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BEARING PLATES
Beams maybe supported by connections to other structural members or they may rest on
concrete or masonry supports such as walls. When the support is weaker than steel, it is usually
necessary to spread the load over a large area so as not to exceed the allowable bearing stress of
the weaker material.
Allowable bearing stress of concrete wall:
1. For plate covering the full area of concrete support:
Fp= 0.35 fc
Where:
fc= specified compressive stress of concrete.
A1= area of bearing steel plate.
A2= max. area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically symmetrical
to and concentric with the load area.
The NSCP recommends that the bearing plate be considered to take the entire bending moment
produced and the critical section for moment be assumed to be a distance K from the centerline
of the beam. The distance K is the same distance from the outer face of the flange to the web toe
of the fillet or it is equal to the flange thickness plus fillet radius.
Note: if A1 and A2 is unknown use Fp = 0.35fc
A.) Min. width of bearing plate: ( N )
1. Due to web yielding
R
A1 = 0.35 fc '
A1 = B x N
R = end reaction
R
=0.66 Fy
t w (N +2.5 K )
N + 2.5K =
N=
R
0.66 Fy t w
R
0.66 Fy t w
- 2.5K
2
R= 89.3tw ( 1+ 3 ( d
( tf
1.5
F yw t f
tw
1
2
fp n2
Bending Stress :
MC
fb=
I
Allowable bending stress of bearing plate= 0.75 Fy
MC
fb=
I
0.75 Fy=
1
t
f p n2 ( )
2
2
3
(1)t
12
0.75 Fy =
3 f p n2
2
t2 =
4 f p n2
Fy
t= 2n
fp
Fy
bf= 180 mm
tf= 16 mm
tw= 9.7 mm
K= 33.27 mm
1. Determine the bearing length N of the bearing plate to prevent web crippling in
multiples of 25 mm.
2. Determine the required width of the bearing plate.
3. Determine the thickness of the bearing plate.
Solution:
1. Length of bearing plate N
Value of N to prevent web yielding:
0.66 Fy =
R
( N +2.5 K )t w
0.66 (248) =
246000
( N + 2.5 (33. 27 ) ) 9.7
N + 83.175 = 154.94
N= 71.77 mm
Value of N to prevent web crippling:
tw
N
R = 89.3tw2 ( 1 + 3 ( d ( t f )
1.5
Fyt f
tw
t w 1.5
N
R = 89.3tw2 ( 1 + 3 ( d ( t f )
Fyt f
tw
( )
( )
3N
413
9.7
( 16
1.5
248(16)
9.7
1.448 = 1 + 0.0034289 N
N = 130.66 mm ; use N = 150 mm
Check:
150 + 50 + x = 250
x = 50 mm
( distance from edge of inner wall to edge of plate )
n=
t= 2n
228
2
- 33.27 = 80.73
fp
Fy
t = 2 (80.73)
7.193
248
= 27.5 mm ; USE t = 28 mm
PROBLEM 2.
A W 750 x 173 beam is supported by a masonry wall with an allowable bearing stress of
concrete Fp = 5.18 Mpa. The beam reaction is 466 kN and the length of bearing N is limited to
150 mm. Use A 36 steel Fy= 250 Mpa.
Properties of W 750 x 173
d= 762.25 mm
tw= 14.35 mm
K= 41.28 mm
tf = 21.59 mm
bf= 266.57 mm
1. Determine the width of the bearing plate due to bearing strength of concrete wall.
2. Determine the length of bearing plate due to web yielding.
3. Determine the size of the bearing plate support the beam.
Solution:
1. Width of bearing plate due to bearing strength of the wall.
fp =
R
BN
466000
150 B
5.18 =
B = 600 mm
2. Length of bearing plate due to web yielding
R
0.66 Fy = ( N +2.5 K )t w
0.66 ( 250 ) =
466000
( N + 2.5 ( 41.28 ) ) 14.35
N + 103.20 = 196.81
N= 93.61 mm
t= 2n
fp =
R
Ab
fp
Fy
t= 2 (258.72)
466000
150 x 600
5.18
250
= 5.18 Mpa
= 74.5 mm say 75 mm
PROBLEM 3.
