u lin k t y u h n h t h n h gia c c n g u y n t trong c n g m t si
polypeptid hoc gia c c n g u y n t thuc c c si polypeptid k h c nhau to ra c c c u
trc k h n g gian c th ca protein. C c k i u lin k t y u k h a dng: lin k t
hydrogen, lin k t tnh i n (electrostatic) v lin k t V a n der Waals.
Cu trc bc mt (Prmary structure):
C c axit a m i n k t n i v i nhau t h n h m t
si polypeptid thng g i l c u trc bc m t .
Cu trc bc hai (secondary
structure):
H n h t h n h do lc lin k t gia c c n g u y n
t ca c c axit a m i n gn nhau trong si polypeptid m c h thng to t h n h . C u trc bc 2
thng c dng si x o n (oe H e l i x ) .
Cu trc bc 3 (Tetiary structure):
C c m c h polypeptid c u trc bc m t c t h
gp k h c do c c lc lin k t y u to n n c u trc bc 3. V d , c u trc bc 3 ca p h n
t mioglobin.
Cu trc bc 4 (Quaternary
structure):
Trong m t s c c protein, 2 hoc n h i u h n
s si polypeptid c c u trc bc 3 lin k t l i to t h n h c u trc bc 4. V d , c u trc
bc 4 ca p h n t hemoglobin. C u trc bc 4 c t h h n h t h n h gia c c si polypeptid
k h c nhau hoc gia c c si g i n g nhau.
N h i u protein c c u trc cht c h h n h cu: c c enzym v c c k h n g t h l nhng
protein c c u trc h n h cu quan trng nht, trong k h i c c protein si l t h n h phn c u
trc quan trng ca m c v si t c .
Primary
structur*

Secondary
structurc

Tertiary
s trc tu re

Quatomary
structurc

Poiypptlde chuin

AKKembli.-d stibuniu

-E& ca, 1
1 GI V 1
1 ***J 1
|tf
hi
nn
tef
Aminci acid reKdues

rHelix

S 6.1. Cu trc khng gian ca protein

(theo Neson

and

Cox,

2000)

Cu trc khng gian ca protein l yu t quyt nh i vi chc nng ca protein

trong t b o . C u trc k h n g gian ca protein c quy nh b i trnh t axit amin trong
cu trc bc m t ca n . C u trc bc ba v bc b n ca protein c n g c quy nh b i
cu trc bc m t ca c c polypeptid to n n protein . T r n h t c c axit amino cng
quy nh vai tr ca gc R trong c c lin k t c th ca protein n y v i c c t h n h phn
k h c ca t b o .
6.2. CNG NGH ENZYM
C th sng thc s l mt nh my hoa cht khng l nht m con ngi c bit
n , trong m i phn ng hoa hc u c x c t c b i c c enzym. K h n g c enzym
v h thng enzym chc chn s sng s k h n g t n t i .
127

E n z y m c h thng sng sn sinh ra x c t c c c p h n ng sinh hoa c n cho s

t n t i ca h thng sng . Cht x c tc (catalyst) l c c t c n h n hoa h c c t h l m
thay i tc ca m t phn ng hoa hc n h n g k h n g b b i n c h t hay p h n huy b i
c c phn ng m n x c t c .
E n z y m l c c protein c k h n n g x c tc c c phn ng hoa h c v i b n c h t l c c
cht x c tc sinh hc (biocatalysts). n nay, n g i ta cho b i t c h n g n g n e n z y m c c
l o i , x c tc c c phn ng sinh hoa c th trong t b o . M t s c c p h n n g p h n g i i
thc n t h n h axit amin, n g v c c cht b o n g i n c t h c thc h i n v i s
x c tc ca enzym trong vi p h t . N u k h n g c c c enzym tham gia, c c p h n ng
t n g t n h trn c t h p h i k o d i vi chc n m .
E n z y m sau k h i c t c h ra k h i t b o sng v n c t h x c t c c c p h n ng hoa
hc i n vitro. K h n n g ca c c enzym c t h bo t n k h n n g x c t c c c p h n n g sinh
hoa hc c khai t h c trong sn x u t c n g n g h i p v c g i l C n g n g h enzym.
T r o n g n h m protein, enzym c h i m v tr quan t r n g n h t c v s l n g v cht
lng. E n z y m l c c protein n g vai t r x c tc k h n g t h t h i u c i v i c c phn
ng hoa hc trong t b o . M i enzym x c tc m t phn ng c t h v m t s enzym
ch hot hoa trong nhng i u k i n m i trng t h c h hp. M c d trong m i t b o u
c tt c c c gen c n thit cho sinh t n g hp t t c c c enzym trong c t h . T u y n h i n ,
trong c c b o quan k h c nhau n h ty t h , lc l p hay trong c c m k h c nhau n h r , l
u c h thng c c enzym k h c nhau hot n g .
M i . enzym c tng hp t h n g qua b i u h i n ca gen hay h i u h n h hot hoa
ca gen/h gen trong m i quan h t n g t c cht v i c c y u t n i sinh v m i trng
n g o i nh:
- Giai o n p h t t r i n v p h n hoa ca t b o v m trong c t h a b o .
- Cc yu t m i trng.
- T r n h t ca c c q u trnh sinh hoa x y ra trong m i enzym tham gia c v tr
k h n g gian v t h i gian x c n h trong t b o .
E n z y m s c t n g hp k h i n o v u , s lng n h i u hay t, trong i u k i n
n o enzym n y hoc k h c s c tng hp - i u c quy n h b i h i u h n h
ca c c gen v t h h i n tnh t chc trong m i h thng enzym. D o , n g h i n cu h
i u h n h sinh tng hp c c enzym n i r i n g v protein n i chung s l m u c h t i v i
t h n h c n g ca n h i u l n h vc c n g n g h i p sinh hc.
T n ca m t enzym t h n g c g h p b i t n gi ca m t c cht, hoc c h t n n
ca enzym cng v i n h m "ase" c u i . V d , c c enzym t h y p h n protein t h n h
c c axit amin c g i l protease hoc proteinase. Proteinase cng c t h c c c tn
t h n g dng k h c n h : pepsin, trypsin, bromelin... Amilase cng c c c n h m k h c nhau
n h alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, u l c c enzym p h n g i i t i n h b t n h n g k h c nhau
t n h i u trong hot hoa hoc c u t r c .
6.2.1. Vai tr sinh hoa hc ca enzym
Enzym n g vai t r quan trng trong vic p h v c c lin k t hoa hc ca c c c h t
tham gia phn n g v to ra c c lin k t hoa hc m i c c sn p h m ca p h n ng.
128

E n z y m l m t n g nhanh tc ca phn ng bng v i c l m g i m mc n n g lng t i

hn m c cht p h i t n phn ng c t h x y ra.
V d : phn ng p h n g i i n g sucrose (C H O )
i2

22

t h n h n g glucose v

uctose c s tham gia ca m t p h n t nc x y ra n h sau:

C H 0 + H 0
l 2

2 2

Q H . A

+-QH.A

Phn ng n y g m q u trnh p h n ct p h n t sucrose t h n h 2 p h n t v p h n t

nc t h n h H v OH" v to ra lin k t hoa hc m i to ra glucose v r u c t o s e .
+

Nng

lng

hot hoa ca phn

ng hoa

hc:

N n g lng cn l m p h v lin k t hoa hc ca c c cht tham gia phn ng hay

l n n g lng k h i u ca phn ng c g i l n n g lng hot hoa. K h i u l E .
N n g lng hot hoa c t h l nhit lng m c c p h n t tham gia phn ng cn hp
th l m v lin k t hoa hc ca c h n g . N n g lng n y c l y t m i trng n g o i
c tc dng l m cho lin k t hoa hc b n trong c c cht tham gia phn ng k h n g c n
bn vng na - y l i u k i n to ra c c sn p h m m i . Sau k h i cht m i c to
ra v i cc lin k t hoa hc n nh, n n g lng s c g i i p h n g ra m i trng. N u
nng lng c g i i p h n g ra l n h n so v i n n g lng h p th ban u ( l n h n E )
th phn ng s c g i l phn ng toa nhit.
A

Q u trnh chuyn hoa ca c c cht l u n l u n ph thuc v o n n g lng t do cha

trong n : y n n g lng t do ca 2 cht A - B v C- D c k h i u l E | . Sau k h i
cc cht n y h p th n h i t lng t b n n g o i s c n n g lng t do cao h n v t
trng thi n n g lng E'i ( K = E j + E ) . 0 trng thi n n g lng E' c c cht tham gia
phn ng s k m b n vng h n , g i u k h n n g chuyn hoa h n . T r n g t h i n y ca c c
cht c g i l trng thi chuyn t i p . T r n g t h i n n g lng ca c c sn p h m to
thnh sau phn ng A - c v B - D thp h n c k h i u l E . M c c h n h lch n n g
lng t do gia c c cht tham gia phn ng v c c sn p h m sau phn ng c g i l
A

AG (S 6.2).
A^~B
c,D

Nng lng
t do E' I
E|

I Trng thi chuyn tip: cc cht tham

I gia phn ng hp thu nng lng Ex
v tr nn km bn vng.

Cht tham
gia phn ng
A-B
/
C-D
/

AG
Sn phm
A-C
B-D t

S 6.2. Qu trnh chuyn

ha cc

cht

129

Trong trng hp phn ng l phn ng toa n h i t th n n g lng A G s l m t s

d n g . N n g lng E

c g i l g i i h n n n g lng. i u c ngha l c c c h t A B

v C D ch c t h phn ng v i nhau n u c c cht n y c h p t h m t n n g lng E

t i t h i u t trng thi n n g lng E ' l . T r n g thi n n g lng E ' l l t r n g t h i c h u y n

tip k h i c c cht tham gia phn ng sn s n g c h u y n hoa. N u n n g l n g E

qu ln,

c ngha l h thng phi t i p thu n h i u nhit lng hay cn k c h l n n h i t cao

phn ng c t h x y ra, c t h s k o theo s huy d i t ca t b o sng. D o v y , phn
ng hoa hc c x y ra trong c c i u k i n nhit m i t r n g k h n n h ca c th
s n g cn n vai tr ca c c enzym. y , enzym c t c d n g l m g i m n h u c u h p
th nhit n n g ca c c cht tham gia phn ng v k c h hot tc ca c c p h n n g hoa
hc trong h thng.

Sn p h m

S 6.3. Nng

lng hot ha ca phn ng ha hc chuyn

ha cc

cht

Enzym khng th lm thay i nng lng AG (l chnh lch nng lng t do

ca c c cht u v c u i ca q u t r n h phn ng). N ch c t h l m g i m n h i t n n g
m c c cht tham gia phn ng c n t i p thu p h n ng x y ra. T r n t h ta t h y n n g
lng E

l c

(phn ng c s tham gia x c tc ca enzym) t h p h n so v i E ' j . N h v y nu

ta coi E

A 1

l g i i h n n n g lng phn ng k h n g c s tham gia ca e n z y m v EM l

g i i hn n n g lng ca phn ng c s tham gia ca enzym th E

A 1

s l n h n E

A 2

(s

6.3).
T m l i , trong q u trnh phn ng, enzym + c cht to ra t hp enzym

- c

ch

l m thay i n n g lng ca c cht v g i p c h u y n hoa c cht t h n h sn p h m v i tc

phn ng t n g . C n g thc tng hp ca phn ng c x c tc b i enzym, trong E
l enzym, A l c cht, B l sn p h m c b i u h i n n h sau:
A + E-> A-E->E + B

130

E n z y m c t h l m t n g tc ca phn ng l n h n g t r i u l n . V d , enzym
catalase d n g trong c n g nghip dt, p h n t catalase c t h c h u y n hoa 5 X l o = 5
6

t r i u p h n t hydrogen peroxide t h n h nc v o x y trong m t p h t .

M t c t r n g quan trng ca enzym l hot t n h ca n . H o t tnh ca m t enzym
c o l bng s p h n t c cht c h u y n hoa t h n h sn p h m trong m t n v t h i
gian b i m t p h n t ca enzym trong trng hp c cht n n g b o hoa. Trong a
s c c trng hp hot tnh c th ca enzym c b i u h i n bng imol

c h t / p h t / m g ca enzym ( U / m g protein).
6.2.2. Mt s c tnh quan trng ca enzym
E n z y m c m t s c c thuc t n h c bn d i y :
6.2.2.1. Tnh c th ca enzym
Emyrn ch xc tc phn ng vi cc c cht c

th:

Enzym c tnh c t h r t cao, n ch x c t c phn ng sinh hoa nht nh, hay l

m i enzym ch c t h n h n bit v x c tc q u t r n h b i n i ca m t hoc vi c cht
nht nh.
T n h c t h ca enzym l do c u trc bc m t v c u t r c k h n g gian ca enzym
quy nh. N u thay i c u t r c k h n g gian ca enzym bng s thay i nng hoc
p H ca m i t r n g c t h l m cho enzym m t hot hoa.
Enzym v i t n h c t h cao cng c t h nhn b i t s k h c nhau ca hai c cht c
cu trc r t ging nhau.
Enzym c tnh c th khng

gian

M i enzym c m t v tr k h n g gian x c n h trong t b o , trong m hoc c quan.

M i c quan t trong t b o c nhng enzym v h thng enzym c t h t h c h hp v i
chc n n g ca n . V d c c enzym A D N - polymerase, A R N - polymerase ch hot hoa
trong n h n t b o hoc trong n i b o quan c cha A D N n h lc l p , ty t h .
Enzym c tnh c th thi gian
Cc enzym c t n g hp theo t r n h t t h i gian trong m t c h u i phn ng sinh hoa,
trong nhng t h i i m c t h ca chu k p h n b o v t h i i m x c n h trong q u
trnh p h t t r i n ca c t h . V d , t h i k p h t dc ca t b o l u n k m theo hot hoa
ca m t lot c c gen v c c enzym t n g ng m trong t h i k sinh trng trc
c h n g k h n g hot n g .
T n h c t h v v tr k h n g gian v t h i gian ca enzym l y u t q u y t nh tnh
c th trong p h n hoa chc n n g ca t chc sng.
N h vy, sinh tng hp ca enzym lun x y ra m t t h i i m x c nh v c h n g c
th t n t i trong dch b o hoc c n h trn h thng m n g ca t b o nhng v tr c
131

th. V i c m phng h thng m n g sinh hc trong c s sp x p t i u ca h t h n g

enzym c th s mang l i nhng t p h quan trng trong n g n h c n g n g h i p hoa sinh.
6.2.2.2. Mt s cc c tnh quan trng khc ca enzym
- E n z y m x c tc s b i n i hoa hc ca c c c cht, n h n g b n t h n e n z y m k h n g
b tiu huy trong q u trnh x c tc .
- V i s c m t ca enzym, tc ca p h n ng hoa hc x y ra r t cao.
- M t lng enzym n h c t h c h b i n m t lng c c h t l n .
- E n z y m c t h hot hoa c c i u k i n n h i t k h c nhau t 0 - 1 1 0 c v c c
pHt2-14.
- M t s enzym ch hot hoa trong i u k i n c m t ca c c y u t n g thi
(cofactors). Cofactors c t h l c c lon k i m l o i hoc l c c nucleotid hay v i t a m i n . . .
- N h tnh c th ca enzym, c n g n g h i p enzym c t h to ra c c sn p h m c
cht lng cao, t i n h k h i t cao, t sn p h m ph, do v y d t i n h sch.
- Enzym c t h c sn x u t b i c c v i sinh v t quy m l n m k h n g c n n
c c thit b chu hoa cht.
- V enzym l m t p h n t protein, n c t h b p h n r ( b i n t n h ) c c n n g p H
v nhit nht n h hoc do k h u y t r n m n h . T r o n g t r n g hp c n t h i t p h n hy
enzym n g i ta ch c n t n g p H hay n h i t l . H o t t n h ca enzym do v y rt
d i u k h i n . E n z y m c t h d p h n huy do v y c l i cho k i m s o t m i t r n g .
6.2.3. Trung tm hot hoa ca enzym
Trong phn ng, c cht v enzym to ra m t t hp enzym + c c h t . C c h t c
gn v o m t v n g x c n h ca enzym c g i l trung t m hot hoa n h c c lin k t
y u n h lin k t hydro hoc lin k t l o n . Sau k h i c c h t c c h u y n hoa t h n h sn
p h m , sn p h m s r i trung t m hot hoa n h n g c h cho c c p h n t c c h t m i .
Phn ng x y ra nhanh n mc m t p h n t enzym c t h b i n i h n g n g h n p h n
t c cht trong g i y . H u h t c c phn ng enzym l 2 c h i u : p h n ng x u i v phn
ng ngc l i . C h i u ca phn ng p h thuc r t n h i u v o nng t n g i ca c c
c cht v sn p h m .
T n g tc gia "trung t m hot hoa" ca enzym v c cht g i n g n h t n g t c gia
khoa v c h a khoa, trong c u trc k h n g gian ca enzym l c b i t quan t r n g ,
trong trnh t c c axit amin ca trung t m hot hoa n g vai t r q u y t n h i v i
tnh c h i u ca enzym.
T h n g t h n g c c t b i n l m thay i trnh t axit amin trong trung t m hot h a
s d n n l m m t k h n n g x c tc ca enzym hoc l m thay i t n h c t h ca n .
T r o n g k h i n u t b i n x y ra m c h n g o i ca enzym ( c c polypeptid xa trung

132

t m hot hoa) c t h g y ra s thay i mc hot hoa, hoc i u k i n hot hoa t i u,

hoc b n v n g ca enzym m k h n g thay i chc n n g (tnh c h i u ) ca n . D o
v y c n g n g h gen c t h tc n g l m thay i m t s t n h c h t ca enzym.
6.2.4. Cc iu kin hot hoa ti u ca enzym
6.2.4.1.nh hng ca nhit v pH
Enzym c t h hot hoa c c i u k i n nhit k h c nhau t 0 - 110 c v c c
l)

p H t 2-14.
C u trc k h n g gian bc ba ca protein r t c m ng v i i u k i n m i trng. H u
ht cc enzym c hot t n h t i a nhit t i u, n h i t t i u t h n g l nhit
bn trong ca t b o m t enzym c sn sinh ( i v i enzym n i b o ) . i v i c c
enzym ngoi b o (enzym c t b o tit ra m i t r n g ) n h i t t i u c t h l nhit
m i trng trong enzym hot n g . T c p h n ng t n g ln c n g v i s t n g
ca nhit cho n k h i t n nhit t i u. N h i t cao h n so v i n h i t t i u c
th l m cho hot t n h ca enzym g i m nhanh v c t h l m enzym p h n r v m t hot
tnh. nhit t h p phn ng x y ra c h m h n n h n g enzym c t h hot n g d i h n .
N h i t t i u cho hot hoa ca a s c c enzym n g i v o khong 3 7 c , trong
khi nhit t i un cho hot hoa ca c c enzym loi v i k h u n a n n g n m trong
khong 70-75C,
M i enzym c p H t i u, s t n g hoc g i m p H so v i p H t i u u l m
gim hot tnh ca enzym. M t enzym c n h g i l c g i tr t h n g m i cao h n
k h i n c khong dao n g t i u ca p H r n g h n , n h v y nhng thay i n h ca
p H k h n g l m thay i l n tc ca phn ng.

<
:

p H t i u cho hot n g ca a s c c enzym n m trong khong p H = 6 - 8. T u y

nhin c nhng n g o i l , v d , pepsin l enzym tiu hoa trong d d y hot n g t i u
pH = 2, trong k h i enzym tiu hoa trypsin r u t l i t h c h n g h i v i m i trng k i m v
hot hoa t i u k h i p H = 8.
6.2.4.2. Cofactors
N h i u enzym c n n s tr g i p ca c c p h n t k h n g p h i protein hot n g .
Cc p h n t n y c g i l c c y u t n g t h i ( c o a c t o r s ) .
V bn cht, c o a c t o r s c t h l cht v c n h l o n k i m l o i ( k m , st, ng...)
Cofactors cng c t h l c c cht h u c (trong t r n g hp n y cofactors c g i l
coenzym) n h c c v i t a m i n hay nucleotid. C c coenzym r t c n t h i t cho s hot n g
xc tc ca enzym.
6.2.4.3. Cc cht km hm enzym
M t s c c hoa cht c k h n n g k m h m hot t n h ca enzym. N u cht k m h m
b m v o enzym b i lin k t n g hoa tr th c c h t h n g l c c h k h n g o ngc.
133

Ngc l i , c c h s l o ngc n u s lin k t ca cht c c h v i e n z y m l c c lin

k t y u . N h i u cht c c h c c u trc hoa hc t n g t v i c cht, do v y c h n g c t h
cnh tranh v i c cht trong lin k t v i trung t m hot hoa. C h n g l m g i m hot t n h
ca enzym. K i u c c h n h v y g i l c ch cnh
Tri v i c c h cnh tranh l c ch khng

cnh

tranh.
tranh:

CC c h t k m h m enzym

k h n g t n g tc trc t i p v i trung t m hot hoa c g i l c c cht k m h m k h n g

cnh tranh. C c cht n y t h n g b m v o c c phn k h c trong c u t r c ca e n z y m , l m
cho enzym b b i n dng, hot tnh ca enzym b suy g i m hoc b t r i t t i u . M t s cht
l cht c do c h n g c tnh cht k m h m hot tnh enzym. V d , D D T v parathion c
c h c c enzym quan trng ca h thn k i n h ca c n t r n g , c c cht k h n g sinh dit
k h u n v c h n g c c h hot n g ca enzym v i k h u n .
C c h c c h hot tnh ca enzym t n t i ngay trong t b o c t h sng v n g vai
tr quan trng i v i s sng.
6.2.4.4. iu khin qu trnh trao i cht thng qua cc cht tng cng hoc
c ch

enzym

M t phn trong c u trc ca enzym, n h n g xa trung t m hot hoa ca n , l

allosteric site. M t s cht c t h b m v o allosteric site v l m thay i hot hoa ca
enzym theo h n g t n g c n g hoc c c h .
Cc enzym m hot tnh ca c h n g c i u k h i n t h n g qua allosteric site c
g i l allosteric enzym. C c enzym n y c c u to b i hai hoc vi m c h polypeptid.
M i m t m c h n y l i c t h c m t trung t m hot hoa ring v c c allosteric sites
t h n g n m v n g lin k t gia c c m c h polypeptid. C c cht t n g c n g hoc c c h
enzym k h i b m v o m t trong c c allosteric site c t h l m b i n d n g c c n v cu
trc k h c ca enzym v nh h n g n hot t n h ca t o n b enzym.
Trong m t s trng hp cht t n g c n g v cht k m h m c c u trc t n g t v
c t h cnh tranh lin k t v i allosteric site. V d A T P v A M P , m t e n z y m c t h b
k m h m b i A T P v c t n g c n g b i A M P . N u n n g A T P trong t b o b thp
so v i nhu cu s dng, cht t n g c n g l A M P s b m v o allosteric site k c h hoat
enzym chuyn hoa cht n y theo theo h n g to A D P v sau A T P . N u A T P d tha
trong t b o , cht k m h m ( A T P ) s b m v o allosteric site ca enzym v c c h enzym.
6.2.4.5. iu khin ngc eedback regulation)
C c h i u k h i n enzym c h u y n hoa A T P v A M P trn y l m t v d v i u
k h i n ngc. y l m t c c h i u k h i n quan trng v p h b i n trong trao i cht
ca t b o v c t h sng. c c h ngc l q u trnh l m dng con n g trao i cht
bng sn p h m c u i ca con n g .

134

M t v d k h c l q u trnh tng hp isoleucine t threonine. Q u trnh c h u y n hoa

t threonine t h n h isoleucine qua 5 bc phn ng trung gian v i s tham gia ca 5
enzym k h c nhau, bt u l enzym threonine deaminase. K h i cht c u i c n g ca c h u i
phn ng l isoleucine c to ra v tch l y trong t b o , n s b m v o allosteric site
ca enzym threonine deaminase v l m b i n dng enzym n y . K t q u l enzym k h n g
c n k h n n g c h u y n hoa threonine na. N h v y , c c h i u k h i n ngc g i p cho t
b o t r n h tng hp lng isoleucine d tha.
6.2.5. Ngun gc ca mt s enzym thng dng
Enzym c t h c t c h chit t bt k c t h sng n o . M t s enzym c ngun
gc ng vt hoc thc vt c t h c ng dng trong c n g nghip, n n g n g h i p hoc y
hc (bng 6.2). T u y n h i n , c c enzym c n g u n gc v i sinh vt l c c enzym c ng
dng p h b i n nht v i quy m l n .
6.2.5.1. Mt senzym c ngun gc thc vt
- Amilase l enzym c t c h chit t ht ny m m hoc c;
- Bromelin l protease c y da;
- Papain l m t protease ca nha qu u ;
6.2.5.2. Mt sienzym c ngun gc ng vt
- Catalase - m t enzym gan.
- Rennet - enzym dch v d d y b l m n g sa trong c n g n g h i p pho m t .
- Pepsin - enzym h tiu hoa trong d d y lm.
- M t s enzym h tiu hoa t t u y n tuy ca l n .
Bng
TT
1

6.2. Mt senzym
Enzym

Enzym ng vt
Catalase
Chymotrypsin
Lipase
Rennet
Trypsin
Enzym thc vt
Actinidin
oe- amylase
p- amylase
Bromelain
p - Glucanase
Ficin
Lipoxygenase
Papain

quan

trng

c ngun

gc ng,

thc

vt

Ngun
Liver (Gan)
Pancreas (Tuyn tu)
Pancreas (Tuyn tuy)
Abomasum (D c ng vt)
Pancreas (Tuyn tuy)
Qu Kiwi
Mch nha
Mch nha
Nha da
Mch nha
Nha cy sung (Fig latex)
u tng
Nha u

135

6.2.5.3.

Mt s enzym

c ngun

gc vi

sinh

N m , v i k h u n l n g u n enzym c bn trong c n g n g h i p enzym. V i sinh v t sn

x u t m t s enzym quan trng n g vai tr p h n g i i c c i p h n t n h t i n h bt,
cellulose, protein to ra c c cht n g i n h n c g i l e n z y m t h y

phn

(hydrolyzing enzym). C c enzym t h y p h n g m :

- Amylase: l enzym p h n g i i tinh bt t h n h c c n g c p h n t lng n h h n
v c c n g n hoa tan.
- Protease (hoc proteinase): p h n g i i protein t h n h axit a m i n .
- Lipase: p h n g i i cht b o n g vt v thc vt, d u b o t h n h g l y c e r o l v cc
axit b o .
- Cellulase ( g m n h i u l o i ) : p h n g i i c c hp cht cellulose phc t p t h n h cc
p h n t n g .
- Beta - glucanase (hoc gumase): enzym p h n g i i glucan hoc d e x t r i n .
- Pectinase: p h n g i i pectin v c c cht cacbohydrat c n g u n gc thc v t .
6.3.NG DNG CA CNG NGH ENZYM
C n g n g h enzym bao g m q u trnh sn x u t , p h n l p , t c h c h i t , t i n h sch, s
dng d i dng hoa tan, hoc c nh, hoc trong c c l o i bioreactor k h c nhau. C n g
ngh enzym c t h g i i quyt n h n g v n hc b a ca x h i n h sn x u t thc n , to
ngun n n g lng, chn o n hoc cha bnh, bo v v c i t h i n m i t r n g sng,
n g h i n cu p h n l p v thit k gen... S p h t t r i n ca c n g n g h e n z y m g n l i n v i s
p h t t r i n ca khoa hc sinh hoa, c n g n g h v i sinh v c c k n g h k h c . c b i t , c n g
ngh enzym v c n g n g h gen l hai n g n h khoa hc song h n h , b i enzym c h n h l sn
p h m ca gen. Thay i h thng i u k h i n hot hoa gen hoc c u trc ca gen c th
d n n s thay i sinh tng hp hoc hot t n h ca m i enzym.
6.3.1. Mt s ng dng truyn thng v tnh hnh pht trin ca cng ngh enzym
H n g n g h n n m v trc n h n l o i ng d n g c n g n g h enzym trong sn xut
bia, b n h m , pho mt... m c h a thc c i u . D i y l m t s ng d n g ca
c n g ngh enzym trong i sng x h i (Bng 6.3).

136

Bng

6.3. Cng ngh enzym

truyn

thng

Cc enzym c s dng

TT

Hng ng dng

Cc cht ty ra
sinh hc

Ch yu l proteinase sn xut ngoi bo v cc amylase

Cng nghip
bnh m

- Cc a- amylase sn sinh t nm men, xc tc phn gii tinh bt ca bt m

thnh ng. ng to ra c th c nm men s dng.
- Cc proteinase dng trong sn xut bnh bch quy, lm gim hm lng
protein trong bt m.

Cng nghip
ru bia

Cc enzym do la mch sn sinh trong giai on men sn xut bia c vai

tr phn gii tinh bt v protein thnh ng n, amino axit, cc peptid lm
thc n cho nm men trong qu trnh sn xut cn.
Cc enzym s dng rng ri trong cng nghip bia l amtase, glucanase,
proteinase ng vai tr phn gii polysaccharid v protein trong mch nha
(malt). Enzym gluconase lm ci thin kh nng lc ca bia. Enzym
amloglucosidase lm gim nng lng ca bia.
Enzym proteinase: gip bo tn cht lng bia trong qu trnh bo qun.

Cng nghip sa

Enzym c s dng l rennin (dch v) c ngun gc t d dy ca cc ng

vt non nhai li nh b, cu, d. Rennin s dng trong cng nghip sn xut
pho mt, dng phn gii protein. Cc ng vt gi khng th s dng trong
sn xut pho mt bi v vi tui gi hn th s sn sinh ca rennin b gim i,
thay vo l proteinase khc - pepsin khng th s dng trong cng nghip
sn xut pho mt. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu pho mt tng ln
dn n thiu ht rennin.
Do vy.cc enzym c sn xut bi cc vi sinh vt ang c s dng vi
qu m tng ln trong ch bin sa. l lipase, lactase.

Cng nghip tinh

bt

Cc enzym ch yu c s dng l amylase, amyloglycosidase v

glucoamylase ng vai tr chuyn hoa tinh bt thnh glucose v cc nc
ngt syrups khc nhau. Glucose isomerase chuyn hoa glucose thnh
ructose (syrups c hm lng ructose cao c sn xut t tinh bt lm
tng ngt v lm gim nng lng ca nc ngt syrups). Cc enzym bt
ng (immobilised) c s dng rng ri trong sn xut syrups giu ructose
M v Nht. chu u, vic s dng enzym bt ng b hn ch do nh
nc bo v nng dn sn xut c ci ng.

Cng nghip dt

Cc enzym c s dng l amylase v cc enzym vi khun. Amylase c

ng dng rng ri phn huy tinh bt trong cng nghip dt. Cc enzym vi
khun c s dung do chng c kh nng hot ng nhit cao n
100-110c.

Cng nghip da

Cc enzym c s dng l cc protease:

- Cc protease c tm thy ch v chim cu
- Trypsin c sn xut t cc nh git m gia sc
- Protease t vi sinh vt, pancrease t ln v b.

Cng nghip
dc

- Cc enzym thng c dng l trypsin dng ra vt thng v vt mu.

- Pancreatic trypsin: dng trong cha vt bng.
- Cc enzym s dng trong chn on.

137

C n g n g h enzym bt u p h t t r i n manh v o nhng n m 1950 l k t q u ca:

- C n g nghip sn x u t k h n g sinh h n h t h n h v p h t t r i n t h c y c n g n g h i p
sn x u t v i sinh vt quy m l n v i c n g n g h cao. T n g i ta c t h t c h c h i t l y
enzym.
- C u trc v nhng c tnh sinh hoa v l hoa ca n h i u e n z y m c n g h i n
cu. T m ra vic sn x u t v khai t h c enzym trn quy m c n g n g h i p .
- a s c c enzym s d n g trong c n g nghip c t h c sn x u t b n g m t s loi
v i sinh vt.
- V i c s d n g c c enzym n g o i t b o (enzym tnh sch) c chng m i n h l c
n h i u u t h h n so v i s d n g enzym t b o v i sinh v t n g u y n v n n h l m t tc
n h n x c tc (s dng t b o v i sinh c h bin).
H n c h ca vic s d n g t b o v i sinh trong sn x u t m t s sn p h m sinh hoa
n h sau:
- M t lng l n cht n n (c cht) b c h u y n hoa t h n h sinh k h i ca t b o v i sinh.
- Trong q u trnh sn x u t c t h x y ra c c phn ng ph v sn p h m p h v ch.
- i u k i n sinh trng ca c t h v i sinh c t h k h c b i t so v i i u k i n t o ra cc
sn p h m mong m u n .
- Q u trnh tinh c h thu h i sn p h m c t h gp k h k h n .
6.3.2. Khai thc enzym tinh ch hoc c nh
N h n g hn c h trn y ca vic s d n g v i sinh v t n g u y n v n n h c c enzym x c
tc c t h c khc phc bng c c h s d n g c c enzym c t i n h sch hoc c c
enzym c c i n h . Trong t n g l a i c c c n g n g h l n men t r u y n t h n g c t h thay
t h bng c c n i phn ng v i n h i u l o i enzym c k h n n g b i n i c c h t v i tc
cao, n n g sut v t n h n g nht ca sn p h m cao h n . H i n nay s lng v chng l o i
c c enzym tinh k h i t n g y c n g t n g nhanh t r n t h t r n g , v i c s d n g c c c h p h m
enzym tinh sch ph thuc n h i u v o gi c h p h m . M t g m enzym t i n h k h i t c t h
c b n v i gi vi t r m U S D . Trong n h i u n g n h c n g n g h i p c h b i n thc p h m n h
ru bia, nc ngt, b n h m vic s d n g enzym t h trong c h b i n l m t n g n g
k cht lng sn p h m , tuy n h i n gi t h n h sn p h m ch t n g n h . M t k g e n z y m t h
i k h i ch c gi vi U S D .
Enzym

ngoi

bo (extracellular

enzym):

H u ht c c enzym s d n g quy

c n g nghip l c c enzym n g o i t b o . C c enzym n y c t b o sn sinh v t i t ra

n g o i t b o , x c tc c c p h n ng hoa hc n g o i m i trng ging n h c c e n z y m h
tiu hoa ca n g i v n g vt. C c enzym n h protease, amilase, cellulase, lipase...
c sn x u t bng c n g n g h l n men c c v i sinh vt n h v i k h u n , n m men, n m
si... H u ht c c enzym n y l enzym thy p h n v c k h n n g hot hoa k h n g c n
n c c cofactor. C c enzym n y c t c h ra k h i c c v i sinh v t m t c c h k h d d n g
m khng lm v t bo.

