Professional Documents
Culture Documents
College of Architecture
Window
Sun
Overhang
N
Sun
WINDOW
Altitude
Azimuth
Glass in Shade
diffuse radiation
Wall-Solar
Azimuth
Window
Component of Solar
Side Fin
Radiation perpendicular
Glass in Sun
to Wall-Window Surface
Figure ?
Direct solar radiation is the vector component of the absolute (total) solar radiation that is
perpendicular to the glass surface. The Solar Cooling Load (SCL) Factor for a window is based
on this value. So for any given hour, the SCL values for windows with different azimuth and tilt
angles will have different SCLs although the absolute solar radiation is the same for all windows.
Q-solar = A * SC * SCL
Q-cond = A * U * CLTD
A = Glass Area , SC = Glass Shading Coefficient, U = Glass heat transfer coefficient.
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference. CLTD for glass depends mainly on the
difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures but as with walls and roofs it is affected by
the mass and properties of the glass material.
When solar radiation strikes a glass surface, some of it is transmitted, some of it is absorbed and
some of it is reflected. The absorbed component increases the temperature of the glass and the
heat is slowly conducted (released) to the outside and inside depending on the difference in
temperature. Unlike walls that are thick and have high densities, the absorbed portion of the solar
radiation is relatively small compared to transmitted and reflected components.
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
F13 - 1
College of Architecture
For example, a particular tinted glass has a transmissivity of 0.6 (60% of radiation is transmitted),
reflectivity of 0.3 (30% of radiation is reflected) and absorbtivity of 0.1 (10% of radiation is
absorbed). The direct solar radiation value is the component of the absolute solar radiation that is
perpendicular to the glass surface.
Shading Coefficient (SC) is the ratio of the solar heat through a given glass type under specific
conditions to the solar heat gain through a standard reference unshaded glass that was used to
determine Solar Cooling Load (SCL) factors. The reference glass is one-eighth thick inch clear
double strength single glass and it has an SC = 1 under the specific conditions.
SC = Solar heat gain through given glass type
Solar heat gain through reference glass type
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is the ratio of the measured solar heat through a given glass
type to the incident solar heat on the glass. The measured values are affected by the air films on
either side of the glass, absorbtivity and by other factors. SHGC is therefore less than SC (about
10% to 15%). SHGC values are used in manual calculations. Input to energy computer programs
is usually SC, and the program calculates SHGC based on conditions on either side of the glass.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 specifies SHGC values for different climates because it is based on tested
measured values of different glass types and not on theoretical values.
Radiant heat entering through the glass does not directly affect the room space air through which it
passes. The radiant heat is first absorbed by the interior surfaces (walls, floor, ceiling) of the space
and the contents (furniture and other objects) in the space. The absorbed heat is released to the air
in the space through conduction and convection due to the difference in temperature.
Solar Cooling Load (SCL) factors are based on the solar radiation heat gain entering through the
glass and the effect of the room surfaces and furnishings in absorbing and transmitting the radiant
heat. There is therefore a time lag between the solar radiation entering the space through the glass
and when it affects the temperature of the air in the space.
Visible Light Transmission (VLT) factor is the ratio of amount of light (lumens) transmitted
through the given glass type to the amount of light transmitted by the standard reference glass
type. Visible light and radiation heat are part of the electromagnetic spectrum and vary from each
other in wave length. The is therefore a correlation between SC and VLT for different glass types
but they are not the same. For building energy efficiency in summer you want to reduce the SC
and increase the VLT. This reduces the cooling load due to radiation heat gain and reduces it even
further by reducing the heat gains from lighting. Glass manufacturing research and technology
tries to develop glass that optimizes the properties of glass for building energy efficiency.
In summary, energy efficient glass depends on its U-value, SC, SHGC and VLT. Glass
manufacturers data provides this information.
ASHRAE tables for Solar Cooling Load (SCL) factors are therefore based on approximate groups
and combinations of different types of room surfaces and furnishings. It is also based on floor
levels (ground, middle, top) since this affects the inside surfaces of the space.
F13 - 2
College of Architecture
ZONE TYPES
The ASHRAE Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD), Solar Cooling Load (SCL) and
Cooling Load Factor (CLF) method was developed so that heating and cooling loads can be
calculated manually. It consists of building performance tables for different latitudes and different
building configurations. The tables were generated using the DOE2 computer program that used
more intensive and accurate calculation procedures (example Transfer Function Method for
Walls). These tables are published in the ASHRAE 1981 Handbook.