A beam is supported on a bearing plate on a concrete wall 300 mm thick as shown. Assume A
36 steel and fc = 20.7 Mpa for concrete.
Properties of W 530 x 66
A = 8370 mm2
bf = 165
tf = 11.4
tw = 8.9
K = 32.4 mm
Solution:
1. Maximum allowable reaction to prevent web yielding.
R
0.66 Fy = ( N +2.5 K )t w
R = 0.66 (250) (8.9) ( 125 + 2.5 (32.4))
R = 302511 N
R = 302.5 Kn
2. Max. allowable reaction due to bending plate.
B
=K + n
2
300
=32.4+n
2
n = 117.60 mm
t= 2n
fp
Fy
25 = 2 (117.60
fp
250
fp = 2.8245 Mpa
fp =
R
BN
2.8245 =
R
125 x 300
R= 105919 N or 105.92 KN
R
300 x 125
R = 271688 N
R = 271.69 KN
The figure 1 below shows a column with pin at both ends. The location of inflection
points of buckled shape is located at the pins. The effective length is equal to actual length.
Therefore the theoretical effective length factor K for such case is equal to 1.0.
The figure 2 shows a column whose ends are fixed. The location of inflection points of a
buckled shape is located at quarter points. The effective length is equal to one half of its actual
length. Therefore the theoretical effective length factor K for such case is equal to 0.5.
Recommended K = 0.65
The table gives the value of K for columns whose end restrains are defined. Use the
recommended design values when ideal condition is approximated.
Effective Length Factor K using alignment chart. The alignment chart for braced and
unbraced frames.
A.
B.
Alignment chart A is for continuous frames which are braced or not allowed to sway, that is,
inhibited.
Alignment chart B is for continuous frames which are allowed to sway, that are uninhibited.
The subscripts A and B refer to the joints at the two ends of the column section being considered.
G is defined as:
Ic
Lc
I
g
Lg
G=
equation 16.74
Where:
Ic = moment of inertia of column
Lc = unsupported length of column
Ig = moment of inertia of girder or the other restraining member
Lg = unsupported length of a girder
The moment of inertia Ic and Ig are taken about the axis perpendicular to the
plane of buckling being considered.
For pinned end column (supported but not rigidly connected to a footing or
foundation), G is theoretically infinity, but unless actually designed as a true friction free pin,
maybe taken as 10 for practical designs. If the column end is rigidly attached to a properly
designed footing, G is theoretically zero but maybe taken as 1.0. Smaller values may be used if
justified by analysis.
Note: for fixed end column G = 1.0 (rigid connection of column to footing)
For pin end column G = 10
If a beam or girder is rigidly attached to a column, its stiffness should be multiplied by the
appropriate factor as shown in the table 16.7.5, depending on the condition at the far end of the
member.
When sidesway is possible, it will be found that the effective lengths are always greater than that
actual lengths, that is K is greater than 1.0.
When frames are braced in such a manner that sidesway is not possible, K is less than 1.0
SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
PROBLEM 1.
The frame shown has its side sway uninhibited and the far ends of the girder are fixed against
rotation.
Note:
Lc = length of column
Lg = length of girder or beams
Ic = moment of inertia of column
Ig = moment of inertia of girder or beam
Solution:
1. K factor for column AB:
G factors for each joint
At the bottom:
GB = 10.0 (hinged or pinned joint)
At the top:
I
c
Lc
GA =
I
g
Lg
GA =
9527.8+11433.3
0.67 x 55633.3
16888.9+20266.7
0.67(55633.3+77700)
GB = 0.416
At the top:
I
c
Lc
GA =
I
g
Lg
GA =
20266.7
0.67(31016.7+34588.9)
GA = 0.461
Lg
GB = 10.0 (hinged or pin joint)
At the top:
I
c
Lc
GA =
I
g
Lg
GA =
55633.3+77700
0.67
16888.9+20266.7
GA = 0.416
= 90.18
Note: Multiply the stiffness of girders by 0.67 due to the condition of the far ends of the girder
which is fixed against rotation.
PROBLEM 2.
From the figure shown, the moment of inertia of girders and columns are as follows:
Ic = 0.00004570 m4
Ig = 0.0003107 m4
Solution.