138

Enzym

ni bo (intracellular

enzym):

M t s enzym n i b o c n g a n g c sn

x u t quy m c n g n g h i p n h glucooxidase d n g trong bo q u n thc n , asparaginase

d n g trong i u tr bnh ung th, penicillin acylase d n g c h u y n hoa cht k h n g sinh.
T h trng enzym c n g nghip trc n m 1965 l r t n h b . N h n g sau sn x u t
enzym t n g r t m n h do enzym c s dng trong c n g n g h i p sn x u t cht t y
ra, c h b i n n n g sn quy m l n . N g y nay, cht t y ra c cha enzym c s
dng p h b i n trong gia nh.
V i c s d n g enzym t y ra k h n g g y ra n h i m m i trng hoc c c phn ng
ph i v i n g i s dng. c h u u , git nc n n g (65-70C) c s dng p h b i n
trong k h i Bc M hu ht m y git l m vic n h i t thp h n (55C). Trong k h i
Nht Bn, m y git l m vic v i nc l n h v t h i gian d i h n . N g i ta n g y c n g
quan t m h n n c c enzym t y ra hot n g nhit t h p t 20 - 3 0 c . C c enzym
ch y u d n g trong c n g n g h i p cht t y ra l protease, c c enzym n h amylase v
lipase cng c s dng n h i u hem l m sch t i n h bt v cht b o . E n z y m cellulase
s dng trong t y ra cng c t h l m sch c c si v i b n g n h l m v i m n h n .
Trong c n g nghip t i n h b t a- amylase v amyloglucosidase thay t h h o n t o n
axit trong sn x u t dextrose.
G i b n ca c c enzym n g y c n g c x u h n g g i m n h c c i t h i n c n g nghip
sn xut. Q u t r n h sn x u t l m t n g t n h c t h v c h u y n dng ca c c enzym,
mc tinh sch v lng s dng t h n trong c h b i n n h n g v n bo m c h i u
qu sn x u t .
Trong nhng n m 1990, t h k trc th trng enzym c n g n g h i p dao n g t
650 - 750 t r i u U S D n m . Trong khong 80% enzym c n g n g h i p c s dng
trong ba n g n h sn x u t c h n h : c h b i n tinh bt (40%), t y ra (30%), c n g nghip sa
(10%). E n z y m s d n g trong n g n h y dc d n g i u tr v c h n o n bnh cng
tng nhanh, tuy n h i n lng enzym ch c s dng v i s lng n h .
Cc enzym s d n g trong c n g nghip t h n g c s d n g v i t l - 2 k g enzym
c h b i n khong t n cht n n . G i l k g enzym v o k h o n g 3 - 2 5

SD/kg, chim

khong 10 - 14% g i tr ca sn p h m c u i c n g . C c enzym c n g n g h i p t h n g c

n g gi v b n d n g l n g v i mc tinh sch va p h i . T r o n g k h i c c enzym
d n g trong c h n o n thng c s d n g v i lng vi m i l i g a m hoc microgam v i
sch cao, gi n 100.000 USD/kg.
H i n nay, c n g nghip enzym a n g p h t t r i n theo c c h n g c bn:
Enzym

cng nghip:

k h i lng l n , cp tinh sch c n g nghip;

E n z y m d n g trong p h n tch, chn o n , tr l i u : quy m n h , t i n h sch cao.

Emym

dng

trong sinh hc phn

t v cng ngh gen: C c enzym n h c c enzym

ct g i i hn (restriction endonuclease, tag polymerase...) l k h n g t h t h i u trong n g h i n

cu CNSH v c n g n g h A D N ti t hp.

139

6.3.3. M t s l n h vc n g d n g q u a n t r n g ca e n z y m c n g n g h i p
C n g n g h enzym n g g p quan trng trong c n g n g h i p thc p h m n h bia,
b n h m , l m ru vang, sn x u t pho m t , c c cht bt git, c c l o i nc u n g n g h o
n n g lng, c h u y n hoa v l m sch cht t h i , l m sch m i t r n g t v nc... s
dng enzym trong c n g n g h gen to ging m i v c c dc cht.
D i y l m t vi v d v ng dng ca c n g n g h enzym trong c n g n g h i p :
6.3.3.1. Sn xut nc ngt
C c l o i nc g i i k h t syrup t h n g c cha utose v glucose t l n h nhau.
C c nc g i i k h t g i u r u c t o s e c nhu cu n h i u h n so v i glucose t i n h sch, b i
r u c t o s e ngt h n so v i glucose. D o v y , nu c h u y n hoa c glucose t h n h h i c t o s e
th gi tr t h n g m i ca sn p h m s t n g ln n g k .
C n g ngh x l bng enzym l con n g ch y u trong sn x u t cht n g t h i n
nay, bao g m c c l o i syrup t n g sucrose v t i n h b t c cha h n hp ca glucose,
maltose, r u c t o s e v c c n g k h c . Syrup g i u fructose t t i n h b t n g l cht ngt
chnh M .
Syrup giu uctose c sn x u t t vt l i u t i n h bt r t i n , trong s d n g 4 loi
enzym tham gia c h n h v o q u trnh. M t s c c enzym c s d n g trong sn xut
cht ngt:
a-amylase: T h y p h n c c lin k t oe-1,4 trong m c h polymer ca glucose to ra cc
mch p h n t ngn h n g i l dextrin.
T i p theo l c c enzym k h c n h P-amylase, amyloglucosidase, pullulanase v cui
c n g l glucose isomerase.
T i n h bt thu n h n c trong dung dch nc c cha k h o n g 3 3 % cht t i n h b t sau
k h i n g c p l y d u b o v protein, x l tinh bt bng oc-amylase- m t enzym
c ngun gc t Bacllus

licheni/ormis.

C n g nghip c h u y n hoa n g trc y t h n g ch s d n g axit t h y p h n tinh

bt v ng sucrose. Tuy n h i n , p h n g p h p n y c h i u q u c h u y n hoa thp, tiu
ph n h i u n n g lng, gi t h n h cao, sn p h m k m t i n h sch. N g y nay, n g i ta p
dng c n g ngh e n z m c h u y n hoa n g khc phc h o n t o n nhc i m ca c n g
ngh c. C n g ngh n y da trn c n h t b o n m men trn gi t h v c k h n g hoa
tan v i s tham gia ca c c enzym c t h c h u y n hoa n g t h n h cht ngt, c c
cht tinh bt c x l bng k t hp ca c c enzym thuc n h m a m y l o l y t i c to ra
glucose.
n g hoa nhit khong 6 0 c sau - 3 n g y , tinh bt c c h u y n hoa t h n h
c c p h n t n h h n g i l dextrin, sau c c enzym t n m p h n g i i dextrin t h n h
glucose syrup. D u n g dch n y tuy ngt n h n g ngt ca n ch bng 1/2 so v i
ngt ca uctose.

C h u y n hoa glucose t h n h u c t o s e bng enzym glucose isomerase,

l m t n g ngt ca nc syrup. E n z y m glucose isomerase c sn x u t b i m t s

loi v i sinh vt k h c nhau.
140

6.3.3.2.

S dng

enzym

trong cng nghip

dt

C su n h m enzym k h c nhau:
- Oxidoreductase
- Transferase
- Hydrolase
- Lyase
- Isomerase
- Ligase
H u ht c c enzym s dng trong c n g n g h i p dt thuc n h m 3: hydrolase. C n g
thc hoa hc chung v i s tham gia x c tc ca hydrolase n h sau:
A - X + H 0 - > X - O H + H A , trong A v X l hai t h n h phn ca c cht
2

Cc enzym c s dng trong cng nghip

dt v cht ty ra

gm:

- Amylase: a-amylase, 3-amylase, amyloglucosidase, pullulanase.

- Protease
- Cellulase: Endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, cellobiase
- Hemicellulase v pectinase (pectinesterase, endo v exopectinase, lyase)
- Lipase
- Catalase
Cc enzym trn c t h p h n huy m t c c h nhanh c h n g hu ht c c cht hu c g y
bn.
6.4. K THUT GEN V K NGH PROTEIN TRONG LNH vc CNG
NGHIP E N Z Y M
C n g n g h gen cho p h p c h u y n gen m hoa c c e n z y m h u ch t m t c t h
sng sang m t c t h sng k h c . K h i m t enzym c x c n h l c t i m n n g s
dng trong c n g n g h i p , n g i ta t i n h n h t c h v n h n d n g gen ca enzym n y ,
c h u y n gen v o m t v i sinh v t t h c h hp v x y dng c n g n g h l n men v i sinh n y
sn x u t sinh k h i v i sinh v enzym. B n g k thut gen c t h to ra c c chng v i
sinh vt c t h c k h n n g sn x u t enzym quy m c n g n g h i p v i sn lng v
t i n h sch cao. C c bc ng d n g c n g n g h gen trong sn x u t enzym c m t
bng s (trang sau).
M t v d v c n g ngh sn x u t enzym l sn x u t cht t y ra lipolase s dng
l m sch c c v t b n do cht b o . E n z y m n y l n u c p h t h i n n m H u m i c o l a
languinose n h n g v i h m lng rt thp k h n g p ng nhu cu sn x u t t h n g m i .
H n g N o v o Nordisk A/S tch gen m hoa lipolase v c h u y n gen n y v o n m
Aspergillus
141

oryzea.

Sinh vt c enzym hu ch

Tch v tinh sch enzym

Tch v tinh sch mARN

Xc nh trnh t axit amin trong

enzym

To cADN

Thit k v tng hp mi
oligonucleotid

Nhn dng cADN ( vi khun E.coli)

Xc nh gen m hoa enzym

Thit k vector mang gen m hoa

enzym

Chuyn gen vo mt vi sinh vt thch hp cho ln men cng nghip

v d nm Aspergillus oryzae

Sn xut enzym cng nghip

Chng n m c h u y n gen cho sn lng enzym cao trong i u k i n sn x u t c n g
nghip. E n z y m sn x u t t ra r t h i u q u trong t y ra c c i u k i n k h c nhau, n
nh v bn vng c c nhit v p H dao n g trong q u trnh g i t b n g m y . Bn
cnh , lipolase c n chng chu c v i hot t n h t h y p h n protein ca protease d n g
trong c n g m t q u trnh t y ra.
V i c c i t i n c c enzym n h m l m t n g / h o c thay i k h n n g x c t c hoa hc ca
enzym c thc h i n lin tc. Trc y , c i t h i n enzym, n g i ta ch y u
thc h i n c c c h n g trnh g y t b i n . N g y nay, k thut d i t r u y n , c n g n g h
protein c ng dng l m thay i sinh tng hp, c u trc p h n t, hot t n h ca
enzym v bn ca c c enzym n y trong nhng i u k i n sn x u t .
Mc

tiu ng dng

ca k thut

- L m t n g hot tnh ca enzym.

142

gen lm ci tin enzym

gm:

- L m t n g b n ca enzym v l m n c t h t h c h n g h i v i c c i u k i n m i
t r n g thay i .
- L m thay i p H v nhit t i u trong hot hoa ca enzym.
- L m thay i tnh c th ca m t enzym, l m cho enzym n y c t h x c tc
chuyn hoa c c c cht k h c nhau.
K thut

gen c th tc ng ln enzym

theo cc hng

sau:

- N g h i n cu chc n n g ca enzym v c c n v c u t r c n n n : Thay i m d i

truyn bng g y t b i n gen m hoa enzym v sau c h u y n gen thay i v m t
v i sinh vt t h c h hp sn x u t v p h n tch enzym b t b i n . t b i n c thc
hin nhng v n g nht nh ca enzym g i p ta h i u b i t t h m v chc n n g v c u trc
ca enzym, cng n h t n g tc ca n v i cht n n c t h .
- N n g cao hot tnh hoc b n ca enzym: Thay i c u trc t n h i n ca m t
enzym bng k thut gen. y l m t t i n b ca k thut gen v c n g ngh protein
c ng dng t h n h c n g enzym phospholipase A 2 , enzym n y c l m thay i
cu trc v tr n n chng chu c m i trng axit nng cao.
Cc yu t tc ng ln hot tnh v bn ca cc

enzym:

- p H ca m i trng c nh h n g su sc t i hot t n h ca c c enzym. p H

t i u i v i hot t n h ca m i enzym l k h c nhau. H o t tnh x c t c ca c c enzym t
chng v i sinh t t i u c c p H t 4 - 7,5.
- N h i t l m t y u t quan trng k h c i v i hot tnh v b n ca enzym, c c
enzym k h c nhau c n h i t hot hoa t i u k h c nhau. H u ht c c enzym t h y p h n
c nng hot hoa t i u giao n g t 37- 6 0 c .
- Thay i h i u h n h sinh tng hp enzym: v d , g y t b i n gen i u chnh
sinh tng hp enzym c t h l m t n g q u trnh sn sinh enzym ca t b o sng ln r t
nhiu l n .

143

Chng

CNG NGH SINH HC V I SINH

7.1. S L C V L C H s H N H T H N H C N G N G H V I S I N H
Con n g i ng dng v i sinh vt trong sn x u t r u , b n h m , bia v c h b i n
thc phm... t h n g n g h n n m v trc. T u y v y , khoa hc v c n g n g h i p v i sinh ch
bt u khong 150 n m trc. Lecuvenhoek l n g i u tin quan st t h y v i sinh vt
vo khong n m 1677. Schwan (1837) p h t h i n t h y vai t r ca n m men trong sn
xut ru v vic b sung n m men l m t h c y nhanh q u t r n h l n men. N m
1857, Pasteur c n g b k t q u n g h i n cu ln men sn x u t axit lactic. N m 1857 c
th c coi l n m ra i c s khoa hc ca v i sinh c n g n g h i p . N m 1860, Pasteur
t h n g b o m i trng n h n to u tin cho n u i c y v i sinh v t v s d n g m i
trng n y cho n g h i n cu ln men ru. N m sau , t h n g qua n g h i n c u sinh trng
v sinh l ca n m men trong sn x u t ru, n g cho t h y vai t r ca 0 trong q u
trnh ln men. N m 1878, Lister x y dng t h n h c n g p h n g p h p pha l o n g
2

p h n l p c c chng v i sinh vt thun chng (ln men axit lactic). Sau Robert K o c h
( n m 1881) h o n t h i n k thut p h n l p v n h n d n g v i sinh v t t r n m i
thch cng. N m 1897, Buchner chng m i n h rng q u t r n h ln men c t h
trong m i trng k h n g c t b o m ch c dch n m men. Theo n g c c e n z y m
l tc n h n trc t i p ca s ln men ru. N m 1917, D'Herelle m t m t
sinh ca v i k h u n v t tn cho n l Bacteriophage. Bacteriophage l u n l u n
v i k h u n v actinomycetes s dng trong q u trnh ln men.

trng
x y ra
protein
loi k
e doa

N m 1929, Alexander R e m i n g pht minh ra Penicillin do n m pencilium sn sinh ra

c tnh khng v i khun rt mnh v cho thy cht ny t c t v i n g i v ng vt. Pht
minh d n n cc nghin cu tm k i m k h n g sinh quy m l n trong thi gian i chin
t h gii n . K t qu mt lot cc khng sinh m i n h Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol,
Tetracyclin, v.v... c tm ra. Sau cc k thut gy t bin to ra h n g lot cc
chng v i sinh vt c hiu qu rt cao trong sn xut khng sinh c n g nghip.
7.2. VAI TR CA VI SINH VT TRONG T NHIN V NG DNG CA VI
SINH V T
Cc loi v i sinh vt bao g m n m , v i k h u n , virus n g vai tr r t quan t r n g trong
chu trnh c h u y n hoa vt cht v n n g lng trn tri t .
N h c h n g ta bit quang hp t r n tri t h n g n m sn sinh ra m t lng sinh
k h i c c cht hu c k h n g l . V i c c h b i n sinh k h i k h n g l t h n h v t l i u v
n n g lng s l n h i m v quan trng ca c n g n g h v i sinh v c n g n g h e n z y m trong
tng lai.
Trong thin n h i n , c c v i sinh v t c t h p h n g i i tt c c c n g u n cht h u c
dng c c polymer sinh hc t h n h c c cht n gin h n n h n g n , axit a m i n , c c
nucleotid, c c axit hu c, c c l o i k h n h C 0 , cht t n h k h metan, c n , c c c h t
2

k h o n g d tiu.
144

C c v i sinh vt c n l c c tc n h n g y bnh nguy h i m n g i , c y trng v vt

nui.
Vai tr ca vi sinh

vt ng dng

c th tm tt nh

sau:

C c sn p h m hu c qua c h b i n bng c n g n g h v i sinh hoc c n g n g h enzym

c t h s dng l m thc n, nc ung, dc l i u , n g u n n n g lng sinh hc, p h n b n
v thuc bo v thc vt sinh hc.
- C h u y n hoa c c cht hu c t h n h c c l o i hoa cht d n g trong c n g n g h i p thc
p h m , y t, c n g ngh vt l i u , n n g lng sinh hc...
- Sn x u t c c l o i thuc bo v c y trng v vt n u i .
- Sn x u t c c l o i p h n b n sinh hc v thc n c h n n u i .
- X l n h i m m i trng: C c cht t h i ca h thng c n g nghip, cht t h i sinh
hot ca con n g i v p h n h u c do h thng c h n n u i c t h c c c l o i v i sinh
vt p h n huy t h n h p h n b n v n n g lng n h k h metan.
- C h b i n n n g sn: C c sn p h m n n g n g h i p n h sn, n g , c c ph l i u hu
c sn xut quy m l n c t h c h b i n bng h thng c n g n g h i p v i sinh t h n h c c
dc cht, ngun n n g lng sinh hc sch n h c n , ethanol, butanol, k h metan...
Bng
li

7.1. Mt s sn phm

ca cng nghip

Phn loi sn phm

vi

sinh

Tn c th ca cc sn phm

Amino axit

nhL- Glutamic, L- Lysine,...

Khng sinh

nh penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin,

Nc ung c cn

ru vang, bia, ru, cn chng ct.

Enzym

Amilase, protease, pectinase, invertase, cellulase...

Cht do phn gii sinh hc

p- polyhydroxybutyrate,...

Cht gia v

Monosodium glutamate, nucleotids

Kh gas

C0 , H , kh metan,...

Axt hu c

Lactic, citric, acetic, butyric, umaric.

Dung mi hu c

Acetone, ethanol, butanol,...

10

Vitamin

B , ribolavin, vitamin A,...

11

Cc cht hot tnh sinh hc

steroid, gibberellin,...

12

Protein ti t hp

Insulin, intereron, vacxin...

13

Thc phm

Pho mt, sa chua, bnh m...

12

Cc co cht cho tng hp hoa hc

14

Sinh khi t bo

- Nm men thc n v chn nui, protein n bo.

- Phn bn sinh hc, thuc su vi sinh, mycorrhyzae, tc
nhn x l mi trng.
- Vaccine: vacxin t virut v vi khun.

15

Cc hot ng sinh hc khc

- Chuyn hoa c cht sn xut hoa hc: steroid, khng

sinh, D- SorbitoL
- X l phn hu cht thi t mi trng nng nghip,
cng nghip v sinh hot, phn huy cc cht c hi
mi trng nh thuc su, thuc dit c, du m...

145

7.3. C N G N G H I P L N M E N V I S I N H V T
7.3.1. V t l i u c a c n g n g h i p v i s i n h
Quang hp cung c p ton b v t l i u v n n g lng cho t n t i ca s sng t r n tri
t . Theo M i n E. Smith (1996) quang hp to ra sinh k h i v i c t n h k h o n g 120 t
t n cht k h trn m t t v 50 t t n t i d n g , trong lignocellulose c h i m
khong 50%. K h o n g 4 4 % sinh k h i trn tri t do r n g to ra, trong k h i t n g sinh
k h i c y trng n n g nghip cung c p l n g thc n u i d n g c n h n l o i t n h ra ch
c h i m khong 6% tng sinh k h i ca tri t . T h g i i h u c do quang h p t o ra l
ngun vt l i u v t n ca c n g nghip v i sinh. T u y n h i n , c c c h t h u c v sinh k h i
t h n g t n t i c c dng thc k h c nhau ( n h sinh k h i xanh, sinh k h i h a g...) v
k h p h n tn, k h thu gom trong k h i c n g ngh c h b i n c n a n g n n g p h t t r i n .
Sn lng c c sn p h m n n g nghip v l m nghip h n g n m g m n g cc, ng,
c , tinh b t t h v c h b i n , v t l i u g , hoa cht... c t h h i n b n g 7.2 cho thy
n h i u sn p h m k h c nhau ca quang hp n nay v n c h a c s d n g , n h t l cc
cht t h i n n g nghip.
Sinh k h i ca n n g nghip, t h y sn v rng l t i m n n g k i n h t to l n ca nhiu
quc gia, nht l c c nc k h u vc nhit i v c n n h i t i . T u y n h i n , n h n g sinh
k h i t i m t n g c n c h a c khai t h c v t h i u c c p h n g t i n c n g n g h .
Bng

7.2. Sn lng

mt s sn phm

Chng loi
1. Nng sn

2. Vt liu

3. Hoa cht

nng

nghip

hng

nm (Theo

FAO)

Sn lng (Tn/nm)

Sn phm
Ng cc

Dao ng 1,8 -1,9 t tn nm (FAO,

2004)

ng

144,2 triu tn nin v 2005/2006

Sn

208,0 triu tn (2006)

130,2 triu tn, trong 37,9 triu tn c

nc ngt (nm 2001) (FAO, 2004)

G trn (khng k g lm ci, t)

1,5 t m

Giy

328,1 triu tn (nm 2003)

Cc loi du thc vt

387,7 triu tn nm 2004/2005

FAO 205

Cao su t nhin

9,7 triu tn (2006)

C c sn p h m quang hp trong q u k h g m du m , k h t , than n g vai tr

sng c n i v i h thng c n g nghip v v n m i n h n h n l o i . T u y n h i n , ch c c nc
c n g nghip n g vai tr ch o trong khai t h c v s dng c c n g u n n n g lng h u
c n y . M ch c h i m 6% d n s, T y u c h i m 8% d n s t o n cu n h n g M s d n g
t i 3 1 % , T y u s dng 20% sn lng du k h ton t h g i i .

146

D k i n than c n khai thc trong vi t r m n m , n h n g d u m v k h t c

t h c n k i t trong t h k X X I . D o vy, n n g lng sinh k h i do quang hp c t h tr
t h n h n g u n n n g lng quan trng ca c n g nghip trong t n g l a i .
H i n nay, n n g lng do quang hp tch l y h n g n m l n hem g p k h o n g trn l o
l n so t o n b n n g lng do n h n l o i s dng. T u y n h i n v i c khai t h c sinh k h i do
quang hp b hn c h do m t s n g u y n n h n , trong g i d u k h c n thp, s a dng
ca c c ngun sinh k h i t h k h s dng, tnh cht p h n tn v mc m c thp
ca n n g lng sinh k h i t h . T sinh k h i n h n l o i v c t h c h b i n t h n h n h i u
ngun n n g lng v vt l i u k h c nhau n h k h t ( k h sinh hc, metal, c n t nc
ma v ln men cellulose, c c l o i du b o , than c i , p h n b n h u c v c c l o i thc n
b sung m t t b o n...
Cc vt liu th t

nhin:

C c vt l i u t h t n h i n c ngun gc t n n g nghip, c n g nghip c h b i n v l m

nghip. C c vt l i u n y c h y u l c c hp cht ca hydro v cacbon (cacbonhydrates)
vi mc c u trc hoa hc phc tp k h c nhau g m n g , t i n h bt, hemicellulose,
cellulose, l i g n i n . C c sn p h m ph, p h t h i n n g l m nghip n h t h n l c c l o i ng
cc, li n g , v c p h , ca cao, x da, v v l hoa qu, b n g . . .
C c l o i vt l i u t h cha n g n h m a , c c i n g l c c vt l i u r t quan trng
ca c n g ngh sinh hc c h b i n . Brazil s d n g m a n g sn x u t n n g lng
cn quy m l n .
C c l o i v t l i u cha t i n h bt n h c c l o i ht n g cc, c c l o i c (khoai ty, khoai
lang, sn...). N h c i m ca vt l i u cha tinh b t n y trong c h b i n l y u cu n g
hoa tinh bt, chuyn hoa tinh bt t h n h n g n (monosaccharid) v oligosaccharid
trc k h i ln men. H i n t i , n h i u quy trnh c n g ngh sinh hc c h b i n t i n h bt c pht t r i n , trong c sn x u t n h i n l i u .
C c l o i cellulose t n n g l m nghip chc chn s p h i l v t l i u quan trng ca
c n g nghip c n g n g h sinh hc sn x u t n h i n l i u , v t l i u v hoa cht. T u y n h i n ,
cellulose l m t hoa cht phc tp v c lin k t cht c h v i l i g n i n to ra lignocellulose
l t h n h phn c bn ca g - lignocellulose l ngun v t l i u ti sinh l n nht. p h n
g i i c l o i vt l i u cng n y trc k h i s dng c h n g cho c n g n g h i p v i sinh i h i
chi p h n h i u n n g lng. Cellulose n g u y n cht c t h b p h n g i i bng hoa cht v
enzym trong q u trnh t h y p h n to r c c l o i n g hoa tan. n g hoa tan n y c
th s dng l m vt l i u cho nhiu q u trnh c n g ngh c h b i n sn x u t etanol,
butanol, aceton, metan, m n b o v n h i u sn p h m k h c . C n g ngh c h b i n
cellulose v lignocellulose c n g h i n cu r t n h i u p h n g t h n g h i m trn t h
g i i . N h n g k h k h n v k thut ca c n g nghip c h b i n ch c n l v n t h i gian.
H i n nay trn b m t tri t k h o n g 3,3 X l o

1 4

kg C 0

c c n h m i n m v

k h o n g 6% ca sinh k h i s l c e l l u o s e t n g n g v i 22 t t n / n m . T n h ra
trn p h m v i t o n c u c y trng sn x u t ra khoang 24 t n cellulse trn u n g i
m i n m . N g i ta cho r n g cellulose s tr t h n h n g u n v t l i u c h lc ca c n g
n g h i p sinh hc.

147

Cc sn phm

ph ca nng

nghip:

C n g nghip C N S H s s d n g d n g n h i u sn p h m n n g n g h i p n h n g , t i n h
bt, du b o . . . n h l c cht c h b i n . C c cht t h i n n g n g h i p c k h a i t h c v
s d n g c h a n h i u v h i n l i tng n g h i n cu. C c p h t h i n n g l m n g h i p g m
n h i u l o i n h t h n l c y n g cc, rau hoa q u c n l i sau k h i t h u h o c h , c h t p h t h i
u t n g , s v q u da, t r u , li n g , b ht c p h , b m a , g n g , p h t h i l m
nghip n h m n ca, c n h l sau k h i thu g . . . M c tiu quan t r n g ca C N S H l p h i
n n g cao q u n l v s d n g cht t h i c h u y n hoa c h n g t h n h c c sn p h m p h thu
ng thi trnh gy n h i m m i trng.
7.3.2. Chng ging vi sinh cng nghip
T h n h c n g ca q u trnh ln men c n g n g h i p p h thuc c h y u v o c h n g ging
v i sinh chn l c . M t chng g i n g v i sinh c n g n g h i p p h i c c c c t n h c b n sau:
. Phi thun nht ( g m c c c t h h o n t o n g i n g nhau)
2. Phi sch b n h ( k h n g b n h i m thc k h u n t h phage)
3. Phi n nh v d i t r u y n : C c chng c n g n g h i p t h n g c t o ra t cc
chng d i bng g y t b i n hoc c h u y n gen (trong t r n g hp sn x u t vacxin ti t
hp, hoc sinh d c ) . Trong i u k i n sn x u t c c c h n g n y d x y ra c c t b i n
ngc ( t b i n c h u y n chng sn x u t t h n h c h n g d i ) v i t n s t b i n cao cc
chng k m n nh v d i t r u y n . M t k h c , ngay c c c chng c n i n h d i truyn
cao th t b i n ngc v n c x y ra n h m t t t y u . D o v y , v i c t u y n c h n , bo t n
v c i t i n g i n g p h i l vic t h n g x u y n . y , vai t r ca c c n h d i t r u y n v sinh
hoa v i sinh l r t quan trng.
4. Chng g i n g p h i c k h n n g sn sinh c 2 l o i t b o ( t b o sinh d n g vegetative v t b o b o t - spore). C c loi ch c k h n n g sn sinh t b o d n g si m y c e l l i u m r t t c s d n g trong q u t r n h l n men c n g n g h i p .
5. Chng g i n g p h i sinh trng m n h m sau giai o n g i n g .
6. Chng ging ch sn x u t sn p h m c gi tr, k h n g sn sinh c c sn p h m ph
c c tnh.
7. Sn p h m ca chng g i n g p h i c sn x u t trong t h i gian n g n , k h o n g 72
gi.
8. Chng ging c t h bo qun c lu s d n g trong n h i u chu k sn x u t .
9. K h n n g ly n h i m p h i t h p n h t trong i u k i n sn x u t t i u
7.3.3. Ln men cng nghip
C n g n g h i p l n men l q u trnh c h u y n hoa c c cht h u c, c h y u l c c v t
l i u ca c c n g n h n n g l m n g h i p v t h y sn v i s tham gia ca c c v i sinh vt
t h n h thc n n h pho m t , sa chua, nc m m , tng, x du, nc g i i k h t c c l o i ,
ru bia, k h n g sinh, sinh dc... M t s sn p h m ca c n g n g h ln m e n c l i t k
bng 7.2.
148

Bng

7.2. Cc sn phm

ca cng nghip

ln

men

Tn sn phm

Ngnh ngh
Hoa hu c

Ethanol butanol, aceton, cc axit hu c (axit citric, lactic...), cc enzym,

cht thm v polysaccharid.

Cc sinh dc

Khng sinh, kt chn on(enzym, khng th n dng), cht c ch

enzym, vacxin, steroid.

Nng lng

Bioethanol, biometanol, kh m tan, sinh khi.

Thc n

Cc sn phm sa, nc ung, men bnh m, cht b sung vo thc n,

antioxidant, cht mu thc phm, nc chm, cc loi nm n v nm
dc liu, cc loi vitamin v axit amin, cc loi nc syrup giu glucose
v ructose.

Cc sn phm cho nng

nghip

Cc cht hot tnh sinh hc l protein, thc n chn nui, vacxin gia sc,
gia cm, cc cht b sung cho thc n chn nui, cc hormon sinh trng,
phn bn, thuc su bnh vi sinh, nm cng sinh r cy mycorrhizal...

Bn cnh c c sn p h m thc n , nc ung, c n g n g h i p l n men h n g v o sn

xut n g y c n g n h i u c c sn p h m k h c :
- Sn x u t m t s c c cht s cp: axit acetic, axit lactic, glycerol, aceton, b u t y l
alcohol, c c acid h u c, axit amin, vitamin, polysaccharid...
- Sn x u t c c cht t h c p (cc cht k h n g c chc n n g r r n g trong trao i cht
ca c t h sng sn sinh ra n ) : penicilin, streptomycin, cephalosporin, gibberellin...
- Sn x u t c c enzym v sinh dc quan trng trong c n g nghip v i sng n h
cc enzym ngoi b o (amilase, pectinase, protease) c c enzym n i b o (invertase,
asparaginase), c c enzym ct g i i hn, i n t e r e r o n , insulin, hormon sinh trng...
- C c sn p h m ca c n g ngh ln men s n g y c n g n h i u v g i tr th trng ca
c h n g s n g y c n g l n . N h i u hot cht k h n g t h sn x u t bng con n g hoa hc
m i h i quy t r n h c n g n g h sinh hc v i vic s dng h thng t h i t b bioreators.
Bioreator trong c n g nghip n u i c y c n g h i n cu t i u cho s sinh trng
ca sinh k h i v sau c t h sng thc h i n vic b i n i hoa hc sn x u t sn
p h m c u i c n g (v d k h n g sinh, enzym hoc axit amin...) hoc p h n huy m t s hp
cht l m sch m i trng). R t n h i u sn p h m quan trng n h k h n g sinh, vitamin
1

c sn x u t v i c n g ngh v i sinh t i u.
7.4. MT S NGUYN L TRONG SINH TRNG CA VI SINH VT
Sinh trng ca v i sinh vt c b i u h i n sinh k h i hoc s t b o v i sinh sn
sinh ra trong m t n v t h i gian. T c sinh trng ca v i sinh vt ph thuc v o m t
s y u t c h n h sau:
- c i m d i t r u y n ca c c chng v i sinh. c i m n y c t h c c i to bng
t b i n thc n g h i m v k thut gen.
- Cung c p c c cht dinh d n g cn t h i t cho t b o .
- C c y u t m i trng n h p H , nhit , t h n g k h . . .

149

- R t k p t h i c c c h t c n b hoc c t , hoc sn p h m ra k h i m i t r n g
nui cy.
Sinh k h i v t h n h phn ca sinh k h i c t h o c bng c c p h n g t i n n h t h i t
b o mt t b o , h m lng A D N hoc protein, k h i lng ti, k h i l n g k h . . .
M t ch s quan trng n h gi sinh trng ca v i sinh l t h i gian t n g g p i sinh
k h i hoc l thi gian cn s t b o t n g ln g p i . Ch s n y p h thuc v o n h i u
y u t, trong c k c h thc v tnh phc tp ca t b o . T h i gian n y k h c nhau
c c sinh vt k h c nhau: v i k h u n l 0,25 - 1 h, n m men - 2 h, n m m c 2 - 6,5 h,
t b o thc vt 20 - 70 h v n g v t 15 - 48 h.
T r n thc t, hu n h k h n g t n t i y u t sinh trng t i u lin tc. D o v y , s
sinh trng ca t b o s ph thuc v o c c y u t hn c h , v d i u k i n d i n h d n g ,
s l m cho sinh trng b c c h hoc ngng l i .
N u i trng v i sinh v t trong c c n i ln men (bioreactor) c t i n h n h theo 4
c c h : l n u i c y tng t (batch culture), n u i c y b n lin tc, n u i c y lin tc v
n u i c y tnh. N u i c y bioreactor c t h l n u i tnh hoc k h u y t r n , n u i c y y m k h
hoc c oxy, n u i c y l n g , b n l n g hoc trn gi t h cng. V i sinh v t c t h c t
do hoc b gn c nh v o b m t ca c c m n g .
7.4.1. Nui cy tng t (batch culture)
Trong n u i c y batch, dung tch m i trng c c n h , trong q u t r n h sinh
trng c c cht dinh d n g b h p thu, sn p h m g m sinh k h i hoc c c sinh c h t c
tch l y . M i trng dinh d n g do v y s thay i lin tc v s t c n g v o q u trnh
trao i cht ca t b o . C u i c n g sinh trng s d n g l i do c n k i t d i n h d n g , do
tch l y c t v cht t h i , do m t t b o q u cao. C c pha sinh t r n g trong nui
c y batch g m pha lag - l giai o n c h a t h y c b i u h i n thay i trong sinh trng,
y l giai o n t h c h ng v chun b. T i p theo l pha t n g c h u y n t i p (transient
acceleration), t i p n l pha t n g trng nhanh theo c p s n h n (exponental). Sau v i
sinh vt t r i qua giai o n sinh trng c h m l i pha t n g c h m l i (deceleration), tip
n pha n nh (stationary) v c u i c n g l pha k t t h c ) . T r o n g n u i c y batch, c n g
nghip hu ht q u trnh ln men sn x u t s d n g l i trc k h i bt u pha cht, v k h i
s x y ra suy g i m trao i cht v t h y p h n t b o . Q u trnh sn x u t sinh k h i sau
k h i t t i u, t b o s thc h i n c h u y n hoa to sn p h m c u i c n g (v d trong
sn xut axit amin, enzym) hoc p h n g i i c c cht n h i m trong x l m i trng.
N h i u sn p h m quan trng n h k h n g sinh c to ra t i u trong giai o n pha n
nh trong n u i c y batch.
Tuy n h i n , c nhng p h n g p h p k o di n u i c y batch n h m t n g n n g sut sn
p h m bng c c h t h m c cht v o m i trng:
- T h m c c t h n h phn dinh d n g m c v o m i trng m t c c h t t v d
t h m c c cht cacbonhydrate v do t n g k h i lng n u i trng. P h n g p h p n y
c s dng trong sn x u t c n g nghip n m men b n h m .

