Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LearningModule
TLE
(Selected)
CompilationbyBen:r_borres@yahoo.com
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AgriculturalCropProduction
AgricultureAquaculture
AgricultureFood(Fish)Processing
Horti._Prep.andMaintainingTools
Horti._Prep.Tools
Horti._SecuringFarmTools
Horticulture
PCServicingConfiguringofcomputersystemsand
networks
9. PCServicingmaintainingofcomputersystemsand
networks
10. PCServicingterminatingandconnectingofelectrical
wiringsandelectronicscircuits2nd
11. TLESelected
CompilationbyBen:r_borres@yahoo.com
LEARNINGMODULES
AGRICULTURAL
CROP PRODUCTION
CompilationbyBen:r_borres@yahoo.com
AGRICULTURAL CROP
PRODUCTION
(ENTREPRENEURSHIP)
Module 1
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Emmanuel S. Valdez
Albert B. Erni
Authors:
JESUS B. NAZARENO, MDM
RODOLFO C. SAJORDA
Validated By:
ANICIA P. LORICA
Reviewers:
Pacifico T. Vizmonte Jr.
Illustrator:
Erich David Garcia
Language Editor:
Brenda B. Corpuz
Layout Artists and Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo and Joel G. Castillo
Telefax:
E-mail Address:
Table of Contents
MODULE I - ENTRPRENEURSHIP
LESSON 1 Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs) ..................................................... 2
Introduction ................................................................................... 2
Learning Objectives ........................................................................ 2
Pre-Test ......................................................................................... 2
What to Know ................................................................................ 4
What to Process ........................................................................... 12
What to Reflect On and Understand ............................................. 13
What to Transfer .......................................................................... 13
Post-Test...................................................................................... 15
Summary ..................................................................................... 17
Definition of Terms ...................................................................... 17
References ................................................................................... 18
LESSON 2 Market and Environment............................. 19
Introduction ................................................................................. 19
Learning Objectives ...................................................................... 19
Pre-Test ....................................................................................... 20
What to Know .............................................................................. 22
What to Process ........................................................................... 30
What to Reflect On and Understand ............................................. 32
What to Transfer .......................................................................... 32
Post-Test...................................................................................... 43
Summary ..................................................................................... 45
Glossary of Terms ........................................................................ 46
References ................................................................................... 46
MODULE 1
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Content Standards
The
learner
understanding
Personal
Performance Standard
ones Entrepreneurial
Competencies
(PECs)
Lesson
1
PERSONAL
ENTREPRENEURIAL
COMPETENCIES (PECs)
Introduction
Everybody loves to earn money and accumulate wealth. In the present
times, we have many ways to achieve it. The most common way is to offer
products and services to your friends and to other people in the community
and even in the online arena that can cover a global market. All the
business activities undertaken in selling products and services to people is
known as entrepreneurship and the one who manages these business
activities is an entrepreneur. Students are encouraged to develop skills
required in entrepreneurial activities. Many wealthy people in the country
started with small and community-based entrepreneurial activities.
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the different factors to be considered in setting up a business
2. Assess ones PECs, such as, characteristics, lifestyle features, and
skills
3. Assess practitioners entrepreneurial competencies, such as,
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your
answer on this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
a. Advocating against global warming
b. Delivering goods and services to the market
c. Preaching in different churches or group of churchgoers
d. Volunteering in a community clean-up activity
2. The saying Necessity is the mother of all inventions means
a. basic commodities are made for mothers
b. basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
c. necessity is invented by mothers
d. our mother tells us what we really need
3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?
a. Ability to act like a customer
b. Ability to study a market
2
What to know
Do you want to get rich like the successful entrepreneurs in your
community? Lets find out how?
Activity #1:
Before immersing ourselves into the exciting discussion about setting
up and running a business in the most sustainable ways, we will first do
inspiration-drawing activity through the conduct of casual interviews with
entrepreneurs in the community. Look for a partner in doing this. Identify 3
retailers, 3 service providers, and 1 producer. Use the template below for the
interview and in tracking the answers of the selected entrepreneurrespondents. Discuss the responses with your partner and present to your
class a brief analysis/report of the interview.
Interview
Guides
Students
guide
questions to
be used but
not limited to
the following:
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Retailers
Service
Producer
Providers
(commerci
al scale)
For example,
For
farm
Producer of
example,
machinery
rice, corn,
rice retail operators,
Banana,
store
farm
broiler,
owners
machinery
vegetables,
repair shop
chicken,
owners, etc.
etc.
Comments
Our reactions
to
entrepreneurs
responses
Did you
experience
losses? How
did you
respond to
losses?
Can you share
some
strategies in
keeping
customers?
What personal
qualities help
this business
flourish up to
now?
Are you afraid
of your
competitors?
Why?
Can you give
us some
pieces of
entrep-based
advice?
WHAT STARTED BUSINESSES?
A popular adage that says, Necessity is the mother of all inventions
simply means that we develop technologies to produce something that will
answer mankinds diverse needs. In the 1970s the most popular way of
tilling the soil for crop production is through the use of plow and harrow
drawn by a carabao. This method is so tedious and also consumes much of
the farmers time. Because there is a need for faster crop production
processes, farm mechanization was started to be introduced. Many
entrepreneurs engaged in farm machinery operation business like tractor
services, to cultivate large tracks of lands; rice threshing machine for faster
threshing and for minimal postharvest losses; and now the latest the
combine harvester which does harvesting and threshing rice at once.
5
Optimistic
Selfconfident
Self-control
Courageous
Committed
Creative
Well-defined
values
High energy
level
Leadership
ability
10
Responsible
Decision11
making
skills
12
Desire for
immediate
feedback
13
Strong
desire to
achieve
14
Ability to
learn from
past failures
freedom and
control
Flexibility of
time
are
the
greatest
asset
of
their
capacity
must
be
established.
Rest
and
group
of
people
to
oversee
the
welfare
of
Professional
support
business
arena
must
be
equipped
with
the
different
personal
ideas.
Seeking and Common business are well competed in the market
Initiative
while unique ones offer lower competition resulting to
higher revenues and profit.
Calculate risks by identifying the most beneficial
alternative courses of action to minimize effect of risks
Risk Taking
Demand for
Efficiency
and Quality
Persistence
Commitment
to the Work
Contract
completing tasks.
Accomplish
targets
customers satisfied.
10
on
time,
as
agreed,
to
keep
Planning Cluster
These skills ensure the entrepreneurs attainment of goals and objectives.
Equipped with well-defined goals and objectives and all the needed
information on the business will certainly make one above the rest.
Seeking
Goal Setting
Systematic
Planning
and
Monitoring
Make
well-organized
plan
with
clearly
defined
methods.
Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints,
challenges, and needs.
Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities
must be scheduled to determine emergent constraints,
challenges, and needs.
Power Cluster
These skills represent the personal touch of creativity and decisiveness
of the entrepreneur. It is the ability to expand, convince and sustain
customers to hasten business development.
Persuasion
and
Networking
confidence
Do
not
need
external
approval
before
acting
What to process
At this point, let us examine ourselves if we can really become
successful entrepreneurs. Let us know our chances.
Activity #2:
This is a self-examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics
that an entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these
characteristics too. Simply put check () if that particular characteristic is
present in you or an x (X) if you do not possess it. Comment on your own
status by giving possible options that can help you acquire it.
Do I have
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur
this?
YES
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Optimism
Self-confidence
Self-control
Courage
Commitment
Creatively
Well-defined values
High energy level
Leadership ability
Desire for responsibility
Decision-making skills
Desire for immediate feedback
Strong desire to achieve
Ability to learn from past
failures
12
NO
(X)
Realizations
(What are my
options?)
Commented [H1]:
YES
(/)
NO
(X)
Realizations
(If Yes how can I
improve this?)
(If NO what will I do
acquire it?)
What to transfer
We will act like analyst.
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our Activity #1 with the standard
characteristics, lifestyle, and skills of our interviewees. Do you think that
their businesses will be sustained? Support your answer and present it to
the class. Use the template in Activity #2 and Activity #3 to help you analyze
and forecast the sustainability of their businesses.
13
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Retailers
Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs)
REFER
Producer
Service
(commercial
Providers
TO
THE
scale)
RESPONSES
IN
first
column.
Put
check
14
()
if
Lifestyles of
Entrepreneurs
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Producer
Service
Retailers
(commercial
Providers
scale)
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN ACTIVITY
#1. Check if the respondents above
possess the lifestyle features enumerated
in the first column. Put check (/) if
observed and x(X) if not observed
Posttest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your
answer on this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
a. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
b. Advocate against global warming
c. Deliver goods and services to the market
d. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
2. The saying Necessity is the mother of all inventions means _____.
a. our mother told us what we really need
b. basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
15
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of
best quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and
even return to buy more of the product because they want to share it
with their friends. What personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis
have?
a. Demand for efficiency and quality
b. Goal setting
c. Persuasion
d. Self-confidence
Summary
We have studied the different factors in setting up an entrepreneurial
activity. It can be perceived as a complex activity. The market is so diverse
and if we fail to consider one factor which directly affects our business, we
will have to face lots of challenges as consequences. Albeit challenging, we
must remember that wealth accumulation as a return of our legal
investments will also give others opportunities for employment or for making
our products and services available.
The different characteristics, lifestyle, and Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies or PECs of successful entrepreneurs we learned will surely
inspire us to do our best to start our own business. Be optimistic and take
the risks. Use the PECs we learned and progress into a life full of challenges
that will hone us to become one of the most successful entrepreneurs, one of
these days. Good luck guys!
Glossary of Terms
Business
Competency
is an ability to do something, especially measured against
a standard.
Entrepreneurs
a person who has a possession of enterprise, venture or
idea and assumes significant accountability for the inherent
risks and the outcome.
Entrepreneurship refers to the business activity of an entrepreneur.
17
18
Lesson
2
Content Standards
The learner demonstrates
understanding of environment
and market in agricultural crop
production in ones
town/municipality.
Performance Standard
The learner independently creates a
business vicinity map reflective of
potential agricultural crop
production market within the
locality/town.
Introduction
Entrepreneurs with enough knowledge and background in the market
and environment where their businesses operate will have better strategies
and decisions and will find it easier to sustain business activities. The
intended market of a particular product and service must be carefully
studied before and during the actual operations of the business. Many
entrepreneurs fail because of a very simple reason. There is no enough
information gathered about the target market. Consequently, they incur so
much losses leading to bankruptcy.
19
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your
answer on this manual.
1. Which term refers to a group of people with economically important
needs and demands which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to
everyone?
a. Environment
c. Geography
b. Ethnicity
d. Market
2. Which type of business is owned by only 1 person?
a. Cooperative
c. Partnership
b. Corporation
d. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is NOT considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
a. Agribusiness
c. Creative Industries
b. Power and utilities
d. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4Ms of production, which M refers to the persons in the
business known as the labor force?
a. Machines
c. Materials
b. Manpower
d. Money
20
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Production
Marketing
Plan
Plan
_________
Competitors analysis
Product description
Maintenance and repair
Promotional strategies
Sources of equipment
Terms and conditions of purchase
_________
Production Plan
Marketing Plan
Group
a, b, d
c, e, f
b.
Group
Production
Plan
Marketing Plan
c, d, a
b, e, f
d.
Part Of Business Plan
Production Plan
B
Marketing Plan
Group
Production Plan
c, e, f
Marketing Plan
a, b, d
a, c, e
B
d, b, f
21
What to know
The environment and market of the business must be dealt with sincerity
and cautions should we intend to accumulate long-term profit.
Activity #1:
Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based
market profile. Use the template below in posting accurate and relevant data
of your barangay.
Dimension
Market
Data to be gathered
Data
Number of households
demographics
Number of
businesses
Market is a socially,
politically,
and
economically
organized people whose needs and
demands are based on tradition,
culture,
and
technology.
Enumerable business opportunities
are open in a market. Their needs
and
demands
are
enormous
depending on the class of people
being referred to. These classes of
people are known as market
segments. These may be high-end,
middle-end, and low-end market
segments. Each segment will have
varying needs of various products
and services.
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sole
Proprietorship
Owned by only
1 person who is
responsible for
the whole
business
The owner can
assume the role
of manager,
finance officer,
and worker
Very easy to
establish
Decision
comes from 1
person only
Owner-manager is
required to render
full operation time.
No one else can
share in the
financial burden of
the owner
In case of financial
instability, the
firm can dissolve
easily.
2 persons have
combined
resources and
skills.
Any of the 2
Comparativel
y easy to
establish.
There is
check and
Decision making is
shared between
the two owners.
In times of partner
conflict, the
Partnership
23
balance
among
partners
only.
business is at risk.
Limited funding
may constraint
business
operations.
2 or more
Business
The complex
persons own the
risks are
organizational setbusiness.
shared by
up imposes a long
many people.
line of more
Aside from the
expensive ways of
owners, many
If business is
control.
people known as
good, growth
shareholders,
is maximized Complex decision
are engaged in a
due to bigger
making process
corporation
capital.
will delay
through their
operation.
Burdens in
investment
the
known as
operations
shares or
are shared by
stocks.
various
specialized
individuals.
24
Manpower
Money
Machines
SOURCES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
paid.
Savings
after
to
start
cases,
if
the business.
future
net
profit
generated.
Family Savings
rare
exists
entrepreneurs.
Monthly
between
amortizations
parties,
by parents.
Sources, such
credit
cooperatives
Lending
institutions
confidently
capital
in
lend
must
difficulties
can of an enterprise.
adequate
exchange
of
In
this
type
of
loan,
monthly
Intermediate loans
Long-term loans
29
What to process
Lets proceed a little bit further. It would be great if we prepare
ourselves for the possible opportunities in the community.
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity 1. Analyze and identify business opportunities
as well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Dimension
Data to be
gathered
Data
Business
Opportunities
Offered
Challenges to
Aspiring
Entrepreneurs
Market
Number of
demographics
households
Number of
Retailers of
various agrirelated
products
Number of
businesses
Number of
wholesalers of
various agriproducts
Number of
producers
(specify agriproducts)
Number of
agri-based
service
businesses
Activity #3:
Choose one agri-crop related business opportunity identified in Column 4.
Carefully study the potential of that business idea. Use the SWOT guide
below to accomplish this task. Present your SWOT Sheet to the class for
critiquing and feed backing. Be sure to record feedbacks given by the
teacher and classmates.
30
WEAKNESSES
agri-crop
business here.
here.
qualities of the agri-crop business deter the good future of the agri-crop
idea that offer advantages and
to business losses).
entrepreneurs).
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
selected
agri-crop
business here.
(These are external indications of
(These are external indications
Activity # 4:
Refer to your SWOT Sheet and make further analysis. This time the
ultimate task is make decision whether to pursue the proposed business
idea or consider other alternative businesses. There are two possible facets
after the final decision will be made. First, pursue the business because the
SWOT reveals more positive indications than negative ones or, second,
disregard the business idea because there are more negative indications.
Consequently, try another business idea and subject it to the same process
of analysis.
Make a presentation of your task and be proud to inspire others that
you now have chosen a viable agri-crop related business idea chosen from
the opportunities obtained from the data generated by the simple
community mapping we did.
What to transfer
Why dont we act like a real farm consultants? We shall hand down
the final recommendations to our focus resource person.
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen one viable agri-crop related business idea, it is
just-in-time to develop an impressive Business Plan. Refer to the guide given
below and read the sample business plan provided. Your own plan must not
be limited to a few pages only, as the example is presented. All data and
information must be given in order to come up with a completely sound and
impressive business plan.
THE BUSINESS PLAN
A business plan refers to the intention of aspiring or experienced
entrepreneurs which precisely defines their business, identifies their goals
and objectives, a current and pro forma balance sheet, an income
statement, and a cash flow analysis. A business plan can help so much in
the proper allocation of resources, initially handle and counter forecasted
complications, and make the right decision for the business operations. A
good business plan contributes to the approval or rejection of any loan
package because it provides specific and organized information about your
32
proposed business and how you will repay borrowed money. A business plan
is equivalent to a business resume.
A business plan has five major parts, namely, the executive summary,
marketing plan, production plan, organization and management plan, and
financial plan.
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive
business plan.
PART OF A
BUSINESS
PLAN
Focus
Guide Questions
Business address
Telephone/Contact Number
Business Name
Contents
Background of
the business
Contact Person
The usual table of contents
Brief History
Information of the business
Form of ownership
Organizational set-up
Industry where it plays
Benefits to the
community
the project?
Entrepreneur
competencies and
qualifications?
What are the projects
contributions to the
local and national
economy?
33
Market Area
Main Customers
business be located?
Total Demand
What geographical
Market Share
Selling Price
by the project?
Sales Forecast
Promotional Measures
Marketing Strategy
Marketing Budget
products?
Is it possible to
estimate how much of
the product is
currently being sold?
What share or
Marketing plan
percent of this
market can be
captured by the
business?
What is the selling
price of the product?
How much of the
product will be sold?
What promotional
measures will be
used to sell the
product?
What marketing
strategy is needed to
ensure that sales
forecasts are
achieved?