1. Value of GA:
Note: multiply the girder stiffness by 1.5 (far end is pinned)
I
c
Lc
GA =
Ig
Lg
GA =
0.00004570
3.7
0.0003107
1.5 (
)
5.5
GA = 0.146
2. Value of GB:
Note: Multiply the girder stiffened by 1.5
(Far end is pinned)
Ic
Lc
Ig
Lg
GB =
GB =
0.00004570 0.00004570
+
3.7
3.7
0.0003107
0.0003107
+
(1.5 )
5.5
3.0
)(
GB = 0.116
PROBLEM 3.
From the figure shown, the moment of inertia of girders and columns are as follows:
Ic = 0.00004570 m4
Ig = 0.0003107 m4
GA =
0.00004570
3.7
0.0003107
(0.5)
5.5
GA = 0.437
GB =
0.00004570 0.00004570
+
3.7
3.7
0.0003107
5.5
GB = 0.437
Effective length = 1.16 x 3.7
Effective length = 4.29 m
2. Effective length of C-4
GA =
0.00004570 0.00004570
+
3.7
3.7
0.0003107
5.5
GA = o.437
GB = 1.0 (footing)
Effective length = 0.725 x 3.7
Effective length = 2.68 m
GA =
0.00004570 0.00004570
+
3.7
3.7
0.0003107
0.0003107
+
5.5
5.5
)(
GA = 0.219
GB = 1.0 (footing)
Effective length = 0.68 x 3.7
Effective length = 2.52 m
Eulers Formula
P=
2 EI
L2
P=
P=
P=
2 EI
( L e )
L
2
2
EI
4 2 EI
L2
P=
EI
( L e )
P=
EI
(0.7 L)
P=
2 2 E
( L)
P=
2 EI
(L)
P=
2 EI
( L e )
P=
2 EI
(2 L)
P=
2 EI
4 L
P
A
2. If
L
r
P
A
= proportional limit
Pe=
The x-axis has an unbraced length of 8 m, which is pinned at the top and fixed at the bottom with
K= 0.70 to prevent sidesway. The y-axis has an unbraced length of 4m due to the bracing at the
mid-height.
1. Determine the critical slenderness ratio.
2. Compute the initial compressive load of the column.
3. What is the minimum length that will not exceed the proportional limit.
SOLUTION:
1. Critical slenderness ratio:
ry=
Iy
A
ry=
rx=
18800000
= 48.09 mm
8129
Ix
A
178300000
= 148.10 mm
8129
L 8000 x 0.7
=
=37.81
rx
148.10
L 4000 x 1
=
=83.18
ry
48.09
L 4000 x 1
=
=83.18
ry
48.09
L 4000 x 0.7
=
=58.22
ry
48.09
Critical slenderness ratio = 83.18
EI
( L)
2
( 200 000 ) (18800000)
(4000)
Pcr = 2319357 N
Pcr = 2319 KN
3. Min. length of column so that it will not exceed the prorportional limit.
Pcr
= A x proportional limit
Pcr = A fs
Pcr = 8129 (320)
Pcr = 2601280
Pcr
2601280=
2 EI
( L)
2
( 200 000 ) (18800000)
(L)
L= 3777 mm
L= 3.78 m
PROBLEM 2.
A W 250 x 73 is to served as a pin-ended 12 m long column is braced at mid-height with
respect to its weak axis. The proportional limit is 235 Mpa.
Properties of safety of 2.5
A= 9280 mm2
rx= 110
d= 253
ry= 64.7
bf= 254 mm
tf= 14.2 mm
Use
L
r
Fe=
E
2
L
( )
r
= 109.09
2 (200000)
(109.09)2
PROBLEM 3.
Two C 310 x 45 channels are latticed together so they have equal moments of inertia about
the principal axes. Assumed both ends are pinned and proportional limit is 240 Mpa. E= 200000
Mpa.