150

- T h m d i n h d n g v o m i trng n g t h i rt bt m t t h t c h t n g n g m i
t r n g c s d n g . P h n g p h p n y d n g trong n u i c y t b o n g vt.
7.4.2. Phng php nui cy lin tc
K h c v i n u i c y batch n h trn, n u i c y lin tc cho p h p sinh k h i sinh trng
mc k h t h n g bng v i r t t dao n g v dinh d n g , c c hot cht, s lng t b o v
sinh k h i . P h n g p h p n y thc h i n bng c c h t h m c h t d i n h d n g m i v o m i
trng giai o n p h t t r i n m n h n h t (exponental phase) k m theo r t bt m i
trng v t b o n u i . P h n g p h p n u i c y l i n tc cho p h p c c c t h sng sinh
trng trong i u k i n n n h trong m t m i t r n g k h n g thay i , trong t l
t n g sinh k h i v m i t r n g n n h . T r n g hp n y m i t r n g m i c a v o
bioreactor v i tc n n h v s rt ra c c sn p h m c n g c thc h i n v i tc
tng t ( m i t r n g s d n g , c c p h l i u v c t h sng) l m cho t h t c h ca m i
trng n u i c y trong bioreator k h n g thay i . C c y u t m i t r n g n h p H ,
nng c c cht d i n h d n g v c c cht trao i (metabolites) c g i n nh trong
nui cy lin tc. Trong sn x u t c n g nghip, p h n g p h p n u i c y lin tc c ng
dng k h n g n h i u , c h y u sn x u t protein n b o v etanol hoc trong x l cht
thi m i trng.
7.4.3. Thit b Bioreator/Fermenter
7.4.3.1. Yu cu i vi h thng thit b ln men (bioreactorlfermenter)
- T o i u k i n t i u cho sinh trng v trao i cht t b o n u i n h m t n
n n g sut t i a ca sn p h m mong m u n .
- Bo m h thng bioreator k h n g b ly n h i m c c v i sinh v t k h n g mong m u n .
- T r n h c c n i v i sinh (nht l c c v i sinh vt c h u y n gen) t h o t ra m i trng
ngoi.
C 2 l o i Bioreator k h c nhau v i c c y u cu c c h l y k h c nhau:
- H thng n u i c y k h n g tuyt i v t r n g (non aseptic system) trong k h n g
i h i thun chng tuyt i ca chng nui H thng n y c s dng trong sn
xut bia.
- H thng v t r n g tuyt i l cn t h i t cho sn x u t k h n g sinh, vitamin,
polysacharid, vacxin v c c sinh dc k h c . . .
N h n g n g u y n l c u trc c bn ca Bioreactor h u n h k h n g thay i n h i u
trong m y chc n m qua. Tuy v y , n h i u c i t i n k thut m i c p dng t i u
hoa q u trnh sn x u t v i nhng y u cu ch y u sau:
- C c chng v i sinh p h i tng i n nh v m t d i t r u y n v g i n g p h i l u n c
t u y n c h n chng t h o i hoa.

151

- Bo m n g u t u y t i ca m i trng n u i c y b n trong bioreator. V i

sinh vt n u i c y c cung c p c c cht dinh d n g v o x y n t n g t b o , c c sn
p h m ph n h nhit, C 0 , c c cht cn b c t h i l o i nhanh.
2

- N n g c c cht dinh d n g cng cn c n nh, n n g t h p l m g i m tc

sinh trng ca v i sinh, nng cao c t h s g y c . C c ch s ca m i t r n g c n
phi g i trong khong t i u v n g nht cho m i t b o b n trong h t h n g . y l
i u rt k h thc h i n trong h thng l n v l m cho c c h thng sn x u t t r n n k m
h i u qu. D o v y , h thng sn x u t bng c n g ngh ln men h i n i i h i p h i c s
hp tc cht ch gia c c k s c n g ngh, k s hoa hc, c c n h c n g n g h v i sinh v
d i t r u y n c h n ging.
Quy trnh ln men c t h g m n h i u pha k h c nhau: trong c pha k h (gas phase)
g m N , C O , 0 , m t hay n h i u pha l n g ( m i t r n g nc v c c h t l n g ) , pha cng
2

(cc v i sinh vt trn c c gi t h cng). T t c c c pha p h i p h i hp cht c h v i nhau

t h c y nhanh q u trnh sn x u t v t h i l o i n h i t d tha. T r o n g h t h n g bioreactor
h o n chnh, tt c c c t i u phn trong h thng p h i c t r n u v n g n h t .
7.4.3.2. Cc iu kin nui cy trong Bioreactor
- Phi t r n h c n h i m c c v i sinh v t k h n g cn t h i t .
- D u n g tch b n h n u i p h i n n h ( k h n g c s d r hoc bay h i ) .
- L n g o x y hoa tan p h i g i trn mc t h o n g k h cho p h p v n u i c y k h u y i
v i v i sinh u k h .
- C c ch s m i trng n h n n g , p H p h i c k i m s o t cht c h v cc
t h n h phn m i trng p h i t r n u .
- C c vt l i u c h to Bioreactor, c c t h i t b k i m s o t m i t r n g p h i n nh v
chnh xc.
V n n g h i n cu t ra l p h i x c i n h c m i t r n g t i u trong m t h
thng sn x u t v lin tc k i m s o t c m i t r n g m t c c h t n g . C c t h n g s
m i trng c t h n g b o , g h i n h n v x l t h n g x u y n . H thng m y tnh, cc
sensors ( u c m ng) b n trong c k h n n g thu n h n v b o v trung t m i u k h i n
c c ch s m i trng chun i u chnh k p t h i . C n g n g h v i i n t v v i tnh
c p dng su rng trong c n g nghip l n men h i n i .
7.4.4. Quy m ca cng ngh ln men
Cng ngh ln men v i sinh v t n g vai tr v c n g quan trng i" v i n h i u n g n h
k i n h t k h c nhau n h c h b i n thc p h m , x l cht t h i m i trng, sn x u t thuc
su bnh sinh hc, p h n b n sinh hc v p h n b n v i sinh, c h to sinh dc... Tuy
n h i n , p ng c c c y u cu ca sn x u t c n g nghip, quy m n g h i n cu cn
c m rng x c nh c c t h n g s k thut m t c c h c h n h x c trc k h i c h u y n
giao c n g ngh cho sn x u t c n g nghip.
C n g nghip ln men t h n g g m 3 giai o n t r i n khai c bn sau:

152

Giai on phng

th nghim:

chn ging, n h n g i n g v i v i c s d n g c c t h i t b

c n g n g h n g i n n h a petry, b n h tam gic v n u i c y v i sinh c thc h i n trn

c c m i trng thch hoc n u i c y l n g lc.
Giai on Pilot:

Giai o n n y thng c t r i n khai c c Bioreactor c dung tch

t vi lt n vi n g h n lt ty theo quy m ng d n g ca tng l o i sn p h m . giai o n

n y , c c i u k i n m i trng t i u cho sinh trng ca v i sinh vt v sn x u t c c hot
cht m o n g m u n c x c nh.
Q u y t r n h c n g n g h giai o n n y c t h c x e m l quy t r n h b n c n g n g h i p .
y l giai o n c n g n g h hoa v i s h n h t h n h h t h n g t h i t b c n g n g h t sn
x u t sinh k h i n thu h i , tinh c h sn p h m . G i a i o n n y c n n s k t hp ca
c c c h u y n gia a n g n h n h d i t r u y n , sinh hoa, k s c n g n g h c k h , i n t v
hoa cht.
Giai o n pilot c n l giai o n sn x u t t h ht sc cn thit, trong c c n h khoa
hc v n h k i n h doanh c t h tnh t o n c k h c h n h x c c c t h n g s u v o v u
ra ca h thng ln men n h m a ra quyt nh u t giai o n sau.
Giai on

sn xut

cng

nghip:

Quy trnh b n c n g n g h i p c to ra giai

o n pilot s c c h u y n giao cho sn x u t c n g nghip. y l giai o n k i n h doanh

sn x u t . C c h thng l n men giai o n n y c t h t quy m t vi chc, vi t r m
lt i v i sn x u t m t s c c c h p h m sinh dc bng k thut A D N ti t hp n
cc h thng h n g t r i u lt n h trong c n g nghip sn x u t bt ngt, protein n bo...
nc ta do i u k i n k i n h t eo h p v do n h n thc c h a n g v vai t r ca
d i t r u y n c h n g i n g v i sinh v t m quan t r n g ca g i a i o n p i l o t i v i c n g
n g h i p v i sinh, cho n n v i c u t n g h i n cu g i a i o n p i l o t q u y u . l
n g u y n n h n t t h u ca n g n h c n g n g h i p v i sinh n c ta so v i c c nc trong
k h u vc v t r n t h g i i .

153

Chng

CNG NGH SINH HC Y D c

V CHN

NUI

Trc k h i t m ra k h n g sinh v c c vacxin p h n g bnh, n h n l o i l u n b e doa b i

nn cht y u do bnh dch. T l cht s sinh l khong 25%, cht t u i t h i u n i n
25%, ch khong 2% d n s t n t u i t h 65 t u i hoc h n . C n g v i s p h t t r i n
ca khoa hc c n g ngh, i u k i n v sinh v mc sng ca n g i d n c n n g cao,
c c bnh t r u y n n h i m hu n h c dp tt c c nc p h t t r i n ( n g o i tr i dch
H I V ) . Tuy n h i n c c nc a n g p h t t r i n , mc sng n g h o k h c n g v i t h i u thuc
p h n g cha bnh nht l c c vacxin v k h n g sinh, t l ngi mc bnh
cao nh st rt, lao phi,

cc bnh ng rut, vim

dch

vn

cn

no...

N h vy h i n nay n h n l o i v n p h i i m t v i c c nguy c d i y :
- Cc bnh t r u y n n h i m do n m , v i k h u n , virus g y ra, trong n g u y c v i trng
k h n g thuc cha bnh n g y c n g cao. M t s b n h virus m i x u t h i n n h H I V ,
Hebolla, SARS c h a r n g u y n n h n v c h a c k h n g sinh p h n g nga. M t s tc
n h n g y bnh b i n i nhanh c h n g r t k h c b i n p h p tr l i u k p t h i . V i s xut
h i n ca k thut gen, m t s c c v i sinh vt nht l c c virus c t h c t h i t k t kh
d d n g trong c c p h n g t h n g h i m v c t h c p h n g t h c h v o m i t r n g mt
c c h v tnh hoc c dng t m . K h n n g c h i n tranh v i t r n g "v k h sinh hc" hoc
"khng b sinh hc" c h a c l o i tr.
- Cc bnh b m sinh hoc d i t r u y n do c c t c n h n t b i n tch l y n g y cng
nhiu trong m i trng sng: n h i m hoa hc m i t r n g v thc p h m , thng tng
o z n v cng bc x tia cc t m ca m t t r i t n g . T n h trng x u n g c p ca m i
trng tng song h n h v i s p h t t r i n ca c n g n g h i p v t h a n g e doa tnh n
nh d i truyn ca h gen ca con n g i v a dng sinh hc. C c b n h ung th, t i m
mch, b o ph, alzheimer ( m t tr nh)... V n l sc p t h n g x u y n i v i x h i loi
n g i v l nhng bi t o n h c b a nht ca C n g n g h sinh hc.
- C n g v i vic c i t h i n i u k i n sng v v sinh, t u i t h ca d n s t cao, t l
n g i cao t u i n g y c n g t n g ln nht l c c nc g i u n h N h t bn, T y u , M .
Cc bnh lo khoa nht l suy g i m tr n h n g i gi l m t th trng n g y c n g l n
ca C n g ngh sinh hc.
Trc tnh h n h c n g n g h sinh hc y hc c u t p h t t r i n n g y c n g m n h
v tr t h n h m t h n g u t siu l i nhun ca n h i u C n g ty siu quc gia. C c c h
p h m m i da trn c n g n g h sinh hc x u t h i n gn n h h n g n g y t r n t h t r n g .
Trong g m :
- C c c h p h m cha bnh (hormon, c c k h n g sinh, c c protein hot t n h k h c
nhau....).

154

- C h n o n sm c c bnh d i truyn.
- Vacxin.
- C h n o n m i n dch v t h A D N x c nh t c n h n g y b n h .
- C h n tr bng l i u p h p gen.
8.1. DC CHT V DC CHT SINH HC (Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceutiacal)
Dc cht c th c tng hp trc tip bng con ng hoa hc hoc c to ra
t c c q u trnh sinh hc.
8.1.1. Khng sinh (antibotics)
Pht m i n h v i ca Alexander F l e m i n g n m 1928 v i vic t m ra m t loi n m c
k h n n g sinh ra k h n g sinh c tn l Penicillium
notatum m m n m t k n g u y n
m i ca y hc, trong c c b n h t r u y n n h i m do v i k h u n d n d n c k i m sot.
Thuc k h n g sinh l c c hp cht k h n g v i t r n g c sn sinh ra b i c c v i sinh vt
c s dng trong cha bnh hoc k i m sot m i trng ly n h i m bnh dch. T r n
4000 l o i hp cht k h n g sinh c khoa hc p h n l p , k h o n g 50 cht c
thng m i hoa trn quy m l n (bng 8.1). M t s hp cht k h n g sinh k h n g c s
dng t h n g m i do c t n h ca c h n g i v i con n g i , n g vt, hoc gi t h n h sn
xut q u cao.
K h n g sinh c bt u s dng rng ri trong cha bnh t khong n m 1945 v i
s ra i ca c n g n g h i p penicillin. T chng l o i thuc k h n g sinh, p h tc dng
ca thuc k h n g sinh n g y c n g c m rng trong cha b n h cho n g i v n g vt.
N g o i ra, m t s k h n g sinh c t h g i p t n g trng v t n u i v gia c m , k i m sot bnh
cy trng v p h n g tr c n t r n g g y h i .
Bng

8.1. Cc hp cht khng

sinh

Hp cht khng sinh

Antinomycin D

Vi sinh vt sn sinh ra
streptomyces sp.

Phm vi hot ng
Chng ung th

Bacitracin

Bacillus s.

Chng vi khun

Bleomycin

Streptomyces

Cephalosporin

Acremonium s.

Chng vi khun

Chloramphenicol

Cephalosporium s.

Chng vi khun

Daunorubicin

streptomyces

Chng ng vt nguyn sinh

Fumagillin

Aspergillus s.

Bnh do amip gy nn

Griseoulvin

Penicillium s.

Chng nm

Mitomycin c

streptomyces

s.

Chng ung th

Natamycin

streptomyces

s.

Bo qun thc phm

Nisin

streptoccocus

s.

Bo qun thc phm

Penicillin G

Penicillium s.

Chng vi khun

Riamycin

Nocardia s.

Chng lao

streptomycin

streptomyces

Tetracylin

Streptomyces s.

s.

s.

s.

Chng ung th

Chng vi khun
Chng vi khun, chng amip
155

M t s k h n g sinh p h rng n h Chloramphenicol v Tetracyclin c t h k i m s o t

nhiu v i sinh vt k h c nhau n h Rickettsia,

Chlamidia,

Mycoplasma.

N g c l i m t so

k h n g sinh k h c thuc n h m p h hp n h Steptomycin v P e n i c i l l i n ch c h n g c vi

loi v i sinh vt. H u ht k h n g sinh c n g u n gc t Actinomycetes v n m m c .
Sn x u t k h n g sinh mang l i l i nhun cao cho c n g n g h i p dc y t . T h t r n g
k h n g sinh ton cu t trn 10 t U S D h n g n m v l n g n h c h i u q u cao trong th
trng dc n i chung khong 200 t U S D . V d , n m 1992 ch t i n g Cephalosporin
( c h p h m t Cephalosporin c v Penicillin G hoc V ) c doanh thu 8,3 t U S D .
H u ht c c chng ging s d n g trong c n g n g h i p k h n g sinh c t o ra bng
c c p h n g p h p g y t b i n . T c c chng d i n g i ta c t h to ra c c t b i n c
k h n n g sn sinh k h n g sinh t n g ln h n g n g n l n . C c p h n g p h p ca c n g ngh
sinh hc n h l a i t b o trn, c h u y n gen a n g tham gia to ra c c c h n g g i n g c hiu
qu cao h n , b n v n g h n , hot cht k h n g sinh m i h n . C n g n g h l n men c n g lin
tc c c i t i n d n n vic g i m gi t h n h thuc k h n g sinh. T u y n h i n , do c n g
nghip k h n g sinh l m t n g n h sn x u t da trn sinh vt sng v c n g n g h l n men,
c n g ngh hoa hc h i n i n n n h i u nc n g h o trong c nc ta v n p h i ph
thuc h o n t o n v o nhp n i k h n g sinh t nc n g o i .
Kh nng

nhn

thuc

ca cc vi sinh

vt gy bnh

l ph

bin d n n nhng i

h i i m i t h n g x u y n ca n g n h c n g n g h i p k h n g sinh, k h n n g k h n g thuc ca
v i k h u n t n g ln do t b i n d i t r u y n c t h c h u y n t loi v i k h u n n y sang loi
k h c . V d , bnh Gonorrhoea (A.venereal

disease) k h n g v i p e n i c i l l i n l do c c y u t

d i truyn plasmid c t h d d n g c h u y n t v i k h u n sang v i k h u n qua t i p hp mt

c c h d d n g . H i n tng v i t r n g k h n g thuc t h n h m t v n x h i l n i vi
m t s bnh dch n h lao p h i .
Th trng

khng

sinh

trong

chn

nui

v bo qun

thc

n cng

kh

ln: B

sung m t lng n h k h n g sinh ( n h bacitracin, chlortetracyclin, procain, penicillin) vo

thc n ca n g vt n u i , gia c m d n n s c i t h i n n g k trong sn x u t : con vt
khoe h n , sinh trng nhanh h n , rt ngn t h i gian c h n n u i . T u y n h i n , m t s k i n
cho rng vic t h m k h n g sinh v o thc n c t h d n n v i c ra i v lan rng ca
c c chng n h n k h n g sinh, v d c c v i k h u n nguy h i m Salmonella trong p h n ng
vt, hoc t n d k h n g sinh trong thc n. C c b i n p h p khc phc t n h t r n g n y a n g
c t ra v i vic n g h i n cu c c k h n g sinh c t h cho v t n u i b sung v o thc n
thay t h cho c c k h n g sinh d n g cha bnh cho n g i .
D o v y , m t s k h n g sinh y u , t h i u q u cha bnh cho n g i v n a n g c
d n g trong dinh d n g vt n u i .
8.1.2. Vacxin v khng th n dng
8.1.2.1. Khng nguyn v khng th
K h i m t hp cht l hoc m t l o i v i sinh vt, k sinh l t h m n h p v o c t h n g i
hoc n g vt, c t h s c m t phn ng d y chuyn n h m c l p , v h i u hoa, o t h i

156

hoc t r i t tiu v t l . M t s nhng sn p h m ca p h n ng d y c h u y n n y c t h

t n d trong c t h sng lu d i , cho p h p n c k h n n g m i n dch h o n t o n hoc
tng phn i v i l o i v i sinh vt t h m nhp. Phn ng m i n dch ca c t h c bn
cht p h n t.
T r o n g q u trnh g y bnh, c c v i sinh vt t h m n h p v o c t h sng, trn m n g ca
c c tc n h n g y bnh thng c c c p h n t c t h g i l k h n g n g u y n . C c k h n g
n g u y n (antigens) t h n g l c c protein, hoc protein lin k t v i c c p h n t n g , c c
polysaccharid... c c k h n g n g u y n l c c tc n h n l m k c h n g p h n ng bo v ca
c t h sng to ra c c k h n g t h (antibodies). K h n g t h do c c t b o c t h to ra. C
th n g i v n g vt c t h to ra s lng r t l n c c k h n g t h . C c t b o sn sinh
k h n g th c t h nhn bit c c k h n g n g u y n k h c nhau v sn sinh ra c c k h n g t h
tng ng n h m l m v h i u hoa v trit tiu sinh vt l v c c h p cht t h m nhp.
K h n g t h do c c t b o c b i t trn k h p c t h sn sinh ra, c c loi n g vt v
con n g i c t h sn x u t ra s lng l n n mc k h h n h dung c c c l o i k h n g
th k h c nhau. C c t b o sn x u t k h n g t h nhn b i t c c k h n g n g u y n v sn x u t ra
cc k h n g th c t h trung hoa, l o i tr c c cht ( k h n g n g u y n ) ngoi nhp. M t
ng vt c t h sn x u t ra s lng v chng l o i k h n g n g u y n chng l i s t n
c n g ca v s c c v i sinh v t t m i trng, n g t h i n c n sn sinh ra k h n g t h
chng c h i l i s lng n h i u v k c c l o i hoa cht t m i trng t h m nhp v o c
th n g vt. T m l i , c t h n g i v n g vt c t h sn sinh ra k h n g t h b m v o
v l m bt hot hu n h t t c c c p h n t l t b n n g o i t n h p v o c t h . T u y
nhin, nhiu k h i c t h sng t ra bt lc trc s t n c n g ca c c v i sinh vt v c c c
t t m i trng n g o i . T r o n g trng hp , v i sinh v t c t h n h n nhanh v g y bnh
cho c t h c c mc k h c nhau, t h m c h l m cht sinh vt ch.
8.1.2.2. Vacxin
K h n n g c c vacxin l m x u t h i n c c k h n g t h v k c h hot c c phn ng t v
ca sinh vt ch c n g h i n cu t lu. V a c x i n l c c c h p h n t c c v i sinh vt
cht, hoc tng phn ca v i sinh vt, hoc v i sinh vt b l m y u i , b l m bt
hot... c k h n n g g y ra c c phn ng t v ca c t h t h n g qua k c h hot h thng
to m i n dch i v i bnh dch. N h v y c t h sng c t h k h n g l i t c n h n g y bnh
sau k h i c t i m chng vacxin.
M c tiu n g h i n cu vacxin l x c nh v m t c t r n g m i k h n g n g u y n c
th ca tc n h n g y bnh c t h g y ra phn ng t v c t h ch, n g t h i x c nh
cc bc, c c t h n h phn ca phn ng m i n dch d n n k h n n g t v ca c t h .
H i n nay con n g i sn x u t c n h i u l o i vacxin k h c nhau cho vic t i m chng.
N h v y , n h i u l o i bnh dch nguy h i m trc y hu n h b l o i tr ra k h i i
sng x h i .
T u y n h i n mc t h n h c n g v t h i gian bo t n ca p h n ng t v sau t i m
chng l i ph thuc n h i u v o chng l o i vacxin. V d , n h t i m chng vacxin, bnh
b i l i t (polyomyelitic) hu n h c l o i tr h o n t o n trn p h m v i quc*t. N h n g
157

c c vacxin n h vacxin p h n g bnh t h n g h n v dch t c h a p ng y u c u , c h a c

vacxin h i u q u cho m t s bnh p h b i n n h b n h l u , giang m a i , st rt v n h i u
bnh k h c . V a c x i n p h n g c c bnh n h H I V tuy c u t n h i u n h n g c h a t h n h
c n g . i v i m t s bnh virus m i x u t h i n n h b n h SARS, b n h virus Hebola...
vic n g h i n cu vacxin m i ch l bc u .
Sn x u t vacxin rt t n k m , mc d quy m k h n g l n n h n g i h i s p h t t r i n
n g thi ca n h i u l o i c n g n g h k h c nhau. N g h i n cu virus c n g phc t p h n v
virus g y bnh ch c t h n h n bng n u i c y t b o n g i hoc n g v t .
Sn x u t vacxin p h n g bnh cho n g i v n g v t c t h t r n g r t l n .
H i n nay, n h i u l o i vacxin t h h m i - V a c x i n ti t hp c sn x u t n h
vacxin p h n g virus c m , vacxin b i l i t , v i m gan B, herpes virus...
8.1.2.3. Vacxin ti t hp
B n canh c c vacxin t r u y n t h n g , c c n h khoa hc ng d n g C N S H to ra cc
vacxin ti t hp. V d vacxin an t o n v h i u q u trong n g n nga b n h g i d i ln
(swine pseudorabies). u v i t ca vacxin n y v c c vacxin k h c c t o ra b i k
thut A D N ti t hp l n g i ta ch s dng m t phn r t n h genom ca c c t c n h n
g y bnh. Trong k h i vacxin t r u y n thng l c c t c n h n g y b n h cht hoc
c l m y u i . T r o n g trng h p , i k h i c c t c n h n g y b n h trong vacxin cn
sng st v c n g i k h n n g phc h i v tr l i g y b n h . M t k h c , m t s c c vacxin
truyn thng c t h c c h to v i chi p h t h i gian n 20 - 30 n m hoc h n . l
m t trong c c n g u y n n h n c h n g ta k h n g c vacxin cho n h i u b n h n g v t .
V i vacxin ti t hp, c c gen g y b n h t c n h n g y b n h s k h n g c tham
gia v o t h n h phn vacxin ti t hp. D o v y , vacxin ti t hp c 2 u v i t :
- T o ra m i n dch n h n g k h n g g y ra bnh.
- C c vacxin n y c sn x u t ra m t c c h nhanh c h n g h n v i c n g n g h n
g i n v an ton h n .
Vacxin

ti t hp nga bnh

l mm

long mng

(Foot

and mouth

disease):

Bnh g y ra b i m t l o i virus r t d ly n h i m b , c u v c c n g v t k h c .
Bnh n y b l o i tr Bc M , n h n g v n a n g g y t n tht l n n h i u nc a n g
p h t t r i n . V a c x i n t r u y n thng c sn x u t t c c virus b l m y u . T u y n h i n
c c virus n y c t h phc h i v g y b n h m t s trng hp C h u u . V a c x i n l
m m long m n g ti t hp l o i tr k h n n g ly bnh v k h n g p h i bo q u n nhit
thp, n h v y r t d s d n g c c nc n g h o .
N g o i hai vacxin ti t hp v a n g c s dng p h n g b n h g i d i l n v
bnh l m m long m n g , n g i ta a n g n g h i n cu c h to h n g chc l o i v a c x i n c h n
n u i k h c cho p h n g bnh tiu chy v c c bnh n g h hp. M t vi l o i v a c x i n c
t h c t i m v o trng l m cho g con c m i n dch trc k h i n . N g o i c c vacxin
chng bnh v i k h u n v virus, h i n nay c c n h khoa hc p h t t r i n c c c vacxin
chng k sinh t r n g , N e w Zealand v c n n g d n phi huy b tht c c con c u
158

n h i m k sinh s n l m t (Tapevvorm). C c vacxin m i c t h g i m t h i t h i cho n g i

n u i c u h n g t r i u la m i n m .
8.1.3. Khng th n dng
T r n t h g i i t h t r n g k h n g t h n d n g t k h o n g 7,0 t U S D n m 2 0 0 3 .
K h n g t h l c c p r o t e i n ca h m i n dch n g i hoc n g v t sn sinh ra p h n
ng l i s t h m n h p ca c c v i k h u n , virus, k sinh t r n g k h c nhau. M i m t l o i
k h n g t h n h k t m t c c h c t h v i b p h n c t r n g ca m t k t h m n h p
xc nh.
N h tnh c th cao, k h n g t h n d n g c ng d n g r t r n g ri trong c c l n h
vc chn o n i h i tnh c h i u cao p h t h i n v x c n h nng ca c c
protein hoa tan v c c ch th p h n t trn b m t t b o l . L n h vc ng d n g p h b i n
l trong truyn m u , huyt hc, m p h i , v i sinh vt hc v hoa sinh cha bnh c n g n h
cc lnh vc k h c n g o i n g n h y dc.
K h n g t h n d n g c n g d n g trong cha bnh ung th, l c c l o i thuc c
ch tng tc v i c c t b o bnh v n g c k h i u.
K h n g t h n d n g c n d n g trong chn o n c c sn p h m i n vitro k h n g i h i
cc i u k i n an t o n c b i t , v d nh:
- Chn o n b n h n g sinh dc (hoa l i u ) , bnh v i m gan B, c c bnh do v i
khun.
- K h n g t h n d n g c n g c s dng trong t h . p h t . h i n p h i thai n g i .
C c n h khoa hc to ra c c k h n g t h n d n g bng dung hp hai l o i t b o . M t
l cc t b o h m i n dch c t h sn sinh k h n g t h c k h n n g n h k t v i phn c
trng ca t c n h n g y bnh hoc c c p h n t l , t h hai l t b o ung th. T b o to
c do dung hp hai l o i t b o trn t i p thu c tnh trng d i t r u y n ca t b o h
m i n dch c k h n n g sn sinh k h n g t h v k h n n g p h n b o bt n h ca t b o ung
th. T b o lai c g i l hybridoma hot n g n h m t x n g h i p k h n g t h . C c
k h n g t h c g i l n d n g (monoclonal) b i c h n g c sn sinh ra b i c c d n g
ging ht nhau ca t b o lai (hybridoma)
T t c c c k h n g t h n y s ch n h k t v i m t c u trc p h n t x c nh trn b
mt ca v i t r n g g y bnh x c nh n o .
T h trng k h n g t h n d n g
K h n g t h n d n g c n h i u ng dng k h c nhau:
- C h n o n v cha tr ung th;
- C h n o n p h t h i n p h i thai n g i ;
- C h n o n c c bnh t r u y n n h i m k h c nhau: c c bnh ly t r u y n theo n g sinh
dc n h bnh hoa l i u , bnh v i m gan B, c c bnh t r u y n n h i m k h c ;
- N g n nga s o t h i trong g h p c quan;
159

- L m sch c c sn p h m c n g nghip;
- Pht h i n c c vt p h n t ( nng thp) trong thc n , n n g n g h i p v c n g
nghip.
8.1.4. Mt s sinh dc cha bnh to c t k ngh gen
Insulin:

H n g t r i u n g i trn t h g i i mc bnh i n g p h i b sung thuc

insulin. Trc y , insulin cha bnh t h n g c tch c h i t t l n v b . T r o n g q u

trnh cha bnh x y ra m t s phn ng ph c t h do trong c h p h m i n s u l i n t n g
vt c cha tp cht n o . H i n nay insulin n g i h o n t o n c sn x u t bng c n g
ngh v i sinh v i s lng sn x u t ra k h n g hn c h v t r n h c c c p h n ng p h .
Somatostatn:

l m t hormon sinh trng c bn cht protein. Cht n y r t k h c

tch chit t n g vt, v d t khong na t r i u b n o c u m i c t h sn x u t c

0,005 g m cht somatostatin sch. Bng c h u y n gen m hoa somatostatin t n g i vo
v i k h u n , m t lng hormon tng t n h trn c t h c sn x u t trong m t n i ln
men v i k h u n c dung tch m i trng khong 9 lt.
C 5000 em b l i c m t em b b h i chng l n do t h i u h o r m o n . D o v y , hormon
ti t hp ra i mang l i l i ch l n lao cho c c em. T h t r n g somatostatin t khong
100 t r i u U S D / n m . N g o i ra, hormon n y c n c ng d n g t n g c n g h c bp
n g i b n h thng v l m t n g n n g lc n g i gi.
Cc Interferon:

I n t e r e r o n c hai n h khoa hc n g i A n h p h t m i n h n m 1957

n g i c tc dng t n g sc k h n g ca n g i i v i b n h virus. I n t e r e r o n n g i l
m t glycoprotein c k h n n g t n g c n g k h n g i v i c c b n h virus v k m h m
bnh ung th. H i n t i n g i ta t m thy n h i u l o i interferon k h c nhau c c loi
n g vt k h c nhau. Interferon n g i k h c interferon chut. C c m k h c nhau ca c n g
m t loi cng c k h n n g sn sinh c c interferon k h c nhau.
Trc y , Phn L a n n g i ta sn x u t ra i n t e r e r o n t t b o b c h cu m u
(leukocytes) v i lng sn x u t ra r t hn ch. H i n nay, c hai p h n g p h p sn xut
i n t e r e r o n a n g c s dng:
- Interferon sn x u t bng t b o si ( i b r o b l a s t s ) n g i v c coi l n g u n sinh
dc an t o n nht. '
- I n t e r e r o n ti t hp t h n g qua c h u y n gen m hoa interferon t fbroblast n g i
sang v i k h u n .
Lymphokines:

y l c c protein do t b o m u l y m p h o ( m t l o i t b o trong h

thng m i n dch n g i ) v c x e m l r t quan trng i v i c c p h n ng t v ca

c t h . C c cht n y c k h n n g bo t n v l m t n g c n g k h n n g ca h t h n g m i n
dch chng l i c c

bnh t r u y n

nhim

v bnh ung

th. Interleukin-2 l

mt

lymphokines quan trng c sn x u t bng c n g ngh A D N ti t hp v i lng k h n g

hn ch.
H i n nay, hu ht c c sinh dc t c n g ngh A D N c sn x u t b i c c t b o
n g vt c h u y n gen hoc c c v i sinh vt chuyn gen.
160

G n y , n h i u v t n u i v c y trng c c y t r u y n gen ca n g i . C c c t h
sng c h u y n gen n h v y a n g c n g h i n cu s d n g n h l c c Bioreactors trong
sn x u t dc cht.
N g o i ra, m t s sinh dc cha bnh to ra bng k thut gen c m t bng
8.2.
Bng