How much do you
need to promote and
34
distribute your
product?
Production Process
Fixed Capital
production process?
machinery (fixed
Sources of Equipment
Planned Capacity
Cost of Labor
plan
Future Capacity
Production
What is the
Labor Availability
the machinery be
Labor Productivity
obtained?
35
be managed and
operated?
Qualifications of the
Organization
Entrepreneur
and
Pre-Operating Activities
management
Pre-Operating Expenses
plan
Office Equipment
Administrative Expenses
qualifications of the
entrepreneur?
What pre-operating
activities must be
undertaken before
the business can
operate?
What pre-operating
expenses will be
36
incurred?
What fixed assets will
be required for the
office?
What administrative
cost will be incurred?
Project Cost
capital requirement?
Is a loan needed?
Requirement
Security for Loan
equity contribution of
the entrepreneur?
Balance Sheet
What security
(collateral) can be
Financial Analysis
Financial plan
F. Marketing Plan
The business will target the rice retailers in the nearby
municipalities because they have already a considerable number of
satisfied customers in their respective areas. Competition is to be
countered through friendly and respectful disposition of personnel and
competitive pricing.
G. Financial Plan
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Strong economy is assumed. It is further assumed that demand
and supply in rice will not change.
2. Cash beginning balance will be provided in order to meet daily cash
inflows.
3. All purchases and sales will be strictly on cash basis only.
4. Rice grains (palay) will be processed further to turn into rice which
will produce an output of 60% (in units) and a by-product which is
equivalent to 10% (in units).
5. Sale of the by-product will be treated as a reduction in cost of goods
sold.
6. All purchases (300 sacks per day weighing 50 kg each) will be
stored in the storage room exactly at 8:00 pm to be milled. Milling
time will be from 8:00 pm up to 4:00 am.
7. All products will be sold a day after the purchase (in the morning) @
Php 38.00/ kg delivered to the rice retailers in the nearby
municipalities. The by-product (rice bran) will also be sold to the
nearest piggeries @ Php 4.00 per kilo.
8. The truck costing 500,000 will be depreciated over a 15-year useful
life. The 90% of depreciation expense will be allocated to Factory
Overhead and 10% will be allocated to selling expense.
9. The rice mill machinery costing 100,000 will be depreciated over a
20-year useful life.
10. The storage room will be constructed prior to the commencement of
the business for a total construction cost of 300,000 and will be
depreciated over a 30-year useful life. The 90% of depreciation
expense will be allocated to Factory Overhead and 10% will be
allocated to administrative expense.
11. All fixed assets are ready before the commencement of the
business.
12. All depreciable assets will be depreciated using straight line
method.
13. There will be 1 driver and 9 laborers relating to buying and selling
of rice at Php 420 each.
14. There will be 10 laborers who will be responsible for the milling of
rice at Php 350 each.
15. Wages will be allocated between freight-in and freight out. A 75%
will be allocated to freight-in and the remaining will be allocated to
39
330,000.00
OFFICE SUPPLIES
1,000.00
TRUCK
500,000.00
100,000.00
LAND
100,000.00
STORAGE ROOM
300,000.00
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
1,331,000.00
P 315,000.00
FREIGHT IN:
WAGES
P 3,150.00
GASOLINE
P 1,500.00
DIRECT LABOR
P 4,650.00
3,000.00
FREIGHT OUT:
WAGES
P1,050.00
GASOLINE
500.00
P 1,550.00
P324,200.00
40
P342,000.00
6,000.00
P348,000.00
P330,000.00
Office Supplies
1,000.00
P331,000.00
Non-current Assets:
Land
100,000.00
Truck
500,000.00
Rice Mill
100,000.00
Storage room
P300,000.00 P1,000,000.00
Total Assets
P1,331,000.00
P1,331,000.00
41
E. INCOME STATEMENT
GODWINS RICE TRADING
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH________
Sales(300x50x.6x38x3)
Cost of goods sold
Purchases (315,000x30Days)
Freight-in (4,650x30Days)
Direct labor (10LaboresxPhp350x30Days)
Factory overhead
P 10,260,000.00
P 9,450,000.00
139,500.00
105,000.00
18,000.00
750.00
416.67
2,500 .00
P 21,667.00
P-180,000.00 P 9,536,167.00
P 723,833.00
Return on Investments =
Payback Period=
= .31674
=
=
= 3.127283 yrs
= 0.070549
= 0.0410898
H. Financial Statement
The projected sale for 1 month is amounting to P10,200,000.00 at
a price of @ P38.00/kg for well-milled rice less all the expenses and tax
it has a projected net income of P 421,581. Financial ratios show that
Gross Profit IS 7% and Net Margin Ratio is 4% each. The investment
costs will be recovered within approximately 3 years and 2 months.
I. Critical analysis
Risk is always present in any form of business. That includes
Godwins Rice Trading business. The foreseen problem is not being able
42
to meet the targeted number of 300 bags of rice grain every day and/or
the other way of exceeding it with the difficulty of disposing the excess
milled rice to the rice retailers the next day. As a new entrant of the rice
trading business, it is expected that Godwins Rice Trading will have to
gradually establish customers trust. With excellent personnel training in
quality customer ship, the business will slowly draw-in more customers
like the big food chains and supermarkets as an efficient supplier of wellmilled rice.
J. Social significance
This business offers opportunity for the farmers to have a steady
market of their farm produce. It will also open a door of possible
employment to some people in the community. As a registered business, tax
payments can go to the government. Later as the business grows bigger
wholesaling will help other small scale retailers who can avail of competitive
pricing.
Posttest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your
answer on this manual.
1. Which is a group of people with economically important needs and
demands which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone?
c. Environment
C. Geography
A. Ethnicity
D. Market
2. Which type of business is owned by only one person?
A. Cooperative
C. Partnership
B. Corporation
D. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is NOT considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
A. Agribusiness
C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities
D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4Ms of production, which M refers to the persons in the
business known as the labor force?
A. Machines
C. Materials
B. Manpower
D. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the
operations of the business is known as _____?
c. bookkeeping
C. administering
A. booking
D. posting
43
Production
Plan
_________
Marketing
Plan
_________
a. Competitors analysis
b. Product description
c. Maintenance and repair
d. Promotional strategies
e. Sources of equipment
f. Terms and conditions of
purchase
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the
box?
A.
C.
Group
Group
Production Plan
a, b, d
Production Plan
c, d, a
Marketing Plan
c, e, f
Marketing Plan
b, e, f
B.
D.
Group
Group
Production Plan
Marketing Plan
c, e, f
a, b, d
a, c, e
d, b, f
10. What is the reason why an aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound
and impressive business plan?
A. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a
loan package.
B. A sound and impressive business plan attracts more customers.
C. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
D. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular
segment of a market.
SUMMARY
Now we know that market and environment are the two major factors
that dictate any business activities. It is so diverse, however; this diversity
offers numerous opportunities for businesses.
An aspiring entrepreneur must consider a lot of factors prior to setting
up a business. Careful examination on the needs and demands must be
made. Competition must be clearly addressed because it may either lead to
accumulation of profit or worse, incurring losses depending on how
entrepreneurs manage their businesses.
Other important task of entrepreneurs is to determine how much
capital is needed to start a business. Selection of the best business location
is crucial, too. Record keeping or bookkeeping is also a skill that
entrepreneurs must possess so he/she can personally ascertain the
financial status of the business.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and
development. Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is
responsible human resources development. Employment, whether casual,
probationary, and permanent, offers workplace trainings which help
employees in their personal and professional growth.
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion for the business but
personally learn the work of their employee as well. The benefit of this best
practice is that entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the
business including its profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and
mind of entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and
work values, their businesses will be sustained.
45
Glossary of Terms
Capital refers to money invested in a business to generate income.
Environmental scanning refers to careful monitoring of the internal and
external environment of an organization purposely done to detect early
signs of opportunities and threats that may influence present and
future plans of the business.
Industry is a commercialized, standardized, and organized economic activity
connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a
particular product or range of products in which many people are
involved.
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and
demands which open entrepreneurial or business opportunities to
everyone.
Opportunities in SWOT analysis in is the exploitable set of circumstances
with uncertain outcome, requiring commitment of resources and
involving exposure to risk.
Personnel people employed in an organization.
Production is the processes of transforming inputs such as raw materials,
semi-finished goods, subassemblies and intangible inputs, namely,
ideas, information, knowledge into goods or services.
Strength in SWOT analysis is the capital, knowledge, skill, or other
advantage that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in
meeting the needs of its customers.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk to
become a loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of
risk, and the likelihood of the occurrence of the event.
Weaknesses in SWOT analysis refers to any negative indications that
increases the risk of a losses and failure
REFERENCES:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications,
Co., Bagong Pook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
46
LEARNINGMODULES
Horticulture
CompilationbyBen:r_borres@yahoo.com
AFA- HORTICULTURE
(PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL
COMPETENCIES (PECS)
ACROSS MARKET AND
ENVIRONMENT)
Module 1
your
feedback
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
and
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand
names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, Ph.D.
Authors:
Naida U. Rivera,
Illustrator :
Table of Contents
Module - 1 Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECS)
Across Environment and Market
Entrepreneurship and Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECS) .............................................................. 2
Introduction .................................................................................................. 2
Learning Competencies/Objectives ............................................................. 2
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment ......................................................................... 3
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities .......................................... 4
What to know? ............................................................................................ 4
What started businesses? ............................................................................ 5
Need-Based Business Opportunities ........................................................... 5
Supply of Raw Materials is Abundant in the Locality .................................... 6
What Makes up a Successful Entrepreneur? ............................................... 6
Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs .............................................. 6
Lifestyle of Successful Entrepreneurs .......................................................... 8
18
.................................. 21
24
INTRODUCTION
This Learners Materials on Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations
contains various Learning Competencies designed to develop the knowledge,
skills, and attitude of Grade 9 Technology and Livelihood (TLE) students. It covers
four (4) modules namely: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) across
the environment and market, 2. Preparing farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment, 3. Preparing and maintaining farm tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities, and 4. Securing farm tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities. Each module is subdivided into several lessons with the
following parts: I Introduction, giving an overview of the lesson; II The Learning
Competencies/Objectives contain specific topics about a certain Learning
Competency; III The Pre-Diagnostic Assessment provides evaluation of the prior
learning of students; IV the Reading Resources and Instructional activities
include the content and activities about what the students must know, what to
process, what to reflect and understand, and what to transfer. These activities
could be done in school, at home, and in the community. V The Summative
Assessment evaluates how much the students have learned; and VI The
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback give generalization and enhancement on a specific
module. A glossary section is at the back page of the Learners Materials as further
reference, and a List of References to acknowledge the sources of the ideas taken
from them.
Conducting pre-agricultural farm operations is one of the Core
Competencies in Agricultural Crop Production NC II. Students must be able to take
the five (5) core competencies to finish the course. The teacher must conduct
Institutional Assessment towards the end of the school year to evaluate the
underpinning knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the students based from the set of
criteria in the Training Regulations/prepared by Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA)
Content Standards
The learner demonstrates
understanding of ones Personal
Competencies (PECs) across
horticultural products and
services
Performance Standard
The learner recognizes his/her Personal
Competencies (PECs) across horticultural
products and services and prepares an
activity plan that aligns with that of a
practitioner/entrepreneur in Horticulture
Learning Competencies/Objectives
1. Identify the different factors to be considered in setting up a business
2. Assess ones PECs, in terms of, characteristics, lifestyle features , and skills
3. Assess practitioners entrepreneurial competencies, in terms of,
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
2
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment:
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your test
booklet.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
A. Advocate against global warming
B. Deliver goods and services to the market
C. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
D. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
2. The saying Necessity is the mother of all inventions means ____________.
A. Necessity is invented by mothers
B. Our mother told us what we really need
C. Basic commodities are made for mothers
D. Basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?
A. Ability to study a market
B. Ability to act like a customer
C. Knowledge, skills, and money
D. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve something
are known to have ______________.
A. Courage
C. Self-confidence
B. Optimism
D. Self-control
5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the
challenges in business is known as _____________.
A. Personal business capacities
B. Personally preferred competencies
C. Professional enterprise competencies
D. Personal entrepreneurial competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belongs to what PECs cluster?
A. Achievement cluster
C. Planning cluster
B. Empower cluster
D. Power cluster
7. Which of the following best describes a risk-taker?
A. Accomplish targets on time as agreed with customers
B. Paying keen attention to the needs and demands of people
C. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
D. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
8. Systematic planning and monitoring includes the following except one.
A. Set calculated goals and objectives
B. Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
C. Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
3
Interview
Guides
Students guide
questions to be
used but not
limited to the
following:
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Producer
Service
Retailers
(commercial
Providers
scale)
For
example,
Fruit and
Vegetables
Vendors,
Ornamenta
l Plants
Retailers
For example,
Plant Rental
Services,
Landscaping
Services,
Landscape
Maintenance
Services
4
Producer of
Vegetables,
Fruits,Seedlings
of Fruit Trees,
Ornamental and
Flowering
Plants,
Comments
Our reactions
to
entrepreneurs
responses
Optimism
Self-confidence
Self-control
Courage
Commitment
Creativity
Well-defined
values
Leadership ability
10
Desire for
responsibility
11
Decision-making
skills
12
Desire for
immediate
feedback
13
Strong desire to
achieve
14
Ability to learn
from past failures
Elizabeth Bowen (1899 - 1973) an Irish novelist and short-story writer, wrote,
The best that an individual can do is to concentrate on what he or she can do, in the
course of a burning effort to do it better.
According to Valdez, et.al, the following are the common lifestyle features of
an entrepreneur:
A sense of freedom
and control
Flexibility of time
Family support
Professional support
Achievement Cluster
Pay attention to the needs and demands of people
Never procrastinate. Act immediately on marketable ideas
Opportunity The common business are well competed in the market
Seeking and
while unique ones offer lower competition resulting to higher
Initiative
revenues and profit
Calculate risks by identifying the most beneficial alternative
courses of action to minimize effect of risks in the net profit
Risk Taking
Be proactive. Anticipate a loss and counter it with feasible
alternatives
In business realities, seasoned entrepreneurs sometimes
take riskier business to get higher profits
Demand for Perform business tasks better, faster, cheaper, but do not
Efficiency and
put safety and quality aside
Quality
Accomplish tasks by meeting or exceeding standards of
excellence
Face a significant obstacle with a good plan of action
Identifies a good alternative to every decision to meet
9
Persistence
Commitment
to the Work
Contract
Planning Cluster
Information
Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic
Planning and
Monitoring
Power Cluster
Persuasion
and
Networking
Independence
and selfconfidence
What to Process:
Activity #2:
This is a self examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics
that an entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these
10
characteristics too. Simply put check (/) if that particular characteristic is present in
you or an x (X) if you do not possess it. Comment on your own status by giving
possible options that can help you acquire it.
Characteristics of an entrepreneur
Do I have this?
YES(/)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Realizations
(What are my options?)
NO (X)
Optimism
Self-confidence
Self-control
Courage
Commitment
Creativity
Well-defined values
High energy level
Leadership ability
Desire for responsibility
Decision-making skills
Desire for immediate feedback
Strong desire to achieve
Ability to learn from past failures
YES
(/)
NO
(X)
Realizations
(If Yes how can I
improve this?)
(If NO what will I do to
acquire it)
What to TRANSFER:
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our activity #1 with the standard characteristics,
lifestyle, and skills of our interviewees. Do you think that their businesses will be
sustained? Support your answer and present it to the class. Use the template in
Activity #2 and Activity #3 to help you analyze and forecast the sustainability of
their businesses.
Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs)
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Producer
Service
Retailers
(commercial
Providers
scale)
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN
ACTIVITY #1. Check if the Respondents
above possess the PECs enumerated in
the first column. Put check (/) if
observed and x (X) in not observed
12
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Retailers
Lifestyles of Entrepreneurs
Service
Providers
Producer
(commercial
scale)
Entrepreneur-Respondent
Recommendations
(Give recommendations, as options 1 and 2, for
the sustainability of the respondents
entrepreneurial activities)
Option 1
Option 2
Retailer
Service Providers
Producer (Commercial Scale)
Summative Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your test
booklet.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?
A. Advocate against global warming
B. Deliver goods and services to the market
C. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
D. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
13
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
References:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
15
Content Standards
Performance Standard
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment:
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your test
booklet.
1. It is a group of people with economically important needs and demands
which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone.
A. Environment
C. Geography
B. Ethnicity
D. Market
2. This type of business is owned by only one person.
A. Cooperative
C. Partnership
B. Corporation
D. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is not considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
A. Agribusiness
C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities
D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4Ms of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
A. Machines
C. Materials
B. Manpower
D. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as
A. Bookkeeping
C. Administering
B. Booking
D. Posting
6. Which combination is focused to the assessment internal of the business?
A. Opportunities and threats
C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and weaknesses
D. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused to the assessment external of the business?