Room or space zone types were developed for:
Solar Heat Gain through Glass
Internal Heat Gains from People, Lights, and Equipment
MULTI-STORY BUILDING
ROOF
Ceiling
TOP Floor
Ceiling
(a) None
(b) With
Window
Glass
MIDDLE Floor
without Ceiling
Inside Shades
(a) None
(b) Half
(c) Full
Lights
Number of
Interior and
Exterior Walls
(a) one or two
(b) three
four or more
Concrete
Partition
Equipment
People
Floor Covering
(a) None
(b) Vinyl
(c) Carpet
Floor
(a) 2.5 inch concrete
(b) 1 inch wood
Ceiling
Partitions
(a) Gypsum
(b) Concrete Block
MIDDLE
Floor
SINGLE-STORY BUILDING
INTERIOR
Zone
Ceiling
GROUND Floor
ROOF
NW
NE
INT
SW
SE
Ceiling
GROUND Floor
F13 - 3
College of Architecture
ASHRAE Zones for Solar Cooling Load (SCL) Factors for Glass are based on:
A. Floor Level and Room Location
1. Single Story Building (Table 8.8-A)
2. Top Floor (Table 8.8-B)
3. First / Ground Floor (Table 8.8-C)
4. Middle Floor (Table 8.8-D)
5. Interior Rooms (Table 8.8-E)
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
CLTD/SCL/CLF Method
TETD Method
Convection
HEAT
COOLING
GAIN
LOAD
Radiation
HEAT
EXTRACTION
Convection
with Time Delay
Furnishings
Structure and
other Variable
Heat Storage
Plus / Minus Swing
F13 - 4
College of Architecture
Mid-Flr Type
Walls
Ceiling
Floor
Partition
Inside
Glass
People
Type
Cover
Type
Shade
Solar
Equipt
ZONE TYPE
TOP FLOOR
1 or 2
2.5" Concrete
Lights
With
Carpet
Gypsum
Full
ZONE TYPE
GROUND FLOOR
1 or 2
2.5" Concrete
With
Carpet
Gypsum
Full
ZONE TYPE
MIDDLE FLOOR
1 or 2
2.5" Concrete
With
Carpet
Gypsum
Full
No. of
Mid-Flr Type
Walls
Ceiling
Floor
Partition
Inside
Glass
People
Type
Cover
Type
Shade
Solar
Equipt
ZONE TYPE
TOP FLOOR
1 or 2
2.5" Concrete
Without
Vinyl
Cncr Blck
None
3
4
Gypsum
ZONE TYPE
GROUND FLOOR
1 or 2
2.5" Concrete
Without
Vinyl
Cncr Blck
None
3
4
Gypsum
ZONE TYPE
MIDDLE FLOOR
1 or 2
2.5" Concrete
Lights
Without
Vinyl
Cncr Blck
3
4
Gypsum
None
F13 - 5
College of Architecture
Building
JANUARY 21st
Latitude : 24 North
Glass
NW
W
SW
N
Inter
S
NE
E
SE
Azim
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
12
18
23
26
27
26
23
18
12
NE
21
41
23
24
26
27
26
23
18
12
62
190
190
144
73
29
26
23
18
12
SE
63
218
253
245
211
160
95
38
19
12
25
114
166
200
220
227
220
200
166
114
25
12
SW
12
19
38
95
160
211
245
253
218
63
31
12
18
23
26
29
73
144
190
190
62
31
NW
12
18
23
26
27
26
24
23
41
21
10
Horiz
55
121
172
204
214
204
172
121
55
Rad
71
239
288
308
317
320
317
308
288
239
71
25
NW
W
SW
N
Inter
S
NE
E
SE
Building
Glass
Azim
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
45
41
37
39
41
42
41
39
37
41
45
26
NE
168
176
150
104
58
42
39
36
32
26
18
190
213
195
149
83
43
39
36
32
26
18
SE
101
128
129
108
73
45
40
36
32
26
18
18
27
34
39
44
46
44
39
34
27
18
SW
18
26
32
36
40
45
73
108
129
128
101
50
18
26
32
36
39
43
83
149
195
213
190
95
NW
18
26
32
36
39
42
58
104
150
176
168
85
Horiz
73
141
198
243
270
278
270
243
198
141
73
13
Rad
186
241
265