8.2. Mt s sinh dc c php

TT

Tn sinh dc

s dng

trong

cha

Lnh vc cha tr ch yu

tr

bnh

Nm thng mi ha

Insulin

Bnh i ng

1982

Hormon sinh trng

Sinh trng km

1985

a. Interteron

Bnh ung th, cc bnh do

nhim virus

1985

Anti -T- cell

Ghp c quan

1986

Hepatitis B vacxin - Vacxin vim gan B

Ngn nga bnh vim gan B

1986

Tissue plasminogen activator

Bnh tim mch

1987

Erythropoietin

Bnh thiu mu

1988

lnterleukin-2

Bnh ung th

1989

8.2. C C S N P H M S I N H D C P H C v C H N N U I
Bnh vt n u i cho n nay v n l nhng v n nan g i i t ra cho loi n g i . C c
bnh n h bnh b i n C h u u, bnh l m m long m n g gia s c , b n h c m g a n g
lan rng C h u a n g g y l o lng cho t o n x h i . c b i t nguy h i m l c c bnh n y
c t h ly n h i m sang n g i , trong k h i tc n h n g y bnh t h n g c nhng thay i d i
truyn k h k i m sot.
Theo b o c o ca V n p h n g n h gi c n g ngh ca Quc h i M (Congress o f f i c e
of technology assessment) m i n m n g n h n n g lng nc n y p h i t n khong 17 t
la chi p h cho c c b n h vt n u i .
C c n h khoa hc n g h i n cu to ra h n g lot c c sn p h m C N S H chn
o n , i u tr, n g n nga bnh n g vt. L n h vc m C N S H c ng d n g su rng
l chn o n bnh.
8.2.1. Chn on bnh bng khng th n dng
M t s bnh n g vt r t k h chn o n , b c s t h y p h i c h vi g i n vi
n g y m i c k t q u k h n g nh bnh t c c p h n g t h n g h i m . T r o n g k h i c h i h
thng d n g cha bnh hoc a ra c c b i n p h p c t h k h n g chc chn. S dng
CNSH, n g i ta c t h thc h i n vic chn o n nhanh, c h n h x c i v i n h i u bnh
p h b i n v t n u i . Trong m t s trng hp b c s c t h c h n o n bnh ngay trang
t r i v c l i u p h p cha tr kp t h i , c h n h x c ngay l p tc. N h i u c h n o n l o i n y
c thc h i n b i s dng c c k h n g t h n d n g . M t trong c c ng d n g ca k
thut n d n g l c h n o n bnh Brucellosis - bnh do v i k h u n b sa. V i k h u n g y
161

bnh n y t h n g g y ra h i n tng sy thai v bnh n y c t h l y n h i m sang n g i

n n g d n hoc nhng ai ung sa ca con b n h i m bnh. V a c x i n c t h bo v n g
vt cha k h i sy thai n h n g nhng con b c t i m chng vacxin c t h t r t h n h
nhng vt mang m m bnh.
K thut chn o n k i n h i n k h n g t h p h n bit c s k h c nhau gia v i trng
gy bnh v Vacxin c to ra t v i trng. D o vy, nhng chn o n n y k h n g t h g i p
n g i n n g d n x c nh con vt n o mang bnh v con n o k h n g . Ngc l i , c h n o n
bng k h n g t h n d n g c th n mc n c t h p h n b i t c con vt n o mang v i
k h u n gy bnh v con n o ch mang vacxin. N h v y n g i n n g d n c t h c c h l y c c
ng vt mang ngun gy bnh ra k h i n trnh p h t dch. C h n o n k h n g ch p h t
h i n bnh, k thut n d n g p h t h i n s mang thai n g vt m t c c h d d n g n
mc n g i n n g d n c t h c c k t q u chn o n ngay n n g t r i .
K h n g t h n d n g c n g c s d n g c h n o n b n h a c h y l n v b
con. a chy l bnh v i k h u n con v t m i sinh g y tiu chy. R t n h i u con v t n h i m
bnh b cht do m t nc.
B n g c c h c h n o n bnh nhanh, c h n h x c c h p h p t chc i u tr k p t h i . Cha
tr tiu chy b cng da t r n k h n g t h n d n g . C c k h n g t h n y s bc l y c c v i
k h u n , cn tr c h n g g y bnh.
.LJ MAUi moi or'j HI th IM9 (teo '-' V ynrn Hi HV Vi;!' ib Oio ''un t'/ (itH
8.2.2. K t h u t gen c h n t r b n h
M t s chn tr bnh n g vt c thc h i n da t r n c n g n g h A D N ti t hp.
K thut d i t r u y n cho p h p c c n h khoa hc c h u y n m t hoc vi gen m i v o n g
vt, c y trng hoc t b o v i sinh vt. C c gen n y to ra c c protein c k h n n g
k h n g hoc cha tr bnh. D o v y , v i sinh vt, t b o n g v t hoc thc v t c t h tr
t h n h c c x n g h i p m i n i sn sinh ra m t s lng l n c c protein i u tr b n h .
V d i n h n h l sn x u t i n t e r e r o n v interleukin-2 l c c protein c h n g virus.
C c n h th y c p h n g t i n chng bnh v i k h u n , n h n g c r t t t h u c cha bnh
virus. C c cht i n t e r e r o n v interleukin-2 k h n g ch d i t v u s m t c c h trc t i p m
c n k c h hot h m i n dch ca n g vt, t n g c n g k h n n g h m i n dch c h n g l i
bnh.
C c i n t e r e r o n v interleukin-2 c s d n g chng bnh st do v n c h u y n
(shipping fever) - m t bnh b sa do m t s virus ly n h i m c n g lc g y ra. M c d
h m i n dch g i c c virus trong v n g k i m sot, n h n g s b n g p h t ca b n h n y x y
ra b i c c c c h trong q u trnh v n c h u y n n g vt n n i c h n t h hoc t h t r n g .
Bnh st do v n c h u y n g y t n tht cho c n g nghip c h n n u i b k h o n g t r n 250
triu SD/nm.
T i m i n t e r e r o n hoc interleukin-2 trc k h v n c h u y n c t h l m k c h hot h
m i n dch v n g n cn bnh st k h i v n chuyn.
Bn cnh vic to ra c c protein c h n o n v cha tr bnh, c c n h khoa hc ng
dng CNSH to ra c c vacxin ti t hp n h vacxin nga bnh l m m long m n g .
162

8.2.3. C c l o i p r o t e i n t n g t r n g p h c v c h n n u i
M t l o i protein t n h i n Somattropin hay l c c h o r m o n sinh t r n g c t h g i p
cho n g vt n u i c h u y n hoa thc n t h n h tht nc v sa. S d n g k thut gen c c
n h khoa hc to ra chng v i k h u n c k h n n g sn x u t s o m a t o t r o p n quy m
c n g nghip. T h m , m t lng r t n h cht n y v o thc n li t n g n g k h i u q u
chuyn hoa thc n, tit k i m c c h i ph, Somatotropin (PST) l n c t h t n g cht
lng tht l m thc n cho con n g i . PST n n g k t q u thc n l n 15 - 2 0 % i v i
ln, l m g i m m . L n c n u i b sung PST c t l nc cao, g i m m v cholesterol,
c l i cho sc khoe n g i tiu n g .
M t protein t n g trng k h c l bovine somatotropin (BST) c s d n g trong c h n
n u i b sa, l m g i m chi p h c h n n u i ca n n g d n . T h m lng n h BST v o thc n
l m t n g sn lng sa l n 10-20%, d n n chi p h thc n g i m .
Cc th n g h i m n h gi d lng PST v BST trong tht v sa ca c c n g vt
c n u i b sung bng 2 cht n y cho thy h m lng PST v BST n g vt t h
nghim k h n g cao h n so v i i chng. Gc t h n g h i m k h c ch ra rng c c protein
ny k h n g nh h n g n c t h con n g i . M t protcin phc v c h n n u i k h c l y u
t tng sinh h o r m o n sinh trng (growth hormon releasing a c t o r - G H R F ) , y u t
G H R F l m t n g h m lng hormon sinh trng n g v t nui*
in 3i n oi) ri ov pn L 3

' =" ." '

:

8.3. N G V T C H U Y N G E N S N X U T S I N H D C V H O A C H T T R O N G
SA
l!j

n g v t c h u y n gen c t h s dng n h Bioreactor sn x u t m t s c c prtein

ti t hp d n g trong y hc hoc c n g nghip. G c eon cu, , l n v b c h u y n gen

c to ra bng p h n g p h p v i thao tc t i m A D N (gen c h ) v o t b o trng t h
tinh (ci t i n c c p h n g p h p c h u y n gen chun c n g h i n cu h o n t h i n trong
p h n g t h n g h i m i v i chut).

T h n h c n g nht l p h n g p h p c h u y n gen v o c c n g v t cho sa. Sa c

sn sinh h n g n g y v sn x u t lng l n c c protein ti t hp n h c c enzym, k h n g
th n d n g , protein c u trc, w . . . c t h ca p h n g p h p n y l s dng promoter
c th t u y n sa i u k h i n gen c h u y n ch b i u h i n t u y n sa ca n g v t
chuyn gen. Chuyn gen v o c c n g vt nhai l i n h c t l t h n h c n g cao g p 4 l n
so v i c h u y n gen v o b . D o v y , c h u y n gen v o d v cu cho k t q u thc t cao.
D c h u y n gen sn sinh protein si t nhn c b n v n h i cao h n so v i
n h i u l o i si k h c v c g i l "si t h p " . Protein si t n h n c t h s d n g l m
si t tan d n g trong p h u thut v c c l o i si n h n to c b n cao. C u v d
c h u y n gen c n sn x u t n h i u dc cht quan trong k h c trong sa n h A n t i t h r o m b i n
IU ngi, Alpha-l-antitrypsin,

Tissue plasminogen activator, k h n g n g u y n v i m gan,

cc k h n g t h n d n g sn x u t vacxin st rt,... L n c h u y n gen m hoa enzym

phytase c k h n n g sn sinh enzym n y trong t u y n nc bt l n v g i p l n c k h
n n g tiu hoa h o n t o n phospho trong c c hp cht phytate (Phytase l enzym t h y
p h n phytate t h n h inositol v phosphate). L n c h u y n gen c k h n n g siu b i u
163

h i n sinh tng hp protein b alpha-Lactalbumin, n n g cao k h n n g sn x u t sa n h

v y l m t n g trng n l n con nhanh h n . M t s protein ti t hp c sn x u t
trong sa ca m t s n g v t n u i (Bng 8.3):
Bng

8.3. Mt sprotein

Cc protein sn phm
ca gen ngi

c tc dng cha bnh c sn xut t

ca ng vt chuyn
gen
Tc dng dc l

Promoter c hiu
tuyn sa

sa
ng vt
chuyn gen

Factor IX (Yu t IX)

Protein lm ng mu cha bnh

hemophilia B (Haemophilia)- Mu
khng ng ngi b t bin gen yu
t IX (gene tactr IX)

b-lactoglobin cu

Cu

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

Protein lm c ch protease dng cha

bnh Kh thng (emphysema) v bnh
S nang (cystic ibrosis)

b-lactoglobin cu

Cu

Antithrombin IM

Cha tr bnh thiu ht cht ng mu

v s dng trong m tim (m phanh)

casein b

Tissue plasminogen
activator

Lm hoa tan cc mu ng cha

bnh au tim cp

Acidic protein sa
chut

Lactoerrin

Mt protein vn chuyn st dng b

sung vo thc n tre em

a-S-casein b

Protein c

Cht chng ng t dng cha bnh

hemophilia v dng trong phu thut

Aciditic protein sa
chut

Ln

T u y v y , p h i n i t h m r n g cho n nay ch c r t t protein ti t hp do n g vt

c h u y n gen sn x u t c p h d u y t cho n g i s d n g .
8.4. L I U P H P G E N
L i u p h p gen l k thut c h u y n c c gen chc n n g v o t b o ca m t c t h sng
t h i u ht chc n n g . C hai h n h thc c h u y n gen c t h c :
- L i u p h p gen t b o sinh dc: C h u y n gen v o t b o m m sinh dc (germ cell
gene therapy): trong trng hp n y t b o sinh dc ca c t h sng t h i u h t chc n n g
c t h c c h u y n gen chc n n g v l m thay i h gen ca t b o sinh dc. D o v y ,
c c b i n i gen c t h d i t r u y n cho t h h sau.
- L i u p h p gen t b o sinh d n g : C h u y n gen v o t b o sinh d n g (somatic
cell gene therapy). T b o sinh d n g t i p nhn gen chc n n g m i m c t h b t h i u
ht, n h n g gen m i s k h n g c d i t r u y n sang t h h sau.
H u ht c c gen c t r i n v n g c c h n tr bng l i u p h p gen l c c n gen c
t h b hng h c do t b i n , v d bnh x nang (cystic fibrosis), b n h m u k h n g
(haemophillia). C h n tr c c bnh a gen hoc a y u t bng l i u p h p gen chc s k h
k h n h n , v d bnh parkinson (run tay), ung th.
P h n g p h p tr l i u l ci c c gen b n h t h n g v o genom ca n g i b n h thay
t h gen hng h c . l m vic n y n g i ta p h i t h i t k gen bng l p r p gen chc n n g
vo m t vector c h u y n gen. Vector n y t h n g l y t genom ca m t s virus. G e n o m
164

virus sau k h i c l o i tr c c gen g y bnh, k h n g c n k h n n g g y b n h na v

thay v o l gen b n h thng (gen chc n n g ) n g i . Vector c c h u y n v o c c m
hoc t b o ca c t h bnh n h n , v d t b o gan hoc p h i chng h n . Vector s ci
gen v o genom ca c t h nhn.
C c virus thng c s dng l m vector (sau k h i c l o i tr c c gen g y
bnh) l:
- C c Retrovirus: y l m t n h m virus c t h to ra n h i u bn copy g m c c p h n
t A D N si k p c tng hp t A R N genom ca virus. Genom ca virus c t h c
ci vo n h i m sc t h ca t b o ch. V i r u s H I V thuc n h m n y .
- C c Adenovirus: C c virus thuc n h m n y c genom l A D N si k p , g y m t s
bnh ng h hp, n g rut, a u m t n g i .
- C c Adenoassociated virus: N h m n y g m k h n g n h i u virus c genom ch g m
m t si A D N , c t h ci v t l i u d i t r u y n ca n v o m t v n g c t r n g trong n h i m
sc th s 19.
- Herpes simplex virus: N h m virus v i A D N si k p ly n h i m t b o neuron thn
kinh.
Tuy v y , c c vector l o i n y b h n c h khai t h c do y u cu an t o n sinh hc.
Bn cnh l p h n g p h p c h u y n trc t i p A D N cha bnh v o t b o k h n g
d n g n vector. T u y n h i n p h n g p h p n y cn m t lng A D N l n v ch c thao
tc v i c c m t b o x c nh. N g o i ra c n m t s p h n g p h p c h u y n gen k h c
k h n g d n g n virus l m vector.
C c n h khoa hc a n g n g h i n cu c h u y n n h i m sc t h n h n to n g i c g i
l NST s 47 v o t b o quan t m v i hy v n g NST n y s t n t i c l p song song v i
n h i m sc t h s 46 v k h n g g y ra t b i n gen. NST n h n to s mang c n h i u
gen v c t h s k h n g b h m i n dch ca c t h o t h i .
Tuy n h i n c n g n g h tr l i u gen cho n nay v n c h a c p h chun ng dng v
cc n g u y n n h n :
- Cc phn ng ph c t h x y ra i v i n g i bnh do cc sn phm t vector sinh ra.
- Vector c t h c i v o c c v tr k h n g mong m u n trong h gen v do v y c t h
gy ra c c t b i n gen.
M t s t r n g hp bnh n h n b cht sau k h i c tr l i u gen, ci cht c t h g y
ra do phn ng m n h ca h m i n dch i v i vector mang gen l adenovirus.
Bn cnh tr l i u gen c n p h i vt qua n h i u tr n g i trc k h i i v o cuc sng,
l:
- T b o t i p n h n gen t h n g k h n g t n t i c lu v gen b o t h i sm trong
q u trnh p h n b o . D o v y , bnh n h n buc p h i tr l i u n h i u l n .
- H m i n dch ca t b o l u n t m c c h o t h i c c vt l , trong c vector mang
gen.
- C h u y n gen v i vector l virus c t h g y c, d ng, bnh n h n lo l n g virus c
t h phc h i v g y bnh.
165

- C c bnh do a gen quy n h n h bnh Alzhemer, b n h t i m , b n h t i u n g . . . do

n h i u gen g y ra c h a c k h n n g tr l i u trong giai o n h i n nay.
8.5. NHN GING NG VT u TH LAI V NHN BN NG VT
TRNG THNH
a. Th tinh nhn to
T h t i n h n h n to l p h n g p h p C N S H c s d n g n h i u n h t t r o n g n h n
g i n g v c i t h i n cht lng n gia s c . S lng v t n u i sinh sn b n g t h t i n h
n h n to t r n t h g i i r t l n chng t h i u q u k i n h t to l n ca p h n g p h p n y .
Theo ti l i u ca F A O (State o f f o o d and g r i c u l t u r e , 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 ) , t r o n g n m 1998
c trn 100 t r i u con t r u b , c h y u l b sa, 40 t r i u con l n , 3,3 t r i u c o n c u v
0,5 t r i u con d c n h n g i n g bng t h t i n h n h n t o . H i u q u k i n h t m a n g l i
r t cao i v i c c l o i n g v t c sng, n h t l i v i b sa do t i n h d c h ca c c
n g v t c sng d bo q u n l n h su h n t i n h d c h ca c c n g v t k h c . T r u y n
t i n h n h n to cho b l m t cuc c c h m n g trong n g h c h n n u i . T m t c o n b c
x u t sc, n g i ta c t h thu c 100.000 l i u t i n h dch m i n m , phc v cho v i c
t h t i n h n h n to cho h n g l o t b c i n h n g n i xa x i . P h n g p h p n y c n g
c p d n g k h r n g ri n c ta, cho p h p t o ra n b l a i cho sa c n n g sut
sa cao h n b sa a p h n g n 10 l n . B l a i F l cho tht t o c t t i n h n g
l n h ca c g i n g n i v i b c i V i t N a m cho t n g t r n g 700 g / n g y so v i b
a p h n g c h t n g c 200 g / n g y . T u y v y , cho n nay m i c h c k h o n g 10%
b c i ca nc ta c p h i g i n g n h n to (Theo i n h V n C i v N g u y n N g c
T n , 2007).
b. Cy truyn

hp t v

phi

K h c v i p h n g p h p t h tinh n h n to cho p h p k h a i t h c t i a k h n n g cho tinh

ca con c x u t sc v c t n h u t h lai t n con ca con c n y v i n h i u b ci
k h c nhau. P h n g p h p c y t r u y n p h i v hp t cho p h p k h a i t h c k h n n g n h n
g i n g t i a t m t con b ci sut sc. Bng s d n g h o r m o n k h c nhau n g i ta k c h
hot m t b ci x u t sc r n g n h i u trng nht. T r n g c t h u h i , bo q u n v th
t i n h i n v i tro to p h i . C c p h i thu c s c c y v o d con ca c c con v t mang
thai sinh sn.
C y truyn hp t v p h i non l m t p h n g p h p quan trng n h n nhanh c c
ging u vit. N m 2001, c 450.000 con vt c sinh sn t c y t r u y n p h i , trong
ch y u l b sa. a s c c con c xut sc s dng trong t h tinh n h n to (cung
cp tinh) c n h n ging t c y truyn phi. Tuy vy, p h n g p h p c y t r u y n p h i m i
c p dng nhiu Bc M , C h u A u v N h t Bn. C c nc a n g p h t t r i n c t h s
dng p h n g p h p nhp p h i n g lanh c i to n gia s c , thay v nhp n g vt sng.
c. Nhn

bn ng

vt

L m t h n o n h n bn c con vt n u i x u t sc a n g t u i t r n g t h n h , v d
n h n c n h i u con b c ging v i c c c t n h d i t r u y n g i n g h t v i m t con c
ging q u h i m nhp n i ?
C c n h khoa hc A n h , lan W i l m u t v K e i t h Campbell V i n Roslin v m t c n g
ty CNSH thuc t h n h p h Edinburgh, n h n bn t h n h c n g n g v t t r n g t h n h

166

 u tin trn t h g i i . l ch cu mang tn " D o l l y " (tn m t ca s c h y u t h c h

l D o l l y Parton) K t qu thnh c n g c c c n h khoa hc trn y c n g b trn
tp c h Scince n m 1997 (Science 1997 c 19, v o i . 278:2130-3). T h n h c n g n y
m ra m t k n g u y n m i trong n h n ging v sinh sn n g vt. C c n g v t u t c
th c n h n bn thnh nhiu c t h ging ht nhau v g i n g ht v i n g v t ban u .
P h n g p h p n h n bn cu " D o l l y " c m ta s 8.1.
T b o trng c l y t con cu ci c tn l " C u ci m t e n Scottish (Scottish
B l a c k a c e ewe). N h n ca trng non c h t ra bng v i thao t c d i k n h h i n v i . T
bo lng b i c tch t t u y n v^ca m t con cu c i trung t h n h mang thai 6 t u i
c tn l Finn Dorset. Bng p h n g p h p xung i n n g i ta dung hp n h n t b o
ca Finn Dorset v i t b o trng ht n h n ca cu ci m t e n . Sau t b o trng
chuyn n h n c k c h hot cho p h n b o to ra c c p h i non a b o i n vitro (sau
6 ngy cy n h n ) . C c p h i non thu c c c y t r u y n v o bung trng ca 13
con cu. K t qu nhn c m t con vt n h n bn u tin trn t h gii t m t con
vt trng t h n h , l c h cu D o l l y . C h cu D o l l y mang c c c tnh d i truyn
ging ht v i con cu Finn Dorset.
Hai n m sau, n m 1998 c c n h khoa hc N h t n h n bn t h n h c n g b . N m
2000, l n c n h n bn. N m 2002, i hc Texas n h n bn t h n h c n g m o v
cc ch m o n y sinh c 3 c h m o con h o n ton b n h t h n g . Nga ci n h n
bn v tnh u t i n ra i n m 2003. n nay h n g t r m n g vt n h n bn ra i t
k thut truyn n h n t con vt trng t h n h .
P h n g p h p n h n b n trn y c g i n h n d n g n h n t b o (Nuclear cloning).
N cho p h p to ra c c n g vt n g nht v d i t r u y n v i t b o v con vt cho n h n
trng t h n h . Tuy v y , p h n g p h p n y c n t h i u qu, v d , ch k h o n g 6% p h i c y
truyn c k h n n g sinh ra con vt n h n bn khoe mnh, sng lu. H u ht c c p h i b
cht ngay trong q u trnh thai n g h n hoc trong k h i sinh hoc sau t k h i sinh cho n
tui trng t h n h . N h i u p h i b cht do nhau thai k h n g p h t t r i n hoc chc n n g ca
nhau thai k h n g b n h t h n g . M t s con vt n h n bn c b i u h i n lo hoa sm n h
cu D o l l y , c t h do m t vi c c "tn h i u lo hoa" c t r u y n t n g vt trng
thnh. M t s con v t n h n bn t ra k h n g b n h t h n g c t h do c c b i n i d i t r u y n
xy ra n h n trong q u trnh p h n hoa ca m v t b o n g vt hoc do quy trnh
nhn bn c h a h o n t h i n . M t k h c , k h n g phi t b o n o ca con vt trng t h n h
cng c th l m ngun v t l i u cung cp n h n cho n h n bn.
S 8.2 m t p h n g p h p t r u y n n h n c i t i n , c c h l m n h sau: T b o trng
v t b o nh b i cho n h n u c quan st d i k n h h i n v i c h u y n dng, g i l k n h
vi thao tc. T b o trng c nh v trn u m t ng h t bng m t lc h t c h n k h n g
nh. Sau , n h n n b i ca t b o trng c h t ra bng m t k i m t i m n h . n g
thi, v i m t k i m v i thao tc n h k h c , n g i ta cng h t n h n ca t b o sinh d n g nh
b i v sau t i m n h n t b o nh b i n y v o t b o trng c h t n h n . T b o
trng c y t r u y n n h n c n u i c y i n vitro trong vi n g y cho n k h i n p h t t r i n
thnh p h i non a t b o . Cy p h i v o bung trng ca con ci mang thai cho p h i
pht t r i n t i p . P h n g p h p v i thao tc n h vy n g y c n g c n g h i n cu h o n t h i n
v a n g c d n g k h p h b i n trong n h n bn v chuyn gen n g vt. Trong trng
hp chuyn gen, n g i ta d n g k i m v i thao tc b m A D N (gen) v o t i n n h n ca t
b o trng.

167

Cu ci mt en Sct-len

Cu ci Donet Phn Lan

Cu ci Donet Phn Lan

hch t bo trng
t bung trng

Gi trng thi khng

hot ng bng cch
nui trong huyt thanh

.oi b nhn n bi
ang vi thao tc di
inh hin vi

Nui trong
6 ngy

Nui trong
,6 ngy

Tch cc t bo
sinh dng (2n)
t tuyn sa

Dung hp mng t bo
bng xung in

Cy vo
t cung

* . . * Dolly

S 8.1. Phng

php nhn bn cu Dolly do lan Wimut

(theo Miesfeld

R.L.1999)

pht

trin

Tim nhn ly t t bo sinh dng

vo t bo trng ( loi b nhn)

Hot ha non bo
v nui cy phi
(trong iu kin in vitro)

Chuyn phi vo con ci

ch mang thai

S 8.2. Phng php vi thao tc ng dng cho truyn

nhn
phc v nhn bn v chuyn gen "Honoluu technique (Theo Mies/eld

169

R.L.999)

Chng

K THUT DI TRUYN K I M SOT SU

B N H

S dng thuc tr su hoa hc bo v c c c y trng a n g c x u h n g gia t n g

c bit c c nc a n g p h t t r i n . S dng thuc t r su hoa hc gia t n g l m t trong
nhng n g u y n n h n g y n h i m m i trng n g h i m trng. C h n h p h M v n h i u
nc k h c ra mc tiu s thay t h thuc tr su hoa hc bng thuc t r s u sinh
hc v c c b i n p h p k i m tra sinh hc k h c . C c n g h i n cu v k i m tra s u b n h c y
trng tp trung v o hai h n g c h n h l to ra thuc tr s u sinh hc v c c c y chuyn
gen v i c c gen k h n g su bnh.
9.1. CC GEN LIN QUAN N KHNG SU BNH
N g i ta p h t h i n ra m t s gen c lin quan n t n h k h n g c n t r n g , t u y n
t r n g , n m v virus g y bnh.
C c gen lin quan n k h n g c n t r n g g m c :
- C c gen Bt- t o x i n
- C c gen k m h m protease
- C c gen tng hp c c cht k m h m amylase
- C c gen tng hp lectin
- C c gen tng hp c c cht trao i t h cp c hot t n h g i t c n t r n g ;
- C c gen m cho c c c t c h i u v i c n t r n g
C c gen m cho c c protein c lin quan n c c h bo v t n h i n ca c y v i n m
bnh g m :
- C c gen k h n g n m (gen-R) c y trng
- C c gen tng hp protein k h n g n m c y trng
- C c gen k i m tra s trao i cht t h c p c y trng
C c gen c lin quan n k h n g virus c ngun gc t c c c y hoc t c c virus
gm c:
- C c gen k h n g virus c y trng
- C c gen tng hp protein v virus
- C c gen m cho protein c lin quan n s d i chuyn ca virus;
- C c gen m cho protein c lin quan n n h n bn virus (Replicase gene)
C c gen lin quan n k h n g t u y n t r n g g m c :

170

- C c gen m cho c c protein p h huy c c chc n n g sinh l hoc trao i cht cn

thit bng s dng c c c u trc antisense.
- C c cht c trong t b o p h huy t b o t u y n t r n g k h i c h n g n . l c c
gen tng hp lectin v c c protein k m h m c c enzym k h c .
9.2. C CH TC DNG CA CC GEN KHNG CN TRNG V MT s
T H A N H T u T c TRONG B I N NP C C GEN NY CY T R N G
9.2.1. C ch tc dng
a. Cc gen B-

toxin

Cho t i nay n g i ta bit c h n 50 l o i protein k h c nhau c n g u n gc t v i

khun Bacillus thugiensis (Bt) c lin quan n k h n g c n t r n g . C c c t ngoi b o
ny ca v i k h u n l c c protein n gin, c m b i c c n gen. C c c t n y
thng c h i u ng g y c cao v c tc dng c h i u v i tng l o i c n t r n g .
b. Cc cht km hm

protease

N h i u c y c cha protein n h cht k m h m trypsin v chymotrypsin. T c dng ca

cc cht n y trong c t h n g vt n i chung v c n t r n g n i r i n g l k m h m c c
enzym t h y p h n c vai t r trong tiu hoa ca c n t r n g d n n t h i u ht m t s axit
amin cn thit cho sinh trng ca c n t r n g v l m m t c n bng nc d n n ci cht
ca c h n g . C c cht n y cng c nh h n g t i s l t x c ca c n t r n g . C c cht k m
h m protease c t c h ra t thc vt v c chia ra l m 4 n h m c h n h l n h m serine,
cysteine, netanollo v axit aspartic. C h n g hot n g n h l cht k m h m cnh tranh
lin k t v i c c trung t m hot hoa ca tng protease r i n g b i t v do c h n g c tc
dng c h i u v i tng protease c th.
c. Cc gen m cho cc

ectin

Lectin l c c protein lin k t v i cacbohydrat. C h n g lin k t v i p h n t n g

nm trn glycoprotein, glycolipit v polysacharit.
Lectin c p h n l o i bng k h n n g ca c h n g lin k t c h i u v i c c p h n t
nh mannose, hoc N-acetylglucosamine. Lectin c m t trong c y v g y c i v i
virus, v i k h u n , n m , c n t r n g v n g vt.
. Cc gen m cc protein

c tc dng km hm tng hp

amylase

C c cht k m h m amylase cng c pht h i n thy p h b i n trong c y n h l c c

cht k m h m protease. C h n g c tc dng p h huy c c enzym tiu hoa ca c n t r n g .
C h n g c p h t h i n t h y c t c dng git c n trng trong i n vitro v trong c y .
e. Cc gen c vai tr trong tng hp cc cht trao i th

cp

C c c y cha c c cht gy c v i c n t r n g v i l i u lng k h c nhau, ph thuc

v o c c loi c n t r n g g y h i . C hai h n g n g h i n cu k h c nhau l m thay i s trao

171

 i cht ca c y trng l m cho c y trng to r s lng c c c h t n y bo v

chnh n khi cn trng tn cng.
H n g t h nht l l m t n g c n g c c cht c hot t n h k h n g c n t r n g trong c y
bng t n g c n g b i u h i n ca c c gen m cho n hoc l m g i m s p h n huy c c c h t
n y trong c y . S dng c c promoter c h i u v i m s cho p h p b i u t h ca m t gen
n o t i m mong m u n .
H n g t h hai l a c c gen l v o c y c h n g c t h to ra c c c h t c m i qua
vic to ra con n g sinh tng hp m i .
/ . Cc gen m cho cc c t khc c hiu vi cn

trng

N g i ta n g h i n cu v t c h c c c gen n y t c t h thc v t k h c nhau v s

dng c h n g b i n np v o c c c y trng k h c nhau.
9.2.2. Mt s thnh tu t c
a. Cc gen m cho ngoi c t B
B i n np c c c y trng trn c s c c gen m cho c c n g o i c t Bt a n g c
n g h i n cu m n h m .
- T h n h tu c y b n g :
C y b n g c b i n np gen Bt- t o x i n m cho c t Bt c t r n g q u i m l n
t i M , c , k i m sot su h i b n g . H t c y b n g c b i n np gen thu c n m
1995 M v a ra trng n m 1996 bi c n g ty Delta v Pineland. N m 1996, 720.000ha
b n g c h u y n gen c trng M v i n n g sut b n g t n g l n 8 -10%. n n m
2005, d i n tch trng b n g mang gen Bt t o n cu t 5,0 t r i u hecta.
- T h n h tu c y n g :
C y n g c h u y n gen Bt k h n g su c t h n c c n g b t i M n m 1995. N m
1996 ch ring M c 180.000ha c trng n g c h u y n gen k h n g s u c t h n ,
c h i m 0 , 6 1 % tng d i n tch n g ca c nc. N m 1997 c 9 g i n g n g c h u y n gen
c a ra trng. e n n m 2005, d i n tch trng n g mang gen Bt t o n c u t 11,3
t r i u hecta.
- T h n h tu khoai ty:
C y khoai ty c h u y n gen k h n g b c n h cng thu c l n u tin t i M n m
1995 v Canada n m 1996. H i n nay c h n g c trng t i M v Canada.
- T h n h tu c y la:
K h o n g 100 loi c n t r n g t n c n g la trong c 40 loi c coi l p h h o i
c h n h . S t n tht v n n g sut do c n t r n g g y h i ln t i 10-30% tng n n g sut. T
n m 1989 c c n h khoa hc T r u n g Q u c a t i n h n h b i n np gen Bt la. G n y
c c n h n g h i n cu V i n C n g n g h lin bang T h y S b i n np t h n h c n g v to
ra c c c y la c h u y n gen k h n g su c t h n v su g y sc l l a {Chiu sp.). C c
n g h i n cu k h c t n h i u nc n h Philippin, n . . . cng to ra c c c c y l a
chuyn gen Bt c k h n n g g i t cht 100% su c t h n .
172

b. Gen vip3A

(a)

N g o i gen Bt n g i ta c n g t m ra c gen v i p 3 A ( a ) m cho protein c 791 axit

amin v i trng lng 88,5 k D a . Protein n y c hot t n h g i t c n t r n g
trong b

Agrotisesilon

Lepdopteran.

c. Cc gen sn sinh cc yu t km hm

protease

L n h vc n y c n g h i n cu m n h m t i i hc D u r h a m ( A n h ) . N g i ta t c h
ra c gen k m h m trypsin (cpTI) t u hoa lan, gen PoT(II) t khoai ty, gen O C - I t
la, gen c u t u t n g , gen NaPI t thuc l c k h n n g k m h m enzym c n t r n g
v s dng c h n g b i n np to c y k h n g su c c c y trng sau:
- Thuc l k h n g su Heliothis viressceus
- Khoai ty, c chua k h n g su Lacanobita

olerceus

- L a k h n g su c t h n (Sesami

v Chilo

- D u ty k h n g Oiorhncus
- Rau d i p k h n g Teloggryllus
- C i du k h n g Coleopteraus
. Cc gen tng hp

ineareuss

suppresssais)

sulcatus
commodus
sp.

lectin

t lu n g i ta b i t c y c t h to ra c c lectin c vai tr bo v r t c h i u
qu. Lectin l i n k t v i glycoprotein trong ng tiu h a ca c n t r n g v n g vt g y
ra c c tc h i v sinh trng v sc khoe ca n g vt. L i u lng v t h n h phn g y
c ca lectin i v i c t h l k h c nhau v ph thuc v o k h n n g lin k t ca lectin
v i glycoprotein ca t h n h ng tiu hoa v c c i u k i n b n trong ng tiu hoa ca c n
trng v n g vt.
C c gen t n g hp lectin t c h ra t c y u c s dng b i n np v o thuc l.
C c gen k h c n h GNP, P H A a n g c n g h i n cu c h u y n v o c c i tng c y
trng k h c nhau.
e. Cc gen tng hp cc cht km hm

amylase

C c cht k m h m amylase c m t trong n h i u loi c y , c h n g c t c d n g g i t

cht c n t r n g . N g i ta t c h ra c c c gen n y t c y u P h p v c h u y n c h n g
vo c y khoai ty, thuc l, u t n g v p h t h i n t h y c h n g c hot tnh k h n g
cn trng.
/ . Cc gen m cho tng hp cc cht trao i th cp

khc

C c gen m cho c c enzym n h cholesterol oxidase c s dng b i n np

v o m t s c y trng n n g cao k h n n g k h n g c n t r n g . C c cht c do gen to ra
c nh h n g n n g tiu hoa ca c n t r n g d n n n g n g tr q u trnh d i n h d n g v
do c n t r n g b cht.
a c c gen m cho c c cht trao i t h c p c h i u v i c n t r n g , n g i ta
p h i n g h i n cu b n cht hoa hc, con n g sinh t n g hp v n n g g y c ca
173

cht t h c p . C c c h t trao i t h c p g y c c h i u v i c n t r n g , n h n g t g y
h i n n g v t c x n g sng. C c gen n g vai t r trong sinh t n g h p c c c h t
trao i t h c p a n g c n g h i n cu b i n n p v o c y t r n g n h m t o g i n g
khng cn trng.
.\vy\uioobKVjJL d 2HOM
9.2.3. C c h t c d n g c a c c gen k h n g t u y n t r n g v m t s t h n h t u t c
t r o n g b i n n p c c gen n y c c c y t r n g
T u y n t r n g l nhng sinh vt c k h n n g k sinh thc vt. C h i p h thuc bao v
thc vt k i m s o t t u y n t r n g trn th trng t h g i i v o k h o n g 5,8 t S D / n m .
T n g thit h i t o n cu do t u y n t r n g c tnh v o k h o n g 100 t S D / n m , bao g m
chi p h thuc p h n g tr v tht thu n n g sut (Sasser & Freckman, 1987). M t s protein
c t h c s d n g c h i u q u chng l i c n t r n g n h l c c cht k m h m
protease t u y n t r n g (Protease Inhibitors, c p l l , lectin G N A , . . . ) . N g i ta a n g c h u y n
c c gen k h n g v o c c c y trng to ra c y c h u y n gen k h n g t u y n t r n g . C c c n g
ty a n g mong i to ra c c c c y ng cc, c y rau, c c i n g c h u y n gen v o
n m 2002.
N g i ta cng s d n g gen m cho c c k h n g t h n n g cao k h n n g k h n g t u y n
t r n g , cng n h s dng c c gen m cho c c protein l m r i l o n c c chc n n g trao i
cht v c c chc n n g sinh l cn t h i t bng s dng c c c u t r c antisense hoc c c gen
m cho tng hp c c sn p h m g y c cho t b o v p h huy t b o t u y n t r n g k h i n
x m nhp. C c gen c lin quan n k h n g t u y n t r n g bao g m : cc gen t n g hp
leetin, c c protein k m h m c c enzym k h c v c c n g o i c t Bt c h i u v i c n
t r n g . N m 2007, c c n h khoa hc t h i t k t h n h c n g R N A i g n c k h n n g sinh
ra c c A R N ngn ( s i R N A ) c k h n n g g y bt hot m t s gen chc n n g ca t u y n
t r n g v tiu d i t c h n g .