A. Opportunities and threats
C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and weaknesses
D. Weaknesses and Threats
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of
the matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
Group
A
A. Competitors analysis
B. Product description
C. Maintenance and repair
D. Promotional strategies
E. Sources of equipment
F. Terms and conditions of purchase
______
_
______
_
17
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A.
C.
Group
Group
Production Plan
A, B, D
Production Plan
C, D, A
Marketing Plan
C, E, F
Marketing Plan
B, E, F
B.
D.
Group
Group
Production Plan
A, C, E
Production Plan
C, E, F
Marketing Plan
D, B, F
Marketing Plan
A, B, D
What to KNOW:
Activity #1:
Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based market
profile. Use the template below in posting accurate and relevant data of our
barangay.
18
Dimension
Market
demographics
Number of
businesses
Data to be gathered
Number of households
Data
Forms
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sole
Proprietorship
Owned by only 1
person who is
responsible for the
whole business
The owner can
assume the role of
manager, finance
officer, and worker
Very easy to
establish
Decision comes
from 1 person only
Owner-manager is
required to render
full operation time
No one else can
share in the
financial burden of
the owner
In case of financial
19
Partnership
Corporation
2 persons have
combined
resources and
skills
Any of the 2
partner can act as
financier or
manager
They can also
share
responsibilities and
roles in the
business
operations
2 or more persons
own the business
Aside from the
owners, many
people known as
shareholders, are
engaged in a
corporation through
their investment
known as shares or
stocks
Comparatively
easy to establish
There is check and
balance among
partners only
The complex
organizational setup impose a long
line of more
expensive ways of
control
Complex decision
making process
will delay operation
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Creative Industries
Diversified/Strategic Farming and Fishing
Power and Utilities
Renewable Energy
Manpower
Money
Materials
Machines
SOURCES
ADVANTAGES
Personal
Savings
DISADVANTAGES
22
In rare cases, if
problem exist between
parties, capital may be
taken in partial or at
External
Sources, such
as, banks and
credit
cooperatives
once by parents.
Monthly amortization
must be paid even
amidst financial
difficulties of an
enterprise.
Short-term loans
Intermediate loans
Long-term loans
23
What to PROCESS:
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity #1 in this activity. Analyze and identify business
opportunities as well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Dimension
Market
demographics
Number of
businesses
Data to be
gathered
Data
Number of
households
Number of
Retailers of
various products
Number of
wholesalers of
various products
Number of
producers
(specify
products)
Number of
service-based
businesses
25
Business
Opportunities
Offered
Challenges to
Aspiring
Entrepreneurs
The SWOT
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
HELPFUL
STRENGTH
OPPORTUNITIES
HARMFUL
WEAKNESSES
THREATS
STRENGTHS
Enumerate all
business here
strengths
of
WEAKNESSES
the Enumerate all
business here
weaknesses
of
the
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Enumerate all opportunities of the Enumerate all threats of the business
business here
here
(These are externat indications that
What to TRANSFER:
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen 1 viable business idea already, it is just-in-time to
develop an impressive Business Plan. Refer to the guide given below and read the
27
sample business plan provided. Your own plan must not be limited to few pages
only, as the example is presented. All data and information must be given in order
to come up with a completely sound and impressive business plan.
Supplementary Reading
THE BUSINESS PLAN
A business plan refers to the intention of aspiring or experienced
entrepreneurs which precisely defines their business, identifies their goals and
objectives, a current and pro forma balance sheet, an income statement, and a
cash flow analysis. A business plan can help so much in the proper allocation of
resources, initially handle and counter forecasted complications, and make the right
decision for the business operations. A good business plan contributes to the
approval or rejection of any loan package because it provides specific and
organized information about your proposed business and how you will repay
borrowed money. A business plan is equivalent to a business resume.
A business plan has five major parts, namely, the executive summary,
marketing plan, production plan, organization and management plan, and financial
plan.
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive business
plan.
PART OF A
BUSINESS
PLAN
BUSINESS
NAME
Business address
Telephone/Contact Number
Contact Person
CONTENTS
BACKGROUND
OF THE
BUSINESS
Brief History
Information of the business
Form of ownership
Organizational set-up
Industry where it plays
28
BENEFITS TO
THE
COMMUNITY
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
MARKETING
PLAN
What is the
product?
How does it
compare in quality
and price with its
competitors?
Where will be the
business be
located?
What geographical
areas will be
covered by the
project?
Within the market
area, to whom will
the business sell its
products?
Is it possible to
estimate how much
of the product is
currently being
sold?
What share or
percent of this
29
PRODUCTION
PLAN
Production Process
Fixed Capital
Life of Fixed Capital
Maintenance and Repairs
Sources of Equipment
Planned Capacity
Future Capacity
Terms and Conditions of Purchase
of Equipment
Factory Location and Layout
Raw Materials
Cost of Raw Materials
Raw Materials Availability
Labour
Cost of Labour
Labour Availability
Labour Productivity
Factory Overhead Expenses
30
market can be
captured by the
business?
What is the selling
price of the
product?
How much of the
product will be
sold?
What promotional
measures will be
used to sell the
product?
What marketing
strategy is needed
to ensure that sales
forecasts are
achieved?
How much do you
need to promote
and distribute your
product?
What is the
production
process?
What buildings and
machinery (fixed
assets) are needed
and what will be
their cost?
What is the useful
life of the building
and machinery?
How will
maintenance be
done and are spare
parts available
locally?
When and where
can the machinery
be obtained?
Production Cost
What is the
production cost per
unit?
Form of Business
ORGANIZATION Organizational Structure
AND
Business Experience and
MANAGEMENT
Qualifications of the Entrepreneur
PLAN
Pre-Operating Activities
Pre-Operating Expenses
Office Equipment
Administrative Expenses
Project Cost
FINANCIAL PLAN Financing Plan and Loan
Requirement
Security for Loan
Profit and Loss Statement
Cash Flow Statement
Balance Sheet
Loan Repayment Schedule
Break-even Point (BEP)
Return on Investment (ROI)
Financial Analysis
32
Marketing Plan
The target market will include the small and large-scale commercial
landscapers of General Santos City and other nearby cities and municipalities.
Walk-in customers like tourists, homeowners, and plant collectors who will buy few
pieces only are likewise valued as important customers who can possibly create
word of mouth about the business to other enthusiasts.
34
Production Plan
Production or propagation of plants happens in other gardens which are the
potential suppliers of Jeans Garden. Outsourcing of landscaping plants will be
done regularly by contacting the owner about availability list.
Plants will be delivered by the producers/propagators to the store as soon as
the ordering processes is completed and finalized.
Organization and Management Plan
This business is a sole proprietorship. The owner-proprietor is a plant
hobbyist-collector for 20 years already. This trading business of landscaping plants
requires suppliers where some of the plants will be outsourced. It also considers
and values a network of customers which can be landscapers or walk-in tourists
and local collectors.
Financial Plan
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS
Jeans Landscaping Plants Trading
Total Project Costs
Particulars
Amount(PhP)
Fixed Asset:
Dipper
20
Pale
60
Watering hose
120
200.00
Subtotal:
Working Capital(1month)
Direct Materials
23,000.00
Direct Labor
3,000.00
Overhead Expenses
1,800.00
Operating Expenses
200.00
Subtotal:
28,000.00
28,200.00
Underlying Assumption:
1.) 360 pcs of assorted ornamental and flowering plants are assumed to be sold per
month.
Katsura (100 pcs), Pandakaki (100 pcs), Bougainvillea (100 pcs), Adenium (60pcs)
2.) Purchased price for:
Katsura (P20.00), Pandakaki (P25), Bougainvillea (P25), Adenium (single P200),
35
5,000.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
6,000.00
7,000.00
33,000.00
0
2,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
4,000.00
5,000.00
7,000.00
23,000.00
Direct Labor
(P100/day x 30 days)
Overhead Expenses
Depreciation(FA/EUL)
Total
Gross Profit
Less Operating Expense
Net Income Before Tax
Return on Investment(Ave. Net
Income/TPC)
Payback Period(TPC/Ave. Net Income+
Depreciation)
Gross Profit Ratio(Gross Profit/Total
Sales)
Net Margin(Net Income/Total Sales)
36
3,000.00
1,800.00
66.67
27,866.67
5,133.33
200.00
4,933.33
18%
72 days or 2months and 12 days
15%
18%
G.
Critical analysis
Summative Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your test
booklet.
1. It is a group of people with economically important needs and demands which
opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone.
A. Environment
C. Geography
B. Ethnicity
D. Market
2. This type of business is owned by only 1 person.
A. Cooperative
C. Partnership
B. Corporation
D. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is not considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
A. Agribusiness
C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities
D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4Ms of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
A. Machines
C. Materials
B. Manpower
D. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as
A. Bookkeeping
C. Administering
B. Booking
D. Posting
6. Which combination is focused to the assessment internal of the business?
A. Opportunities and threats
C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and weaknesses
D. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused to the assessment external of the business?
A. Opportunities and threats
C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and weaknesses
D. Weaknesses and Threats
37
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of
the matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
Group
A
Production
Plan
Marketing
Plan
G. Competitors analysis
H. Product description
I. Maintenance and repair
J. Promotional strategies
K. Sources of equipment
L. Terms and conditions of purchase
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A.
C.
Group
Group
Production Plan
A, B, D
Production Plan
C, D, A
Marketing Plan
C, E, F
Marketing Plan
B, E, F
B.
D.
Group
Group
Production Plan
A, C, E
Production Plan
C, E, F
Marketing Plan
D, B, F
Marketing Plan
A, B, D
38
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
Now we know that the market and environment are the two major factors
that dictate any business activities. It is so diverse however, this diversity offers
numerous opportunities for businesses.
An aspiring entrepreneur must consider a lot of factors prior to setting up a
business. Careful examination on the needs and demands must be made.
Competition must be clearly addressed because it may either lead to accumulation
of profit or, worse, incurring losses depending on how entrepreneurs manage their
businesses.
Other important task of entrepreneurs is to determine how much capital is
needed to start a business. Selection of the best business location is crucial too.
Record keeping or bookkeeping is also a skill that entrepreneurs must possess so
he can personally ascertain the financial status of the business.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and
development. Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is
responsible of the human resources development. Employment, whether casual,
probationary, and permanent, offers workplace trainings which help employees
personal and professional growth.
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion of the business but personally
learn the works of their employee as well. The benefit of this best practice is that
entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the business including its
profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and mind of
entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and work values, their
businesses will be sustained.
References
http://www.businessdictionary.com Retrieved November 23, 2013
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., C.B, Celarta, E., Fernando, and E.S.Valdez 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
39
HORTICULTURE
Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple
Equipment for Agricultural Farm Operations
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Table of Contents
Lesson 1: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple
Equipment for Agricultural Farm Operations
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
What to Know
Hand tools
10
Farm Implements
11
Farm Equipment
13
14
14
What to Process
15
16
What to Transfer
16
Summative Assessment
17
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
19
References
20
iii
INTRODUCTION
iv
MODULE 2
Conducting Pre-agricultural Farm Operations
TOPIC: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple Equipment for
Agricultural Farm Operations
Content Standard
Performance Standard
Introduction
The lesson deals with the identification and classification of tools, implements,
and simple equipment according to use. It also includes the pre-operative check-up
of farm tools, implements, and simple equipment for agricultural farm operations.
Learning Competencies/Objectives
At the end of the quarter, the students are expected to:
1. Identify and classify tools, implements and simple equipment according to
use;
2. Perform basic operative check-up of farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment in accordance with the manufacturers manual.
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
A. Choose the best answer by writing only the letter in your quiz notebook.
1. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important in agricultural
crop production because:
A. They make work faster
B. They make work easier
C. They save time and effort
D. All reasons above are correct
2. Use the appropriate tool for a specific task will result to quality performance.
Which of the following tools is least used for digging garden plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pick mattock
D. Light hoe
3. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting
cucurbits and solanaceous crops?
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
C. Pruning shears
D. Scythe
4. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle
toward its handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
5. Small seeded vegetable crops are usually pre-germinated to attain quality
seedlings. Which among the following methods of seedling production is
not applicable for planting in a wide production area?
A. Seed box
B. Seedling tray
C. Seedbed
D. Individual plastic bags
2
What to KNOW
Activity 1
Lets find out how much you know about farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment. Some of you may be sons and daughters of farmers who have some
experience in farming. In this activity you will do simple recall or will give ideas on the
topics you will discuss with your Learning Barkada.
Divide the class into four groups with equal members to form four Learning
Barkadas. Select your leader and the rapporteur who will take down notes on
discussions/decisions your group will make.
The following topics will be picked by your leader for you to discuss.
1. How to differentiate farm tools, implements, and simple equipment from each
other?
2. How are tools classified? Give at least 3 examples under each classification
that you know.
3. What is an inventory? Prepare an inventory form for tools, implements, and
simple equipment for your school.
4. Why is a pre-operative check up of tools, implements, and simple equipment
necessary?
The availability of farm tools, implements, and simple equipment is one of the
important factors needed to make farm work easier, better, and faster. These make
tools, implements, and equipment play a very important role in successful
agricultural crop production operations. However, their availability alone does not
guarantee success in production if the farmer/owner does not know how to use
them. For the farmer/owner to perform agricultural operations successfully, he/she
must have a good working knowledge of tools, implements, and equipment prior to
use.
4
2. Pick-mattock (mattock) is
used for digging canals,
breaking hard topsoil (flattened
blade), and digging up stones
and tree stumps (pointed
portion).
3. Grub-hoe(asarol) is used for
breaking hard topsoil and
pulverizing soil
one
place
to
6.
Spading fork(tinidor)is
used for
loosening the soil,
digging out root
crops, and turning over
the materials in a
compost heap.
Cutting Tools
Cultivating tools
Harvesting tools
1.
Harvesting
knives/scissors/pruning shears
are used for harvesting vegetables
crops.
2.
3.
Carpentry tools
Measuring tools
1. Weighing balance is used for weighing
Harvests and fertilizers.
Other materials
1. Knapsack sprayer is used for applying
insecticides, herbicides, and foliar fertilizers.
10
Farm Implements
Examples:
1. Plows. They refer to farm implements used in land preparation for
agricultural crop production. They are either pulled by a draft animal or a
tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling wide areas, making
furrows, and for inter- row cultivation.
Plows pulled by draft animals are made of either pure metal or wood and
their combination of metal and wood.
Native plow
Disc plow
11
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made up of wood with metal teeth and
pulled by draft animals while disc harrow is made up of metal mounted to a
tractor. Harrows are used for pulverizing the soil.
Disc harrow
Rotavator
12
Farm Equipment
Farm equipment are machineries used in land preparation and in transporting
farm inputs and products. To use these machineries, a highly skilled operator is
needed to perform the task.
1. Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing the field for planting.
2. Four-wheel tractor is used to pull a disc plow and a disc harrow in preparing a
much wider area of land.
3. Water pump is used to draw water from a source for use in irrigating the field.
Hand Tractor
13
Water Pump
An inventory is initially prepared to check the items that are present, available
for use, operational, and adequate for the training activities.
6/2/2014
Unit
Qty
Item
Remarks
In Good
Needs
condition
Repair
5
Pcs
25
Bolo
20
Unit
complete
accessories
Set
Soil-testing
kit
(STK)
14
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end. It is
the beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working in your vegetable
gardens. But before you start, check the tools, implements, and equipment you plan
to use.
Dressed in your working clothes and armed with your personal protective
equipment (PPE), proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start
clearing away the last remnants of the summer and begin breaking the soil for a new
year. Imagine your frustration when you see that the tools covered with rust and dirt
from the last vacation. It seems that on this nice day, you will be spending more time
cleaning and repairing tools than actually using them.
What to PROCESS
Activity 2
In Activity 1, a group was assigned to give the classification of tools. After
discussing this topic, the group was requested to post their output in front of the
room for the class to assess. Find out how many correct ideas they have.
Now, after learning the different classifications of tools, all Learning Barkadas
will classify the tools in your tool room. List down all the tools under each
classification. Present your output to the class in 3 minutes. The Learning Barkada
that will get the most number of correct answers will be rated 5, 4, for the second
highest, etc.
15
Activity 3
You have just learned the importance of having an inventory of tools. You have
also seen an example of an inventory record form. You already know the
classifications of tools. This time, each Learning Barkada will prepare an inventory of
tools according to their classification. Prepare your output on a short bond paper after
encoding it.
What to TRANSFER
Activity 4
Farmer Student Encounter
Interview a farmer about the farm tools, implements and simple
equipment he has. Construct interview questions and show them to your teacher for
correction and approval. To facilitate your task, prepare a table where you will
indicate the tools, implements, and equipment the farmer possess. Tools should be
listed under each classification. Compare your output with that of your Learning
Barkada.
Present your output to the class.
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
Tools, implements, and simple equipment facilitate work. As the user, bear in
mind that safety precautions on knowing the proper use of these tools can lead to a
safe and successful endeavor. Before using any of the tools, implements and
equipment, always check whether or not they are still usable or serviceable. It is also
16
good practice to always check with or refer to the manual of operations as prescribed
by the manufacturer. When necessary, seek assistance of a skilled operator.