1. Compute the distance back to the channel.
SOLUTION:
1. Distance back to back of channel:
For 2 channels:
Ix = Iy
Iy= 2 ( 67.3 ) x 106
Iy = ( 2.12 x 106 + 5690( K )2) 2
134.6 x 106= ( 2.12 x106 + 5690 K2 ) 2
67.3 x 106 = 2.12x 106 + 5690 K2
K= 107.03 mm
b
+17=107.03
2
b= 180.06 mm
2. Minimum length:
P
=proportional limit
A
P
2 x 5690 = 240
P= 2731.2 KN
P=
2 EI
(L)
2731200 =
2
( 200 000 ) (134.600000)
(L)
L= 9863 mm or 9.86 m
3. Safe load of 12 m. Length of column with a factor of safety of 2.5
2 Ix
rx=
2A
rx=
Ix
A
= 109 mm
P
A =
2 EI
( L/r )
L
r =
12000
109
P
2 x 5690 =
= 110.09
2 200000
(110.09)
P= 1854 KN
Safe load =
1854
2.5
= 741.6 KN
MC
I
f=
P Mx Cx
A
Ix
M yC y
Iy
C my f by
f
1 a Fbx
F e' x
f
1 a F by
F e' y
f bx
+ F bx
fa
0.60 Fy
fa
Fa
When
fa
Fa
Cmx f bx
f bx
+ F bx
1.0
f by
1.0
F by
Equation 18.2.1
Equation 18.2.2
0.15
f by
1.0
F by
Equation 18.2.3
P
A
Fe =
122 E
K Lb
23
rb
( )
M1
M2
Where:
M1
M 2 = is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of the portion of the
member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration.
M1
M2
M1
M2
c.) For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of
loading and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cm
maybe determined by analysis, however in lieu of such analysis, the following values
are permitted.
1. For members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bending.
Cm = 0.85
2. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of
bending.
Cm = 1.0
For bending in one axis:
fa
Fa
Cmx f bx
+
fa
F
F e' x bx
1.0
The value of
fa
F e' x
Fe =
12 2 E
K Lb
23
rb
( )
Cm
Magnification factor =
fa
F e' x
)
Cm
fa
F e' x
= 1.0
: Cm = 0.60 0.40 (
: Cm = 0.85
: Cm = 1 +
fa
Fe '
M1
M2
PROBLEM 1.
A steel column has an unsupported height of 5.4 m is pin connected at both ends with
sidesway prevented. It carries an axial load of 530 KN and a moment of 20 KN-m at the top and
13.4 KN-m at the bottom which causes bending about major axis (single curvature). Except for
bracings at the top and the bottom, there is no lateral bracing about either major and minor axis
of the column. Fy = 250 MPa, Es = 200000 MPa.
Properties of steel section:
A = 7450 mm2
d = 250 mm
bf = 204 mm
tf = 13.6 mm
tw = 8 mm
Sx = 694 x 103 mm3
Sy = 188 x 103 mm3
rx = 108 mm
ry = 50.4 mm
1. Compute the allowable compressive stress of the column section.
2. Compute the combined axial and bending interaction value.
3. Compute the amplification factor.
Solution:
1. Allowable compressive stress:
K = 1.0 (pin-connected)
KL
1 x 5400
=
= 107.14
r
50.4
Cc =
Cc =
2 E
Fy
2 200000
250
Fy
r
Fa = [1] F .S.
2 Cc 2
( )
F.S. =
5
3
F.S. = 1.70
3
+
( KLr )
8 Cc
( KLr ) 3
8 C c3
125.66
2
( 107.14 )
Fa = [1-
250
1.70
Fa = 93.61 MPa
(sidesway prevented)
13.4
20 )
(single curvature
Cm = 0.868
Lc =
200 b f
Fy
Lu =
137900
250 x 250
204 x 13.6
200 x 204
250
= 2580 mm
= 6121 mm
Lb = 5400 mm
Lb > Lc = 2580 mm
Lb < Lu = 6121 mm
Use Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60 x 250 = 150 MPa
fbx =
M
sx
fbx =
20 x 106
694 x 103
fa =
P
A
fa
Fa
Use
Fex =
530000
7450
fa
Fa
= 28.81 MPa
71.14
93.61
= 71.14 MPa
12 2 Es
KL
23
rx
( )
fa
F
F e' x bx
1.0
M1
M2
is negative)
KL
rx
1 x 5400
108
= 50
12 2 (200000)
23 ( 50 )
Fex =
= 412
Cm
Magnification factor =
fa
Fa
f
1 a
F e' x
0.868
71.14
1
412
= 1.049 > 1 ok
C mx f bx
71.14
93.61
fa
F
F e' x bx
1.0
1.049 x 28.81
+
150
fa
F e' x
1
71.14
1
412
= 1.209
PROBLEM 2.