' Jv s n b f a n u

9.2.4. C c h t c d n g c a c c gen k h n g n m v m t s t h n h t u t c t r o n g
b i n n p c c gen n y c c c y t r n g
Khong

10% c y b n g ca t h g i i s b m t i n u k h n g c c c c h t k i m tra

bnh c h i u qu. T h i t h i t h m tr c n cao h n n g ( 1 2 % ) , l a m v l a m c h

( 1 6 % ) , la (20%), khoai ty (24%), c p h ( 2 6 % ) . C h i p h k i m s o t b n h c c
tnh v o khong 6000 t r i u S D n m , t n g ng v i 2 0 % t n g chi p h bo v thc vt.
C c gen k h n g bnh a n g c n g h i n cu v s dng c h u y n v o c c g i n g c y
trng. C c gen n y lin quan n c c c c h bo v t n h i n ca c y c h v i bnh:
I
- C c gen k h n g n m (gen-R).
- C c gen tng hp protein k h n g n m .
- C c gen k i m tra trao i cht t h cp.
a. Cc gen khng

nm

T n h k h n g n m bnh ca c y v i tc n h n g y bnh c x c n h bng t n g t c

gen i gen (gen k h n g trong c y c h v t n g ng l gen g y b n h ( A v r ) t c n h n

174

J s i rn o ^ l IM!'
Vj\')
H 'r \\'A ' 't -"-l

..:
,
g y bnh. M i quan h g i i gen m t q u trnh nhn b i t i h i d u h i u c n g u n
gc t tc n h n g y bnh ( y u t g y n h i m - elicitor) v m t h thng t h c m d u h i u

t n g ng trong c y . Gen A v r m cho y u t g y n h i m elicitor trong k h i gen

k h n g m cho th c m nhn b i t t n g ng.
m

M o g n l m t trong s c c c n g ty k h m p h ra phn ng gen i gen bng tc

n h n gy n h i m A v r - 9 t n m Cladosporium

ulvum

v gen k h n g t n g ng cf-9 c

chua bng s dng p o m o t e r c h i u .

b. Cc gen m cho protein

c tc dng khng nm ' ''

T r o n g cy c n h i u l o i protein c lin quan n k h n g n m . C c h k h n g n m c

th to ra c c phytoalecxin t i c h t n t h n g git cht t b o n m x m nhp hoc to
ra c c enzm thy p h n t i c h n h i m t h y p h n t b o n m k h i c h n g x m nhp.
N g i ta v a n g n g h i n cu b i n np c c gen k h n g n m v o khoai ty, c
chua v m t s c y trng k h c v thu c c c c y chuyn gen k h n g n m .
C c gen m hoa c c protein k h n g n m , v d:
a. Cc protein - enzym nh chitinase, 1,3
glucanase
v ocd QBnCTnOid 'h o KOS /xin Ji 'V-
\\'.'.'\":
:>' V
..
C s ca s k h n g n m l r t phc tp. Chitin v 1,3 glucan l c c c u t h n h c h n h
ca t h n h t b o n m . Chitinase v glucanase l 2 enzym c k h n n g t h y p h n m n g t
n

b o n m v c t c d n g k i m c h m n h m s x m n h i m ca n m g y bnh. H a i l o i
enzym n y c to ra trong v n g o i t b o . N g i ta chuyn c c gen sinh tng hp 2
enzym ny v o c c c y trng k h c nhau. C n g ty M o g e n t c h c c c gen n y t
thuc l v a c h n g v o c chua v nhn c c c c y c chua b i n np gen c k h
n n g k h n g r t cao v i n m Fusarium
b. Cc protein
khng nm

thionin,

deensin

cercospora

s, Esyiphe

v protein

gy bt hot

sp.
ribosom

v cc

protein

khc

T h i o n i n c p h b i n trong ht, c hot tnh k h n g cao v i v i sinh v t k h c nhau.

Thionin l c c protein c trng lng p h n t thp giu cystein. T h i o n i n c n g c k h
n n g g y c cho t h . T h i o n i n thng lin k t v i albumin 2S v cht k m h m trypsin.
V vy, c h i u q u k h n g cao n g i ta mong m u n a c 2 gen m cho 2 dng
protein n y v o c n g m t c t h . . .
T h i o n i n c p h k h n g k h u n v k h n g bnh r t rng. N t n t i trng t h i k h n g
hot n g nu k h n g c tc n h n g y bnh x m nhp.
Defenin c hot tnh k h n h n m , c trng lng p h n t t h p (5kDa) c nhiu
trong ht ng cc, khoai ty. C c gen m cho c c protein n y c p h n l p v s
dng b i n np v o c y c i du. C c c y c i du b i n np gen n y cng t ra k h n g
cao v i n m e n Phomaligans. N g i ta nhn c c y thuc l cha defensin c
ngun gc t Rhaphanus

sativus

c tc dng k h n g n m Alternaria

longiper.

C c protein g y bt hot ribosom k h n g nh h n g n ribosom ca c y c h , n h n g

l i t nhiu nh h n g n ribosom ca c c loi k h c . N g i ta thu c c y thuc l

chuyn gen c c h ribosom (gen R I P - Ribosome inhibitor protein gene) c ngun gc

175

t c y la. C y c h u y n gen c k h n n g k h n g n m Rhizotonia

solani.

N g i ta c n g

chuyn n g t h i c gen R I P v gen tng hp chitinase n n g cao hot t n h k h n g

n m ca c y .
c. Cc gen kim tra trao i cht th cp
H a i h n g n g h i n cu c s d n g t n g c n g k h n n g k h n g n m t h n g qua
c c cht trao i t h c p l:
- a gen ngoi lai v o c y tng hp c c cht trao i t h c p hoc t n g
c n g con n g tng hp cht t h c p t n t i trong c y .
- Chuyn gen m cho c c nzym

i u hoa lin quan n c c phn ng ban u trong

con n g sinh tng hp cht t h cp.

9.2.5. Cc gen khng virus v mt s thnh tu t c trong bin np cc gen
ny cc cy trng
c y trng 3 c h i n lc p h n g chng bnh virus c b n sau y a n g c n g h i n
cu s dng:
a. Phng

chng

cc mi gii truyn

bnh: c h i n lc n y g m c c b i n p h p bo v

thc vt, t h n g p h i s d n g n h i u thuc bo v thc v t r t t n k m , g y n h i m m i

trng. K h i bnh b n g p h t r t k h k i m sot.
b. To cc ging khng bnh t cc gen khng

virus c sn cy

trng

m t s ging c y trng c c c gen k h n g t n h i n , c h i u v i m t s n i virus

g y bnh. C c sn p h m ca c c gen n y nhn b i t t c n h n x m n h p v t o ra phn
ng l m cht virus x m nhp. M t s gen k h n g c b i t n h gen N t t h u c l
c tch d n g v n h n bn, gen T m - 2 t c chua k h n g virus g y b n h k h m c chua
v gen R x t khoai ty k h n g virus khoai ty. T u y v y , c h i n lc n y g p r t n h i u
k h k h n do t h i u ngun gen k h n g bnh. D o v y , c n g n g h t o g i n g t r u y n thng
hu n h a n g b tay trong to g i n g k h n g m t s virus nguy h i m c chua, k h o a i ty,
u (Sanford and Johnston,1985).
c. S dng cc gen khng

virus t chnh cc virus gy

bnh

y l p h n g p h p s dng gen n g u y n v n hoc m t phn gen ca virus chuyn

vo cy trng nhm to ging k h n g virus (Sanrd and Johnston,1985; Praveen et ai.,
2004). Cc l o i gen sau y ca virus c s dng to c y chuyn gen k h n g virus:
+ Gen v protein ca virus:
N g i ta to ra c c c c y c chua, c y la, u ,... c h u y n gen k h n g v u s
t h n g qua chuyn gen v protein ca virus.
+ Chuyn gen replicase ca virus v o c y trng:
B i u th ca gen m cho m t phn hay tt c protein replicase c y c h u y n gen c
lin quan n s k h n g cao v i virus. N g i ta b i n np c c gen m cho c c replicase
k h c nhau t virus v o c y trng to ra c c c y k h n g virus.
176

+ Chuyn c c gen m cho protein tr g i p d i c h u y n :

H u ht c c virus thc vt cha protein hoc peptid cn t h i t cho d i chuyn c c virus
m i to ra t m t t b o n h i m t i v n g t b o l n c n c h a b n h i m . H i u qu d i
c h u y n ca virus c lin quan n k h n n g ly n h i m ca virus. S d i chuyn ca virus
t t b o n y t i t b o k h c qua cu sinh cht. T u y n h i n cu sinh cht thng q u n h
so v i virus do virus thng phi to ra c c protein tr g i p cho d i chuyn v vn
chuyn qua cu sinh cht. Chuyn c c gen m h o protein tr g i p d i chuyn ca virus
vo cy trng cng l m t hng n g h i n cu to g i n g k h n g virus.
d. S dng cng ngh gen i ngh a (antisense

gene):

Cy chuyn gen to ra c c antisense A R N c k h n n g bt cp v i A R N ca virus

v lm bt hot virus x m nhp (Praveen et ai., 2005). N g i ta b i n np t h n h c n g
cc cy khoai ty, c chua, thuc l... k h n g virus bng c c gen m cho A R N antisense.
e. S dng cng ngh ARN gy bt hot

gen

Gn y, c c n h khoa hc cho t h y c n g n g h R N A i g y bt hot gen t ra c hiu

qu cao hn nhiu so v i hai p h n g p h p trn y (Waterhouse et ai., 1998; Waterhouse
et ai., 1999; Wang et ai., 2000). N g i ta c h u y n c c gen g i l A R N i gen vo cy
trng. Cy mang gen A R N i c k h to ra c c o n A R N n g n c d i v o khong 2 1 25 nucleotid, c k h n n g bt cp v i A R N ca virus v g y bt hot gen virus. N g i ta
to c m t s ging m i k h n g bnh virus bng c n g n g h m i n y .
9.3. THNH Tu SN XUT MT s CC GING CY TRNG CHUYN GEN
KHNG SU B N H
n n m 2006, c y trng chuyn gen c sn x u t t h n g m i 22 quc gia,
t d i n tch ton cu 102,0 t r i u hecta. C c tnh trng quan trng nht c c ging cy
trng bin i gen h i n nay l gen k h n g cht d i t c. T n h trng k h n g su c h i m v tr
th 2, ch y u l c c ging mang gen Bt (B t o x i n gene). N m 1996 ging k h n g su
c trng trn d i n tch 1,1 t r i u hecta, n n m 2006 ln n 19,0 t r i u hecta. D i n
tch cy chuyn gen Trung Quc v A n t n g m n h m y n m gn y v i c y trng
ch lc l b n g k h n g su. C c c y trng b i n i gen k h c n h u v c c i ng
mang gen k h n g virus m i ch c trng trn d i n hp. K h o a i ty v c chua chuyn
gen k h n g bnh virus tt n h n g vic t h n g m i hoa cng gp k h k h n do n g i tiu
dng cha chp nhn. C c ging mang gen k h n g virus mc d c t h n g m i hoa
t n m 1996 n h n g sut 10 n m qua d i n tch hu n h k h n g t n g v ch dng d i
0,1 triu hecta trong tng s d i n tch c y b i n i gen t o n cu n m 2006 l 102,0 triu
hecta ( I S A A A , 2007).

177

Chng

10

CNG N G H SINH HC PHC v

TRNG

T R T

10.1. T M Q U A N T R N G C A N G N H T R N G T R T
H n g n m sn p h m quang hp ca thc vt t k h o n g 120.000 t r i u t n t r n mt
t v 50.000 t r i u t n d i i d n g , trong 4 4 % sinh k h i do c y r n g t o ra.
Sinh k h i do c c c y n n g n g h i p to ra ch c h i m 6% v l n n tng cho s sinh t n
ca x h i loi n g i , v i trn 3.025 t r i u t n l n g thc, thc p h m c t o ra h n g
n m . N g o i ra, n g u y n l i u g (khong 1.600

t r i u t n ) , v n p (35 t S D ) , g i y

(khong trn 20 t r i u t n ) , c i u n , d u thc vt, hoa cht, h n g l i u , dc l i u , cao su

t n h i n , hoa v c y cnh, n n g lng sinh hc, d n g k h . . . c n g c x e m l c c sn
p h m c n bn ca n g n h trng t r t .
i v i nc ta, n g n h trng t r t n g vai t r quyt n h i v i an n i n h l n g thc
v n nh x h i . N m 2007, t n g sn p h m n n g l m n g theo g i thc t t 231.282
t n g , c h i m 20,23% GDP, trong n g n h t r n g t r t n g g p k h o n g 7 6 % , c h n
n u i n g g p 2 4 % c c u thu nhp n n g nghip. T n g sn lng l n g thc c y c ht
t gn 40,0 t r i u t n , trong la t 35,87 t r i u t n , n g 4,1 t r i u t n . Sn lng cy
c n g nghip: lc 505.000 t n , m a 14,7 t r i u t n , u t n g 275.500 t n , h t i u 90.300
t n , i u n h n 301.900 t n , cao su 601.700 t n .
G i tr c h n n u i n g g p 2 4 % c c u n n g nghip. B : 6,73 t r i u con, t r u : 3 t r i u
con (tng 2,6%), gia c m : 226 t r i u con ( t n g 5,3%), l n : 22,6 t r i u con ( g i m 1,1%).
Sn lng tht hi c c l o i : 3,83 t r i u t n (tng 12,56%). G i tr t h y sn t n g 1 1 % v i
sn lng 4,15 t r i u t n ( t n g 11,5%). H i n nay n g n h c h n n u i c n p h thuc n h i u
v o nhp k h u thc n, vacxin v thuc t h y (khong g n 1,0 t U S D n m ) . V a i t r ca
n g n h trng trt i v i p h t t r i n thc n c h n n u i c n r t l n .
N m 2007, tng k i m ngch x u t k h u ca n g n h n n g l m n g h i p t g n 12,6 t
USD, c h i m 2 5 % tng k i m ngch x u t k h u ca c nc. T r o n g , n n g l m sn n g
g p 8,7 t U S D , t h y sn: 3,8 t U S D . X u t k h u go t 1,46 t U S D , v i 4,5 t r i u tn
t n g 13,9% v gi tr, g i m 3 , 1 % v s lng. X u t k h u rau q u t 299 t r i u U S D . C
p h : 972.165 t n , thu k i m ngch ,467 t U S D .
10.2. CC CHUYN NGNH CNSH PHC v TRNG TRT
C n g ngh sinh hc (CNSH) phc v trng trt l m t k h i n i m r n g bao g m t t
c c c CNSH phc v u v o v u ra ca n g n h trng t r t . S p h t t r i n ca n g n h
trng trt, do , s ph thuc v o mc p h t t r i n n g b ca c c c n g n g h sinh
hc thch ng.
178

Bng

10.1. Cc yu t u vo, u ra ca ngnh

v cc inh vc ng dng ca CNSH trng

trng
trt

trt

Cc yu t ca ngnh trng trt

Yu t u vo

Ht ging
Cy ging
Phn bn
Thuc tr su bnh
Cc yu t mi trng (t ai, vi sinh vt t), tc nhn gy bnh, sinh
vt gy hi khc nh chut, cn trng...

Yu t u ra

Lng thc, thc phm v thc n chn nui

Vt liu (vt liu xy dng, giy, hoa cht...)
Nhin liu (ci, kh t,..)
Dc liu v cc hoa dc

Cc CNSH phc v trng trt

CNSH phc v u vo

CNSH to ging cy trng mi (cng ngh gen, cng ngh t bo)

Cng ngh t bo nhn ging nhanh v sch bnh
Cng ngh thuc tr su bnh sinh hc v phng tr tng hp (to ra,
nhn nhanh v th cc thin ch)
Cng ngh sn xut phn bn sinh hc
CNSH chn on bnh thc vt
Cng ngh vi sinh vt t

CNSH phc v u ra

CNSH ch bin nng sn v thc n chn nui (Cng ngh vi sinh v

enzym)
Cc cng ngh sinh hc to ngun nng lng sinh hc (kh metan, cn,
biodiesel...)
Cng ngh sinh hc ch bin dc liu

10.2.1. C n g n g h gen v c n g n g h t b o t o g i n g c y t r n g
a. Thnh tu ca k thut di truyn to ging cy

trng

Nhng ging c y trng m i to ra bng c n g n g h gen t h n g c g i tt l G M O

(c th sng b i n i d i t r u y n : Geneticaly M o d i f i e d Organism - G M O ) .
N m 1996 c coi l n m k h i u ca k n g u y n p h t t r i n sn x u t c c ging
cy trng bin i gen, k h i ging c y trng c h u y n gen u tin c t h n g m i hoa
M . D i n tch canh tc c c c y trng c h u y n gen lin tc t n g t r n g trong 10 n m qua.
n n m 2006, c y trng chuyn gen c sn x u t t h n g m i 22 quc gia, t
din tch ton cu 102 triu hecta, t n g 12 t r i u hecta so v i n m 2005. Nc c din
tch cy chuyn gen l n nht l M , t i p n l c c nc Argentina, Brasil v Canada.
D i n tch c y chuyn gen Trung Quc v n cng t n g m n h v i c y trng ch lc
l b n g k h n g su. Chu u rt thn trng quan st s p h t t r i n ca c y trng chuyn
gen, g i lp trng phn i thng m i hoa c y trng b i n i gen. D o vy, n g i ta
mi ch thy m t s i m trng t h n g h i m c y trng b i n i gen C h u u . N g o i l ,
179

T y Ban Nha l nc c h u u duy nht c d i n tch c y b i n i gen t h n g m i t r n

66.000 ha v o n m 2006.
u t n g , n g , b n g v c i d u l 4 c y trng b i n i gen c h lc, c h i m h u h t
d i n tch c y c h u y n gen t o n c u . C c c y trng b i n i gen k h c n h u , c chua,
khoai ty, c c i n g mang c c gen k h n g virus m i ch c t r n g t r n d i n h p do
n g i tiu d n g c h a c h p nhn.
V c tnh sinh hc, c c g i n g c y G M O sn x u t t r n t h g i i c chia l m c c
n h m sau:
- G i n g G M O k h n g thuc d i t c
- G i n g G M O k h n g su
- G i n g G M O k h n g virus
- G i n g G M O k h n g bnh n m
- G i n g G M O c i t h i n cht lng sn p h m
- G i n g G M O c i t h i n t n h trng n n g n g h i p v t n h trng k h c
C c tnh trng quan trng nht c c g i n g c y t r n g b i n i gen h i n nay l gen
k h n g cht d i t c, n m 1996 g i n g k h n g cht d i t c m i c trng t r n d i n tch 0,6
t r i u hecta, n n m 2006 ln n 69,9 t r i u hecta. T n h trng k h n g s u c h i m v tr th
2, ch y u l gen Bt (Bt t o x i n gene), n m 1996 g i n g k h n g s u c t r n g t r n d i n
tch 1,1 t r i u hecta, n n m 2006 ln n 19,0 t r i u hecta. C c g i n g c y trng mang
n g t h i hai gen k h n g su v k h n g thuc d i t c n m 1997 m i c t r n g trn d i n
tch n h h n 0,1 t r i u hecta, n n m 2006 t n g ln 13,1 t r i u hecta. C c g i n g mang
gen k h n g virus mc d c t h n g m i hoa t n m 1996 n h n g sut l o n m qua
d i n tch hu n h k h n g t n g v ch d n g d i 0,1 t r i u hecta trong t n g s d i n tch
cy b i n i gen ton cu n m 2006 l 102,0 t r i u hecta ( I S A A A , 2007).
C c ging c y trng b i n i gen i v o sn x u t nhanh n h v y l n h t n g n n g
sut n g t h i g i m chi p h sn x u t trn m t n v d i n t c h , v d :
- G i m chi do trng c c g i n g u t n g k h n g cht d i t c (Roundup ready soya)
n m 1998: 30 USD/ha ( g i m 4 0 % cht d i t co).
- G i m chi p h do trng c c g i n g b n g Bt ca Novartis n m 1997: 42 S D / h a .
- G i m chi p h do s dng g i n g b n g c h u y n gen n m 1998: 133 U S D / n m .
M t s nc A S E A N n h T h i Lan, Philippin, Malaysia c n g tham gia v o l n h
vc n g h i n cu v t h n g m i m t s c y t r n g b i n i gen.
V i t N a m , n g h i n cu to g i n g c y trng b i n i gen c n mc k h s k h a i do
m t s c c y u t h n c h sau:
- C s sinh hc p h n t ca to ging c y t r n g b i n i gen c n y u : c h a p h n
lp, c i b i n v t h i t k c c c gen c gi tr. C c vector mang gen tuy c t h i t k
n h n g c h a c n h gi b i u h i n c c c y c h u y n gen. D v y , c t h n i r n g
c h n g ta hu n h c h a c c c c gen c t h i t k hp l.
180

- Quy trnh ti sinh cy t t b o n u i c y i n v i t r o c c i tng c y chuyn gen

c n c h a tt h i u qu ti sinh cha cao, trong k h i c c n h khoa hc quc t khng
nh vai tr quyt nh i v i t h n h c n g trong c h u y n gen ph thuc v o h thng ti
snh ca t b o , m v k i u gen ca c y trng trong i u k i n n u i c y i n vitro.
to ra t h n h c n g trong ng dng k thut c h u y n gen c y trng, v n s
mt t ra l phi:
- X y dng c c s sinh hc p h n t v c n g n g h t b o ca c n g ngh gen.
Chng ta phi c trong tay m t ti n g u y n d i t r u y n phong p h g m n h i u gen c gi tr,
phn lp v thit k c nhiu gen, n h i u vector c h u y n gen trn c s h i u bit su v
h iu h n h hot hoa ca tng gen hoc n h m gen. n g t h i c h n g ta phi c trong
tay cc h thng n u i cy t b o c k h n n g ti sinh c y cao n n g cao h i u qu ca
thao tc chuyn gen.
- Xy dng c p h n g p h p chuyn gen h i u q u cao, to c n h i u cy chuyn
gen v i cc v tr ci gen k h c nhau trn n h i m sc t h ca c y ch. T chn c
cc cy chuyn gen c hot hoa t i u ca gen c h u y n .
- Phi hp tt gia c n g ngh gen v i c h n g i n g t r u y n thng.
K i n h nghim trn t h g i i cho t h y c c gen k i n h t quan trng n h gen k h n g su,
khng cht dit c ch c gi tr k h i n c c h u y n v o c c ging c y trng tt nht.
Ngi ta cho rng Monsanto p h i b ra k h o n g 5,5 t U S D mua bn quyn s
dng cc ging c y trng tt nht ( n g , u t n g , b n g , c i du...) ca cc c n g ty
ging khc nhau. Trong k h i ch t n khong 450,0 t r i u U S D trong 15 n m n g h i n
cu chuyn gen t h n h c n g v o c c ging c y . Ta c t h v t h n h c n g ca c n g
ngh d i truyn chn ging truyn thng ca n h n l o i trong sut t h k X X l rt l n , n
to ra cc ging c y trng u v i t n h c c k i m t t h p cao ngt. Bn t h n c c ging
ny c h i m d i n tch canh tc p o trn t h g i i trc k h i c chuyn gen. C c gen
c CNSH h i n i to ra ( n h gen k h n g s u , k h n g d i t c, k h n g bnh k h c . ) c
th v n h cc n g i sao s n g , n ch c gi tr toa s n g k h i c t trn n n c c k i m t
thp cao ngt kia. N u nhng gen c gi tr ch c c h u y n v o c c ging v i nn tng
di truyn n n g sut v cht lng t h p k m , c h n g s k h m toa s n g c. Cho n n
khng th ni, n h nhiu n h qung c o cho k thut gen v n hay n i by lu: Ging
cy trng bin i gen c h i m d i n tch n h i u t r i u hecta, r i 102,0 triu hecta. Phi
chng thnh tu ch do k thut gen to ra, tuyt n h i n l k h n g . l s k t hp
tuyt v i gia n h cao ca d i t r u y n to g i n g t r u y n thng v k thut gen. D o vy,
cc n h hoch nh c h n h s c h cng n h c c n h khoa hc cn c t duy lch s v h
thng i v i t h n h tu ca k thut gen x c nh bc i v t chc h thng tt
nht cho s pht t r i n bn vng ca k thut n y nc ta, trong s k t hp nhun
nhuyn gia k thut gen v d i t r u y n c h n ging t r u y n thng l cn thit.
b. Cng ngh tbo to ging cy trng mi
C c quy trnh c n g ngh t b o m i ha h n cuc c c h mng trong lnh vc to
ging
181

Xy dng

h thng

ti sinh hiu qu cao phc

v cho cng ngh

gen:

H i u q u to g i n g bng c n g ngh gen ph thuc r t n h i u v o s p h t t r i n cua

c c quy trnh ti sinh t b o c h u y n gen t h n h c y . T h n h t u n i bt trong l n h vc n y
l h thng ti sinh c y la t n u i c y t b o p h i hoa. T h n g qua c h u y n gen v o h
thng t b o c k h n n g ti sinh cao n y , vi n g h n d n g l a c h u y n gen v i c c t n h
trng k h c nhau nhn c. C c tc g i g i quy trnh c n g n g h n y l quy t r n h
sn x u t c y la c h u y n gen quy m l n .
Cng
phn

ngh

n bi in vitro v quy trnh

tch ri cy hoa

ti sinh

cy t nui

cy in vitro cc

ht

tho:

Trung Q u c l nc t r i n khai c n g ngh n b i trong to g i n g quy m l n , bi

bn v c nh h n g c h i n lc r r n g nht. T r n m t n g h n c s n u i c y bao phn
hot n g trn t o n quc t nhng n m 1970. K t q u to ra t r n 100 g i n g la
m i trong m t t h i gian ngn. C c g i n g l a nc v la m m i to ra t k thut n
b i c m rng trong sn x u t t r n d i n t c h vi t r i u ha. T i T r i u T i n k thut
n u i c y bao p h n to ra 42 g i n g la m i .
V i t N a m , V i n D i t r u y n N n g nghip to c h n g t r m d n g thun bng
n u i cy bao phn ht lai, trong c n h i u g i n g a n g k h o n g h i m c t i m n n g n n g
sut v cht lng cao. K h o n g 30 d n g bt dc c n h n ( T G M S ) m i , m t s d n g B
t i m n n g n h u ci cao to v a n g c t h k h n n g p h i hp v sn x u t ht lai.
K thut n b i i n vitro cng a n g c ng d n g trong c h n g i n g V i n l a n g
bng S n g Cu L o n g , V i n C n g n g h sinh hc...
T h n h tu n u i cy m mang l i n h i u t r i n vng i v i chn to g i n g l a c l l
quy trnh ti sinh cy la t n u i c y ht phn t c h r i c hai dng la nc Japonica v
Indica do Raina v M a n c n g b n m 1998. T r n 500 p h i c ti sinh t khong
80.000 ht phn n u i c y trong a petri n g l n h 3,5 em. R t n h i u c y xanh c
ti sinh t ht phn. y l m t t i n b k thut c bit quan trng c y n g cc, c th
m ra trin vng m i trong chn to ging la bng k thut n b i v k thut gen.
Theo l thuyt, t m t cp la lai F l c t h to ra 4096 c c k i u gen n g hp t khc
nhau ti sinh t ht phn i n vitro ( N n g V n h v Phan Phi, 1996). K thut n u i cy
ht phn tch r i ha h n c t h to ra v s c c ngun gen a dng cho c h n g i n g .
Thnh

cng trong

t bo ni nh th nh

vic th tnh nhn

cy trong

to v nui cy t bo trng,

iu kin in

t bo hp

t,

vitro:

Quy trnh th tinh k p thc vt l n u tin c thc h i n i n v i t r o v s p h t

t r i n ca c c sn p h m sau th tinh c quan st t h n g x u y n d i k n h h i n v i . T
b o trng sau k h i th tinh n h n to hoc th tinh i n vivo v i n h n ca t b o ht p h n
to t h n h hp t 2n v c k h n n g ti sinh t h n h c y h o n chnh trong n g n g h i m . T
b o trung t m ca ti p h i (2n n h i m sc th) sau k h i th tinh v i n h n ca t b o ht
phn ti sinh t h n h n i nh tam b i c c c y hoa tho n h la m , la m c h , n g v
la nc. N h n g t h n h c n g n y a n g m ra t r i n vng m i trong to g i n g t h n g qua
cc thao tc d i t r u y n d i k n h h i n v i v to ging tam b i c y trng.

182

T o c y c y n q u k h n g ht v c y l m n g h i p n n g sut cao t h n g qua n u i cy

n i nh tam b i
M t s thnh c n g ca hng n g h i n cu n y tng k t bng 10.2 d i y :
Bng

10.2. Phng

php

to ging

tam bi mt s cy

Phng php nui cy

Cy trng

trng
Kt qu

Cy rng:
- Acacia nilotica
- Populus tremuloides

Ni nh ht non

Cy tam bi c nng sut v

cht lng giy tt hn.

Cy n qu (to ty, cy c mi, Kiwi,...)

Ni nh ht non

Cy tam bi khng ht hng

lot ging cy n qua

c. Cng ngh t bo nhn nhanh ging cy

Cc thnh

tu mi trong

trng

cng ngh t bo nhn

nhanh

ging

cy

trng:

K thut n u i c y m c trn 600 c n g ty l n trn t h g i i p dng n h n

khong 500 triu cy g i n g / n m c c ging c y trng k h c nhau. D k i n th trng
cy ging n h n bng k thut c y m v o khong 15 t U S D / n m v tc tng trng
hng n m ca th trng l v o khong 15%.
nc ta, c n g ngh n u i c y m t b o phc v n h n ging c y trng c
trin khai trn 20 n m nay. N h n ging t h n g m i quy m l n t c m t s
cy trng n h n h n nhanh ging c h u i (khong 2,0 t r i u c y / n m ) , n h n nhanh ging
khoai ty sch bnh, n h n nhanh c c ging m a m i nhp n i n n g sut cao, n h n nhanh
cc d n g bch n chn lc v keo lai t c n g sut 3,0 t r i u c y / n m . C n g ngh n h n
ging cng c p dng trn n h i u c y trng k h c nhau n h da, da si, c p h , tch,
hng, cc cy thuc q u , c c loi lan v c y hoa, c y cnh, c y n qu... V i c t h n g
m i hoa c c quy trnh c n g ngh trn y l c h a khoa quan trng m ra s b n g n
ng dng c n g nghip v i n h n ging nc ta trong nhng n m t i .
Tuy nhin, nhng t h n h tu t c trn y ch y u v n da v o c c p h n g p h p
nui cy m t r u y n thng, trong c y h o n chnh c ti sinh trong ng n g h i m , bnh
tam gic, a petri c nt k n . P h n g p h p t r u y n thng t ra c n h i u hn c h v
k h n g p ng c c nhu cu ca sn x u t . D o v y , c r t n h i u n g h i n cu n h m
tng cng h s n h n , n n g cao cht lng cy ging v t n g hoa q u trnh n h n
ging v tnh t h n g qua s dng c c p h n g thc n h n ging m i , c c cht hot tnh
sinh hc m i , c c thit b m i t n g t n h c c n i ln men v i sinh (bioreactor).
Nhng

ci thin

quan trng

trong

cng ngh

nhn

ging

bng cy

m:

Ch to cc dng c v thit b nui cy mi, ci thin iu kin mi trng

nhanh h s nhn v cht lng cy ging in

tng

vitro

- T n g cng trao i k h n g k h gia b n h n u i v m i trng n g o i :

+ T n g h m lng C 0 v c n g c h i u s n g mc t i u trong b n h n u i n h m
2

tng cng quang hp ca cy i n vitro.