Keep a record of tools, implements, and simple equipment so you know what
tools are stored in the tool room.
Tools that are defective should be segregated and fixed immediately to
prevent accidents.
Summative Assessment
Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the best answer by writing only the LETTER in your quiz
notebook.
1. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting
cucurbits and solanaceous crops?
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
C. Pruning shears
D. Scythe
2. Which among the following are not classified as digging tools?
A. Shovel, spade
B. Bolo, knife
C. Pickmattoc, grub-hoe
D. Crowbar, post hole digger
3. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle
toward its handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
17
4. Using the appropriate tool for a specific task will result to quality
performance. Which of the following tools is least used for digging garden
plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pick-mattock
D. Light hoe
5. Farm equipment are used to facilitate initial tillage operation in a wide
tract of land. Which among the following equipment is used to perform the
task stated above?
A. Tractor with disc plow
B. Tractor with disc harrow
C. Tractor with rotavator
D. Tractor with seed driller
6. Which among the following is not a cultivating tool?
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Hand trowel
D. Hand cultivator
7. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important in agricultural
crop production because:
A. They make work faster
B. They make work easier
C. They save time and effort
D. All reason above are correct
8. It is a tool with tines used to loosen the soil, dig out root crops, and turn
over materials in a compost heap.
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Pickmattock
D. Tooth harrow
18
The lesson in this module on horticulture was an eye opener to what you can
do in the workplace. The course is designed to prepare you to be farmers or farm
technologists in the future; that is, if you decide to become either a farmer or farm
technologist. But even if you dont, you will surely learn a lot from the activities in this
model and thus develop an appreciation for the valuable contributions of farmers to
food production.
The different knowledge and skills acquired in horticulture are essential for
you to become good crop producers. Such factor in the preparation of farm tools,
implements and simple equipment for horticultural farm operations will help you a lot.
Likewise, it is expected that this module will help you develop some of the skills
required on pre-horticultural farm operations that may someday enable you to
prosper in your venture into agricultural crop production.
19
References
20
HORTICULTURE
Securing Farm Tools,
Implements, Equipment,
and Facilities
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Table of Contents
Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple Equipment for
Agricultural Farm Operation
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment
What to Know
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
Simple Repair and Modification of Tools and Implements
Important Features of a Safe and Efficient Workshop
Installation of Preventive Structure
Prepare Farm Facilities and Equipment for Storage
Machinery and Equipment Storage Buildings
Storage of Fertilizers and Other Non-hazardous Materials
What to Process
What to Reflect and Understand
What to Transfer
Summative Assessment
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
References
Glossary
iii
1
1
2
4
4
4
5
6
9
9
12
13
14
14
14
15
16
17
QUARTER 4
Conducting Pre-agricultural Farm Operations
Topic: Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Simple
Equipment, and Facilities
Content Standards
The learner demonstrates
understanding in securing farm tools,
implements, simple equipment, and
facilities.
Performance Standard
The learner independently secures
farm tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities according to
approved practices.
Learning Competencies/Objectives
At the end of the quarter, the students are expected to:
1. Perform simple repair and modification of farm tools, implements and
equipment
2. Install preventive structures in the farm
3. Maintain and store farm tools, implements, and simple equipment
according to approved practices
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
What to KNOW:
Activity 1
Below are some of the farm facilities in agri-crop production. Draw a square
if the facilities are familiar to you and a triangle
Put a () if you know how to describe and (x) if you dont in the next column.
Remarks
Farm Facility
Familiar
Not familiar
Can
Cant
describe
describe
1. Storage barn
2. Shop building
3. Nursery
4. Vicinity fence
5. Greenhouse
workshop, however, should be commensurate with the size of the farm and the
work to be done in the shop.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm Retrieved
Sufficient room for the largest machine that may need repair, including
workspace around it. If the machine is large, truss roof construction may be needed
to provide the required space without intermediate supports.
2. An entrance that is both wide enough and high enough for the largest equipment
that the shop has been designed to accommodate. If the building is enclosed with
either solid walls or wire netting, a second door is essential for safety in case of
fire.
3. Some means of lifting and supporting heavy loads. When the roof span is 3m
or less, a timber beam is often adequate. For larger spans or very heavy loads a
truss will be required. Alternatively, a portable hoist can be used.
4. Electric lighting and electrical service for power tools.
5. A water supply for both convenience and safety.
6. One or more fire extinguishers of a type suitable for fuel fires. Two or three
buckets of dry sand are a possible substitute or supplement for a fire extinguisher.
7. Storage cabinets for tools, supplies and spare parts. Sturdy doors can be locked
for security and also provide space to hang tools and display small supplies for
easy access.
8. .A heavy workbench attached to the wall or otherwise firmly supported. It should
be 1 m high, up to 800mm deep and at least 3m long and equipped with a large
vice. There must be sufficient clear space around it to maneuver work pieces and,
if attached to a solid wall, ample window openings above it to provide light.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
Simple garden tools are easy to repair. Spend a little time checking your garden
tools for things to fix and recycle.
5
2.
Remove the handle from the hasp using a drill, hammer, or other tools
as needed.
3.
4.
Tighten the handle in the hasp using fasteners. Use a screw and
screwdriver to firmly attach the handle to the tool head.
climate change impacts, the integration of lemon trees in vegetable farms can be a
suitable option for slope protection. Planting of trees such as Calliandra reduces weed
growth, conserves soil moisture, and improves soil structure and fertility. It is planted
in contour hedge-rows to decrease erosion on steep slopes, acts as windbreaks and
as an understory component. http://teca.fao.org/read/7703#sthash.WmLjxFJP.dpuf
To safeguard our agricultural crops and farm facilities from damage cause by
strong winds and typhoons, preventive structures should be installed beforehand.
Examples of preventive structures are windbreaks.
Windbreaks could be linear plantings of trees and shrubs designed to enhance
crop production, protect people and livestock, and benefit soil and water conservation
or buildings situated along vegetable areas or plantations. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253
Retrieved
Windbreaks reduce heating and cooling cost to homes, and add value
Protect livestock
7
Lets take a look at our facilities, such as the nursery shed, storage house, and
farm shops. Examine their physical conditions (roofing, sidings, or floorings). Can they
survive any disaster that may occur? Are the things inside safe? If not, what preventive
structures should you undertake?
Below is a table indicating the facilities, physical conditions, possible calamities
or disasters that may occur and the suggested preventive structures or contingency
measures to be undertaken.
Physical
Facilities
conditions
Calamities/
Suggested preventive/
Disaster
contingency measure
Weak posts
Nursery shed
Typhoon
Put braces
Leaking roofing
Storage barn
Heavy rains
Unsafe
Thieves/burglars
and doors
Fires
Dilapidated
Vicinity fence
Run off
Astray animal
Reconstruct fence
After quite a long time, farming operations finally come to an end. At this
time, we have to check the tools, implements, and equipment we used and
prepare them for storage.
Machinery and implement storage
On many small-scale farms or schools machineries and implements are stored
in a simple shed just to keep them. The few small-sized hand tools and implements
used in farming can normally be stored in any multipurpose structure at the farmstead
or backyard. The tools, implements, and equipment need only to be secured for their
protection from theft and vandalism, and kept dry avoid deterioration of the metal and
wooden parts. The tools will last longer if they are cleaned and working surfaces are
greased prior to storage. The tools may be hung on rails or hooks on the wall or from
the ceiling for order and convenience and to protect them from dampness penetrating
an earth floor in the store.
Implements, such as plows, harrows and cultivators, are little damaged by rust
when left outdoors. If they are properly cleaned prior to storage and metal surfaces,
particularly all threaded parts used for adjustments, are greased, then a little rust is
not likely to harm performance enough to justify the cost of a storage structure. A
fenced compound can offer adequate protection against theft during storage. Although
implements containing wooden parts are more susceptible to decay, those parts can
usually be replaced at low cost.
Machinery and Equipment Storage Buildings
There are numerous precautions that should be observed when storing machinery
on the farm. Precautions include:
Buildings where machinery and power tools are stored should be located far
enough away from structures that house livestock and hay in case of fire.
Fuel storage tanks should preferably be located below the ground, and a
minimum of 40 feet from the nearest structure. Fuel cannot be stored in the
same structure as machinery or power tools.
9
Electrical lines coming into the building should be high enough to allow
equipment to pass underneath.
Electrical systems in machine sheds should be sufficient for the power tools
and equipment that will require the use of electric current.
Floor surfaces should be level and smooth, free of bumps and protruding
rocks.
All tools and accessory equipment should be kept picked up and stored in
their proper place, e.g., air hoses, oil cans, spare tires, jacks.
Do not allow non-employees inside the machine shed. Children should never
be allowed to play around or inside the machine shed or on farm machinery
itself.
http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-equipment-safety-part-i-
recognizing.html
10
Highly flammable materials, such as engine fuel and oil, such as petrol,
diesel, kerosene and lubricating oils.
Acids and alkali such as detergents, cleaning liquids, lye and quicklime (CaO).
Medicines, such as veterinary drugs and supplies. Some drugs may require
refrigeration.
stored in separate rooms. Ideally each type of material should have its
own storage space, that is, its own shelf in a cupboard or a storage room,
or its own room in a cooperative or merchant store. Any storage for
hazardous products must be well ventilated so that explosive or toxic
fumes cannot accumulate.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm retrieved
We should take note that some chemicals are harmful to the skin; therefore,
washing facilities should be available nearby for immediate use.
Storage of Fertilizers and Other Non-hazardous Materials
Some fertilizers are hydroscopic and easily pick up moisture from humid
air or from the ground. This causes them to become lumpy and to deteriorate.
Fertilizers and cement are normally sold in plastic - lined bags offering some
degree of protection. They should be handled and stored so that the bags are
not punctured or otherwise damaged. In addition, the storage conditions should
be as dry as possible. Bags should be placed on a raised platform in the
storage. This will allow ventilation and prevent ground moisture from
penetrating from below. The pile should be protected from rain by a roof or
some other type of watertight cover. Fertilizer can be very corrosive to metals
and
should
not
be
stored
close
to
machinery
or
tools.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm retrieved
Greenhouses
A greenhouse is a structure using natural light within which optimum conditions
may be achieved for the propagation and growing of agricultural crops, for plant
research or for isolating plants from disease or insects.
Greenhouses should be located in an open areas with no shade from
trees or buildings and with access to roads. The land should be nearly level and
well drained. If possible, the site should be sheltered from excessive wind.
However, normal air movement is essential for natural ventilation systems and
to prevent locally stagnant conditions.
A good, clean water supply is of paramount importance.
12
Regarding the preparation of garden tools for long storage, you can adopt some
of these practical practices:
Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing any dirt or rust with a wire
brush, steel wool, or light sandpaper.
Sharpen the tools using a file that is made specifically for this task.
Remember to move the file in one direction only, and at a 45-degree angle
Sand wooden handles with sandpaper and follow up with a coat of paste wax
or linseed oil if necessary.
Spray all metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will prevent rust
when your tools are stored in your tool shed or garage.
Store your tools in a high place above the ground and in a dry spot.
Drain water hoses and hang them in the garage or in the workshop.
Dont forget about the lawn mower. If you dont have the chance to use up
the gas before storing it, add a gas stabilizer to the fuel tank to prevent
corrosion.
By following these few basic preparatory steps, you can ensure that on the
following year, youll be working in your garden instead of working on your garden
tools. With proper care of the farm tools, implements, and equipment, you can also
save yourself from buying new ones to replace them.
What to PROCESS:
Activity 2
Conduct an interview on experienced crop producers in the locality on how
they secure and store their farm facilities. Make sure you answer the following
questions:
13
Activity 3
Visit the school nursery and greenhouse. Are these facilities secured?
Make a report of your findings and submit it to your teacher.
What to TRANSFER:
Activity 4
Visit the shop of the school and take note of whether the tools, implements, and
equipment are properly arranged and stored. Check if the tools, implements, and
equipment are prepared for long storage since the school year is about to end. Report
your findings to your teacher.
Summative Assessment
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is not true of a work shop?
A. Presence of water supply for convenience and safety
B. Presence of wide entrance only for large equipment
C. Presence of storage cabinet for tools, supplies, and spare parts
D. Presence of fire extinguishers
2. What is the advantage of living windbreaks?
A. Protects people and livestock
B. Benefits soil and water conservation
14
15
References
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/txpm
cot5584.pdf Retrieved April 13, 2014
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://teca.fao.org/read/7703#sthash.WmLjxFJP.dpuf Retrieved April 13,
2013
16
GLOSSARY
Business refers to any activity which entails the buying and selling of goods. The
manufacturing of products or providing services to a market.
Disaster refers to a calamity, such as a flood, tornado, fire, plane crash, etc., that
happens suddenly and causes damage to several properties
Entrepreneurs are those who initiate or finance business ideas. They are popularly
known as businessmen.
17
Greenhouse is a structure in which seedlings are propagated before they are brought
to the nursery shed. In most greenhouses, the environmental condition is
controlled.
Hand tools are objects that are usually light and are used without the help of
animals and machines
Manual handling refers to any activity that requires a person to use force to push,
hold, restrain, or carry an object.
18
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and demands.
The market opens entrepreneurial or business opportunities to everyone.
Nursery is a light structure where seedlings are cared for before being planted. It also
serves as a shed which provides shade for growers raising seedlings.
Prepare means to take the necessary action to put something into a state where it is
fit for use for a particular event or purpose.
Shop building refers to a building where hand tools are stored and repaired.
19
Storage barn is a building where agricultural chemicals and other materials are
stored.
Strengths in SWOT analysis, are the capital, knowledge, skill, or other advantages
that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in meeting the needs of its
customers.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk or become
a loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of risk, and the
likelihood of the occurrence of the event.
Weaknesses in SWOT analysis refer to any negative indications that increase the
risk of a loss and failure.
20
LEARNINGMODULES
Agriculture
and Fishery
CompilationbyBen:r_borres@yahoo.com
Agriculture and
Fishery
(Aquaculture)
Learners Material
Module 1
This instructional material was collaboratively
developed and reviewed by educators from public and
private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders
to
email
their
feedback,
comments,
and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Reviewers:
Illustrator:
Adonis A. Erni
Editha P. Durante,
Rosa F. Vasquez
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
General Objectives .............................................................................. 1
What is this Learning Material About ..................................................... 2
How Do You Use the Module ................................................................ 2
Pre-assessment .................................................................................. 3
Learning Goals/ Targets ....................................................................... 4
Module I Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) .................... 5
Learning Objectives ............................................................................. 6
Pre-Assessment.................................................................................. 6
Self-Assessment ................................................................................. 8
What to Know ..................................................................................... 9
What to Process................................................................................ 11
What to Reflect and Understand ......................................................... 13
What to Transfer ............................................................................... 15
Sample Action Plan ........................................................................... 15
Post-Assessment .............................................................................. 16
Introduction
This learning material will equip you with the knowledge, skills and attitudes
pertaining to Aquaculture.
General Objectives:
At the end of the module, you are expected to
Demonstrate understanding of the underlying theories in aquaculture.
Demonstrate understanding of ones Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies and Skill (PECs) in Aquaculture.
Demonstrate understanding of environment and market in Aquaculture in
ones town/municipality.
Demonstrate understanding on the preparation of tools, equipment and
aquaculture facilities for operation.
Select appropriate method of water exchange in aquaculture facility.
1
Content Standards
Performance Standards
Pre-Assessment
Post Assessment
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information
Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information
that you need to know. After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on
how much you learned by means of the Self-check. Do not hesitate to go back
to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. This will
ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job
Sheet directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real
life situation.
6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed.
Each lesson also provides you with references and definitions of key terms for
your guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully.
Pre-Assessment
Directions: Provide information on what you already know in the first column (K),
and what you want to know in the second column (W). You will record what you have
learned in the third column (L) as the lesson progress. In the fourth column (S) So
What is used to list ways in which the new knowledge will be useful to you in relation
to Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs), Environment and Marketing
(E&M), Conduct Pre-Operation Aquaculture Activities (CPOA), Changing Water of
Aquaculture facility (CWAF), Determine and Analyze Mortality (DAM), Prepare and
Secure Aquaculture Facilities (PSAF).
K (Know)
W (Want)
PECs
E &M
L (Learned)
S (So What)
CPOA
CWAF
DAM
PSAF
Learning Goals/Targets
Having identified your strengths and areas for improvement, you are now
ready to set your learning goals and target.
Now, think further and write your goals and targets below.
GOALS
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
___________________.
4
Entrepreneurship has
brought great success to some, but it's not a career path for all.
can handle the stress and hard work that go with running a small business
enterprise?
entrepreneurial ability to produce the desired results. Before embarking on your first
business, it's worth spending some time evaluating your own preparedness for
entrepreneurship. Try to examine your own personality and compare it with the
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a successful entrepreneur. Ask
yourself if you are ready to enter into the world of business. If your answer is yes,
take this reminder: Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and
improve their PECs.