278
284
286
284
278
265
241
186
81
F13 - 6
College of Architecture
Building
NW
NE
Inter
SW
SE
Glass
Azim
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
35
36
36
38
40
42
42
40
38
39
43
32
NE
124
150
144
115
78
58
49
44
38
32
25
14
130
177
180
154
107
68
54
46
40
33
25
14
SE
74
104
114
106
83
59
50
44
38
32
25
14
15
23
30
35
40
43
43
40
37
32
24
14
SW
15
23
30
35
39
42
61
88
110
118
105
62
15
23
30
35
39
41
67
116
160
186
184
118
NW
15
23
30
35
39
41
51
83
122
151
158
106
Horiz
55
113
170
218
253
271
273
258
225
176
115
54
N
Inter
S
NE
E
SE
Building
NW
W
SW
Glass
Azim
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
30
32
32
35
37
39
40
39
37
39
42
33
NE
105
128
126
106
78
62
55
50
44
38
31
20
118
151
158
141
105
74
63
55
48
41
33
22
SE
63
89
100
95
78
60
53
48
43
37
30
20
13
20
26
31
36
39
40
38
36
32
26
17
SW
13
20
26
31
35
38
55
79
98
106
98
63
14
21
27
32
35
38
61
102
141
165
167
115
NW
14
21
27
32
35
38
47
75
108
134
142
102
Horiz
48
97
146
190
224
244
251
243
219
181
130
78
F13 - 7
College of Architecture
Building
NW
NE
Inter
SW
SE
Glass
Azim
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
31
31
30
32
35
36
36
35
34
36
39
31
NE
104
120
114
92
65
53
50
47
43
38
32
23
117
143
143
123
88
62
56
51
47
42
35
26
SE
64
85
92
85
68
51
47
44
40
36
30
21
14
20
25
29
33
36
36
34
32
29
24
15
SW
17
23
28
32
34
37
53
75
92
97
87
53
20
25
30
34
36
38
60
99
132
152
150
97
NW
19
24
29
33
35
37
45
72
103
125
129
87
Horiz
57
102
145
181
208
223
226
217
194
160
115
71
N
Inter
S
NE
E
SE
Building
Latitude : 24 North
NW
W
SW
Glass
Azim
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
27
27
27
29
31
33
33
33
33
34
37
30
NE
86
100
97
82
63
54
52
49
46
42
37
29
97
118
121
108
83
64
59
56
52
47
41
33
SE
53
71
77
74
62
50
47
45
42
38
33
26
13
18
22
25
29
32
32
31
30
28
24
18
SW
18
22
26
29
31
34
47
64
79
84
78
53
22
26
29
32
34
36
53
84
112
130
130
91
NW
20
24
28
31
33
34
41
63
88
106
111
80
Horiz
55
90
124
154
178
193
199
196
181
156
122
88
F13 - 8
College of Architecture
100 ft
24oN Latitude
Example
300 ft
100 ft
July
July
Hour
Hour
No.
RF
No.
RF
19
57
10
17
46
17
29
35
139
15
15
55
27
97
13
22
55
36
177
23
23
113
27
118
18
26
90
36
180
30
30
170
27
121
22
29
124
10
38
154
35
35
218
10
29
108
25
32
154
11
40
107
40
39
253
11
31
83
29
34
178
12
42
68
43
41
271
12
33
64
32
36
193
13
42
54
43
67
273
13
33
59
32
53
199
14
40
46
40
116
258
14
33
56
31
84
196
15
38
40
37
160
225
15
33
52
30
112
181
16
39
33
32
186
176
16
34
47
28
130
156
17
43
25
24
184
115
17
37
41
24
130
122
18
32
14
14
118
54
18
30
33
18
91
88
19
11
44
24
19
17
27
13
50
71
20
21
12
20
15
24
11
42
62
21
11
21
13
21
10
36
56
F13 - 9
College of Architecture
Length (ft) =
Building
100
Width (ft) =
100
Height (ft) =
300
30,000
10,000
Wall Glass SC =
1.0
Roof Glass SC =
1.0
Calculate Solar Gains at: (1) 8:00 AM (2) 12:00 Noon (3) 4:00 PM (4) 8:00 PM (5) 12:00 Midnight
Heat Gain (btu/hr) = Area * SC * SCL
July
Hr.No.