183

+ G i m h m lng etylen v c t . C c cht n y t h n g c t c h l y trong b n h

n u i k n d n n c c h sinh trng ca t b o v cy i n vitro.
+ G i m h m lng o x y trong b n h n u i x u n g k h o n g 10%.
- G i m m t n g i trong b n h n u i t 95-100% x u n g k h o n g 85-90%.
- T i u hoa c n g v t h i gian c h i u s n g cng n h t n s n h s n g .
V i c c i t h i n c h d n g k h trong b n h n u i c t h t c t h n g qua s d n g
m n g lc t h n g k h (millipore ilter), hoc b n h n u i c y c c h t o b n g v t l i u
t h o n g k h k t hp v i t n g p lc k h C 0 trong p h n g n u i , hoc b n g b m k h ch
n g v o b n h n u i . P h n g p h p n u i c y t h o n g k h n g i n v d p d n g nht l
2

thay np b n h n u i bng m n g t h n g k h l n h (0,02 u m ) . Bng v i c s d n g l o i m n g

n y l m np v quan st t h y tnh u v i t ca n u i c y t h o n g k h . C h sau 2 t u n n u i
c y s lng c h i u c k c h thc l n h n hoc bng 0,5 em t n g l n 4 1 % , s
lng l t n g ln 17% so v i n u i c y trong b n h c n t k n . K h n g t h y c h i n tng
tch l y etylen trong b n h n u i t h o n g k h trong i u k i n n u i c y n y .
S dng nh sng t nhin

thay th chiu

sng nhn

to chng

nng lng m cn lm tng h s nhn ging v cht lng cy

Phng

php

nui cy thm dung

dch lng ca mi trng

dng k h s nhn ging v cht lng cy ging cy

nhng

gim

chi ph

ging.
theo chu k lm

tng

m.

P h n g p h p da trn c s b m dung dch l n g t h m t m n u i c y k t hp

t h n g k h v sau l i r t dung dch i theo chu k .
Kch thch qu trnh ra hoa trong iu kin nui cy in

vitro.

V d , tre l c y t h n g quan trng c h u v i t r n 500 loi tre k h c nhau. M c

d v y tre hu n h ch ra hoa t u i t 12 - 120 t u i . C c n h khoa hc n v i
Loan t h n h c n g trong vic l m c y tre c y m ra hoa k t ht b n h t h n g trong ng
n g h i m ch sau 3 - 6 t h n g n u i c y . T h n h c n g n y m ra m t cuc c c h m n g trong
c h n ging v n h n ging tre l a i ngay trong n g n g h i m v a n g c p d n g r n g ri
v i quy m l n n h i u nc.
ng dng cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc mi
Thidiazuron l m t cht c hot tnh t n g t v i n h m c y t o k i n i n n h n g c t c dng
cc m n h i v i m t s c y t h n g k h n h n ging. K t q u ng d n g c h t n y d n
n k h n n g n h n ging nhanh i v i h n g lot c y l m n g h i p v c y t h n g n qu.
V i c pht h i n v ng dng Thidiazuron c t h to ra m t cuc c c h m n g m i trong
n h n ging c y t h n g .
Nhn

ging

hng

cng ngh t bo trong

lot bng
cng

Bioreactor

nghip

nhn

v ht nhn

to l thnh

tu ni bt

ca

ging:

H n 200 loi c y trng c n h n ging bng p h i v t n h . P h i v t n h sau k h i

l m k h c th bo q u n c lu di v cho ny m m v o m a x u n . T p h i v t n h c
th to ht n h n to. H t n h n to thu c c t h gieo bng m y gieo ht. H a i n h khoa
hc Nht Bn Takayama v Misawa l nhng n g i u tin t h n g b o s d n g
bioreactor vo n h n ging thc vt. K thut n h n ging n y sau c p d n g
184

cho

hng

lot c y

Amorphophalus,
Spathiphllum,

trng

khc n h n h n

Colocasia,
Pinellia

Hippeastrum,

nhanh Liium,
Giadious,

Dioscorea,

Anthurium,

Asparagus,
Dieffenbachia,

trong cc bioreactor dung t c h t 10 - 20 lt. N g o i phi v tnh,

c th n h n nhanh c h i , c, thn ngm... bng Bioreactor. Bng 10.2 tng k t mt s

thnh tu n h n ging bng bioreactor n h n h n g i n g c ngt v i c n g sut n h n ging
khng l , khong 200.000 chi c y trong m t Bioreactor 500 lt hoc n h n ging c p h
to c 600.000 phi v tnh t g m sinh k h i ban u v i t l ti sinh cy t phi
vo tnh t 47%.
C t h ni rng phng p h p n h n ging bng Bioreactor c k h n n g to ra s
lng cy ging nhiu v hn t m t c y ban u tuy theo nhu cu ca thc t i n trong
tng lai.
Bng 10.3. Nhn

ging

cng nghip

mt s cy trng

Phng php
nui cy

Loi cy

s dng

Kt qu

Bioreactor
Ti liu tham kho

Khoai ty

8 lt Bioreactor

Sn xut nhn ging hng lot chi,

sau l c bi

Akita and
Takayama 1988

C rt

8 lt Bioreactor

To c 50 vn phi v tnh, 40.000

ht nhn to, 52% s ht nhn to
ny mm thnh cy trong 1 thng.

Onishiet ai 1994

C ngt
stevia
rebaudiana

500 lt Bioreactor
cha 300 lt mi
trng.

Thu c 64,6 kg chi ti t 460 g

sinh khi ban u.
Sn xut 1 ln 200.000 cy a ra t.

Takaama and
Akita 1994

Cy l nhn
(Coniers)

Phi v tnh c
cc cht d tr
nh cht bo v
protein tng t
nh phi ht bnh
thng

Phi v tnh sau khi lm kh c th

bo qun c lu di v cho ny
mm vo ma xun
- Cy ti sinh t phi v tnh vi
ng u cao, c sn xut hng lot
phc v cho trng rng

Attree and
Fowke,1993

Cy da

10 lt Bioreactor

Nhn ging da quy m ln p ng

nhu cu 15 triu cy/nm

Anomynous 1995.

C ph
c. canephora
arabusta

Bioreactor

- To c 600.000 phi v tnh vi t

l phi ti sinh thnh cy l 47% t 1
gm sinh khi ban u.

Ducosetal 1993

C n g ngh n u i c y m v t b o c h n h t h n h v p h t t r i n V i t nam trn

20 n m nay. M t s quy trnh c n g n g h c p d n g v o sn x u t l n . Q u trnh
m rng, sn x u t th dng Pilot v t h n g m i hoa c n g n g h cn c y m n h trong
nhng n m t i .
10.2.2. N h n g t h n h t u n i b t n h t t r o n g l n h vc t o g i n g v v a i t r ca n i
vi n g n h trng t r t
. Cuc cch mng xanh ln th nht v sn xut la go
C s d i t r u y n ca cuc c c h m n g xanh l s dng c c gen ln to ra cc ging
la m v la go ln v na ln c t i m n n g n n g sut cao. N g i m ra k n g u y n s
185

dng gen ln v o to ging l N. boraug

( G i i t h n g Nobel). Borlaug to ra h n g

lot c c ging la m cao sn bng lai to gia ging la m l n N o n 10 ( n g u n gc

Nht Bn) v i c c g i n g la m k h c .
V i n la Quc t I R R I n g vai tr ch o trong to g i n g l a g o m i k i u na
ln. N i bt nht l ging la I R 8 do I R R I to ra do lai gia g i n g Peta n g u n gc t
Indonesia v g i n g la ln i Loan Cc T i m . G i n g I R 8 c n n g sut cao,
thch nghi v i n h i u v n g trng la trn t h g i i . T i Philippin n n g sut g i n g l a a
p h n g tt nht ch t 40 t/ha/v, trong k h i c c ging la na l n ca I R R I cho
n n g sut g p 2.
C c c n g trnh to g i n g da trn gen l n ca Borlaug Bc M ca V i n l a Quc
t I R R I Philippin v c c n h to g i n g ca c c nc c b i t l n l y u t
quyt nh s ra i ca cuc c c h m n g xanh l n v i n n g sut n n g sn t r n m t n
v d i n tch t n g g p 2 l n .
H u ht c c g i n g l a trng trong sn x u t nc ta t n h n g n m 1970 n nay,
d l ging to ra trong nc hay nhp v chn l c t g i n g nc n g o i u c to ra
da trn c c ngun gen ln v na l n v l sn p h m ca cuc " c c h m n g x a n h " l n
v i n n g sut cao h n hn c c g i n g la t r u y n thng. N h v y , h n g l o t c c H p tc
x n n g nghip t n n g sut 5,0 tn/ha trong t h i chng M v h i n nay t 10,0
tn/ha. T l ging la tham gia v o sn x u t x u t k h u do c c V i n n g h i n cu trong
nc to ra n g y c n g t n g . Theo n h gi ca c c n h khoa hc, y u t g i n g v k
thut canh t c , bo v thc vt n g g p t n h t l l o - 15% trong t n g sn lng la go
c nc. n g g p ca khoa hc trong 1,0 t U S D go x u t k h u c t n h 10%, tng
n g v i khong 100 t r i u U S D v 10% ca 31 t r i u t n t h c n m 1999 l k h o n g trn
3 triu t n t h c , t n g n g v i khong 450 t r i u U S D / n m . M c n g g p ca khoa
hc c n g ngh n n g nghip nc ta h i n m i ch tp trung v o c y l a . T r o n g t n g lai
h i u qu n g g p ca khoa hc s c n t n g ln h n na n u c k h a i t h c n g hng
v u t n g mc. G i go x u t k h u ca ta h i n a n g mc thp, do v y l i nhun t
xut k h u go c n l v n . V a i tr c t n h q u y t n h ca khoa hc i v i x u t k h u
go thi gian t i l nhanh c h n g to ra c c g i n g n n g sut, cht lng cao, g i t h n h
sn xut thp sc cnh tranh trn th t r n g .
N h n g nhc i m ca cuc c c h m n g xanh l n :
- G i n g na ln i h i t h m canh cao, s d n g n h i u p h n b n v nc t i .
- M n c m su bnh d n n chi p h s dng thuc B V T V cao v n h i m m i
trng.
Theo TS. Gurder Khush, n h to ging la n i ting I R R I : N n g sut l a l n t t i
a i u k i n l tng l 9 - 10 tn/ha/v. T r n t h g i i n n g sut la trung b n h t 5
tn/ha v n g c nc t i c h n g v 3,6 tn/ha c c v n g k h c . Trong k h i , theo d
o n n m 2025 d n s t h g i i l 8,5 t n g i , khong 5 t n g i sng n h l a go.
N h n loai cn n nhng p h t m i n h v s n g c h m i .
186

Cc tin cho cuc cch mng mi trong

ngh

trng

la:

C c h mng xanh m i phi khc phc c c c n h c i m ca cuc c c h mng

xanh l n nu trn.
Ba tin b khoa hc di truyn

ca ngh trng

la:

Tin b v la lai: T thi t i n s cho n trc k h i c c n h khoa hc Trung Quc

to ra h n g lot cc ging la lai, la trng v n l c y t th phn k h n g h i m ngt. Ci
bin d i truyn ging la t c c ging t t h t h n h c c ging thch nghi v i th phn
c h o l m t trong cc thnh tu v i nht ca d i t r u y n hc v chn ging trong na
sau ca t h k X X . Cc gen m i c a v o c c g i n g la trng l:
- Gen bt dc c t b o cht (CMS).
- Gen n h u ci cao v v t r u m rng.
- Gen bt dc c n h n c m ng v i nhit v chu k quang (TGMS) v T G PGMS.
N h s p h i hp ca c c gen n y n g i ta c t h sn x u t c ht ging la lai F l .
K t qu vo n m 1997, d i n tch trng c c ging la lai ca Trung Quc t 17,5 triu
hecta, c h i m 50% d i n tch trng la ca nc n y . N n g sut la lai t n g trung bnh
khong 1,5 tn/ha. Sn lng la t n g n h ging la lai F l Trung Quc d tnh vo
khong 26 t r i u t n n m 1997. N h nhng t i n b v g i n g sn lng la ca Trung
Quc tng t 129 t r i u t n (1975) ln 200 t r i u t n (1994).
T r i n vng t n g n n g sut n h sn x u t l a l a i c n r t l n . N h i u cp lai cho n n g
sut cao h n n n g sut ca ging la thun t t nht v o ' k h o n g 40 - 50% v thch ng
rng h n v i v n g sinh thi. N n g sut la l a i c t h t 12 tn/ha hoc h n na
(Virmani, 1994).
Thit k di truyn ca cc ging siu

la:

C c n h d i t r u y n v chn ging la I R R I a ra m h n h ging siu la v i

cc mc tiu:
- N n g sut t trn 12 tn/ha.
- Sinh k h i k h : 22 tn/ha, t l t h c / r m r: 60/40.
- Mang c c gen chng chu v i su bnh.
- N n g sut ht ca ging siu la s t n g khong 25%.
Sau q u trnh lai to v chn ging, c c n h khoa hc I R R I t h n g b o to c
ging siu la v i n n g sut t n g 25% so v i ging c n n g sut cao nht c to ra
trc y ( l o tn/ha/v). H i n t i c h a c m t m i n h chng n o cho thy siu la c u
vit h n hn c c ging na ln v chi p h sn x u t / 1 o n v sn lng.
Chn to cc ging la chuyn

gen v chn ging nh ch th phn

t:

T r n nn c c ging la cao sn v c c ging la cht lng cao to ra trn t h

g i i , c c n h khoa hc a t h m v o ging la nhng gen m i n h gen c t tr su
(gen Bt), gen chng chu bnh bc l, gen chng chu cht d i t c... C c n h khoa hc
187

Trung Quc, I R R I , T h y S t h n g b o v vic to ra c c g i n g l a mang gen Bt c

k h n n g k h n g su r t m n h , nht l su c t h n . Su n p h i c c c y l a m a n g gen Bt
b c h t 100%.
c. Pht hin ra cc gen mi c th to ra cuc cch mng trong nng
Pht

hin

cc gen bo v thc

vt chng

su bnh

nghip

hi: H i n nay p h t h i n ra

nhiu chng v i k h u n Bt k h c nhau mang c c gen tng hp c c c t c k h n n g tiu

d i t c c l o i su, rp, m u i k h c nhau. C c gen n y c t c h ra t v i k h u n Bt, c c
protein c t sn p h m ca c c gen n y c t h n g h i m v chng t k h n n g
d i t c n h i u l o i c n t r n g . C c chng v i k h u n Bt mang c t d i t m u i c
sn x u t c n g nghip.
Pht hin ra cc gen chn sm to ging
Pht

hin

cc gen km hm

qu trnh

ngn
chn

ngy.
ca qu,

c c gen k m h m sinh t n g

hp ethylen. N h i u l o i q u n h c chua, chui... s c h u y n t xanh sang c h i n h c

q u trnh sinh tng hp ethylen. C c ging mang gen k m h m c h n c t h t n t i trn
rung lu h n , d bo qun v bo qun c lu h n trong q u t r n h v n c h u y n .
H i n nay, n h c u t r t l n ca c h n g trnh genom thc v t , n g i ta x c
nh c khong 130.000 gen t 19 loi c y trng k h c nhau. L a l c y l n g thc
ch y u ca c h u . T h trng la go r i n g ca Trung Quc d t n h v o k h o n g 45 t
U S D n m . D n quc t x c nh trnh t genom la c thc h i n 4 n m v s
c t i p tc n n m 2004. C c c h n g trnh genom n g , u t n g , l a m , c chua...
cng a n g c c c c n g ty siu quc gia v c c c n g quc k i n h t thc h i n . D k i n
c c gen cha khoa quan trng i v i n n g sut, cht lng, k h n n g c h n g chu su
bnh ca cy trng s c p h t h i n c n g v i trnh t nucleotid v c u t r c chc n n g
ca gen trong genom. C h n g trnh x c nh trnh t v c u t r c genom c y t r n g chc
chn s to ra cuc c c h m n g sinh hc trong k n g u y n m i n y .
. Khai thc'hin

tng u th lai

XI t h lai p h i l m t trong c c t h n h tu ng dng c bn n h t ca d i t r u y n c h n

ging v l m t t i m n n g p h t t r i n ca n n g nghip nc ta. K h a i t h c t r i t c t n h
d i truyn u t h lai l m t trong c c b i n p h p c b n nht t n g t r n g n n g n g h i p
v n n g cao k h n n g cnh tranh ca n n g sn V i t N a m .
Cc ging

cy trng

u th

lai:

u t h lai l h i n tng d i t r u y n p h b i n t n t i h u h t c c loi n g thc vt,

t h m c h c v i sinh vt. u t h lai b i u h i n t h n g qua r t n h i u c c ch s, v d n h : s
t n g n n g sut, sc sng, k h n n g chng chu, nhng u t h v sinh t r n g p h t t r i n
k h c so v i ging b m . H i n tng u t h c p h t h i n v o t h k X I X v c
ng dng rt h i u q u i v i c c n g n h trng trt v c h n n u i . G i n g l a i , m t t i m
n n g cn tn dng trit trong p h t t r i n n n g nghip.
D i y c h n g ti ch n u m t vi v d:

188

Ng

lai

V d i n h n h n h t v s t h n h c n g trong ng d n g u t h con lai F l trong n n g

n g h i p l n g lai. T i nc M , n n g sut n g lai vt trn c c g i n g n g t r u y n thng
t ,0 t n n 6,0 tn/ha/v, v i sn lng trung b n h l 2,0 tn/ha. N g i ta tnh vai
tr ca c c y u t k h c nhau n g g p v o s t n g n n g sut c y trng v k h n g nh
rng g i n g lai n g g p 60% v c n g ngh canh tc n g g p 4 0 % v o mc t n g n n g
sut n g .
T i m n n g d i t r u y n n n g sut n g lai t 23 -24 tn/ha, n h n g t h n g t h n g ch
khong 6 0 % t i m n n g d i t r u y n ca ging c khai t h c trong sn x u t . N h nhng
t h n h tu d i truyn chn ging n g lai trn t h g i i sn lng n g t o n cu t n 603
triu t n trong thi v 1998/1999, trong ring nc M c h i m 247,9 t r i u t n . N h
c ging n g lai n n g sut cao v q u trnh c g i i hoa, hoa hc hoa sn x u t n n gi
t h n h sn x u t n g trn t h g i i xung thp m t c c h n g k i n h ngc. G i b n n g ht
t i Chicago ch l 8 4 S D / t n , t h p h n hn gi n g V i t N a m ( T h i B o K i n h t V i t
Nam s 29 n g y 8 t h n g 3 n m 2000). N h nhng t h n h tu d i t r u y n c h n ging n g
lai, c c c n g ty g i n g k h n g l trn t h g i i c bit l Pioneer ( M ) b i thu v tr
t h n h c n g ty g i n g h n g u t h g i i v i doanh thu 1,6 t S D n m 1997.
Sn x u t n g l a i V i t N a m t n g rt m n h trong nhng n m gn y . V a i tr h n g
u i v i sn x u t n g l a i l chn lc c c d n g b m thun c k h n n g k t .hp cao.
H i n nay ging n g l a i L V N 10 c n n g sut cao, t h c h nghi rng a n g c trng trn
khp t nc. N n g sut ca ging n g n y t n g gp 3, t h i h c h g p 4 l n n n g sut
n g trung b n h ca n m 1990, l n m c nc c h a trng n g l a i .
La

lai

N i chung la l a i cho n n g sut cao h n la thun t 20-30%. So s n h n n g sut la

lai v i c c g i n g la thun Trung Quc t n m 1981-1990 cho t h y n n g sut ca
ging lai t n g t 29-45% s v i ging la thun. Cuc chy u a t m k i m c c cp la lai
m i n n g sut, cht lng cao, thch nghi rng v chng chu bnh su bnh a n g d i n
ra Trung Quc, A n , v n h i u nc k h c . Trung quc l nc trng la lai sm nht,
to ra m t t p h l n trong lnh vc n n g nghip v i d i n tch 17,5 t r i u hecta n m
1997. D i n tch la lai ca nc ta t x p x 200.000 ha n m 1999 v d k i n t n g sn
lng thc ln khong 300.000 t n t h c (tng n g v i khong 300 - 450 t n g ) .
Rau qu lai
H i n tng u t h lai c ng dng trit tuyt i c c nc c n g nghip
pht t r i n i v i h u ht c c ging rau q u n h c chua, d a chut, bp c i , h n h ty, c
rt... C c ging b m d n g trong sn x u t rau qu lai u c n g k c q u y n tc
g i v c c c n g ty g i n g siu quc gia g i vai tr ch o trong vic sn x u t t h n g
m i c c ging lai. Q u trnh khai t h c c tnh u t h lai rau q u n g d i n ra c c
nc pht t r i n . V i t N a m , ta p h i nhp k h u hu ht c c ging rau q u l a i . C c ging
rau q u k h n g ht u l c c ging tam b i t h hoc ging mang gen c tnh d i truyn
trinh sn (c t h to q u m k h n g to ht) n h cam q u t , da h u , nho...
189

Hin

tng

u th lai cc cy trng

v tnh cho php

ng dng

CNSH

nhn

c kh nng

ging

nhn

nhanh

bng

con

ng

nhanh:

M t v d i n h n h l c y m a : N g i ta lai to c c g i n g m a v i nhau t m ra
ging lai c t i m n n g n n g sut cao, m t s ging l a i t n n g sut trn 200,0 tn/ha,
n h H a w a i i b n h q u n thu hoch 11,9 t n n g / h a / n m , c k h i t 24,2 t n
n g / h a / n m . H i u sut thu h i n g trn m a Australia t v o l o i cao n h t t h
g i i v i t l m a / n g khong 1/7-8, t h m c h l 1/6. M t s g i n g c h m lng
n g trn 17% trng lng m a c y .
Sau k h i to ra g i n g m a m i n g i ta n h n g i n g nhanh bng n u i c y m , v d ,
ch sau 4 n m tnh Q u n g T y , T r u n g Quc n h n c 33.000 ha g i n g m a m i Q u
n g 11 bng c y m (sn x u t 2,0 t c y ) , trong k h i bng p h n g p h p t r u y n thng
phi m t 10 n m m i n h n c d i n tch t n g t. Ch v i n g n m a g i n g K 8 4 - 2 0 0
nhp n i t T h i Lan, v i quy trnh c n g ngh c y m ca V i n D i t r u y n N n g nghip,
C n g ty n g H i p Hoa, L o n g A n n h n g i n g trng cho 5330 ha m a g i n g m i
(tng n g v i 300 t r i u c y ging). G i n g K 8 4 - 2 0 0 c h m lng n g v n n g
sut cao h n hn c c ging c, n g t h i l i t h c h hp v i v n g t p h n m n ca M i n
Ty Nam b.

;5

'!

H i n tng u t h lai c n g r t p h b i n c y t h n g lu n i n n h c y c n g nghip

c h , c p h , cao su, c y l m nghip. Trung t m g i n g l m n g h i p - V i n K h o a hc L m
nghip V i t N a m chn c c c d n g bch n u t h l a i , g i n g keo lai c n n g sut
cao thay t h c c ging c y l m nghip nhp n i . C c g i n g c h m i , b n g m i nhp v o
nc ta hu ht l ging u t h l a i .
10.2.3. Cng ngh sinh hc bo v thc vt phc v trng trt
C c k thut c n g ngh sinh hc bo v thc vt c b n bao g m :
- CNSH to ging chng chu su bnh v c c i u k i n t h i n n h i n b t l i (xem chi
tit c h n g 9)
o r h oe
- C N S H v i sinh v sinh hoa chn to v sn x u t c h p h m v i sinh B V T V
- C c c n g ngh sinh hoa hc k h c
,
. . . ' I ,'in J iou '
- C h n o n bnh
i\li\ u ") u s li .... * ri ... l 3 i
a. Chng loi ch phm sinh hc BVTV
C h p h m v i k h u n bao g m :
1

- C c c h p h m t v i k h u n n h Bt (Baclus

thuringiensis)

- C c c h p h m t v i k h u n h u n h quang Pseudomonas
sinh vt h i c y trong t .

tr su, m u i . . .
/uorescent

- C c c h p h m tr chut: B d i t chut sinh hc t v i k h u n Samonella

tr n m v v i
enteritidis.

- C h p h m t virus: V d N P V tr su xanh, su khoang, su keo da l n g , s u h i

b n g , a y v c y m u .
- C h p h m t n m : V d , Beauveria
h i lung v cy rng. Trichoderma
rau m u .
190

v Metarhiiium

tr su r m t h n g , t r c o c o

tr bnh k h v n h i la n g , tr bnh l c r h i

Tnh

hnh sn xut v th trng

s dng thuc

bo v thc

vt:

D tnh thit h i sn xut gy ra do c n t r n g l 14% tng sn lng ton cu, do

bnh 12% do c d i 10% v tng thit h i v o khong 36%. T h trng c c sn phm
bo v thc vt ton cu n m 1996 l 31,25 t S D , trong thuc d i t c c h i m 48%,
c n t r n g 28%, thuc tr n m 19%, k c h thch sinh t r n g 4 % v ht ging chuyn gen
k h n g su bnh gn 1%. T h trng cht d i t c l quan trng nht Bc M , chu u
v c c nc c n g nghip pht t r i n , trong k h i thuc tr su l i l quan trng nht cc
nc a n g p h t trin. Thuc bo v thc vt ton cu c s dng ch y u c c nc
c n g nghip p h n g Bc, c h i m 7 2 % (22,6 t U S D ) , c c nc a n g p h t t r i n ch s
dng 28%. v cy trng th rau q u s dng n h i u thuc bo v thc vt nht khong
25%. V i s pht t r i n ca C N S H vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt c thay t h m t
phn bng nhng ging c h u y n gen k h n g su bnh. N m 1997 c 4 t r i u hecta cc
ging chuyn gen k h n g s u , 6,9 t r i u hecta c c g i n g c h u y n gen k h n g cht d i t c
c trng thng m i .
Nhng

vn mi trng

do thuc

BVTV

hoa hc gy

ra:

Theo t h n g b o ca U y ban K i n h t v X h i L i n hp quc k h u vc c h u A , T h i

Bnh D n g cho b i t m i n m trn ton t h g i i c khong 400.000 - 2.000.000 n g i
nng d n b n h i m c v c khong 20.000- 40.000 n g i b cht b i thuc tr su.
Thuc

sinh hc, vi sinh BVTV

v gii php

mi

trng:

T h trng thuc tr su bnh sinh hc Biopesticide c h u u n m 2000 v o

khong 130,3 t r i u M a r k c, v i mc t n g b n h q u n n m v o khong 15%.
Thuc tr su sinh hc p h b i n nht h i n nay l Bt. C c c h p h m c ngun gc t
vi khun Bt c a ra th trng c c h y h n 30 n m . H i n t i , c h n 100 c h
phm thuc tr su Bt c lu h n h trn th trng, hu ht c c c h p h m n y da v o
cc chng p h n l p trong t n h i n .
Cc ch phm

B c cha ra thnh

cc

loi

- C h p h m thuc tr su Bt t r u y n thng, c s dng rng ri nht l H D 1 , thuc

loi B kurstaki

c p h tr su rng trn c y cnh, c y rau, c y trng cn v c y rng.

Chng H D to ra 4 l o i protein c t i v i su Cry l C r y l A ( a ) , C r y l A ( b ) ,

C r y I A ( c ) , v C r y l I A .
- M t trong s c c sn p h m c n g u n gc t B kurstaki
protein C r y l , C r y l l c hot tnh chng c c loi c n t r n g
- C h p h m c n g u n gc t B morrisoni
cn t r n g b

c tn l Javelin cha

Sprodoptera.

cha c c protein C r y l I I A g y c i v i

Coleoptera.

- C c protein C r y l V A , C r y l V B , C r y l V D v C r y A c k h n n g git m u i c ngun

gc t B

israelensis.

Cc k thut
ca

CNSH

to ch phm

BVTV

mi v to ging

mi mang

gen c

B
- Cc chng Bt chn lc theo p h n g p h p t r u y n thng.
191

- C c chng Bt ti t hp, trong c c plasmid mang c c gen c t C r y k h c nhau

t 2 hoc n h i u chng Bt k h c nhau c a v o trong m t chng, do v y t h u c Bt l o i
n y c p h d i t c n t r n g rng h n .
- V i k h u n ti t hp: C c gen c t k h c nhau ca Bt c c h u y n v o m t c h n g
v i k h u n k h c , v d v i k h u n p h t quang (Pseudomonasuorescent)

n h m t o ra c h n g

c p h B V T V rng.
- C c c y c h u y n gen ( G M O ) mang gen k h n g su ca Bt.
V d s d n g Bacillus

thuringiensis

trn c c c y rau c

Rau mang l i gi tr khong 1,5 t la h n g n m c cho k h o n g 10.000 n g i

trng rau trn d i n tch trn 100.000 ha.
Thuc tr su Bt ch c h i m 1 % th trng thuc tr s u s d n g trong n g h l m
v n n m 1990, trong ch c 25 % s d n g cho rau. T h t r n g thuc Bt c d k i n
khong 54 t n , n h n g trong n m 1992 th trng m i ch t t r n 5 t n
C c c n t r n g quan trng g y h i cho khoai t y , c chua, u , n g ngt, v.v c
n g h i n cu (Bng 10.3). C c c h p h m thuc tr su Bt c s d n g c c c h y
khong 20 n m , n h n g s dng c c c y rau c n r t t. Ch trong vi n m g n y thuc
tr su Bt m i c s d n g n h i u h n .
H a i loi su quan trng g y h i rau l Helicoverpa

armigera

v Plutella

xylostella

rt k h k i m tra bng thuc tr su hoa hc. N u s d n g n h i u thuc tr s u hoa hc c

p h rng s to ra n h i m m i trng. V l n g i trng rau m u n s d n g c c thuc
tr su Bt k h n g g y h i cho m i trng, r t i n , n h n g l i cho h i u q u t c d n g cao.
Bng
Cy trng

10.4. Cc cn trng

gy hi chnh

cc cy rau quan

trng

Cn trng
Tn khoa hc

Tn chung

Khoai ty

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), Macrosiphum

euphosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Myzus persiae
(Sulser), Tetraanychus s.

Nhy khoai ty, rp khoai ty,

rp xanh, nhn.

C chua

Helicoverpa.sp, Aculops lycopersici (Masse), Thrips

tabaci Lindeman, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Budvvorm, nhn , chu chu,

nhy khoai ty.

Cy ci

Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Artogeia rapae

(Linnaeus), Brevicoryne brassiae (Linnaeus), Myzus
persica (Sulxer), Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller,
Hellula hydralis Guenee.

Su t, Bm trng bp ci, rp
bp ci, rp xanh, bm, u
trng hi li bp ci.

Tetranychus urticae Koch, Tetranychus ludeni

Zacher, Helicoverpa spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Maruca
testularis (Geyer)

Nhn, su c thn u.

j b

Aphid gossypii Glover, Dacus cucumis French,

Aulacophora spp., Tetranychus spp., Epilachna
cucurbitae Richards.

Rp bng, rui c qu bu b,
b cnh cng hi b , rp, b
ra.

Ng ngt

Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Mythimna spp.

Com earvvorn, armyworm

192

10.2.4. C n g n g h p h n h u c v s i n h v s i n h h c p h c v t r n g t r t
nh

hng

ca phn

bn hoa hc v vn sc khoe

v mi trng

sinh

Theo c tnh khong 50% lng p h n m , 40-75% lng p h n k a l i v

thi:
5-25%

lng p h n ln b n cho t n n g nghip c n t n t i t r n b m t t hoc tng nc

n g m . V i c s dng lu di p h n hoa hc c t h l m g i m m u m ca t , suy g i m
h m lng cht hu c trong t , l m cho c u t r c t b k t cht d n n l m g i m s
hot n g ca b r, g i m k h n n g h t m ca c y .
K i m l o i nng, nht l Cadimi v m t s k i m l o i c k h c c trong p h n hoa hc
c th c tch l y trong t v trong c y trng v i s lng l n nguy h i m . Nhng
nghin cu gn y ch ra rng p h n b n tng hp v n h i m k h n g k h cng nghip
l hai ngun to ra cadimi quan trng nht trn c c v n g t canh t c .
P h n hoa hc c n l m t n g h m lng nc trong n n g sn p h m . m trong sn
phm cao g y k h k h n trong bo qun, q u d b b i n dng. H a i n g h i n cu gn y
ca V i n n g h i n cu p h t t r i n (Trng i hc Sussex) v C h n g trnh m i trng
Lin hp quc khng nh: s t h i , s h hng ca n n g sn p h m trong q u trnh bo
qun phn l n do h m lng nc q u cao.
0 n h i m m c n g c t h e doa n sc khoe con n g i . K h i con n g i n nhng
sn phm cha nitrat, nitrat s k t hp v i c c amin to ra nitrosamin, y l cht
c k i m a v chng m i n h l hp cht c xianua g y ung t h (carcinogenic).
M t n g h i n cu c cho thy; nhng a tr c sinh ra t nhng n g i m ung
nc c cha 5 - 1 5 mg/1 nitrat c k h n n g b k h u y t tt cao g p 3 l n so v i nhng a
tr c sinh ra t n g i m ung nc c cha t nitrat. V i c s dng nitrogen h m
lng cao cng lin quan n n h i u bnh n h ung t h b m y tiu hoa.
Khi nim

v phn

bn sinh hc, phn

hu c vi

sinh:

C c l o i c h p h m sinh hc c k h n n g cung c p d i n h d n g cho sinh trng v

pht t r i n ca c y trng, l m t n g p h ca t c n g u n gc l c t h sng ( v i sinh,
to...) hoc t sinh k h i ( p h n h u c ...) c t h c g i l p h n b n sinh hc. P h n
bn sinh hc c cha c c chng v i sinh v t hoc tp hp v i sinh h u ch c g i l p h n
hu c v i sinh.
C c sn p h m n n g n g h i p c sn x u t da trn s d n g p h n b n sinh hc v
thuc bo v vt n u i - c y trng sinh hc, k h n g d n g c c cht hoa hc' tng hp c
g i l sn p h m n n g nghip hu c.
Trong nhng n m gn y , c c l o i p h n b n sinh hc, v i sinh vt a n g c n g h i n
cu v s d n g t r n t h g i i :
- P h n v i sinh v t c nh nit ( v i k h u n v to lam c n h m ) ;
- P h n v i sinh v t p h n g i i ln;
- C h p h m n m r (Micorhiza, Endomicorhiza...);
- P h n hu c hoc ln men theo c c p h n g thc k h c nhau.
193

Tuy theo i u k i n t n h i n v canh t c , p h n b n v i sinh v t c t h bao g m t m t

n n h i u chng, t h m c h h n g t r m chng to ra h sinh t h i v i sinh v t h u ch cho
c y trng v t canh tc
Tim

nng pht

trin cng nghip

phn

bn hu c vi

sinh:

N g u n c cht quan trng nht cho c n g n g h i p p h n b n v i sinh h u c bao g m :

Rc

thi

H n g n g y c c t h n h p h l n ca V i t N a m t h i ra k h o n g 9.100 m

rc. Trong khi

mc th hoa v mc sng ca n h n d n n g y c n g cao, lng r c t h i c n g l n ,

lng rc h n g n m t h n h p h H C h M i n h t n g trung b n h k h o n g 2 0 % , trong k h i
lng rc c c t h n h p h l n trn t h g i i t n g trung b n h d i 7%.
P h t h i th nc ta giu hu c (55-60%), p h t h i p h i h u c ( k i m l o i , t h y
tinh, rc x y dng...) c h i m khong 12-15%. C c u t h n h p h n c hc t r n y ca p h
t h i th V i t N a m thay i theo v n g , t h i gian, mc sng ca c n g n g . c c nc
p h t t r i n , do trnh cao ca c n g n g h i p c h b i n n n t l h u c trong r c t h i sinh
hot t h n g ch c h i m 35-40%.
T h n h phn h a hc ca rc t h i sinh hot ch y u l c , H , o , N , s v c c cht tro.
c i m chung ca p h t h i h u c l t l xenluloza v l i g n i n cao, t h n g thng
c h i m 40-50%, c n h i u trng hp n 70-80%.
Ph thi nng

nghip:

V i t N a m l m t nc n n g n g h i p v i 8 0 % d n s sng bng n g h n n g do vy
p h t h i n n g n g h i p sau thu hoch l r t l n v r t t h c h hp cho v i c l m p h n . Ph
thi n n g nghip bao g m r m r, l c y , c y v v lc u , v t r u , li t h n n g , x
da, v q u c ph...
Ph thi cng

nghip:

- P h l i u h p rau q u ( n h v , li da, v c h u i , x o i , cam q u t , da...), b sn,

khoai...
- P h l i u c n g nghip m a n g , c h b i n c p h , c h b i n g (r c y , m n c a , g
vn)...
c bit h i n nay nc ta r t g i u p h t h i c n g n g h i p n g (b m a , r n g , c
p h (v qu) v m n ca, g v n .
Cc ngun than mn v phn xanh phong

ph:

C n c v o ngun c cht phong p h n u trn nc ta c t h p h t t r i n c n g n g h i p

c h b i n p h n h u c v i sinh c c quy m k h c nhau v c c v n g l n h t k h c nhau
trong nc.
10.2.5. CNSH v nn nng nghip hu c
K t qu ca vic p h t t r i n tng hp 3 h n g CNSH l ging k h n g su b n h , p h n
b n sinh hc v thuc tr su bnh sinh hc ng sn x u t n n g n g h i p s d n n n n

194

sn x u t n n g nghip hu c, g i m t i a vic s d n g p h n b n v thuc tr su bnh

hoa hc.
H i n nay trn t h gii, nhu cu tiu th sn p h m n n g nghip hu c n g y c n g
tng. M c d gi cc sn phm n y r t cao. T i u t h c c sn p h m n n g nghp hu c
M t n m 1990 tng khong 20% m i n m v t mc 3,3 t U S D trong n m

1996.