Content Standard
The
learner
understanding
Entrepreneurial
(PECs).
Performance Standard
demonstrates The learner prepares an activity plan that
of
Learning Objectives:
1. Assess
ones
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies
(PECs):
Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type
Directions:
Column A lists the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects with the
correct definition of terms listed in Column B.
Column A
1.Hardworking
2.Self-confident
3.Profit-Oriented
4.Goal-Oriented
5.Persistent
6.Responds to feedback
7.Willing to listen
8.Committed
9.Reliable and has integrity
10.Risk-taker
Column B
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
c. Versatile
b. Patient
c.
b. Dependent
d.
Opportunity seeker
Persistent
c.
Goal oriented
b. Futuristic
d.
Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends
to open a retail business. What PECs does Mrs. Magno demonstrate?
a. Open to feedback
c.
b. Persistent
d.
Confident
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up in
find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been does Mrs. Magno
demonstrate?
a. Hard work
c.
Risk- taking
b. Persistence
d.
Confident
C. Self- Assessment
Directions: Below is a list of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of
a successful entrepreneur. Put a check mark on the 2nd column that indicates
your strong PECs. The check mark on the 3rd column are those PECs that need
to be developed.
My Personal Entrepreneurial
Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies
Competencies of an
Entrepreneur
Need to be
Strength
Hardworking
Self-confident
Builds for the future
Profit-oriented
Goal-oriented
Persistent
Copes with failure
Responds to feedback
Demonstrates initiative
Developed
Willing to listen
Sets own standards
Copes with uncertainty
Committed
Builds on strengths
Reliable and has integrity
Risk-taker
What to KNOW?
Lesson1.
4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you
are looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and
butter not only for you but also for your family. Therefore, you must see to it
that the business can generate income. Another plan of action is to expand
your own business through the use of your generated income.
5. Goal-Oriented:
advanced
preparation for your business. You must set a long-term goal for
the activities that are needed, an extensive preparation for the production
process and procedures that you need to go through to acquire, human and
non-human resources. Everything in your business will have to be set
clearly, organized, and well-planned depending on the goal you want to
achieve.
6. Persistence: Differences in opinion and judgment. Your opponent can be a
part of the rejection on what you intend to do for your endeavor. As an
entrepreneur, you must be firm, strong-willed, and stick or follow what you
believe is the best.
7. Copes with Failure: Learn from your mistakes. As an entrepreneur, you
must learn how to deal with the frustrations and failures. Instead, turn these
into productive learning experiences.
8. Responds to Feedback or Open to Feedback: You must be concerned to
know how well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must
obtain useful feedback and advice from others.
9. Takes the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You
must put yourself in a position where you, personally, are responsible for the
failure or success of your business.
10. Shows Willingness to Listen:
10
entrepreneur. You should know how to handle unusual events that may
happen in the business. These include problems in; managing the workers,
the delivery of goods and services, and the demand and production. You must
be patient in dealing with these uncertainties.
13. Shows Commitment:
needs, attachment to your friends, families, and relatives are set aside. You
must separate the money for your business from the amount that you need to
spend for personal obligations and lifestyles.
14. Builds on Strengths:
When misfortunes
happen, consider these as challenges. Work them out and set good
alternatives. Risks may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
What to PROCESS:
Activity1:
Directions: Choose from the list below the characteristics and traits that best
describe your own personal entrepreneurial characteristics. Find ways
on how to align them according to the personal characteristics of an
entrepreneur which were discussed earlier. Write your answers in the
activity sheet provided.
11
Creative
Resourceful
Persistent
Organized
Independent
Confident
Risk taker
Observant
Competent
Trustworthy
Optimistic
Passionate
Sensitive
Committed
Flexible
Knowledgeable
Efficient
Hardworking
Persevering
Decision-maker
Decisive
Reliable
Strongminded
Dynamic
Courteous
Example: My PECs
My PECs
My Simple Definition
1.Creative
2.Organized
3. Competent
4. Observant
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that
12
you are already strong at, and write them down below the blank arrows
on the left side. PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the
negative characteristics that need to be further improved.
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you
could strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel you still
need to focus on to strengthen them.
Example: Self-confidence
Selfconfidence
14
What to TRANSFER:
Culminating Activity
Directions: Examine yourself once again. Make a list of PECs that you need to
strengthen. Then, prepare an action plan to develop them further. You may opt to
follow the suggested format below. You may improve or change it as long as it suits
your own plan of action.
Sample Action Plan
Specific Purpose Statement: ( Your vision of your future)
Ex. Developing self-confidence in retail business.
Focus
Area
Current
Situation
I
My
PECs
I need to
develop my
undefined
characterise
-tics need
for my retail
business.
such as:
_________
__________
__________
__________
______
Goal
Measures
of
Success
Actions
Required
Time
Frame
Reward/
Recognition
To exercise
my own
PECs during
selling and
producing
products/
services
-To become
successful in
my chosen
business.
Achieve100
%
completion
of
developme
nt of my
own PECs
through
selling and
production
of products,
and proper
manner in
dealing with
people.
-Selling
-During the
finished
culminating
products
activities
derived from
-After
culminating
learning
activities in my
the
chosen
principles,
career.
theories, and
-Participate
process in
in skills
the chosen
competition
business
sponsored by
the NGO, and
GOs
-Earns
expected
income
-Outstanding
performance
in selling and
promoting
products and
services
15
Post-Assessment
A. Matching Type
Directions:
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects with the correct definition of
terms listed in Column B.
Column A
Column B
1.
Hardworking
2.
Self-confident
3.
Profit-oriented
4.
Goal-oriented
5.
Persistent
6.
Responds or open to
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
feedback
from others.
7.
Willing to listen
8.
Committed
9.
Reliable
g.
and
has
h.
integrity
10. Risk-taker
i.
j.
16
B. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes entrepreneurial
characteristics. Then answer the question by writing the letter of your choice
in your assignment notebook or in the provided answer sheet.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens her own processed fish products business.
She knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to
ensure a successful operation of the business she has in mind. Your answers
to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the
quality of her product?
a. Hardworking
b. Patient
c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an
entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Opportunity seeker
d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will
she maintain?
a. Committed
b. Futuristic
c. Goal oriented
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she
intends to open a retail business.
What PECs does Mrs. Magno
demonstrate?
a. Open to feedback
b. Persistent
c. Reliable and has integrity
d. Self- confident
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up
in finding a solution to a business problem. What PECs does Mrs. Magno
demonstrate?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Risk- taking
d. Self-confidence
17
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERY ARTS FOOD
(FISH) PROCESSING
Learners Material
Module 1
This instructional material was collaboratively
developed and reviewed by educators from public and
private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders
to
email
their
feedback,
comments,
and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.
of Education
We Department
value your feedback
and recommendations.
Republic of the Philippines
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................... 1
What Is This Learning Material About .................................................... 2
How Do You Use The Module? ............................................................. 2
Pre-Assessment.................................................................................. 3
Learning Goals and Targets ................................................................. 4
Module I: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) ................... 5
Learning Objectives ............................................................................. 5
Pre-Assessment.................................................................................. 6
What to Know ..................................................................................... 9
Lesson1 Important Entrepreneurial Traits ............................................... 9
What to Process................................................................................ 12
What to Reflect and Understand ......................................................... 14
What to Transfer ............................................................................... 15
Post- Assessment ............................................................................ 16
Introduction
Welcome!
The Food (Fish) Processing is a course which comprises the knowledge, skills
and attitude for Fish Processors and leads to the specialization on Food Processing
NC I, II and III
The course Food (Fish) Processing contains training materials and activities
related to environment and market implementation of
sampling procedure,
These
personal
entrepreneurial
competencies,
are
the
core
General Objectives:
Content Standards
Performance Standards
Learning Objectives
Pre-Assessment
Post Assessment
To get the most out of every module, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Content and Performance Standards
and Learning Objectives. These will tell you what you should know and be
able to do at the end of each module.
2. Find out what you know about the module by taking the Pre-assessment.
2
Pre-Assessment
Directions: Provide information on what you already know in the first column (K),
and what you want to know in the second column (W). You will record what you have
learned in the third column (L) as the lesson proceeds. In the fourth column (S) So
What list ways by which the new knowledge will be useful for you in terms of
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) Environment and Marketing (E&M),
Sampling Procedure (SP), Inspection and Sorting (IS), Dispensing Non-Bulk
Ingredients (DI), and Preparing Raw and Packaging Materials and Supplies for
Processing (PR).
K (Know)
W (Want)
PECs
L (Learned)
S (So What)
E&M
SP
IS
DI
PR
Learning Goals/Targets
Having identified your strengths and areas for improvement, you should now
be ready to set your learning goals and target.
Now, think further and write your goals and targets below.
GOALS
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
TARGETS (specific objectives with dates indicated)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Have you ever thought of running your own business? Entrepreneurship has
brought great success to some, but it's not a career path for all.
can handle the stress and hard work that go with running a small business
enterprise?
entrepreneurial ability to produce the desired results. Before embarking on your first
business, it's worth spending some time evaluating your own preparedness for
entrepreneurship.
Content Standard
The learner demonstrates
understanding of Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies
(PECs)
Performance Standard
The learner prepares an activity plan
that addresses his/her development
areas based on his/her PECs and
improves further his/her areas of
strength.
Learning Objectives:
1. Assess
ones
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies
characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and traits
2. Assess practitioners: characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, traits
5
(PECs):
Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type
Directions: Column A lists the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects the correct
definition of terms listed in Column B.
Column A
1. Hardworking
2. Self-confident
3. Profit-Oriented
4. Goal-Oriented
5. Persistent
6. Responds to feedback
7. Willing to listen
8. Committed
9. Reliable and has integrity
10. Risk-taker
Column B
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes entrepreneurial
characteristics or attributes. Answer the question by writing the
letter of your choice in your assignment notebook or the answer
sheet provided.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own processed fish product business. She
knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to
ensure a successful operationalization of a business that she has in mind.
Your answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the
quality of her product?
a. Hardwork
b. Patience
c. Versatility
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Opportunity seeker
d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristics will
she maintain?
a. Has commitment
b. Futuristic
c. Goal oriented
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends
to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Open to feedback
b. Persistent
c. Reliable and has integrity
d. Self- confident
7
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to
find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by
Mrs. Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Risk- taking
d. Self-confidence
C. Self- Assessment
Directions: Below is a list of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a
successful entrepreneur.
indicates your strong PECs. The check mark on the 3 rd column are
those PECs that need to be developed.
Strength
Hardworking
Self-confident
Builds for the future
Profit-oriented
Goal-oriented
Persistent
Needs to be Developed
What to KNOW?
2. Self- Confidence: You must have a strong faith in your ability despite the
problems that you will encounter along the way.
3. Future-Oriented:
4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you
are looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and
butter not only for you but also for your family.
Therefore, you must see to it that the business can generate income. Another
plan of action is to expand your own business with generated income.
well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must obtain
useful feedback and advice from others.
9. Take the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must
put yourself in a position where you are personally responsible for the failure
or success of your business.
10
11. Set your Own Standards: This involves developing and using logical, stepby-step plans to reach the goals, or offering evaluation alternatives,
monitoring progress, and switching to successful strategies for the goal you
want to achieve. To be a successful entrepreneur, you must take into
consideration that sales and production depend on your own standards.
entrepreneur. Know how to handle unusual events and problems that may
occur in the business like in managing the workers, delivery of goods and
services, and demand and production. You must be patient in dealing with
these uncertainties.
13. Committed:
attachment to your friends, families and relatives are set aside. You must
separate the money for your business from the amount that you need to
spend for personal obligations and lifestyles.
14. Builds on Strengths:
strengths.
services, knowledge in trade and industry, ability to make contacts and use
these to expand your business.
15. Reliable and has Integrity: An entrepreneur must build a good reputation,
possess the courage to do the right thing, do what you say, walk your talk, be
loyal, and be fair in dealing with the subordinates and costumers.
16. Risk-Taker:
When misfortunes
happen, consider these as challenges and work them out and set good
alternatives. Risks may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
11
What to PROCESS
My PECs
My simple definition
1. Creative
2. Organized
3. Competent
4. Observant
Example of my PECs
Activity1:
Directions:
Creative
Resourceful
Persistent
Organized
Independent
Confident
Risk taker
Observant
Competent
Trustworthy
Optimistic
Passionate
Flexible
Sensitive
Committed
Dynamic
Efficient
Hardworking
Decision-maker
Reliable
Knowledgeable
Persevering
Decisive
Strongminded
Courteous
12
Activity 2.
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that
you are already strong at, and write them down on the blank arrows on
the left side. PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the
negative characteristics that need to be further improved.
13
Hello!
Im here once again
reminding you whether you have
achieved a certain point that you could
honestly tell that you are already
successful in strengthening your own
PECs.
Let s see!
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you
would strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel you still
need to focus on to strengthen these.
14
Example: Self-confidence
What to TRANSFER?
15
Current
Situation
I
Goal
Measures
of Success
Actions
Required
Time
Frame
Reward/
Recognition
Achieve 100%
-Selling
-During
-Earns
completion of
finished
culminating
expected
development
products
activities
income
-After
-Outstanding
My PECs
I need to
To exercise
develop my
my own
undefined
characteristi PECs during
of my own
derived from
c needed
selling and
PECs
culminating
for my
producing
through
activities in
learning
performance
business
products/
selling and
any chosen
the
in selling and
such as:
services
production of
career.
principles,
promoting
theories,
products and
process
services
_________
products;
_________
-To become
_________
proficient in
_________
my chosen
____
skill.
-Participate in
observe
proper
skills
and any
decorum
competition
chosen
when dealing
sponsored
caree
with people.
by the NGO
and GO
Post-Assessment
A. Matching Type
Directions: Column A lists the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects the correct definition of
terms listed in Column B.
16
Column A
Column B
1.
Hardworking
2.
Self-confident
3.
Profit-oriented
4.
Goal-oriented
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
5.
Persistent
g.
6.
h.
7.
Willing to listen
8.
Committed
9.
10.
Risk-taker
i.
j.
Multiple Choice.
Directions:
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own processed fish products business.
She knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient
to ensure a successful operationalization of a business she has in mind.
Your answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the
quality of her product?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Hardwork
Patience
Versatility
All of the above
c. Opportunity seeker
d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will
she maintain?
a. Has commitment
b. Futuristic
c. Goal oriented
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she
intends to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by
Mrs. Magno?
a. Open to feedback
b. Persistent
c. Reliable and has integrity
d. Self- confident
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up
to find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated
by Mrs. Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Risk- taking
d. Self-confidence
18
LEARNINGMODULES
PC Servicing
and Maintenance
CompilationbyBen:r_borres@yahoo.com
Page
How to Use this Module .................................................................................................................................. iii
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... iv
Technical Terms ................................................................................................................................................ v
Learning Outcome # 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Information Sheet # 6.1.1 ................................................................................................................................ 2
Activity Sheet # 6.1.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Information Sheet # 6.1.2 ................................................................................................................................ 4
Self Check # 6.1.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Information Sheet # 6.1.3 .............................................................................................................................. 16
Self Check # 6.1.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Activity Sheet # 6.1.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Learning Outcome # 2 .................................................................................................................................... 23
Information Sheet # 6.2.1 .............................................................................................................................. 24
Self Check # 6.2.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Information Sheet # 6.2.2 .............................................................................................................................. 28
Operation Sheet # 6.2.2 ................................................................................................................................. 33
Information Sheet #.6.2.3........................................34
Information Sheet # 6.2.4 .............................................................................................................................. 43
Information Sheet # 6.2.5 .............................................................................................................................. 46
Operation Sheet # 6.2.5
.. ............................................................................................... 54
PC HARDWARE SERVICING
The Strengthened Technical-Vocational Education Program
1|Page
PC HARDWARE SERVICING
The Strengthened Technical-Vocational Education Program
2|Page
Welcome to the Module Configuring Computer System and Networks. This module
contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency Configure Computer System and Networks contains knowledge,
skills and attitudes required for a Computer Hardware Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of the
learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets,
Operation Sheets, Job Sheet and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer
the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, dont hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill or skills,
talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you dont have to do the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings show it to
your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to this module, they may become
part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills,
discuss it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of your
assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for
you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by relevant
information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one
learning activity.
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LO1
LO2
LO3
PRE-REQUISITES:
You must have completed module 5 Diagnose and Troubleshoot Computer System before
studying this module.
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Bluetooth
Coverall
Fax
Internet
Intranet
Modem
- translates between digital signals that the computer uses, and analog
signals suitable for transmission over telephone lines.
Network
PDA
OH&S
Software
- map of a network
USB
Wide Area Network - network that connects users across large distances, others
cross the geographical boundaries of cities or state.
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Assessment Criteria:
2. The Configuration plan, organized and prepared based on the job requirements, is
followed.
3. Performance of computer system network for configuration purposes is validated
along with its specification.
4. Appropriate materials for the task are used to conform to OH& S standards.
5. Tools, equipment, and testing devices that conform to OHS standards are used to
accomplish the task.