A W 12 x 161 is used as a column to support an axial load of 1784 KN and moments
about the x-axis equal to 180 KN-m and moment about the y-axis of 60 KN-m. the column
section has an unsupported height of 3.6 m consisting of A 36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa which is
braced against sidesway. There are no transverse loads and Kx = 1.0 and Ky = 1.0. The column is
bent in reverse curvature about both axes with equal end moments.
Properties of W 12 x 161
A = 30580.6 mm2
d = 352.55 mm
bf = 317.88 mm
tf = 37.74 mm
tw = 22.99 mm
Sx = 3638 x 103 mm3
Sy = 1273 x 103 mm3
rx = 144.78 mm
ry = 81.28 mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
SOLUTION:
1. Allowable axial stress:
K x Lx
rx
1.0 x 3600
144.78
= 24.87
K y Ly
ry
1.0 x 3600
81.28
= 44.29
Use
KL
r
Cc =
= 44.29
2 E
Fy
F.S. =
Fa = [1-
2 200000
248
( KLr )
Use Fa = [1-
2 Cc
5
3
( KLr )
8 Cc
( KLr )
2 Cc 2
Fy
F .S.
( KLr ) 3
8 C c3
Fy
F .S.
= [1-
= 1.76
( 44.29 )
2 ( 126.17 )2
248
1.76
= 132.23 MPa
200 b f
Fy
Lu =
137900
248 x 352.55
317.88 x 37.74
200 x 317.88
248
= 4037 mm
Fex =
12 Es
KL
23
rx
Fey =
12 Es
KL
23
ry
( )
12 (200000)
23 ( 24.87 )
12 (200000)
23 ( 44.29 )
= 1665
P
A
fa =
fa
Fa
( )
fa
Fa
Use
fa
0.60 F y
Use:
1784000
30580.6
58.34
132.23
C mx f bx
C my f by
f
1 a Fbx
F e' x
f
1 a F by
F e' y
f bx
+ F bx
C mx
f
1 a
F ' ex
C my
f
1 a
F ' ey
= 58.34 MPa
C mx
f
1 a
F ' ex
C mx
f
1 a
F ' ex
= 525
f by
1.0
F by
0.40
58.34
1
1665
= 1.0
0.40
58.34
1
525
1.0
Use:
C my
f
1 a
F ' ey
fbx =
Mx
sx
fbx =
180 x 10 6
3638 x 10 3
fby =
My
sy
fbx =
60 x 10 6
3
1273 x 10
fa
Fa
= 1.0
= 49.48 MPa
= 47.13 MPa
Cmx f bx
C my f by
f
1 a Fbx
F e' x
f
1 a F by
F e' y
58.34
132.23
fa
0.60 F y
f bx
+ F bx
58.34
0.60 x 248
1.0 x 49.48
163.68
49.48
+ 163.68
1.0
1.0 x 47.13
=0.997< 1.0(safe)
186
f by
1.0
F by
47.13
=0.948 < 1.0 (safe)
186
PROBLEM 3.
A W 10 x 77 column sections carries an axial load of 900 KN and a moment of 55 KN-m
at the top and a moment of 110 KN-m at the bottom. The column has a height of 4.6 m and is
assumed to be pin connected at both ends. Assume sidesway is prevented and bending occurs
about the strong axis (single curvature). Use A 36 steel Fy= 248 MPa.
Compute the equivalent axial load that will cause a stress the same as the maximum
stress produced by the actual loads using the modified formula and indicate the adequacy of the
column section.
Properties of W 12 x 161
A = 14645 mm2
d = 269.75 mm
bf = 258.95 mm
tf = 22.05 mm
tw = 13.59 mm
Sx = 411 x 103 mm3
Sy = 493 x 103 mm3
rx = 114.05 mm
ry = 66.04 mm
Es = 200000 MPa
SOLUTION:
KL
r
Cc =
1.0 x 4600
66.04
2 E
Fy
( KLr )
Fa = [1-
2 Cc
F.S. =
2 200000
248
Fy
F .S.