Cc sn p h m sa hu c tng trn 100% n m .

V i t nam, nhu cu s dng rau q u sch nc ta cng a n g t n g nhanh. H i n
nay rau trn th trng rt r n h n g n g i tiu d n g c c t h n h p h l n hu n h b i
rau kh n g h i m trng v s k h n g d m n rau xanh.
N h i u nc t chc c h n g trnh n n g n g h i p h u c. H i p h i quc t v hot
ng n n g nghip hu c ( I F O A M ) c t h n h l p . H i p h i n y cp chng ch quc
t cho nhng sn p h m hu c, h i n nay c h n 80 t chc t h n h vin h n 30 nc.
M t trong cc H i vin ca I F O A M l C a l i o r n i a C e r t i i e d Organic Farmers (CCOF), c
tr s t i California - m t trong nhng v n g n n g n g h i p c h n h ca t h g i i . Sn x u t
sn phm n n g nghip hu c C a l i o r n i a trong v n g 5 n m qua t n g khong 25%
m i n m , trong k h i tng s d i n tch c c p chng ch l sn x u t sn p h m hu c
Calirnia tng gp i trong khong 2 n m 1988-1990. T r o lu m i s dng c c cht
hu c trng rau c a n g p h t t r i n m n h . T r o n g n m 1990 c t i 189 c c c n g ty
sn xut 'Rau hu c " . C i bp, c r t , rau d i p , h n h , c chua, c i ta... c trng bng
phn b n sinh hc v s dng c h p h m Bt k i m tra c n t r n g g y h i . Sn p h m
nng nghip hu c chng nhng k h n g mang c c d lng hoa cht c nguy h i m
cn c gi tr dinh d n g cao.
i v i nc ta, m t nc t hp n g i n g , gi lao n g r, c truyn thng
dng p h n hu c, vic sn x u t rau q u hu c ( k h n g d n g hoc r t hn c h d n g
phn b n v thuc su bnh hoa hc) x u t k h u l m t g i i p h p k i n h t quan trng v
kh thi nht n n g cao thu nhp ca n n g d n , c b i t v n g n g bng s n g H n g .
10.3. MT S VN T RA i VI NGNH TRNG TRT V VAI TR
CA C N G N G H SINH H C NC TA
H i n nay nc ta c khong 8,0 t r i u heca t sn x u t n n g nghip, trong gn
6,8 triu heca l t trng la. D i n tch n n g n g h i p tnh b n h q u n u n g i h i n t i
ch t 0,1 ha v a n g c hung g i m dn do t n g d n s v m t t x y dng. T h m
vo t ai c h n g n g h o k i t i v d n tr n n chua, tnh h n h su bnh v thi tit
c nhiu b i u h i n phc tp. Trong b i cnh , vic n n g cao thu nhp ca n g i n n g
dn trn m t n v canh tc l rt quan trng.
10.3.1. Nhng thch thc ln cc vng sn xut nng nghip nc ta v mt s
gii p h p cng ngh
N h n g t h n h tu v t h m n h ca n n n n g nghip nc ta l rt l n , n h n g k h
k h n k h n g phi l t (Bng 10.5).

195

Bng

10.5. Vn nng

vn nng nghip

nghip

v gii php

cng

ngh

Gii php cng ngh sinh hc

1. Vng ng bng sng Hng:

t hp ngi ng, bnh qun din
tch ngi thp, thu nhp/ngi
thp, t l tht nghip cao, trnh vn
hoa ni chung tng i cao so vi c
nc, giao thng thun li

p dng nng nghip cng ngh cao:

2. Vng ni, Ty nguyn, ng Nam

b:

- Tuyn chn v sn xut cy ging quy m ln bng cng

ngh t bo i vi cc cy cng nghip nh c ph, ma,
sn;
- M rng sn xut quy m trang tri ln phi kt hp vi
phng tr dch bnh nh bnh nm, bnh tuyn trng, bnh
virus cc cy cng nghip nh c ph, tiu, ma,...
- Sn xut phn bn sinh hc t ph thi nng nghip v
cng nghip ch bin xut khu;
- Chng thoi hoa v ra tri t trng trt.

- t rng, ph ca t kh, ngi

tha.
- Thiu ging tt, thiu cng ngh v
vn sn xut

3. Vng la ng bng sng cu long,

ng bng sng Hng
- Thiu ging cht lng
- S dng qu nhiu phn m, thuc
tr su

- Ging rau hoa qu cao cp;

- F1 hoa ton b ging rau, qu ngn ngy v ng, la;
- K thut nng nghip hu c (dng phn bn hu c,
khng dng hoc hn ch s dng thuc hoa hc);
- Xut khu rau cao cp. Thu v phi t 4,0 t USD/nm
trong tng lai (n 2015).

- Ging la cht lng cao xut khu;

- Ging chng chu su bnh, cht lng ngon, i hi thm
canh thp v thuc hoa hc t hn;
- Ph th c canh cy la.

- c canh la v t lun canh, cn

trng v bnh dch nhiu, nht l bnh
virus la
4. Min Trung v ven bin duyn hi
- t ai canh tc km mu m.
- Thiu ging v c cu ging ph hp.

- Tng ph t bng cc bin php sinh hc;

- B ging ph hp, nht l cy cng nghip v n qu v h
thng nhn ging

10.3.2. C N S H t r n g t r t t h a m gia v o m t s c h n g t r n h k i n h t x h i l n
T m l i , C N S H phc v trng t r t l m t t n g hoa ca n h i u n g n h khoa h c - c n g
ngh. S p h t t r i n n g b c c n g n h khoa hc c n g n g h c lin quan v v i c quy
hoch c c khu c n g n g h i p lin h o n trng trt, c h b i n , bo qun, x u t k h u l r t c n
thit. N h nc cn phi t r vai t r quy hoch, t chc, n h h n g , x y d n g k
hoch pht t r i n tng t h , p h t t r i n v n g , v n g t h trng, c c h n h s c h k h u y n k h c h
u tin c n g ngh m i , c n g n g h sch, bo h i m r i ro... k u g i u t v n , k
thut ca m i tng l p x h i trong nc v c c t chc nc n g o i . T r c m t c n quy
hoch pht t r i n c c V i n v p h n g t h n g h i m u m i ca n g n h n y v q u y hoch
khu C n g nghip C N S H trng t r t , n g t h i t r i n khai m t s c c d n c t h rt
kinh n g h i m .

196

Tn chng trinh
1. Chng trnh xut khu la
go

Ni dung v mc tiu ng dng CNSH

Cng ngh p dng

Xut khu 4-5 triu tn go/nm. Nng gi xut CNSH to ging

khau 1 tn go ln trn 300USD/tn en
500USD/tn bng ging cht lng cao. Gim
gi thnh sn xut bng bin php ging

2. Chng trinh pht trin in

trang, sn xut ch bin xut
khu quy m ln

Ging cy n qu sch bnh, cy cng nghip

v cy c sn khc v hnh thnh cc vng
quy m ln (t 4.000 - vi chc ngn hecta)

3. Chng trnh ma ng

- Nhn nhanh ging ma mi bng nui cy m. -Cng ngh t bo nhn

Thc hin sau 5 nm thay th ging mi cao
ging nhanh.
sn trn ton b din tch trng ma.
- Cng ngh vi sinh ch
bin ph phm ma ng

4. Chng trnh trng rng

- Nhn hng chc triu cy ging lm nghip v - Cng ngh t bo nhn

ging u vit.
n qu thn g cht lng cao (Keo lai, bch
n, tre trc, tch,...cy dc liu)
- Cng ngh vi sinh t.
- Phn bn vi sinh v Endomicorrhiza

5. Chng trnh rau, hoa, qu

xut khu v nng nghip hu
c.

- Nhn ging rau, hoa, qu cao cp

- Phn bn v thuc phng tr su bnh vi sinh
- Kim tra cht lng (vi trng v k sinh trng,
dinh dng)

- Cng ngh sn xut ht

lai
- Cng ngh phn bn,
thuc su sinh hc, chn
on bnh v k sinh trng

6. Chng trnh xoa i, gim

ngho cc x ngho min ni

- Nhn ging hng lot cung ng cho do.

- Bo m ngi ngho cng c ging v k
thut tt.

Cng ngh vn m nhn

ging

- Cng ngh t bo nhn

ging sch bnh
- Phn bn, thuc tr su
sinh hc
- Cng ngh ch bin v
bo qun.

197

Chng

l i

CNG N G H SINH HC VA V N M I
SINH THI V NNG

TRNG

LNG

11.1. NHIM HOA HC MI TRNG SNG V BNH L

H n 100.000 c c hp cht hoa hc c sn x u t h n g n m t r n t h g i i .
Trong " B o c o v c c cht g y ung t h " ca " V i n Q u c gia v c c k h o a hc m i
trng sc khoe" n m 2004 (National Institute o f Environmental Health Sciences, M ) ,
ttp:llwww.medicinenet.comlscriptlmainlart.asp?articlekey=13276&page=2)

ngi

ta thng k c 246 tc n h n g y ung t h k h c nhau. S lng c c c h t hoa hc thi

v o m i trng v c c virus g y ung t h c x u h n g n g y c n g t n g . N m 1978, Bo
c o ca Ch tch h i n g Cht lng m i trng M cho b i t h u h t c c n h khoa
hc nht tr rng 70 - 9 0 % t t c c c trng hp ung t h c g y ra b i c c y u t m i
trng v v l thuyt l c t h n g n chn. T u y v y , n h i m hoa hc M k h n g h
g i m m c n c coi l n g u y n n h n g y ra "dch b n h ung t h " , g y tai hoa

cho

khong 3/4 gia n h nc n y . T l n g i b mc b n h ung t h n m 1900 M m i

v o khong 3%. n nay, k h o n g 1/3 n g i d n M b m c ung th, l m cht khong
520.000 n g i m i n m .
Trong s c c cht g y ung t h phi k n c c hoa c h t bo v thc v t . H i n c
khong 400 l o i thuc hoa hc B V T V , trong s c n v i t r m cht c x e m l tc
n h n gy ung th. Theo EPA (Environment Protection A g e n c y , M ) k h o n g 1/3 c c cht
hot tnh trong thuc B V T V l c h i v 1/4 trong s l t c n h n g y ung th. N h i u
tc n h n g y ung t h c lu tr trong c t h n g i , trong c c m v t b o , nht l t
b o m m . K h i lng c c cht n y c tch l y n mc nht nh v trong khong
thi gian nht nh, c h n g s g y ung th. M t s hoa c h t k h c k h n g thuc l o i gy
ung th, n h n g l i l m t n g hot hoa ca tc n h n g y ung th.
Mt s cc virus c lit vo danh

sch cc tc nhn

gy ung

th:

- Cc virus v i m gan B v c (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C) g y bnh ung t h gan. Ngay

nc M c khong t r i u n g i v i m gan B. V i r u s v i m gan c l t h p h m g y ung
th gan s m t M v i h n g t r i u n g i n h i m virus.
- M t vi l o i virus ly n h i m n g

sinh dc

v m n g n h y

thuc

nhm

papillomaviruses ( H P V s ) (bnh virus ly truyn qua n g sinh dc) g y b n h ung t h

c t cung ph n. C khong 20 t r i u ph n n h i m H P V s M v m i n m c t h m
5,5 triu n g i m i n h i m .
- Cc hp cht cha c h , c c tia p h n g x, k c tia X , m t s hp c h t c cha
trong tht n n g hoc r n nhit cao, m t s c c cht n h u m m u v i , s n , mc...

198

T l n n g mc bnh ung th cao h n ph n, M m t phn hai s n ng v

m t phn ba s ph n b mc bnh ung t h c c t u i k h c nhau.
11.2. NHIM KHNG KH
T h n h phn ch y u ca k h q u y n tri t g m nit, o x y , hi nc, C 0 , H , Oy,
2

N H , cc k h tr. Lng hi nc thay i theo t h i tit k h hu, t 0,4% k h i m a k h

4

lnh t i 4 % th tch vo m a n n g m. Trong k h n g k h ca tng i lu thng c mt

lng k h S 0 v b i . Trong tng b n h lu x u t h i n m t q u trnh p h huy tng ozon,
2

kh ozon c tc dng n g n c c tia t ngoi c h i u x u n g b m t tri t . H i n nay, do

hot ng ca con n g i , l p k h ozon c x u h n g m n g dn, e da t i sc khoe con
ngi v sinh vt trn tri t .
Nhit b mt tri t , c to n n do s c n bng gia n n g lng mt tri n
b mt tri t v n n g lng bc x ngc l i , t tri t v o k h n g gian v tr. Bc x
t tri t d d n g b k h q u y n g i l i . C c tc n h n g y ra s h p th bc x ca k h
quyn l k h C 0 , b i , hi nc, k h m t a n , k h CFC... d n n s gia t n g nhit ca
2

kh quyn tri t . H i n tng n y d i n ra theo c c h t n g t n h n h k n h trng cy

v c g i l h i u ng n h k n h .
S gia tng tiu th n h i n l i u hoa thch ca loi n g i a n g l m cho nng k h
C0

ca k h q u y n t n g ln. Theo Bn b o c o lin c h n h ph v thay i k h hu

(IPCC) n m 2007, nng k h C 0

trong k h q u y n n m 2005 l 379 p p m so v i mc

3

280 p p m ca thi k trc k h i c n n c n g nghip. Bt u t cuc c c h mng c n g

3

nghip vo nhng n m 1850 con n g i tiu t h n n g lng hoa thch v thi ra lng
kh C 0 ngy m t t n g . S gia t n g n y c t h t t i mc h n 560 ppm vo nhng n m
2

cui t h k X X I . L n g k h C 0

n y t mc cao n h t trong 750.000 n m l i y.

Cng v i s gia t n g ca k h m t a n s thay i nng C 0

s l n g u y n n h n gy ra s

gia tng nhit t 1,4 - 5 , 6 c t n m 1990 n 2100 (Theo ti l i u ca H i ngh ton

cu v b i n i k h hu, Bali, 3-14 t h n g 12, 2007). H i ngh t o n cu v b i n i k h
hu d i n ra t i Trung t m h i ngh Quc t Bali ca Indonesia v i h n 10.000 n g i
tham d bao g m i d i n ca 188 nc, c c quan st vin ca c h n h ph, c c t chc
phi chnh ph v c c p h n g t i n t r u y n t h n g i c h n g l m t k h n g nh rng n h n
loi thc tnh, rng n h i m do c n g nghip c t h d n n k h n g khong ton cu,
rng tng trng k i n h t n n g mc 2 con s c t h l m cho m t vi quc gia giu ln
nhng ng thi n cng m ra siu l d n n h n l o i i n s t huy dit nhanh hn.
Cc thnh q u ca n n k i n h t s b m t tri n y ca p h t t r i n c n g nghip trit tiu.
S gia t n g k h C 0

v c c k h n h k n h k h c trong k h q u y n tri t l m nhit

tri t t n g . Theo tnh t o n ca c c n h khoa hc, k h i nng C 0

trong k h quyn

tng gp i th nhit tri t t n g ln khong 3 c . D b o , n u k h n g c b i n p h p

khc phc h i u ng n h k n h , nhit tri t s t n g ln 1,5 - 4 , 5 c v o n m 2050. V a i
tr g y n n h i u ng n h k n h ca c c cht k h c x p theo t h t C 0 , CFC, C H , 0 ,
2

N 0 . H i nc cng l k h n h k n h quan trng nht. C c hot n g ca con n g i , t

2

c c n h i n l i u hoa thch v pht quang nhng c n h rng, to ra nng k h n h knh

199

cao h n mc m thc vt v i d n g c t h h p t h . S n n g l n ca tri t l m thay

i i u k i n sng b n h t h n g ca c c sinh v t trn tri t . M t s loi sinh v t t h c h
nghi v i i u k i n m i s thun l i p h t t r i n . Trong k h i , n h i u loi s b thu h p v
d i n tch hoc b tiu d i t . N h i u l o i bnh tt m i i v i con n g i s x u t h i n , c c
l o i dch bnh lan trn, sc khoe ca con n g i b suy g i m . N n g n g h i p s b t n p h
do l t l i , nc b i n d n g cao, do g i n g b o v hn h n .
11.3. TC NG CA CNG NGHIP V CNG NGH SINH HC XANH
K h n n g p h n chia ca t b o thc vt theo cp s n h n cho p h p con n g i to ra
rng cy g m h n g t r i u , t h m c h h n g chc t r i u bn copy t m t c y u v i t ban u
trong m t n m . T b o thc vt c n l n h m y n n g lng sch c t h to ra c c n g u n
n n g lng ti sinh c t h coi l v t n t n h s n g m t t r i , n g t h i sn sinh ra d n g
k h l oxygen. K h a i t h c nhng t i m n n g trn y ca C n g n g h t b o thc v t , n h n
l o i c t h g i i quyt c nhng v n h c b a nht ca t h i i c h n g ta.
11.3.1. Hai qu trnh tri ngc nhau trn hnh tinh, cc vn thi i v tng
l a i ca t r i t
T r n tri t a n g x y ra hai q u trnh i l p nhau: c h y v xanh hoa. Q u trnh
c h y y c h i u l bt k h i n tng p h n g i i n o ca c c hp cht h u c v i s
tham gia ca oxy ( 0 ) , g i i p h n g ra n n g lng v k h t h i cacbonic ( C 0 ) . X a n h hoa
2

c h i u l q u trnh tch l y n n g lng m t tri d i dng cht h u c c s tham gia

ca c c sinh vt quang hp, trong h p th C 0 v to ra d n g k h 0 .
2

a. Qu trnh chy: Tri t ca chng ta ang

chy

Tri t ca c h n g ta l h n h tinh duy nht c bit n trong v tr c s sng v

m u x a n h . V v y , tri t c g i l " H n h tinh xanh". M u xanh l b i u tng ca:
- Q u trnh quang hp v tch l y n n g lng m t t r i - n g u n n n g lng quan
trng nht h n h tinh
- S sng
- V p du d n g ca thin n h i n
- Hoa bnh,
N h n g nu c h n g ta quan st tri t t t m n h n v t i n h , c h n g ta s t h y tri t
ca c h n g ta a n g c h y .
S c h y l b i u tng ca:
- S p h n gi ca c c cht hu c v to t h n k h
- S g i i p h n g c c ngun n n g lng tch l y c
- S tch l y than k h v cn ngun n n g lng c t h d n n s tiu vong ca loi
ngi.

200

H i n t i q u trnh c h y ca c c cht h u c, ch y u l than , du m , k h t , to

ra n n g lng c bn v n h n h n n c n g nghip ca tri t v to ra t h n k h , trong
ch y u l cacbonic ( C 0 ) :
2

Q u trnh c h y ca c c cht hu c:
Cc cht hu c (Than , du m , k h t , sinh k h i , q u trnh h h p ca sinh
gii...) + 0

(Dng k h )

Qu trnh

> C 0 ( T h n kh) + H 0 + E ( N n g lng)

2

chy ca cht hu c sinh ra thn kh co2

xy

ra:

+ Trong h thng c n g nghip:

H n g n g h n c c k h u c n g n g h i p k h n g l , t r m t r i u chic t , m y bay, xe m y ,
cc n h m y x i m n g , h n g v n l gch, l vi, c c n h m y nhit i n w . . .
Tri t ca c h n g ta a n g bc c h y , a n g t thiu t , to ra t h n k h v c t .
Theo BP Statistical Review o f W o r l d Energy, d tr du m trn t h g i i v o khong
1037,6 t t h n g , trong k h i tiu th du n m 1997 t 71,67 t r i u t h n g n g y . N u v i
tiu th du n h t r n v mc t n g s dng 2 % n m th d tr d u m t h g i i s cn k i t
v o khong n m 2037, ngc l i n u lng tiu t h du g i m i 2 % m i n m th lng
du m t h g i i s c n k i t sau 80 n m k t n m 1997. H i n t i 9 0 % n n g lng tiu
d n g trn tri t l c c cht t (ch y u l than , du m , k h t t n h i n . . . ) . M i
n m t n h i n l i u (than , d u m , k h t ) to ra khong 25 t t n k h cacbonic ( n m
1995), lng C 0
C0

trn u n g i v o khong 4,7 t n / n m . K h t to ra v bc t h n k h

l m cho tri t n g y c n g n n g ln.

+ Trong q u trnh h h p ca sinh g i i : trn 6 t n g i , h n g t n g v t n u i v

hoang d , c c v i sinh v t d d n g k h c , . . .
C h n g ta c t h n i r n g tri t d u trong l n g n t t c n h n g t i n n n g
lng cho s sinh t n v p h t t r i n v n m i n h n h n l o i . l d u m , k h t , than ,
... c c k h u r n g g i bt n g n . . . m n g n gc ca c c n g u n n n g lng c h n h l sn
p h m quang hp t c h l y c t n h s n g m t t r i qua h n g t r m t r i u n m lch s
p h t t r i n ca tri t . N h n l o i n g y nay v i h n 6 t n g i (thc c h t con n g i v
t h g i i n g vt, m t p h n v i sinh v t l c c n h m y t i u t h n n g lng) v c c
p h n g t i n do n to ra a n g tiu huy n g u n n n g lng mc k h n g t h ti sinh
kp, g y ra:
- S cn n g u n n n g lng
- T h n k h v H i u ng n h k n h
- N h i t n g y m t n n g ln
- Bin ng thi tit
- V n l n g thc
N u lng o x y trong m u ca c h n g ta g i m x u n g m t c h t v lng C 0

ch t n g

ln m t c h t thi c h n g ta s c m thy ngt th; p h i n g p d i v c t h c m t h y

201

m t m i . C h n g ta h y tng tng n m t n g y n o n h n l o i h n g t n g i s
phi ngng m t ln t r i p d n g k h . N h n l o i c t h s p h i i u v i m t cuc
chin tranh sinh thi trong t n g lai, trong h n g t r i u n g i s p h i tranh g i n h nhau
nhng mnh t cn c i v nhng ngun nc ngt t i.
D o v y , q u trnh " c h y " to t h n k h ca gung m y c n g n g h i p n g ngha v i
"cht", "tiu huy", nhng "thm hoa x h i " .
b. Qu trnh quang

hp

Q u trnh ngc l i v i m c h y l n , ngc l i v i q u t r n h t t h i u huy ca

nn c n g nghip tri t l q u trnh quang hp. Quang hp l q u t r n h c h u y n

hoa

n n g lng ca mt t r i n u i d n g tri t :
H 0 + C0
2
1

X,
- > C H , A + 0 (Dng kh)
nh sng mt i
"t,
i\
to
/
L c l p

2
1

Quang hp to ra:
+ K h o n g 170 t t n c c cht hu c / 1 n m ,
+ L n g thc: n u i d n g trn 6 t n g i , h n g chc t con v t n u i t r n tri t .
+ D n g k h : T thn k h C O v nc, d i n h s n g m t t r i to ra c c c h t hu
z

c v d n g k h ( 0 ) .
2

D o vy quang hp l q u trnh "Xanh hoa", "Ti s i n h " , " Phc h i "

B i n chng p h t t r i n i l p ca hai q u trnh " C h y " v "Xanh hoa" s q u y t nh
t n g lai ca tri t .
11.3.2. Vai tr ca CNSH xanh hay kh nng ca con ngi tc ng vo thm
xanh thc vt n h t h n o ?
T b o ca phin l l n h m y n n g lng m t t r i , c h u y n hoa n n g lng n h
s n g t h n h n n g lng hoa hc v to ra d n g k h . y l q u t r n h x y d n g v phc
h i c c n n g lng sng ca tri t .
B my quang

hp v sn

phm:

M t phin l cha vi chc n g n t b o . M t t b o c 40 - 5 0 lc l p , t i t d i n ct

ngang ca lc lp bng 4 u m ( b n phn n g n ca m m ) , lc l p cha h n g t r i u p h n t
d i p lc. P h n t d i p lc h p th n n g lng m t t r i , g i i p h n g ra c c i n t t do v
t to ra h n g t r i u c c d n g i n l i t i trong lc l p . Da trn n g u n n n g lng
x y ra c c phn ng quang hp. Phn ng quang hp x y ra t b o p h i n l ca thc
vt c t m tt bng c n g thc hoa hc: 6 C 0

+ 6 H 0 = C H 0 , trong phn
2

ng quang hp h o n chnh, c y xanh:

- H p th 6 p h n t C 0

202

>

G i m h i u ng n h k n h

1 2

- Cung c p 6 p h n t 0

> Tng dng kh

- T o ra p h n t n g

> N g u n n n g lng hoa hc, n n g lng ti sinh ca

tri t .
T t c than , du la, k h t , m a m n g v sinh k h i trn tri t u l k t q u
ca quang hp trong q u k h v h i n t i .
C c g i n g c y trng n n g sut cao c t h h p thu 70 t n C 0 / 1 ha.
2

a. Cc phng

php cng ngh sinh hc ng dng v ci bin qu trnh quang

hp

C n g n g h sinh hc thc vt c g i l c n g n g h sinh hc xanh, c n g ngh n y c

t h to ra ging c y trng m i v n h n bn thc vt quy m c n g nghip n h m tng
cng t h m xanh thc vt trn tri t . D i y l nhng vai tr c bn ca c c c n g
ngh n y :
+ To cc ngun

nng

lng

sch

- Sn x u t c h t t sch t c c sn p h m quang hp: Brasil p h t t r i n m t

c h n g t r n h s sn x u t c n t m a v sn t h n g qua c n g n g h i p v i sinh. C n
c s d n g chy m y thay x n g v i g i t h n h h , k h n g g y n h i m m i t r n g ,
g i l n n g lng sch.
- N g h i n cu ng d n g quang p h n l y nc:
D i p lc d i n h s n g m t t r i c t h p h n l y nc t h n h c c x y v hydro n g u y n
t H 0 = 2 H + o
+

O x y v hydro c k h n n g ti hp to ra nc v ngun n n g lng l n v sch.

2H

+ O" = E + H 0
2

Tuy n h i n n g u n n n g lng n y h i n nay v n c h a khai t h c c. N g h i n cu m

phng h thng quang p h n l y nc lc l p c t h to ra n g u n n n g lng m i , sch,
v tn c h n g ?
+ Ci to ging

cy tng hiu sut quang

hp:

C y xanh c k h n n g r t k h c nhau trong h p t h n n g lng m t t r i , c y hoang

d i ch h p t h c khong 0,2%, c y n g 1 - 2 %

n n g lng m t t r i . C c ging n g

m i c t h to ra n n g sut 25 tn/ha, c y m a l c y c k h n n g quang hp n g ngc

n h i n , c t h to ra n n g sut trn 300 tn/ha, t n g n g v i k h o n g 30 t n ng/ha,
c t h h p thu c n 8% n n g lng n h s n g ca m t t r i . N u ta s t c h y 25 t n
n g , hoc 30 t n n g th ta s c t h h n h dung c ngun n n g lng m t t r i v
lng k h C 0

c tch l y n h t h n o trn ha t canh t c .

C n c v o nhng k h c bit trong q u trnh quang hp, n g i ta chia c y trng

t h n h 2 n h m , n h m c y C v N h m C : Q u trnh h h p s n g c y Q l m g i m h i u
4

sut quang hp t i 4 0 % . C c thc vt C mang n h i u c tnh n n g hc quan trng: h i u

4

q u quang hp cao, sinh trng nhaih... M a v n g l hai c y C i n h n h .

4

203

C y C , C v n n g sut c y trng:
3

N n g sut c y C3

N n g sut c y Q

L a : 17 tn/ha

N g : 25.tn/ha

L c : 7 tn/ha

M a : 300 tn/ha

+ ci bin cy trng

bng k thut

gen:

K t hp p h n g p h p chn ging t r u y n thng v c n g n g h sinh hc h i n i n g i

ta hy vng s c h u y n c c c gen m hoa cho c c enzym tham gia v o q u t r n h quang
hp ca c y C v o la v c c c y Oi k h c . l c c gen:
4

- Phosphoenol pyruvate cacboxylase (PEPC);

- Pyruvat orthophosphat dikinase (PPDK)
- N A D P - m a l i c (ME).
C c n h khoa hc cho r n g n n g sut l a c c h u y n m t trong ba gen t r n c
t h l m t n g n n g sut ln t 10-30%. H n Q u c , g i n g l a c c h u y n gen quang
hp t c h c h i t t m t loi v i k h u n quang hp t n g n n g sut n 3 0 % so v i g i n g
i chng.
+ To ra thm

xanh

thc

vt:

Theo d tnh ca c c n h khoa hc, t h m xanh thc v t c t h to ra lng sinh k h i

hu c k h n g l khong trn 100 t t n / n m trn m t t , h p t h C 0

lm gim hiu

ng n h k n h , n g t h i to ra d n g k h n u i d n g tri t . D o v y , to ra t h m xanh
thc vt l m t c h i n lc t o n cu.
" C n g ngh sinh hc xanh" n h n ging thc v t c t h to ra v v n c y xanh t
n u i c y m t b o sng thc vt i n vitro v to ra c c h thng canh t c m i .
nc ta, c n g ngh t b o thc vt p h i m nhn chc n n g to g i n g v n h n
bn thc vt q u i m c n g nghip v t h i t l p c c h thng g i t h trng c y ngay c
trn n n b t n g . N h n ging ph xanh 5 t r i u hecta r n g , p h xanh 14 t r i u hecta t
trng i n i trc l m t trong c c s m n h trc m t ca c n g n g h sinh hc thc vt.
Kt lun v nhng

bi

hc:

T t m n h n v tinh c h n g ta t h y tri t a n g c h y . C n g n g h i p c n g l n , c n g
thiu huy v n h i m n h i u . T h m xanh thc vt ca i t a n g l m du i m c h y
l n . Cng t t m n h n v tinh, c h n g ta t h y V i t N a m ca c h n g ta m i ch bt u
pht t r i n c n g nghip, bu t r i c n du d n g h n v c h a c n n c n g n g h i p l n .
l u t h ca m t quc gia v p h i bo t n v p h t t r i n u t h .
Vy trit hc xy dng d nc ca chng

ta l g ?

T o ra m t nc V i t N a m k h c bit: " V i t N a m xanh, V i t N a m n c sch v

k h n g k h trong l n h " . s l m t t nc t u y t p , h p d n i v i s sinh t n ca
c h n g ta v du k h c h , h p d n u t p h t t r i n .
204

C c c n g trnh k i n t r c v i ca n h n l o i t t r c n m 2000 n h K i m t t h p
A i Cp; T c m t h n h , V n l trng t h n h T r u n g Q u c ; T h p E i f f e l v Cung i n
L o u v r e P h p ; Cung i n Ermitage n c Nga; Toa t h n h Vatican Italy. T t c u
c x y d n g trn n n , x i m n g , st t h p v v n g son k i m l o i . N h n g nhng
k i n t r c v i ca n h n l o i trong t n g l a i , k t sau n m 2000 chc chn s p h i l
c c k i n t r c m u xanh, k i n trc a d n g sinh hc. s l n h n g k i n t r c m i phn
n h t h i i . Nc ta p h i cnh tranh v i c c d n tc k h c bng k i n t r c m u xanh.
s l n h n g c n g trnh k h n g l mang t m c q u c gia v quc t . D o v y , c h n g ta p h i
n g h i n cu t h i t k t n g t h m u xanh ca nc ta, t h i t k n t n l n g x chun b
cho m t h sinh thi xanh t m c t h i d i .
o l sng ca thi i chng

ta l

gi?