References:
http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/OHS/default.htm
www.industrialrelations.nsw.gov.au/resources/workplace_pp.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network
http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Network-Cable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresses
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Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies, procedures
and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people at the
workplace.
Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment that
enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices should be
learned early and always adhered to when working with any electrical device including
personal computers and peripherals.
Here are some safety precautions to take before working with any computer devices:
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1.
2.
3.
Performance Criteria:
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 -
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Computer Network
In general, the term network can refer to any interconnected group or system.
More specifically, a network is any method of sharing information between two systems
(human or mechanical).
BENEFITS OF SHARING INFORMATION VIA NETWORK
In addition to reducing hardware costs by sharing expensive printers and other
peripherals among multiple users, networks provide additional benefits to the users.
Software and data files can be shared for access by multiple users
Electronic mail e-mail can be sent and received
Collaboration features allow contributions by multiple users to a single document
Remote-control programs can be used to troubleshoot problems or show new users
how to perform a task
Printers
Disk drives
CD-ROM and optical drives
Modems
Fax
Tape backup units
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network topology
Network Topology signifies the way in which intelligent devices in the network see
their logical relations to one another. The use of the term "logical" here is significant. That
is, network topology is independent of the "physical" layout of the network. Even if
networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement, if they are connected
via a hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a Bus Topology. In this regard the
visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network
topology is not necessarily the same as the physical layout.
Bus Topology
Bus Topology
Advantages:
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Disadvantages:
1) Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only 1 computer can send a
message at a time.
2) It is difficult to troubleshoot the bus. A cable break or loose connector causes
reflection and stops all the activity.
STAR TOPOLOGY
In this kind of topology all the cables run from the computers to the central location where
they are all connected by a device called hub or switch. Each computer on a star network
communicates with a central device that resends the message either to each computer or
only to the destination computer, example if it is a hub then it will send to all and if it is a
switch then it will send to only destination computer. When network expansion is expected
and when the greater reliability is needed, star topology is the best.
Star Topology
Advantages:
1) It is easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the
network.
2) The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose the faults.
3) Single computer failure does not necessarily bring down the whole star network.
Disadvantages:
1) If the central device fails, the whole network fails to operate.
2) Star networking is expensive because all network cables must be pulled to one
central point, requires more cable than other network topologies.
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RING TOPOLOGY
In this type each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one
connected to the first. Each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. The
message flows around the ring in one direction. The ring network does not subject to signal
loss problem as a bus network experiences. There is no termination because there is no
end to the ring.
Ring Topology
Advantages:
1) Each node has equal access.
2) Capable of high speed data transfer.
Disadvantages:
1) Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole network.
2) Difficult to troubleshoot the network.
Types of networks
Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks in order of scale.
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Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB] and
FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with
network technologies such as Bluetooth.
A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Current
LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For example, a library will have a
wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers and servers) and
to connect to the internet. All of the PCs in the library are connected by category 5 (Cat5)
cable, running the IEEE 802.3 protocol through a system of interconnection devices and
eventually connect to the internet. The cables to the servers are on Cat 5e enhanced cable,
which will support IEEE 802.3 at 1 GB/s.
The staff computers (bright green) can get to the color printer, checkout records,
and the academic network and the Internet. All user computers can get to the Internet and
the card catalog. Each workgroup can get to its local printer. Note that the printers are not
accessible from outside their workgroup.
Workgroup of
Computers
Hub
Server
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Every computer has a distinct role, that of either a client or a server. A server is
designed to share its resources among client computers on the network. The Client/Server
is composed of:
Servers
These are located in secured areas, such as locked closets and data centers,
because they hold the organization's most valuable data and do not have the
accessed by operators on a continuous basis.
The server runs a special network operating system such as: Windows NT
Server, Windows 2000 or Novell Netware.
Clients
The rest of the computers on the network functions as client. A client standard
PC that is running an operating system such as DOS or Windows.
Hub
Client
Server
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Example of Client/Server
Peer-to-Peer Network
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to discuss the implementation of networks for a contiguous area. This should not be
confused with a Controller Area Network.
Campus Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local Area
Networks or Campus Area Networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries
of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers, switches & hubs are
connected to create a MAN.
Metropolitan Network
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic
area (i.e. one city to another and one country to another country) and that often uses
transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN
technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the
physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.
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Internetwork
Two or more networks or network segments connected using devices that operate
at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any
interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or
governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.
In modern practice, the interconnected networks use the Internet Protocol. There
are at least three variants of internetwork, depending on who administers and who
participates in them:
Intranet
Extranet
Internet
Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If
connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being
accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet is not considered to
be a part of the intranet or extranet, although it may serve as a portal for access to
portions of an extranet.
Intranet
An intranet is a set of interconnected networks, using
the Internet Protocol and uses IP-based tools such as web
browsers and ftp tools, that is under the control of a single
administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the
intranet to the rest of the world, and allows only specific
users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of
a company or other enterprise.
Extranet
An extranet is a
network or internetwork that is
limited in scope to a
single organization or entity but
which also has limited
connections to the networks of
one or more other
usually, but not necessarily,
trusted organizations or
entities (e.g. a company's
customers may be given
access to some part of its intranet
creating in this way an
extranet, while at the same time
the customers may not be
considered 'trusted' from a
security
standpoint).
Technically, an extranet may also
be categorized as a CAN,
MAN, WAN, or other type of
network, although, by
definition, an extranet cannot
consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network.
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Internet
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I. Identify the following. Choose your answer from the grid below. Use a separate sheet of
paper in answering.
______________ 1.
______________ 2.
______________ 3.
______________ 4.
______________ 5.
______________ 6.
______________ 7.
______________ 8.
______________ 9.
All the cables run from the computers to the central location where
they are all connected by hub.
______________10. Each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one
connected to the first.
Topology
Ring Topology
Bus Topology
Network
Star Topology
GAN
LAN
Extranet
MAN
WAN
Internet
Intranet
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1.
Connectors
- It is used to connect external devices to the computer system.
2.
Adapter
- A piece of hardware that plugs into an expansion slot in your computer.
3.
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4.
Appropriate software
- This software packages are used to install new drivers needed in setting up your
computer.
5.
6.
Reference book
- These are books that will provide topics about networking or related books on
computer.
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7.
Manuals
- These provide instructions for certain operation or task.
8.
Cable tie
- It is used to organized wires and cables used in connecting computers to avoid
tangling.
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1. Screw drivers
2. Pliers
3. Soldering iron/gun
4. Multi-tester
5. Magnifying glass
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It is a device made of glass with handle. It exaggerates or increase the apparent size
of an object.
8. Tweezers
- It is used to hold the small sensitive part of the
computer.
9. Mini-vacuum cleaner
- It is used for cleaning sensitive parts of the computer.
Note: Apply safety precautions when handling the materials, tools and testing
devices for safe keeping purposes and long lasting use.
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______________ 1.
______________ 2.
______________ 3.
______________ 4.
______________ 5.
the
______________ 6.
______________ 7.
These are the materials that are used in saving data and
providing backup for your files such as diskette, compact disc,
flash drives and memory cards.
______________ 8.
______________ 9.
______________ 10. It is a tool used for holding, bending and stretching the lead of
electronics component and connecting wire.
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1. Choose five materials, tools and testing devices discussed in the lesson. Demonstrate the
use of the following tools and materials.
Performance Criteria:
5 -
4 -
3 -
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Assessment Criteria:
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment
http://www.pcguide.com/ts/x/sys/crash.htm
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-computers-crash&print=true
http://catalyst.washington.edu/help/computing_fundamentals/troubleshootingxp/
com
mon_hardware.html
http://www.ivc.k12.il.us/ivchigh/Departments/computer.htm
http://www.johnniemccoy.com/
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/setup/netadapter.mspx
http://support.microsoft.com/servicedesks/ShowMeHow/3061261.asx
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/250927
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http://uis.georgetown.edu/software/documentation/win9598/win9598.print.to.ne
twork.
printer.html
gloves
coverall with
rubber mat
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goggles
apron
shoes with
bb
anti-static
i t t
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To see what kind of network adapters may already be installed in your computer.
1. Click the Start, and then click Control Panel
2. Under or pick a Control Panel icon, click Network Connections
3. Microsoft Windows XP displays your network adapters. If an adapter has a red X
over it, it is disconnected. If the Network Connections window is blank, your
computer doesn't have a network adapter
4. If you already have a network adapter, you are ready to configure your
network.
If your USB network adapter came with software, insert the CD or floppy disk
into your computer, and follow the manufacturer's instructions to install the
software.
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I. Give the functions of the following PPE Use a separate sheet of paper in answering.
Goggles
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Coverall
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Apron
_____________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Gloves
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Today's computers have faster microprocessors, more memory and bigger hard
drives. When you think about the differences between a Pentium 4 and 386, you have to
conclude the improvement is astounding! But when error attacks your computer you have
to do something for the computers to survive. Here are some of the common faults and
problems that you may encounter:
1.
Don't overlook the obvious. Up until recently not having enough memory wasn't a
problem. With the price of RAM becoming very affordable, most people were filling their
computers with more than enough memory to do the job. If your computer is slow and it
has lower capacity of RAM, you need to add more memory to speed it up.
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Background programs
When you install new software on your computer, often times you install it to run in
the background every time you start up. Most times you do this without knowing it. Look
at the bottom right hand side of your screen.
If you see several icons there, you have extra programs running and stealing resources.
Right click on these and see if you have the option of closing them. Many times, you can
open the program and choose an option to keep these programs from starting
automatically.
Corrupted registry
Any changes you make to your computer effects and actually, it corrupts your registry
even when you do something positive like remove spyware and you end up with a
corrupted registry.
After months of corrupting your registry, it will become good. This will, in its early
stages, cause your computer to slow down. In its advanced stages, it will freeze and crash
and do more mysterious and troublesome things.
2. After I pressing the Power button...
Nothing happened
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There was a loud bang (possibly with smoke) at the back of the PC Case
PSU was faulty or set to incorrect voltage for mains supply system. Replace PSU
PC is on but monitor shows no display and a sequence of beeps emits from the PC
Check fitting of CPU, RAM, Video card, sound card etc. If necessary, remove and
refit these components
Check the motherboard manual and perform a BIOS reset procedure
This may indicate a faulty motherboard
PC is on but monitor shows no display and one beep emits from the PC
PC is on but there are no power and/or HDD lights on the PC case front panel
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Check IDE ribbon cable is correctly connected to both Motherboard and CD-ROM
This may indicate a faulty CD-ROM Drive
Disconnect the power immediately to prevent damage to the CPU from overheating
Check fan power cables are correctly connected to the relevant power connector
(in most cases, a motherboard FAN connector or one of the PSU power connectors)
Disconnect the power and carefully spin the fan blades with a finger. If there is any
resistance to this movement, this may indicate a faulty fan unit
On boot up, the monitor shows corrupted display
Check the motherboard manual for the appropriate CPU jumper settings (where
applicable)
Check BIOS settings for CPU type (see Motherboard Manual)
Perform a BIOS reset procedure
Perform a BIOS update (with an updated BIOS, the Motherboard may support your
CPU)
This may indicate a faulty/old motherboard
Check correct connection of device described, In the case of the FDD, check its
ribbon and power connections
Check that the BIOS is configured correctly for the device described
This may indicate a fault with the described device or Motherboard
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Check display options for the monitor usually under control panel under the display
icon. Select at least 256 colors for standard display. If you had 16 color selected,
this may be why your screen displays limited colors. Some programs such as
FastCat require you to set display settings to 256 colors.
If screen appears distorted around the edges and the color does not look right, you
may have incorrect display adapters. Select Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double click
on System Icon and select Device Manager. You will see a listing of devices. Double click
on Display adapters to view the type. If there is a yellow exclamation point next to device,
there is a conflict. To view conflicts for a certain device, click on the device, select
properties, and select the general tab. There should be a description of the device and
why it is not working properly.
Printer Does Not Print.
Things to Try...
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Do you have correct print drivers installed? Find print drivers under Device Manager.
Check to be sure you have correct print drivers installed. Double click on System
Icon and select Device Manager. You will see a listing of devices. Double click on
the Ports button to view the type. If there is a yellow exclamation point next to
device, there is a conflict.
Equipment, Tools and Materials: System Unit, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer
Given the necessary tools, materials and equipment identify the common faults and
errors of computer when you detached the following:
Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Hard disk
Floppy disk drive
CD-Rom drive
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PS/2
IDE cable
IDE cable
IDE cable
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RAM chip
Memory slot
List the messages or errors it will prompt you. You will be assessed using the
following criteria:
CRITERIA
RATING
30%
20%
30%
20%
Total:
100%
What is a Network?
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone
lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
The three basic types of networks include:
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Speed. Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files.
Without a network, files are shared by copying them to floppy disks, then carrying
or sending the disks from one computer to another. This method of transferring
files (referred to as sneaker-net) is very time-consuming.
Cost. Network cable versions of many popular software programs are available at
considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies. Besides
monetary savings, sharing a program on a network allows for easier upgrading of
the program. The changes have to be done only once, on the file server, instead of
on all the individual workstations.
Security. Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so
that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs. Also, passwords
can be established for specific directories to restrict access to authorized users.
Centralized Software Management. One of the greatest benefits of installing a
network is the fact that all of the software can be loaded on one computer (the file
server). This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing updates and
tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.
Resource Sharing. Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds
stand-alone computers. Most establishments cannot afford enough laser printers,
fax machines, modems, scanners, and CD-ROM players for each computer.
However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network, they can be shared
by many users.
Electronic Mail. The presence of a network provides the hardware necessary to
install an e-mail system. E-mail aids in personal and professional communication for
all school personnel, and it facilitates the dissemination of general information to
the entire school staff. Electronic mail on a LAN can enable students to
communicate with teachers and peers at their own school. If the LAN is connected
to the Internet, students can communicate with others throughout the world.
Flexible Access. School networks allow students to access their files from
computers throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in their
classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network, and then go to the
media center after school to finish their work. Students can also work cooperatively
through the network.
Workgroup Computing. Workgroup software (such as Microsoft BackOffice) allows
many users to work on a document or project concurrently. For example, educators
located at various schools within a county could simultaneously contribute their
ideas about new curriculum standards to the same document and spreadsheets.
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Expensive to Install. Although a network will generally save money over time, the
initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards, and software
are expensive, and the installation may require the services of a technician.
Requires Administrative Time. Proper maintenance of a network requires
considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a network, only to
find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative support.
File Server May Fail. Although a file server is no more susceptible to failure than
any other computer, when the files server "goes down," the entire network may
come to a halt. When this happens, the entire school may lose access to necessary
programs and files.
Cables May Break. Some of the configurations are designed to minimize the
inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one broken cable can
stop the entire network.
What is a Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on
a network. These rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a
network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data
transfer.
The most common protocols are:
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
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File Servers
Workstations
Network Interface Cards
Switches
Repeaters
Bridges
Routers
File Servers
A file server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast computer with a
large amount of RAM and storage space, along with a fast network interface card. The
network operating system software resides on this computer, along with any software
applications and data files that need to be shared.
Workstations
All of the user computers connected to a network are called workstations. A typical
workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card, networking
software, and the appropriate cables. Workstations do not necessarily need floppy disk
drives because files can be saved on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a
network workstation.
Network Interface Cards
The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the
network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into
an expansion slot inside the computer. Some computers, such as Mac Classics, use external
boxes which are attached to a serial port or a SCSI port. Laptop computers can now be
purchased with a network interface card built-in or with network cards that slip into a
PCMCIA slot.
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Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and
performance of a network. It is a good idea to use the fastest network card available for
the type of workstation you are using.
Switch
A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from
workstations, servers, and peripherals. In a star topology, twisted-pair wire is run from
each workstation to a central switch/hub. Most switches are active, that is they electrically
amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another. Switches no longer broadcast
network packets as hubs did in the past, they memorize addressing of computers and send
the information to the correct location directly. Switches are:
Repeaters
Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable, it is often necessary to boost
the signal with a device called a repeater. The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it
receives and rebroadcasts it. Repeaters can be separate devices or they can be
incorporated into a concentrator. They are used when the total length of your network
cable exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used.
Bridges
A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network into two smaller,
more efficient networks. If you are adding to an older wiring scheme and want the new
network to be up-to-date, a bridge can connect the two.
A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can
pass packets of information to the correct location. Most bridges can "listen" to the
network and automatically figure out the address of each computer on both sides of the
bridge. The bridge can inspect each message and, if necessary, broadcast it on the other
side of the network.
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The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of
the network. You might say that the bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy intersection during
rush hour. It keeps information flowing on both sides of the network, but it does not allow
unnecessary traffic through. Bridges can be used to connect different types of cabling, or
physical topologies. They must, however, be used between networks with the same
protocol.
Routers
A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a super
intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the
destination address and origin. The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions,
and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts.