5
3
= 69.65
( KLr )
8 Cc
( KLr ) 3
8 C c3
F.S. = 1.85
Fa = [1-
126.17
2
( 69.65 )
248
1.85
Fa = 113.63 MPa
Allowable load:
Pall = A Fa = 14645 x 113.63 = 1664 KN
fa =
P
A
900000
14645
= 61.45 MPa
Fa = 113.63 MPa
fa
Fa
61.45
113.63
Allowable Fbx
Lc =
200 b f
Fy
Lu =
137900
248 x 269.75
258.95 x 22.05
200 x 258.95
248
= 3289 mm
= 11770 mm
Lb = 4500 mm
Lb > Lc
Lb < Lu
Use Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60 x 248 = 148.8 MPa
Fa
ax
(
)
F bx a x P ( KL )2 ]
Bx =
A
Sx
14645
1411 x 103
= 0.01038
M1
M2
55
110
) (no sidesway)
) = 0.80
Fa
ax
(
)
F bx a x P ( KL )2 ]
113.63
375.27 x 1012
(
)
148.8 375.27 x 1012900000 ( 4600 )2 ]
Peq= 900
Fa
F
+Bx M x a
0.6 F y
F bx
113.63
113.63
+ 0.01038(110000)
0.6 x 248
148.8
A2
A1
A2
A1
< 0.7 fc
Where;
fc= specified compressive strength of concrete
A1= area of steel concentrically bearing on concrete support.
A2= max. area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically
similar to and concentric with the loaded area.
In designing the column base plates, its assumed that the column load is uniformly distributed
within a rectangle whose dimensions are 95% of the depth and 80% of the flange width of the
column section and that the base plate to have a uniform bearing pressure on the foundation
Trial area:
BC=
P
Fp
BC=
P
0.35 fc '
P
BC
< 0.35 fc
M= fp
M= fp (n) (1)(
6M
bd2
Fb=
6(
Fb=
t=
n
2 )
n2
2
M= fp
t=
f p n2
)
2
(1)t 2
3 f pn2
Fb
3 f p m2
Fb
fp
Fy
t= 2m
fp
Fy
d= 260 mm
Fp= 0.35(24.2)
A2
A1
< 0.7 fc
202500
121875
2. Allowable axial load that this base plate can support can support based on allowable
bearing pressure of concrete pedestal.
P
Fp= A
P
10.92 = 325 (375)
P= 1330875 N or 1330.88 KN
3. Allowable axial load that this plate can support based on bending strength of the
plate.
2n+ 0.80bf = 325
2n+ 0.80 (256) = 325
n= 60.10 mm
2m+ 0.95d = 375
2m+ 0.95(260) = 375
m= 64 mm
d b f
n=
260( 256)
= 64.50 mm
Use n= 64.50 mm
t= 2n
fp
Fy
25= 2 (64.50)
f p
250
f p
250
0.0376=
P
325 (375)
P= 1144406 N
P= 1144.4 KN
bf= 265 mm
P
0.7 fc '
A1=
2 000 000
0.7(20.7)
Fp= 0.35 fc
A1
P
A2
=
0.35
fc
A1
A1
2 000 000
A2
=
A
1
A1
0.35(20.)
A2
276052= A
1
A1
76205 x 106= A1A2
76205 x 106= A1 ( 5760000 )
A1= 13,230 mm2
Fp= 0.35 fc
A1
Fp= 0.35 (20.7)
5760000
138026
= Fp
P
= 14.49
2 000 000
d b f
4
289(265)
4
= 69.18 mm
t= 2n
fp
Fy
P
A =
fp=
2 000 000
375
14.22
250
t= 38.87 say 40 mm
use t= 40 mm
PROBLEM 3.
A W 360 x 110 column carries an axial load of 1560 kN. A rectanular base plate is required to
support this column. Assume that the base plate will cover the full area of concrete pier with fc=
20.7 Mpa. Use A 36 steel Fy= 248 MPa.
Properties of W 360 x 110
d= 360 mm
P
Fp =
1560000
7.245
= 215321
N=
A1
N=
215321 + 68.60
fp
Fy
= 2(96)
7.195
248
t= 32.7 mm say 34 mm
REFERENCES