- T r n g m t c y xanh l l m m t i u t h i n , v u n p m i m u xanh ca t nc
c h n g ta.
- N h nc ta p h i sm x y d n g v thc h i n c h i n lc p h t b i n xanh.
11.4. LM SCH SINH HC (BIOREMEDATON)
L m s c h s i n h h c ( B i o r e m e d i a t i o n ) l q u t r n h s d n g c c c t h sinh vt, c h
y u l c c loi v i sinh v t t h c y nhanh q u t r n h p h n g i i c c hp cht t n h i n
hoc c c v t l i u k h n g m o n g m u n k h c do con n g i to ra.
N g u y n tc c b n ca l m sch sinh hc l l m p h n g i c c c h p h m h u c g y
n h i m m i t r n g t h n h c c hp cht h u c n g i n h n n h C 0 , nc, m u i c c
2

l o i v c c sn p h m v h i k h c .
P h n g i i h u c l m t q u t r n h v t l , hoa hc, sinh hc x y ra n g m i trng
t n h i n , trong c t h sng trong nhng i u k i n t h c h hp thc h i n v i c p h n g i i
c c vt l i u hoc c h t t h i h u c , to ra C 0 , nc, n h i t v cht m n .
2

vic p h n g i i c h t t h i h u c x y ra m t c c h t i u c n t o ra n h n g i u k i n
t i u cho hot n g ca c c v i sinh vt, v d m ca c h t t h i p h i k h o n g 45- 6 5 % .
P h n g i i h u c c t h l:
P h n g i i a k h (aerobic process): i h i c h m lng o x y t h c h hp cho c c hot
n g ca sinh v t h i u k h .
P h n g i i k k h (Anaerobic process): k h n g i h i c o x y cho c c hot n g ca
sinh v t k k h .
Q u t r n h p h n g i i g m 3 g i a i o n sau:
G i a i o n g i l mesophilic (Hay l giai o n nhit trung b n h ) . G i a i o n n y
k o d i m t vi n g y .
G i a i o n 2 (Thermophilic) hay l giai o n nhit cao, c t h k o d i vi n g y
n vi t h n g .
G i a i o n 3: G i a i o n n g u i hay c h i .
205

Thi gian (thng)

S 11.1. Bin thin nhit trong qu trnh phn gii cht hu c
Ghi ch: thng tng ng vi 5 (mi 6 ngy)
Khong 6 ngy u nhit tng t nhit bnh thng 20- 25c ln n 50c.
T 6 n g y n khong 50 n g y n h i t t n g l n trn 6 0 c v bt u g i m xung
trn 5 0 c .
Giai o n 3, nhit g i m nhanh v t nhit ban u .
m i giai o n thay i ca nhit , c nhng n h m v i sinh v t t h c h hp c h i m
u t h hot n g . Giai o n x y ra q u trnh p h n g i i nhanh c c cht hoa tan v d
p h n g i i b i c c n h m v i sinh vt a nhit trung b n h (mesophilic microbs). Q u trnh
p h n g i i k m theo sn sinh nhit, l m cho nhit t n g nhanh. K h i n h i t t n g ln
trn 4 0 c , n h m a nhit trung b n h s b n h m a n h i t cao (thermophilic) canh
tranh, nhit 5 5 c v cao h n , n h i u v i sinh vt g y b n h b t i u d i t (nhit 6 5 c
tiu d i t hu ht c c l o i v i sinh vt) v tc p h n g i i h u c do v y bt u g i m .
bo m t h n g k h v nhit t h p h n (< 65C), n g i ta cho t h i k h qua l .
Trong giai o n nhit cao (thermophilic) tc ca q u t r n h p h n g i i c c cht m
(protein), cht b o , c c cht cacbohydrate phc tp (cellulose v hemicellulose), c c
t h n h phn c u trc c ' b n ca thc vt t n g ln. K h i c c c cht h u c cn p h n g i i
(thc n ca v i sinh v t ) cn k i t dn, nhit ca l c n g g i m dn. n giai o n
n y , c c v i sinh vt a nhit trung b n h l i bt u hot n g giai o n 3, giai o n k t
t h c ca q u trnh p h n g i i hu c.
C c c t h sng t h a m gia q u t r n h p h n g i i h u c :
R t nhiu loi sinh vt tham gia v i vai t r k h c nhau trong p h n g i i c c cht t h i
hu c, trong c c c c t h n b o v a b o . D i y l danh s c h c c loi sinh
vt t m t h y trong m n hu c:
- C c v i k h u n c h i m 80- 9 0 % tng s h n g t c c v i sinh v t t m t h y trong l g cht
m n . V i k h u n chu t r c h n h i m c h n h trong p h n huy hu c v sinh nhit, c h n g s
206

h u m t p h enzym r t rng c k h n n g p h n g i i c c cht h u c k h c nhau. c v i

k h u n k h c nhau g m v i k h u n Bacillus h n h que, n h m Cocci h n h cu, n h m Spirilla
hnh xon.
- Actinomycetes l n h m v i k h u n g m d n g , n g vai t r quan trng trong p h n
g i i c c cht n h l i g n i n , cellulose, chitin v protein. S c m t ca c c loi n y l m cho
m n h u c c m i t . Cc n h m enzym ca c c v i k h u n n y c k h n n g p h n g i i
c c m n h si g ca t h n , v c y , g i y b o hoc h p c c - t n g .
- C c loi n m : g m m t n h m c c loi n m n h n m men, n m mc (mold), c h n g
p h n g i i c c cht hu c phc tp trong p h t h i hoc trong t , c c sn p h m do c c
loi n m n y to ra l i c c c v i k h u n p h n g i i t i p . a s c c loi n m n m bn
ngoi ca cht m n v c h n g c m t m i giai o n ca q u trnh p h n g i i c c cht
hu c.
- Protozoa: l m t loi n g vt n b o , c h n g sng bng c c sn p h m hu c do
cc v i sinh vt k h c to ra.
N g o i ra c n c c c l o i c t h sng k h c nhau tham gia trong q u trnh p h n g i i
hu c n h l c c r o t i e r (cc v i sinh v t a b o ) , n h i u loi c n t r n g , n h n (mites),
snowbugs (rp), k i n , giun t , giun .
N u i giun l m t c c h p h n g i i h u c. S c m t ca giun trong m n hoc t
chng t m u m ca t v i s t n t i ca c c n g u n cacbon v thc n quan trng
i v i sinh trng ca c y trng. Metan c to ra trong q u t r n h p h n g i i hu c k
khi.
t n g c n g hot n g ca c c v i sinh v t l m sch m i trng t , p h n g p h p
n gin l t h m c c v i sinh v t t h c h hp v c c cht d i n h d n g v o m i trng. C c v i
sinh vt s dng c c c h t g y n h i m n h n g u n d i n h d n g v p h n g i i c h n g .
K t h u t d i t r u y n t h i t k cc sinh vt l m sch:
H n 100.000 c c hp cht hoa hc c sn x u t h n g n m t r n t h g i i . M t s c
k h n n g p h n huy n h c c c t h sinh vt, m t s k h c v d n h c c hp cht
chlorinated ( c c hp cht hoa hc cha chlor) l i b n v n g i v i c c v i sinh vt.
g i i quyt v n n y , c c n h khoa hc p h n l p c c gen g i l K F 7 0 7 t m t s v i
sinh

vt

kh

nng

phn

huy

polychlorinated

biphenyls

(PCBs)

(vi

khun

Pseudomonas pseudoalkali). N h m c c gen c k h n n g sn sinh c c enzym p h n g i i

c c PCBs c p h n l p .
C c n h khoa hc N h t Bn p h n l p c c n h m gen k h c nhau c k h n n g p h n
g i i c c PCBs k h c nhau, r i t a c c gen n y v o c c chng v i k h u n c k h n n g
p h n g i i PCBs, n h v y l m t n g k h n n g ca c c chng n y trong p h n g i i c c cht
PCBs k h c nhau.
T i n s A n a n d Chakrabarty thc h i n vic c h u y n gen p h n huy du v o v i
k h u n Pseudomonas, to ra chng p. aureginos c k h n n g n v p h n huy du m
t h n h c c cht hu c n gin, k h i du m b n ht, c c v i sinh v t n du t cht v
k h n g c n thc n. C c loi Penicillium cng c k h n n g n d u m n h n g t h i gian
207

cn l m sch lu h n n h i u so v i v i k h u n c h u y n gen. N h m v i k h u n A l c a n i v o r a x
cng c k h n n g p h n h y c c c h p h m d u m .
N g i ta cng p h n l p c c c gen g i l mergene t c c l o i v i k h u n c k h
n n g chng chu t h y n g n , c c gen n y chu t r c h n h i m p h n g i i c c h p c h t h u c
c cha t h y n g n . N g i ta c n g p h n l p c c c tod-gene t v i k h u n p h n g i i
toluene v thit k c gen t o d C l c k h n n g sn sinh c c e n z y m p h n g i i toluene
v c h u y n c gen n y v o chng v i k h u n K F 7 0 7 . C h n g n y c k h n n g p h n
huy manh i v i trichloroethylene ( T C E ) . Chng K F 7 0 7 c n g c k h n n g sinh t r n g
trn toluene hoc benzen.
X l n h i m c n g n g h i p :
M t s cht t h c n g n g h i p nguy h i c t h g y c c b n h h i m n g h o n h ung th,
v d methylene chloride. C c v i sinh v t n g vai t r l c c cht x c t c sinh hc c t h
tiu hoa c c cht n y , b i n c h n g t h n h H 0 , C 0
2

v m u i . M t s v i khun, v d

Geobacter metalleducens d n g l m sch uranium t c c n g u n nc t h i c c ni

khai t h c .
X l nhim

cng nghip

giy:

Cht t h i c n g n g h i p g i y t h n g r t g i u celulose v lignocellulose. Cellulose rt

b n i v i c c enzym v k h i lin k t v i l i g n i n s r t k h p h n g i i b i t c n g hoa
hc v enzym. D o l i g n i n v c c cacbohydrate to ra lin k t b n v n g trong g , do vy
q u trnh c h b i n g i y cng gp k h k h n .
C c n h khoa hc n g h i n cu s dng enzym, n h A l k a l i n e xylanase t y trng
g i y (Pulp bleaching), thay t h hoc l m g i m s d n g chlorine, n h v y l m g i m cht
thi c cha chlorine n g c n g nghip. l m v i c n y , n g i ta p h n l p c c
chng v i sinh vt sn sinh ra xylanase, v d Bacillus

stearthermophilus

c p h n l p t

t . Cc enzym xylanase c s dng rng ri b i c h n g b n v n g trong i u k i n nhit

v k i m t i u cao. V d , A l k a i n e xylanase v i k h u n B. stearthermophilus

hot

hoa p = 9 v nhit 6 5 c .
Nc t h i giu sulphite t c n g n g h i p g i y c cha k h o n g 6 0 % ligno-sulphate,
36% n g v h n hp c c cht h u c k h c , l o i nc t h i n y c t h c x l bng
n m men (Candida

albicans).

N m men s d n g n g v sinh t r n g , to ra g n t n

n m men t 2 t n nc t h i . N g i ta c t h s d n g c c v i sinh v t b i n i gen x

l m i trng. V d M chng Flovobacterium

c t h i t k gen p h n g i i

pentachlorophenol trong t . C c n h v i sinh v t M c n g d n g chng v i sinh GS-15

c k h n n g h p th uranium t nc t h i ca c c n h m y c h to b o m ht n h n . Chng
v i sinh n y c h u y n uranium trong nc v o m t hp cht k h n g tan trong nc, to ra
c c ht lng n g c h m x u n g y v sau c l y i . Chng v i sinh n y r t h u ch
cho l m sch m i trng c c v n g khai m uranium.
C c v i sinh vt, t h m c h c c v i sinh v t cht c n g c k h n n g h p t h n h i u l o i
lon k i m l o i k h c nhau trong nc do k h n n g c b i t ca t h n h t b o . V d sinh
k h i ca loi n m Rhiiopus
208

arhiius

c t h h p t h 30-130 m g C a d i m i / g sinh k h i k h .

N m s h u c c lon m trn t h n h t b o n h c c n h m amine, cacboxyl v h y d r o x y l v

do v y c k h n n g h p th c c cation k i m l o i . N g i ta t n h r n g 1,5 k g b t si n m c
t h s d n g h p thu k i m l o i t m

nc c cha 5 g Cd. C n g ty Biorecovery

System n g k s n g c h s dng Algasorb (dong h p t h ) c k h n n g h p th c c

ion k i m l o i nng t nc t h i hay nc n g m theo c c h t n g t. Sinh k h i alga
(dong bin) cht c n n trong vt l i u ht silica gel to ra Algasorb. H t silica gel
bo v sinh k h i dong k h i c c v i sinh vt, n hot n g n h c c ct trao i ion, h p
th k i m l o i nng. C c k i m l o i nng n h t h y n g n , c a d i m i , ch... l c c cht g y
n h i m t h n g x u y n c mt trong nc t h i c n g n g h i p h i n i . C c k i m l o i n y
cng c t h c h p t h bi c c v i k h u n . V d Pseudomonas
hp th uranium, Thiobacillus

aureginos

c kh nng

c k h n n g h p t h bc. C c c n g ty m i trng M

bn nhng h n hp v i sinh vt v enzym l m sch c c cht t h i hoa hc g m c c l o i

du m , c c cht t y ra, thuc B V T V . . .
Cy trng cng c s dng l m sch n h i m k i m l o i c c v n g n h i m .
Cy hp th k i m l o i v o c c k h n g b o trong t b o . Q u t r n h n y c g i l
Phytoremediation ( L m sch bng thc v t ) . K i m l o i c thu h i sau k h i t c h y
thc vt.
11.5. CC GII PHP CI THIN MI TRNG KHC
11.5.1. Thay th cht do tng hp bng cht do sinh hc (Boplastics)
Sn x u t cht d o sinh hc l p h n g p h p sn x u t cht d o polymer t c c v i sinh
vt, cy trng, n g vt, trong c c v i sinh v t v/hoc enzym c s dng chuyn
hoa cacbonhydrat v / h o c protein t h n h cht do mong m u n (The Economist, 2003).
S quan t m ca x h i i v i cht do sinh hc hay c n g i l c c cht do tng
hp t ngun vt l i u ti sinh hay vt l i u sinh hc gia t n g m n h trong nhng n m gn
y do cht do sinh hc c c c c tnh quan trng n h c k h n n g b p h n g i i hoc
t p h n g i i d d n g , k h n g g y n h i m m i trng. Cht do sinh hc m i c h i m
khong 1,25% (500 t r i u t n ) trn tng s 40 t t n cht do t o n c u . D b o nu gi
thnh sn x u t cht d o sinh hc g i m xung th sn lng sn x u t c h n g s t n g gp 3
ln v o n m 2010 (Reverchon, 2002).
11.5.2. Gim phn bn hoa hc v tng cng phn bn sinh hc
2 l o i p h n b n sinh hc c bn h i n nay l:
1. C c chng v i sinh vt c k h n n g c nh nit k h q u y n v c h u y n hoa nit
t h n h c c k h o n g cht d h p th i v i c y trng c k h n n g l m t n g p h ca t
v n n g sut c y trng (Mekonnen et ai., 2002)
2. C c chng v i sinh v t c k h n n g to phospho hoa tan, d s dng i v i thc
vt (Garg et ai., 2001)
C c v i sinh vt c k h n n g c nh nit g m : Azospirillum,
Rhhobium,

Sesbania,

Algac,

Azotobacter,

Mycorrhizae
209

Cc v i sinh v t c k h n n g hoa tan phospho: PStriata,

B. megaterium,

Aspergilus.

Ngc l i c y trng c n g sinh v i c c v i sinh vt, cung c p n g u n n n g lng v v t

l i u hu c cho v i sinh vt cng sinh.
P h n b n sinh hc c sn x u t v s d n g n h i u quc gia n h Brasil,
Banglades, c c nc n g h o C h u Phi n h Kenya, Cng hoa Tanzania, Z i m b a b w e
(Juma and Konde, 2002). P h n b n sinh hc c t h c sn x u t t i c h v c n g n g h
sn x u t k h n g phc tp. C c nc n y c c c n h m y sn x u t p h n b n v i sinh.
Tuy v y , k h n n g sn x u t c n xa m i p ng y u cu ca thc t i n .
11.5.3. Tng cng s dng cc tc nhn bo v thc vt sinh hc
- V i k h u n (B. thuringiensis)

c s dng r n g ri nht tr s u . T h u c tr su v i

sinh Bt h i n v n l c h p h m B V T V ch lc h i n nay, c h i m 9 0 % trong t n g 160 triu

U S D th trng c h p h m B V T V t o n cu.
- S dng c c con r u i bt dc k i m sot qun t h r u i g y b n h n g : L o i r u i
Tsetse f l y l vector t r u y n bnh n g - sleeping sickness. N g i ta sn x u t c c con
r u i c bt dc, t h c h n g v o m i trng l m g i m sinh sn r u i Tsetse f l y o
Zanzibar.
- A Wasp (Apoanagyrus lopezi) c s d n g d i t tr Cassava meabybug
cy sn (phenacoccus manihoti), c n g trnh n g h i n cu n y c t n g g i i thng
W o r l d Food Prize.
N h u cu s dng c c c h p h m B V T V n g y c n g l n . T u y v y , c c c h p h m ny
u c n c m t s nhc i m sau:
- Ph tc dng d i t tr hp, c h n g t h n g c t c d n g c t h tr m t s l o i su
bnh c t h , g i i hn.
- D i t tr v i tc c h m
- D bin i
- C c m ng cao v i ngoi cnh ( l o i t , hoa cht, n n g , m)
- bn thp (thi gian bo t n v bo q u n ngn). i u k i n bo q u n phc tp.
11.6. KT LUN
Hi ngh Bali, 2007, chng t rng nhn loi tnh ng khi nhn thc c nguy
c tiu huy ca h sinh thi trn tri t .
Tuy vy, nguy c v n k h n g h suy g i m m c n a n g t n g ln m n h m . K t
sau i c h i n t h g i i l n t h n , n h n l o i v n c n t ra i k h t v hoang d . C c c n g
quc chy u a p h t t r i n c n g nghip, q u n s v l m giu. N n k i n h t ca n h i u nc
t n g trng trn 10%. S p h t t r i n n n g v i tc hai con s mang l i s p h n thnh
c n g nghip. Tuy n h i n , k h i n h n l i n h n l o i l i a n g r n g m n h trc n h n g sn p h m
do c h n h n to ra:

210

- N h n g t h n h p h tiu d n g khng l v i h n g t r i u t n h ng k h i m i n g y .
- C c ngun n n g lng cn k i t , gi c c c l o i d u m t n g h n g n g y . Cnh tranh
ngun du m to ra nhng m u t h u n gay gt v n h n g cuc n g n h cuc chin
du m Trung n g , v sp ca T h p i n g y 11/9/2001 v cuc c h i n M e , cuc
ng t h k gia Israel v Palestine g i n h g i t m n h t sa mc cn c i vng
Trung n g . S i k h t v hoang d v n a n g c n r t n h i u n i v i nhng v tn st
tp t h v nhng kho v k h n g y c n g y ln.
- H n g n g h n t la a n g b ra m i n m t i p tc n g h i n cu c c p h n g t i n
huy dit l n nhau.
- C c virus m i g y bnh nguy h i m i v n a n g t i p tc x u t h i n . N h i u virus v
vi sinh vt c th c tng hp, c ti t hp tr n n nguy h i h n m t c c h hu
hoc v trong c c p h n g t h n g h i m .
V n m i trng, v n n n g lng v t n g l a i n n v n m i n h ca tri t ch c
th g i i quyt c trn c s thng nht l tr v h n h n g t r n quy m ton cu v
m i quc gia.

211

TI LIU T H A M K H O

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1.

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2.

N n g V n h , 2005. C n g n g h t b o thc v t ng d n g . N X B N n g N g h i p .

3.

Abelson John N . and Simon M e l v i n ., C o l o w i c k Sidney p . and K a p l a n Nathan o . ,

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7.

Calladine C.R., 1997. Understanding D N A : The molecule and h o w t vvorks. New

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8.

Campbell N e i l
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9.

Coutre L . A . and Stinchcomb D . T., 1996. Anti-gene therapy: The use o f ribozyms to
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6* e d i t i o n . B e r a m i n

10. Das H . K . , 2004. Textbook o f Biotechnology. W i l e y Dreamtech India Pvt. L t d .

l i . Drilica K a r l , 1997. Understanding D N A and Gene C l o n i n g . 3"* edition. M i n W i l e y
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needs o f poor, Rome 2004.
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17. Hartmann Hudson T., Kester Dale E., Davies Fred T. and Geneve Robert L . , 2004.
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Freeman and Company, Worth Publishers.

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22. Koncz c , Nemeth K . , Redei G.P., Schell J., 1992. T - D N A insertional mutagenesis
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1999. Molecular Cell Biology, 4 edition. W . H . Freeman and Company, W o r t h
Publishers

25. M i e s e l d R. M . , 1999. A p p l i e d Molecular Genetics. W i l e y - L i s s ; a John W i l e y and

sons, Bc, publication.
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Biochemical Sciences 24: M 6 5 .
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28. Rao Kanury V . s, 2004. Biology o f I m m u n e system. W i l e y Dreamtech India Pvt.Ltd.

29. Raven Peter H . , Evert Ray F. and E i c h h o m Susan E., 1999. Biology o f Plants. 6
edition. W . H . Freeman and Company, W o r t h Publishers

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30. Sambrook j . , Fritsch E.F., and Maniatis T., 1989. M o l e c u l a r cloning: A laboratory
Manual, 2 edition. Cold spring Habor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Habor, New
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O x f o r d University Press.
32. Staudt L . M . and B r o w n P.O., 2000. Genomic views o f the i m m u n e system. A n n u a l
Review o f I m m u n o l o g y 18: 829
33. Struhl K . , 1995. Yeast transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. A n n u a l Review o f
Genetics 29: 6 5 1 .
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Limited.
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2 ed. N e w Y o r k : W . H . Freeman and Company, W o r t h Publishers.
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Scientiic A m e r i c a n (September).

Develops.

37. w w w . b i o . o r g . Biotechnology: A collection o f technologies.

213

MC LC
M U

Chng 1. KHI NIM, LCH s V BIN CHNG PHT TRIN CA

CNG N G H SINH H C

1.1. K h i n i m c n g ngh sinh hc v quan h ca c n g n g h sinh h c v i c c

n g n h khoa hc t n h i n v x h i k h c

.2. C c n g n h khoa hc v s sng v m i quan h b i n chng

1.2.1. C c n g n h khoa hc c b n v s sng

1.2.2. C c n g n h khoa hc c n g ngh sinh hc

.2.3. C c n g n h c n g n g h sinh hc ng d n g

.2.4. C c n g n h khoa h c c n g ngh t n h i n

1.3. Lch s c n g ngh sinh hc v vn bn cht ca s sng

11

1.3.1. T m tt c c giai o n p h t t r i n ca c n g n g h sinh h c v c c sn

p h m c h n h ca C N S H

11

1.3.2. N h n g p h t m i n h c n b n ca n h n l o i trong l n h vc sinh h c d n n

s ra i ca C N S H

l i

1.3.3. M t v i ng dng ca C N S H

16

.4. K h m p h b n cht ca s sng v vai t r c h o ca gen

17

1.4.1. K h m p h b n cht ca s sng v k h n n g c i t o sinh g i i bng c n g

ngh sinh hc

17

1.4.2. V a i t r ca gen c t h h i n n h t h n o trong t b o sng?

18

.5. C i to d i t r u y n c c c t h sng trn c s sinh h c p h n t v k thut gen

20

.6. M t s lnh vc ng dng ca C N S H

22

Chng 2. CNG NGH T BO THC VT 25

2. . T b o t i n n h n v t b o n h n thc

25

2.2. N h n g c trng c b n ca t b o sng v c c h u n g p h t t r i n c b n ca

c n g ngh t b o thc v t

26

2.2. . K h n n g p h n b o v p h n hoa

26

2.2.2. K h n n g trao i cht

28

2.2.3. T b o l k h o lu t r t h n g t i n v l n v t i n hoa

29

2.2.4. T b o thc v t c n l n h m y n n g lng m t tri - n n tng cho p h t

trin C n g ngh sinh hc xanh v c c c n g ngh sch

30

2.3. M t s h n g khai t h c c c c t r n g c bn ca t b o trong t o g i n g

2.3.1. X y dng h thng ti sinh n n g cao h i u q u c h u y n gen trong t o
ging

214

30
30

2.3.2. K thut n b i to ging m i v d n g thun

31

2 3 3 T h tinh n h n to, nui cy v ti sinh t b o trng, t b o hp t, t

b o n i nhu non thanh c y trong i u k i n i n vitro

32

2.3.4. C n g ngh t bo to ging c y n q u k h n g ht, cht lng cao v

cy lam nghip u t h lai t h n g qua n u i c y n i n h tam b i

32

2.4. Pht m i n h ra c c ng dng k h c nhau ca k thut n u i c y m v t b o

33

2.4.1. K thut n u i cy nh sinh trng to g i n g sch bnh v n h n ging

nhanh

33

2.4.2. K thut n u i cy, ti sinh t b o t r n v l a i t b o soma

34

2.4.3. K thut n b i v ng dng to d n g thun, c n h u t h l a i

34

2.4.4. K thut n u i c y t b o dch l n g (suspension culture) s dng trong

sn x u t c c cht hot t n h sinh hc

34

2.4.5. To c c b i n d d n g t b o soma ng d n g trong c h n to ging v x c

nh chc n n g ca c c gen

34

2.4.6. C n g ngh t b o ng dng trong c h u y n gen v o c y trng

35

2.5. N u i cy m v t b o thc vt

35

2.5. . M t s c c m i trng c bn t h n g d n g trong n u i c y m

35

2.5.2. T h n h phn hoa hc ca c c m i trng n u i c y m , t b o thc vt

38

2.5.3. i g dng ca c n g ngh n u i c y m v t b o

58

Chng 3. c s SINH HC PHN T CA K THUT DI TRUYN 70

3.1. Cc n g u y n l c u t r c hoa hc ca A D N

70

3.2. D n g chy ca t h n g t i n d i t r u y n

72

3.3. Biu h i n ca gen

73

3.3.1. Q u trnh p h i n m (transcription)

73

3.3.2. Q u trnh dch m (translation)

74

3.4. C c enzym tham gia v o q u trnh sinh hoa ca A D N

75

3.5. i u k h i n b i u h i n ca gen

75

3.5.1. P h p b i n chng trong n g h i n cu h thng sng v v n i u k h i n

hot hoa ca gen

76

3.5.2. T n h phc tp ca h thng sng

76

3.5.3. H i u h n h gen

79

3.6. t b i n gen

89

3.7. Genom v t h n g t i n i truyn

92

3.8. P h t h i n c c gen quan trng l m c s cho to ging m i

93

3.9. K t q u bc u trong n g h i n cu sinh hc p h n t phc v n n g nghip

nc ta

95

215

C h n g 4. C N G N G H A D N T I T H P
4. . V i r u s , v i k h u n v k h n n g c h u y n t i vt l i u d i t r u y n

97

4.1.1. V i k h u n

97

4. .2. Siu v i k h u n X, (Phage lambda)

99

4 . .3. C c plasmid d n g trong c h u y n gen

100

4.1.4. Cosmids

loi

4. . 5 . Siu v i k h u n n si

loi

4.2. Cc enzym tham gia v o q u trnh A D N ti t hp

102

4.2. . C c enzym ct g i i hn c th ca A D N

102

4.2.2. Ligase v kinase

103

4.2.3. A D N - polymerase v A R N - polymerase

103

4.3. C n g n g h A D N ti t hp

104

4.3. . T h n o l m t A D N ti t hp

104

4.3.2. ngha ca vic t c h c c gen c t h

104

4.3.3. C c bc to A D N ti t hp

104

4.4. N g h i n cu p h t h i n c c gen v ng d n g k thut A D N ti t hp

109

4.4. . a-Interferon ti t hp

109

4.4.2. y-Interferon ti t hp n g i

lo

4.4.3. Sn x u t b F G F (Basis Fibroblast G r o w t h Factor)

110

4.4.4. V a c x i n ti t hp p h n g v i m gan B - Hepatitis B virus

110

4.4.5. K thut A D N ti t hp sn x u t K t c h n o n b n h (virus H I V )

111

4.4.6. Chn o n virus v i m gan c (Hepatitis c virus - H C V )

111

4.5. K thut A D N ti t hp phc v c h u y n gen v o c c c y t r n g

112

4.6. Quan i m v c n g n g h gen v g i n g c y trng c h u y n gen

112

4.7. T h v i n A D N

113

4.7. . P h n l o i t h v i n A D N

113

4.7.2. P h n g p h p p h t h i n d n g mang gen quan t m

114

4.7.3. M i nhn bit A D N

115

4.7.4. T o A D N m i (probe)

115

4.8. D n Genom n g i

116

4.9. C c d n n g h i n c u chc n n g h gen ( F u n c t i o n a l G e n o m i c s ) v so

s n h chc n n g h gen ( C o m p a r a t i v e G e n o m i c s )

116

Chng 5. VIRS V CNG NGH SINH HC VIRUS 118

5. . Lch s p h t h i n ra virus

118

5.2. c i m chung trong c u trc ca virus

119

5.2.1. V bc ca virus (capsid v envelop)

216

119

5.2.2. Sinh sn virus trong t b o sinh vt ch

119

5.2.3. C c h n h i m bnh virus

120

5.2.4. Chu trnh sinh sn ca virus k sinh v i k h u n

5.3. M t s bnh virus nguy h i

121
122

5.3.1. Virus b i l i t

122

5.3.2. V i r u s c m (Influenza hoc F l u )

123

5.3.3. Virus g y suy g i m h m i n dch H I V / A I D S

123

5.4. C c chin lc c b n p h n g chng bnh virus

124

Chng 6. PROTEIN V CNG NGH ENZYM 125

6.1. G i i thiu v protein

125

6.1.1. V a i tr ca protein

125

6. .2. C u trc ca protein

126

6.2. C n g ngh enzym

127

6.2.1. V a i t r sinh hoa hc ca enzym

128

6.2.2. M t s c t n h quan trng ca enzym

131

6.2.3. Trung t m hot hoa ca enzym

132

6.2.4. C c i u k i n hot hoa t i u ca enzym

133

6.2.5. N g u n gc ca m t s enzym t h n g dng

135

6.3. ng dng ca c n g n g h enzym

136

6.3.1. M t s ng d n g t r u y n thng v t n h h n h p h t t r i n ca c n g n g h
enzym

136

6.3.2. K h a i t h c enzym t i n h c h hoc c n h

138

6.3.3. M t s l n h vc ng dng quan trng ca enzym c n g n g h i p

140

6.4. K thut gen v k n g h protein trong l n h vc c n g n g h i p enzym

141

Chng 7. CNG NGH SINH HC VI SINH 144

7.1. S lc v lch s h n h t h n h c n g ngh v i sinh

144

7.2. V a i tr ca v i sinh vt trong t n h i n v ng dng ca v i sinh v t

144

7.3. C n g nghip l n men v i sinh vt

146

7.3.1. V t l i u ca c n g nghip v i sinh

146

7.3.2. Chng g i n g v i sinh c n g nghip

148

7.3.3. L n men c n g nghip

148

7.4. M t s n g u y n l trong sinh trng ca v i sinh v t

149

7 . 4 . . N u i c y tng t (batch culture)

150

7.4.2. P h n g p h p n u i c y lin tc

151

7.4.3. T h i t b Bioreator/Fermenter

151

7.4.4. Q u y m ca c n g ngh ln men

152

217

C h n g 8. C N G N G H S I N H H C Y D U C V C H N N U I

8.1. Dc cht v dc cht sinh hc (Pharmaceuticals and B i o p h a r m a c e u t i a c a l )

155

8.1.1. K h n g sinh (antibiotics)

155

8.1.2. V a c x i n v k h n g t h n d n g

156

8.1.3. K h n g t h n d n g

159

8. .4. M t s sinh dc cha bnh to c t k n g h gen

160

8.2. C c sn p h m sinh dc phc v c h n n u i

161

8.2. . C h n o n bnh bng k h n g t h n d n g

161

8.2.2. K thut gen chn tr bnh

162

8.2.3. C c l o i protein t n g trng phc v c h n n u i

163

8.3. n g vt chuyn gen sn x u t sinh dc v hoa cht trong sa

163

8.4. L i u p h p gen

164

8.5. N h n ging n g v t u t h l a i v n h n bn n g v t t r n g t h n h

166

Chng 9. K THUT DI TRUYN KIM SOT SU BNH 170

9 . 1 . C c gen lin quan n k h n g su bnh
9.2. C c h tc dng ca c c gen k h n g c n t r n g v m t s t h n h t u t c
trong b i n np c c gen n y c y trng

170
171

9.2.1. C c h tc d n g

171

9.2.2. M t s t h n h tu t c

172

9.2.3. C c h tc dng ca c c gen k h n g t u y n t r n g v m t s t h n h t u t

c trong b i n np c c gen n y c c c y trng

174

9.2.4. C c h tc dng ca c c gen k h n g n m v m t s t h n h tu t c

trong b i n np c c gen n y c c c y trng

174

9.2.5. C c gen k h n g virus v m t s t h n h tu t c trong b i n np c c

gen n y c c c y trng

176

9.3. T h n h tu sn x u t m t s c c ging c y t r n g c h u y n gen k h n g su b n h

177

Chng 10. CNG NGH SINH HC PHC v TRONG TRT 178

10. . T m quan trng ca n g n h trng t r t

178

10.2. C c c h u y n n g n h C N S H phc v trng t r t

178

10.2. . C n g ngh gen v c n g n g h t b o to g i n g c y trng

179

10.2.2. N h n g t h n h tu n i bt n h t trong l n h vc to g i n g v vai t r ca

n i v i n g n h trng trt

185

10.2.3. C n g ngh sinh hc bo v thc vt phc v trng trt

190

10.2.4. C n g ngh p h n h u c v i sinh v sinh hc phc v t r n g trt

193

10.2.5. CNSH v n n n n g nghip hu c

194

10.3. M t s v n t ra i v i n g n h trng trt v vai tr ca c n g n g h sinh

hc nc ta
218

195

10.3.1. N h n g t h c h thc l n c c v n g sn x u t n n g n g h i p nc ta v m t
s g i i p h p c n g ngh

195

10.3.2. CNSH trng trt tham gia v o m t s c h n g trnh k i n h t x h i l n

196

Chng li. CNG NGH SINH HC V VN MI TRNG SINH

THI V N N G LNG

198

11. . n h i m hoa hc m i trng sng v bnh l

198

11.2. n h i m k h n g k h

199

11.3. T c ng ca c n g nghip v C n g ngh sinh hc xanh

200

11.3.1. Hai q u trnh tri ngc nhau trn h n h t i n h , c c v n t h i i v

tng lai ca tri t

200

11.3.2. V a i tr ca CNSH xanh hay k h n n g ca con n g i t c n g v o

thm xanh thc vt n h t h n o ?

202

11.4. L m sch sinh hc (Bioremediation)

205

11.5. Cc g i i p h p c i t h i n m i trng k h c

209

11.5.1. Thay t h cht do tng hp bng cht d o sinh hc (Bioplastics)

209

11.5.2. G i m p h n b n hoa hc v t n g c n g p h n b n sinh hc

209

11.5.3. T n g c n g s dng c c tc n h n bo v thc v t sinh hc

210

11.6. K t l u n

210

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 212

219

GT Cng ngh sinh hc

63-630
NN-2007

1018/21-08