If you have a school LAN that you want to connect to the Internet, you will need to
purchase a router. In this case, the router serves as the translator between the information
on your LAN and the Internet. It also determines the best route to send the data over the
Internet. Routers can:
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Type
Use
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
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RJ-45 connector
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency
interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments with electrical
interference; however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite bulky. Shielded
twisted pair is often used on networks using Token Ring topology.
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides
insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield
helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other
computers.
Coaxial cable
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal
interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices
than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
Wireless LANs
Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless. Wireless
LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a
wireless network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data.
Information is relayed between transceivers as if they were physically connected. For
longer distance, wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite.
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Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers or remote computers to
connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it may
be difficult or impossible to install cables.
Peer-to-Peer
Client/Server
Peer-to-Peer
Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files
located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source. In a peer-topeer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use
the resources available on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are designed primarily for
small to medium local area networks. AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are
examples of programs that can function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.
Peer-to-peer network
Advantages of a peer-to-peer network:
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Client/Server
Client/server network operating systems allow the network to centralize functions
and applications in one or more dedicated file servers. The file servers become the heart of
the system, providing access to resources and providing security. Individual workstations
(clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers. The network operating
system provides the mechanism to integrate all the components of the network and allow
multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources irrespective of physical location.
Novell Netware and Windows 2000 Server are examples of client/server network operating
systems.
Client/server network
Advantages of a client/server network:
Centralized - Resources and data security are controlled through the server.
Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced individually as needs increase.
Flexibility - New technology can be easily integrated into system.
Interoperability - All components (client/network/server) work together.
Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms.
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UTP Cable
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable consists
of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable). Adding RJ45
connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they usually use.
Preparation
You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter
Making Cable
Follow the steps below.
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1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side
A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement
table). Don't remove the shield of each metal line.
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any
cable in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the cable
to either device.)
The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of green/green-white,
orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted pairs.
10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP category5 cable for both mode. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT, in which there are
only 3 wires inside the cable.)
A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to connect 2
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hubs in the case one of the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal port on the other
hub).
Pin ID side A
side B
orange-white orange-white
orange
green-white green-white
blue
blue
blue-white
blue-white
green
green
brown-white brown-white
brown
orange
brown
side B
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orange-white green-white
orange
green-white orange-white
blue
blue
blue-white
blue-white
green
orange
brown-white brown-white
brown
green
brown
A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The same
manufacturer and model of network card is preferred.
To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the network:
1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate
cabling
for
each
computer.
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NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically
connect your computers, consult the documentation included with your network
adapters or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network card
and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers are not
included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to install the
network drivers.
3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow these
steps:
a.
Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer Sharing
can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing, use the following
steps:
.
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers,
click OK, and then click OK again.
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5. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.
c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your
computer.
NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the
network and should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small
networks, the workgroup name should be the same for each computer so
that all computers are visible in the same workgroup when browsing. You
should not use spaces or the following characters in computer and
workgroup names:
Windows XP Networking
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The same feature is also accessible via the Network Connections icon in Control
Panel.
Choosing either of the above options causes a new window to appear on the
desktop as shown below. On the right, this window displays icons for any pre-existing
connections. The Create a new connection option on the left allows new connections to be
set up.
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Clicking the Create a new connection option from the Network Connections dialog
activates the wizard as shown below.
Clicking Next presents the user with three main choices for Internet and private
network setup as shown below.
The Connect to the Internet option supports several types of Internet connection
setup. This option allows the user to choose from a list of ISPs, use a setup CD-ROM
provided by their ISP, or set up a connection manually.
Connect to the network at my workplace supports client-side set up of both dialup
remote access and VPN services.
The Set up an advanced connection option supports serial, parallel and infrared
port networking setups. This option also allows the user to enable certain types of
incoming network connections.
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By default the first option Get online with MSN (Microsoft Network) is selected. To
set up a new connection to MSN, click Finish. To set up a new connection to various other
ISPs, change the radio button selection to the second option and then click Finish.
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This window leads to the MSN Explorer Wizard. Answering Yes to this question
creates a key in the Windows Registry that allows access to MSN email from the Windows
XP Start Menu. Answering No to this question skips that step. After answering either Yes or
No, the MSN wizard launches automatically.
The MSN wizard sets up an MSN account and dial-up Internet connection but
require a working phone line connected to a working modem.
Other ISP Internet Connection Setup
After choosing an alternate ISP and clicking Finish, the Windows XP network connection
wizard closes and a new Windows Explorer window opens as shown below.
The first shortcut launches the MSN window shown above. The second shortcut
launches a new Internet Connection Wizard. This wizard dials a public phone number to
obtain a list of ISP referrals from Microsoft. Obviously, this wizard will provide a limited list
of service providers and not necessarily the best ones for each individual's needs.
These shortcuts, installed in C:\Program Files\Online Services, can be accessed at
any time from Windows Explorer. It is not necessary to navigate through the Windows XP
network connection wizard to execute them.
This wizard assumes an account has been opened previously. Manual connections
require the username (account name) and password from a working ISP service. Dial-up
connections also require a telephone number; broadband connections do not.
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The next step presents three options for creating a manual connection.
The Connect using a dial-up modem option works for phone line Internet services
(either traditional dial-up or ISDN).
The Connect using a broadband connection that requires a user name and
password option works for DSL or cable modem Internet services that use PPPoE.
The Connect using a broadband connection that is always on option works for true
"always on" DSL or cable modem services (those that do not require a
username/password) as specified in their service agreement.
Microsoft added this option for informational purposes only. Service providers
normally create their setup CDs to include all of the necessary setup data for an operating
system in a self-contained package. Therefore, clicking Finish has no effect other than to
exit the wizard.
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UTP cables
4 Computer units
1 hub
CRITERIA
PASSED FAILED
Total:
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With this kind of report, the teacher and the students could see what type of
accident mostly occur on their place that they could already prevent it from coming.
Sample Accident Report
Date: ________________
A. Subject of Report
(Please tick the box)
Injury
Dangerous occurrence
Damage to equipment
Accidents/incidents with the potential to injure or cause damage
Health Condition
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I.
Simulation
1. Group yourselves into six.
2. Show some situation where it can lead to an unwanted accidental event.
Show the class on how you would come up with this.
3. The performance will be rated according to the following:
Performance Criteria:
5 - Excellently performed
4 - Very Satisfactorily performed
3 - Satisfactorily performed
2 - Fairly performed
1 - Poorly performed
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II. Make an Accident Report that you may encounter inside the computer laboratory.
Assessment Criteria:
1. Another round of inspection and test following the specified manufacturers instruction
is carried out.
2. Safe operation of the network and system is assured guaranteed 100%.
References:
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http://support.microsoft.com
You have learned from Information Sheet #2.2.6 how to configure a Peer-to-Peer
network and XP connection with Internet. Now to check if the LAN connection is really
working, you must try to share your resources and accessed shared resources of other
computer. Make sure that you follow the standard operating procedures in configuring
network to achieve successful operation.
Sharing Resources and Accessing Shared Resources
1. Open My Computer, double-click
the C: drive, and create a new
folder on the C: drive. Name it
Shared. Right-click the Shared
folder and select Properties.
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4. Open My Network Places- double-click the icon- and select the Entire Network option
under Other Places at the left of the window. In the main (right-hand) pane, you should see
one or more options. Double-click the Microsoft Windows Network icon.
5. Youre now at the main network screen, where you should see whats called a
workgroup. A workgroup is a basic group of computers connected to the same Ethernet
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network. Double-click the workgroup to see all the computers connected to your Ethernet
network.
At this point, you can access any of the other computers and see what folders they
have shared. If you dont see any computer but your own, just wait a few minutes and
refresh your screen. Then its time to troubleshoot the network problems.
In a network, other peripherals such as printer and faxes could also be shared. You could
use one computer in a network of 10 computers. Click the Print command, when the dialog
box appears click Find Printer. Then click Browse. Find the location of the printer you will
use.
If you dont have any printer installed in your computer, heres the step on how:
TO ADD A PRINTER:
1. Click Start button, then point to Printer and Faxes.
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2. A window will be displayed showing Click Add a Printer on the Taskpane (if there are
printers already installed).
4. Select what kind of printer you are going to connect, Local printer or Network printer.
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Below Model, Click on the model of the printer you will be using. Model names are
listed in alphabetical order and you may need to click on the little down arrow until the
model name appears in the list.
Note: You can often find the manufacturer and model names by looking on the printer
itself.
7. Click the Next button. Windows will check to see if it has the software necessary to
communicate with the printer (the software your computer needs to communicate
with devices like printers, monitors, and disk drives is known as a driver). If so, it will
install the software automatically.
Note: If you receive a message saying that Windows was unable to locate the
necessary files, you will need to get the necessary software before continuing.
Most often, the printer manufacturer's Web site will have a section called
Drivers, from which you can download the software necessary to use their products. If you
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are unable to locate the software on the manufacturer's Web site, inquire within your
department to see if someone is in possession of a software installation disk for the
printer. Once you have obtained the necessary software, click here for instructions on
installing a driver.
Assign your Printer name. Click Next. If you want to test page, click Yes. Click Next.
9. Then Finish. Right-click on the printer you installed. Click Set as Default.
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ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT
Name: ___________________________
Assigned Task
Working Properly
PC 1
PC 2
PC 3
Printer
Date:_________________
Not Working
Connected in a
Network
Computer Units
Hub
Printer
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Given the following materials and equipments, access one document file on other
computer in a network.
Print the file you open with the use of the network printer.
CRITERIA
RATING
30%
20%
30%
20%
Total:
100%
Self-Check# 6.1.2
1. Internet
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2. Intranet
3. GAN
4. WAN
5. MAN
6. Topology
7. Network
8. LAN
9. Star topology
10. Ring topology
Self-Check# 6.1.3
tweezers
magnifying glass
multi-tester
side-cutter pliers
soldering iron
cable tie
Computer Storage device
adapter
manuals
long nose pliers
Self-Check #6.2.1
Googles
- used
to prevent tiny particles
from entering our eyes
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Coverall
-worn to prevent the body or clothes from any types of dirt
Apron
-also worn to protect the body from dirt
Gloves
-used in handling objects without hurting the hands.
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Page
How to Use this Module ..................................................................................................................... ii
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Technical Terms ................................................................................................................................. iv
Learning Outcome # 1 ........................................................................................................................ 1
Information Sheet # 7.1.1 .................................................................................................................. 2
Operation Sheet # 7.1.1 ..................................................................................................................... 8
Learning Outcome # 2 ........................................................................................................................ 9
Information Sheet # 7.2.1 ................................................................................................................ 11
Self Check # 7.2.1 ............................................................................................................................. 14
Information Sheet # 7.2.2 ................................................................................................................ 15
Operation Sheet # 7.2.2 ................................................................................................................... 20
Self check # 7.2.2 ............................................................................................................................. 22
Information Sheet # 7.2.3 ................................................................................................................ 23
Operation Sheet # 7.2.3 ................................................................................................................... 30
Learning Outcome # 3 ...................................................................................................................... 31
Job Sheet # 7.3.1. ............................................................................................................................. 33
Answer keys ..................................................................................................................................... 37
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Welcome to the Module Maintaining of Computer System and Networks. This module
contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency Maintain Computer System and Networks contains
knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Computer Hardware Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete
each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are
Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Activity Sheets. Follow these
activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, dont hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module
because you have:
o been working for some time
o already have completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill
or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you dont have to do he
same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to
this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not
sure about the currency of your skills, discuss it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of
your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are
designed for you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have
more than one learning activity.
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Course
Unit of Competency
Module
:
:
:
INTRODUCTION
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on Computer
Hardware Servicing NC II. It includes the following competencies: plan and prepare
maintenance procedures; maintain computer system and networks; and inspect and test
computer system and networks.
It consists of 3 learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning
activities supported by each instructional sheet. Upon completion of this module, report to
your teacher for assessment of what you achieved in terms of knowledge and skills
requirement in this module. If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of
completion.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the module you should be able to:
LO1.
LO2.
LO3.
PRE-REQUISITES:
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Course
Unit of Competency
Module
:
:
:
Assessment Criteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
References:
1. Bigelow, Stephen J., PC Technicians Troubleshooting, McGraw Hill
2. Kelly,DianneRose, Computer Maintenance and Troubleshooting Handbook Rose
Nelson WEB: http://home.comcast.net/~
3. Sandler,Corey, Fix Your Own PC,MIS Press
4. Kuhlman, Dave, dkuhlman@rexx.com
http://www.rexx.com/~dkuhlman Dave Kuhlman. This documentation is
covered by The MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
5. Meyers,Mike,Introduction to PC Hardware and Troubleshooting,McgrawHill
6. www.eserviceinfo.com
7. http:/csd/2.computer.org
8. http:/sevier.com/wps
9. www.yahoo.com
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Planning and preparing systematic maintenance procedure save time, money and
frustration. It is a good idea and opportunity to learn the proper care and maintenance of
your computer.
PC maintenance is an important topic for anyone who owns a PC. Looking after your
PC properly ensures you of trouble-free use. Regular PC maintenance also keeps the
machines performance optimal.
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JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Anti virus
software
checkups
Disk space
utilization
Defragmentation
of hard drives
Troubleshoot
hardware and
software issues
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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
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ELEMENT
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Identified Hazards
Problems encountered in managing
risks associated with hazards
Clarification on understanding of OHS
policies and procedures
Communication and consultation
processes
Follow up on reports and feedback.
Effectiveness of risk controls in place
Training needs
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Programming Tools
(1) Programming tools are used for software development or system maintenance.
Virtually, any program or utility that helps programmers or users develop
applications or maintain their computers can be called a tool. Examples of
programming tools are compilers, interpreters, assemblers, 4GLs, editors,
debuggers and application generators.
(2) Programming tools help the user analyze or search for data. For example, query
and report programs are often called query tools and report tools.
(3) An on-screen function in a graphics program; for example, line draw, circle draw or
brush tool.
(4) A software control panel for setting user preferences.
(5) Sometimes people will call any software a "tool." For example, the phrase, "there
aren't any tools to do that job" means that no application is available to perform
the required processing.
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Equipment/Facilities
Server
Floppy disk
Computer peripherals
Compact Disk
Desktop computers
Pliers(Assorted)
OHS guidelines
Phil. Environmental
protection standards
Soldering iron/gun
Monitors
Motherboard
Power supply
Network device and
cablings
Hubs
Switches
LAN Cards
Printers and
Scanners
De-soldering tool
Flashlight
Tweezers
Mirrors
Antistatic wrist wrap
LAN Tester
Crimping tool
Software installer
Work bench
Magnifying glass
Routers
USB Flash Drives
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MAINTENANCE TASK
MON
TUE
WED
THUR
FRI
2. Design a systematic daily plan for your software, ( time allotment: 1 week)
MAINTENANCE TASK
MON
TUE
WED
THUR
FRIDAY
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Program course
Unit of Competency
Module
LO.2
Assessment Criteria:
1. Appropriate personal protective equipment are used in conformity with the
standard procedures.
2. Periodic maintenance of the equipment is performed following manufacturers
requirements.
3. Established procedures are followed in case of repair and parts replacements.
4. Accidental events or conditions are responded to in accordance with the
established standards.
Resources:
Equipment/Facilities
Server
Floppy disk
Computer peripherals
Compact Disk
Desktop computers
Pliers(Assorted)
OHS guidelines
Phil. Environmental
protection standards
Soldering iron/gun
Monitors
Motherboard
Power supply
Network device and
cablings
Hubs
Switches
LAN Cards
Printers and Scanners
Routers
De-soldering tool
Flashlight
Tweezers
Mirrors
Antistatic wrist wrap
LAN Tester
Crimping tool
Software installer
Work bench
Magnifying glass
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Reference:
1. McLaughlin,Robert, Sasser,Susan, Ralston,Mary.Fix Your Own PC.Philippine Graphic
Arts, Inc Tandang Sora St.Caloocan City
2. Meralco Faoundation. Microcomputer Servicing Plus. Pasig City, Philippines.
3. Legaspi,Carlos, Caia, Mark Anthony. Operate A Personal Computer. Dasmarias
Computer Learning Center.Dasmarias,Cavite, Philippines
4. Bigelow,Stephen J. PC Technicians Troubleshooting ,McGaw Hill
5. www.helpwithpcs.com
6. http://en.wikipedia.org
7. www.techsoup.org
8. www.howstuffworks.com
9. www.microsoft.com/technet/network
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Tools and equipment used to protect the user and the computer system.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices
2. Power surge protectors
3. Personal equipments
ESD (Electro Static Discharge)
-A small amount of static electricity that can destroy small parts of your computer.
Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
Examples:
1. Anti-static wrist strap
2. Anti-static mat
3. Anti-static bag
4. Anti-static spray
Power surge protectors
Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from
intermittent power sources.
Examples:
1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators)
2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
Personal Equipment
1. Small paint brush
2. Screw drivers
3. Pliers and tweezers
4. Compressed air
5. Handheld vacuum
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Regular scheduled upkeep of your computer will keep you and your computer in working
smoothly.
Daily Schedule
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
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Recommended
Frequency
Auto?