NORTH
SCL
MBH
EAST
SCL
MBH
SOUTH
WEST
ROOF
TOT
SCL
MBH
SCL
MBH
SCL
MBH
MBH
36
1080
177
5310
23
690
23
690
113
1130
8900
12
42
1260
68
2040
43
1290
41
1230
271
2710
8530
16
39
1170
33
990
32
960
186
5580
176
1760
10460
20
180
90
90
21
630
12
120
1110
Peaks at 4 PM
27
810
118
3540
18
540
26
780
90
900
6570
12
33
990
64
1920
32
960
36
1080
193
1930
6880
16
34
1020
47
1410
28
840
130
3900
156
1560
8730
20
15
450
24
720
11
330
42
1260
62
620
3380
Envelope
Solar
Heat Gain
Radiation
MBH
BTUH
Peaks at 4 PM
10000 MBH
300 BTUH
8000 MBH
6000 MBH
200 BTUH
4000 MBH
100 BTUH
2000 MBH
8:00
12:00
4:00
8:00
AM
Noon
PM
PM
- 10
College of Architecture
AM
Hour
10
11
12
CLTD
PM
Hour
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CLTD
12
13
14
14
13
12
10
The glass CLTD values in the table above are for based on the following conditions:
Indoor Room Temperature =
Outdoor Design High Temperature =
Average Outdoor 24-Hour Day Temperature =
Daily Temperature Range =
78oF
95oF
85oF
21oF
- 11
College of Architecture
HR
Qw-N
Qw-E
Qw-S
Qw-W
HR
Qgs-N
Qgs-E
Qgs-S
Qgs-W
800
16
2,560
160
32
7,680
151
36,240
20
4,800
21
5,040
1,280
29
4,640
320
480
32
7,680
158
37,920
26
6,240
27
6,480
10
11
1,760
39
6,240
800
960
10
35
8,400
141
33,840
31
7,440
32
7,680
11
14
2,240
45
7,200
1,440
1,440
11
37
8,880
105
25,200
36
8,640
35
8,400
12
16
2,560
46
7,360
13
2,080
13
2,080
12
39
9,360
74
17,760
39
9,360
38
9,120
13
19
3,040
43
6,880
18
2,880
17
2,720
13
40
9,600
63
15,120
40
9,600
61
14,640
14
21
3,360
40
6,400
22
3,520
24
3,840
14
39
9,360
55
13,200
38
9,120
102
24,480
15
24
3,840
37
5,920
25
4,000
34
5,440
15
37
8,880
48
11,520
36
8,640
141
33,840
16
26
4,160
35
5,600
26
4,160
46
7,360
16
39
9,360
41
9,840
32
7,680
165
39,600
17
29
4,640
33
5,280
26
4,160
56
8,960
17
42
10,080
33
7,920
26
6,240
167
40,080
18
30
4,800
30
4,800
26
4,160
62
9,920
18
33
7,920
22
5,280
17
4,080
115
27,600
Example
Glass Conduction Heat Gain
HR
Table
Corrct
Qgc
HR
Latitude : 24oN
16
5,120
13,600
43,920
9,920
10,320
18
5,760
14,720
48,320
12,320
12,720
105
10
20
6,400
10
16,560
46,480
14,640
15,040
20
11
23
7,360
11
18,480
39,760
17,440
17,200
95
12
25
8,000
12
19,920
33,120
19,440
19,200
13
12
28
8,960
13
21,600
30,960
21,440
26,320
14
13
29
9,280
14
22,000
28,880
21,920
37,600
Qw =A*U*CLTD
Aw =
1600
Uw =
0.1
15
14
30
9,600
15
22,320
27,040
22,240
48,880
Qgs = A*SC*SCL
Ag =
800
SC =
0.3
16
14
30
9,600
16
23,120
25,040
21,440
56,560
17
13
29
9,280
17
24,000
22,480
19,680
58,320
Zone
18
12
28
8,960
18
21,680
19,040
17,200
46,480
HR
17
15
17
72
N
W
E
S
Qgc = A * Ug * CLTD
Ug =
0.4
- 12