Daily
Yes
Daily
Yes
Back up data
Daily
No
Weekly
No
Monthly
Yes
Weekly
Yes
Clean mouse
Monthly
No
Monthly
No
Monthly
Sometimes
Quarterly
No
Quarterly
No
Quarterly
No
Quarterly
No
Quarterly (depending
on use)
No
Annually (or
whenever case is
opened)
No
Annually (or
whenever case is
opened)
No
Annually
No
Annually
No
Annually
No
Annually
No
Annually
No
Clean keyboard
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1. For somebody who always works with computers, what personal protective devices
do you usually use? How often do you use them?
2. Computers should be protected from static electricity to prevent component
malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such malfunction?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Turn off the monitor and unplug it from the power source.
Using compressed air, clean away any dust on the top of the monitors case.
Use a soft cloth and isopropyl alcohol to clean the outside of the monitor.
Use an antistatic cleaner to clean the glass of the monitor.
Reconnect the monitor and test the performance.
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Printer Cleaning
Inkjet Printer
1. Clean the print nozzle regularly. Most inkjet printers have a built-in utility to clean
or unclog the print head nozzles. You should do this regularly, especially if the
printer sits idle for a couple of weeks.
2. Never turn a printer off by pulling the plug from the power source. Always use the
printers power switch to turn it off. The printer has some built-in functions, such
as parking the print head that are tied to the power-off function of the printers
on/off switch.
3. Use inkjet quality paper.
4. Dust and paper scraps and bits can collect in the bottom of the paper path in an
inkjet printer. Remove the paper scraps and blow out any dust or paper bits that
have accumulated with compressed air.
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Cleaning the system unit and its parts is not really difficult to do; you just need the proper
tools to clean it properly. Using compressed air antistatic strap and a Phillips screw driver
you can effectively clean your unit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Motherboard
Memory
Interface cards
Hard drives
Optical Drives
System Case
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Equipment
System unit
Monitor
Keyboard and Mouse
Printer
Materials
Screw driver
Air Compressor
Anti-static Strap
Computer Hardware Maintenance and Cleaning
The student is provided with the necessary equipment and materials to clean the different
hardware components of a computer unit.
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Evaluation:
CRITERIA
Passed
Failed
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Computer Virus
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The second factor is the use of computer bulletin boards. People could dial up a
bulletin board with a modem and download programs of all types. Games are extremely
popular, and so are simple word processors, spreadsheets, etc. Bulletin boards lead to the
precursor of the virus known as the Trojan horse. A Trojan horse is a program that sounds
really cool when you read about it. So you download it. When you run the program,
however, it does something uncool like erasing your disk. So you think you are getting a
neat game, but it wipes out your system. Trojan horses only hit a small number of people
because they are discovered quickly. Either the bulletin board owner would erase the file
from the system or people would send out messages to warn one another.
Different Aspects of Computer Virus
Finder- searches for the new uninfected files and the
Replicator- actually targets these files and infects it by multiplying itself.
Types of virus
Resident Viruses
This type of virus is a permanent which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can
overcome and interrupt all of the operations executed by the system: corrupting files
and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed etc.
Examples include: Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlunky.
Direct Action Viruses
The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it is executed. When
a specific condition is met, the virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or
folder that it is in and in directories that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file PATH.
This batch file is always located in the root directory of the hard disk and carries out
certain operations when the computer is booted.
Overwrite Viruses
Virus of this kind is characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in
the files that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they have been
infected.
The only way to clean a file infected by an overwrite virus is to delete the file
completely, thus losing the original content.
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File Infectors
This type of virus infects programs or executable files (files with an .EXE or .COM
extension). When one of these programs is run, directly or indirectly, the virus is
activated, producing the damaging effects it is programmed to carry out. The majority
of existing viruses belong to this category, and can be classified depending on the
actions that they carry out.
Companion Viruses
Companion viruses can be considered file infector viruses like resident or direct action
types. They are known as companion viruses because once they get into the system
they "accompany" the other files that already exist. In other words, in order to carry out
their infection routines, companion viruses can wait in memory until a program is run
(resident viruses) or act immediately by making copies of themselves (direct action
viruses).
Some examples include: Stator, Asimov.1539, and Terrax.1069
FAT Virus
The file allocation table or FAT is the part of a disk used to connect information and is a
vital part of the normal functioning of the computer.
This type of virus attack can be especially dangerous, by preventing access to certain
sections of the disk where important files are stored. Damage caused can result in
information losses from individual files or even entire directories.
Worms
A worm is a program very similar to a virus; it has the ability to self-replicate, and can
lead to negative effects on your system and most importantly they are detected and
eliminated by anti-viruses.
Examples of worms include: PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson.
Trojans or Trojan Horses
Another unsavory breed of malicious code are Trojans or Trojan horses, which unlike
viruses do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms.
Logic Bombs
They are not considered viruses because they do not replicate. They are not even
programs in their own right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs.
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It corrupts files
It slows down the speed of the computer system
It causes the system to hang frequently
It deletes various files
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Virus removal
Equipment
System unit
Monitor
Keyboard and Mouse
Materials
Anti-virus Software (Any Anti-virus software)
Virus removal
Provided with the necessary equipment and materials troubleshoot the virus infected area.
You will be assessed using the following criteria
Evaluation:
CRITERIA
Passed
Failed
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Program Course
Unit of Competency
Module
LO.3 Title
Assessment Criteria:
1. Final inspection of the device is instituted to ensure task perfection.
2. Laboratory management and maintenance are observed to conform to company
standard.
3. Accomplishment report is delivered to concerned teacher after finishing the
task.
Resources:
Equipment/Facilities
Server
Floppy disk
Computer peripherals
Compact Disk
Desktop computers
Pliers(Assorted)
OHS guidelines
Phil. Environmental
protection standards
Soldering iron/gun
Monitors
Motherboard
Power supply
Network device and
cablings
Hubs
Switches
De-soldering tool
Flashlight
Tweezers
Mirrors
Antistatic wrist wrap
LAN Tester
Crimping tool
Software installer
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LAN Cards
Work bench
Magnifying glass
Routers
IC insertion/extraction tool
RS-232 pin
insertion/extraction tool
Reference:
1. McLaughlin,Robert, Sasser,Susan, Ralston,Mary.Fix Your Own PC.Philippine Graphic
Arts, Inc Tandang Sora St.Caloocan City
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Equipment:
2 Computer units
Printer
HUB Switch
MODEM/Router
Network Cable
LAN Tester
Multi-tester
Materials:
Windows XP CD installer
Windows 98 CD installer
Anti-virus Software
Computer Maintenance Software
Hardware Inspection
Given the following tools and equipment, perform hardware inspection. Check the
computers connection and configuration and check for the voltage output of the power
supply.
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Software Inspection
Evaluation:
CRITERIA
Passed
Failed
1. Sequence of steps.
2. Observance safety precautions.
3. Proper inspection of hardware components.
4. Proper inspection of the power supply.
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Evaluation:
CRITERIA
Passed
Failed
Passed
Failed
1. Sequence of steps.
2. Observance of safety precautions.
3. Proper inspection of network components.
4. Proper inspection of network connection.
Software Inspection
You will be assessed using the following criteria
Evaluation:
CRITERIA
1. Sequence of steps.
2. Observance of safety precautions.
3. Proper inspection of operating system.
4. Proper virus removal.
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After the inspection, the student will create an accomplishment report to be submitted
to the teacher.
Accomplishment report
`
Area to be Inspected
Good running
condition
Bad running
condition
Remarks
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
NETWORK
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1. Personal protective devices are the tools and equipment used to protect the user
and the computer system
2. Anti-static devices
Anti-static mat
Anti-static bag
Anti-static spray
1.
2.
3.
4.
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HowtoUsethisModule.......................................................................................................
Introduction..........................................................................................................................
TechnicalTerms....................................................................................................................
LearningOutcome#1..........................................................................................................1
InformationSheet#11.......................................................................................................2
OperationSheet#11..........................................................................................................6
LearningOutcome#2..........................................................................................................8
InformationSheet#2.1.......................................................................................................9
ActivitySheet#2.1............................................................................................................10
LearningOutcome#3........................................................................................................13
JobSheet
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Program/Course
Unit of Competency
Module
INTRODUCTION
ThismodulecontainsinformationandsuggestedlearningactivitiesonComputerHardware
Servicing NC II. It includes the following competencies: plan and prepare for termination/
connections of electrical wiring/electronic circuits, terminate/connect electrical wiring/electronic
circuits,andtesttermination/connectionsofelectricalwiring/electroniccircuits.
Itconsistsofthree(3)learningoutcomes.Eachlearningoutcomecontainslearningactivities
supportedbyeachinstructionalsheet.Uponcompletionofthismodule,reporttoyourteacherto
assess your achievement of knowledge and skills requirement of this module. If you pass the
assessment,youwillbegivenacertificateofcompletion.
SUMMARYOFLEARNINGOUTCOMES:
Uponcompletionofthemoduleyoushouldbeableto:
LO1.
Planandprepareforterminationandconnectionofelectricalwiringandelectroniccircuits.
LO2.
Terminateandconnectelectricalwiringandelectroniccircuits.
LO3.
TestTerminationandconnectionofelectricalwiringand/electroniccircuit.
REFERENCES:
1. Agpaoa,Feliciano,InteriorandExteriorWiringTroubleshooting,NationalbooksStore,1991
2. Enriquez, Michael, Simple Electronics (Basic) Fully Illustrated, Antonio M. Andes Sr.
ElectronicsBookSeries
3. www.electronicslab.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
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Voltage
The measure of the push on each electron which makes the electron
move. The term potential difference and voltage are often used
interchangeably to mean the push, thus, you may see the term
electromotive force (EMF) or just the word potential to describe the
electronpushincertaininstances.
Current
Theflowofelectronsinthecircuit.
Resistance
Theoppositiontocurrentflow.
Power
Therateofdoingwork.
Resistor
Adevicedesignedintentionallytohaveadefiniteamountof
resistance
Capacitor
Termination
Adevicethatstoreselectricalenergy.
OHS
OccupationalHealthandSafety
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Program/Course
ComputerHardwareServicingNCII
UnitofCompetency
: TerminateandConnectElectricalWiringandElectronic
Circuits
Module#3
: TerminatingandConnectingElectricalWiringandElectronic
Circuits
LearningOutcome1:PlanandPrepareforTerminationandConnectionofElectrical
WiringandElectronicCircuits
AssessmentCriteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Materialsarecheckedaccordingtospecificationsandtask.
Appropriatetoolsandequipmentareselectedaccordingtotaskrequirements.
TaskisplannedtoensurethatOHSguidelinesandproceduresarefollowed.
Electricalwiringelectronicscircuitsareappropriatelypreparedforconnection/
terminationinaccordancewithinstructionsandworksiteprocedure.
References:
1. Agpaoa, Feliciano, Interior and Exterior Wiring Troubleshooting, National books
Store,1991
2. Enriquez,Michael,SimpleElectronics(Basic)FullyIllustrated,AntonioM.AndesSr.
ElectronicsBookSeries
3. Cardenas, Elpidio, Fundamentals and Elements of Electricity, National Book Store,
1991
4. www.wikipedia.com
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DirectCurrentandAlternatingCurrent
DirectCurrentorDCisthefirsttypeofcurrentbecauseitwaseasytoproduce.Thistypeof
currentalwaysflowsinonedirection.OneofthedisadvantagesofusingDCistheexcessive
voltagedropandpowerlossinthepowerlinesinalongdistancetransmission.Batteriesare
commonsourcesofdirectcurrent.
AlternatingCurrentorACisthesolutiontotheproblemofDC.ACallowstheflowofcurrent
intwodirections.Today,itispossibletostepupelectricity,apowerstation,transmititto
anydistantplaceandstepitdowntoforconsumption.Atransformeristhedeviceusedfor
steppingup or steppingdown AC voltage. Common sources of AC are found in our AC
outlet(Typically,220volts,inthePhilippines).
ACandDCWaveForm
OHMSLAWANDPOWERLAW
Ohms law states that, for a constant current, the current in a circuit is directly
proportional to the total voltage acting in the circuit and inversely proportional to the
totalresistanceofthecircuit.
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ThelawmaybeexpressedbythefollowingequationifthecurrentIisinamperes,EMFEis
involts,andtheresistanceRisinohms.
The relationship of the foregoing three variables was discovered by Georg Simon Ohm,
who theorized that current is in direct proportion to resistance. The relationship is
explainedalgebraically,usingthisformula:
where:
R = E/I
E=IxR
I = E/R
Resistance
Voltage
Current
E EMF in Volts
R Resistance
I Current in Amperes
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A. PracticeProblems:
1.
Required
I=?
E=25V
R=25
G. I
H. P
2.
I=9A
E=?
Required
R=72
E. E
F. P
Required
I=25A
E=?
P=100W
C. R
D. E
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3.
I=4.5A
E=?
Required
P=350W
A. E
B. R
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ASimplecircuitcontainstheminimumthingsneededtohaveafunctioningelectric
circuit.Asimplecircuitrequiresthefollowing:
AC/DCsource
EquipmentthatwilloperateoneitheranACorDCpowersource
BatteryAdcvoltagesourcecontainingtwoormorecellsthatconvert
chemicalenergytoelectricalenergy.
Cell Single unit used to convert chemical energy into a DC electrical
voltage.
FUSE
Onceyoudesignasimplecircuitonelectronics,it
isimportanttoincludea
fuse in the primary or
secondaryofatransformer.
WiresandCable
Awireisasingleslenderrodorfilamentof
drawnmetal.Thisdefinitionrestrictstheterm
to what would ordinarily be understood as
solidwire.Thewordslenderisusedbecause
the length of a wire is usually large when
comparedtoitsdiameter.Ifawireiscovered
with insulation, It is an insulated wire.
Although the term wire properly refers to
themetal,italsoincludestheinsulation.
A conductor is a wire suitable for carrying
anelectriccurrent.
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Switchanditsfunction
Switch is adevice used to break an electric current or transfer it to another
conductor.Switchesarecommonlyusedtoopenorcloseacircuit.Closedis
the ON position, while open is OFF position. Normally, switch is installed in
serieswiththelinecarryingcurrentfrom
thepowersourcetotheload.
A switch is a mechanical device used to
connect and disconnect a circuit at will.
Switches cover a wide range of types,
from subminiature up to industrial plant
switching megawatts of power on high
voltagedistributionlines.
Switch is a manually operated device
capable of making, breaking, or changing
the connection in an electronics or
electrical circuit. A switch connected in
series with one of the connecting wires of simple circuit affords a means of
controllingthecurrentinthecircuit.
Switchfunction
o When the switch is closed, the electron finds an interrupted path in the
circuit.
o OpenistheOFFpositionoftheswitch,whileclosedistheONposition.
o Whentheswitchisopened,thecurrentdeliveredbythepowersupplyis
normallyinsufficienttojumptheswitchgapintheformofanarcandthe
electronflowinthecircuitisblocked.
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I.
ClassificationsofElectronicComponent
A. Passive devices A Passive Device is one that contributes no power gain
(amplification)toacircuitorsystem.Ithasnocontrolactionanddoesnot
requireanyinputotherthanasignaltoperformitsfunction.Inotherwords,
"A component with no brains!" Examples are Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors.
RESISTOR
Thisisthemostcommoncomponentinelectronics.
It is used mainly to control current and voltage
withinthecircuit.Youcanidentifyasimpleresistor
by its simple cigar shape with a wire lead coming
out of each end. It uses a system of color coded
bands to identify the value of the component
(measuredinOhms)
Capacitors,or"caps",varyinsizeandshapefrom
asmallsurfacemountmodeluptoahugeelectric
motorcapthesizeofpaintcan.Whateverthesize
or shape, the purpose is the same. It stores
electricalenergyintheformofelectrostaticcharge.
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ELECTRONICSCHEMATICSYMBOLS
Wiresandconnections
Component
CircuitSymbol
FunctionofComponent
Wire
Topasscurrentveryeasilyfromonepartof
acircuittoanother.
Wiresjoined
A'blob'shouldbedrawnwherewiresare
connected(joined),butitissometimes
omitted.Wiresconnectedat'crossroads'
shouldbestaggeredslightlytoformtwoT
junctions,asshownontheright.
Wiresnotjoined
Incomplexdiagramsitisoftennecessaryto
drawwirescrossingeventhoughtheyare
notconnected.Ipreferthe'bridge'symbol
shownontherightbecausethesimple
crossingontheleftmaybemisreadasa
jointwhereyouhaveforgottentoadda
'blob'!
PowerSupplies/Source
Component
CircuitSymbol
FunctionofComponent
Cell
Supplieselectricalenergy.
Thelargerterminal(ontheleft)ispositive(+).
Asinglecellisoftencalledabattery,but
strictlyabatteryistwoormorecellsjoined
together.
Battery
Supplieselectricalenergy.Abatteryismore
thanonecell.
Thelargerterminal(ontheleft)ispositive(+).
DCsupply
Supplieselectricalenergy.
DC=DirectCurrent,alwaysflowinginone
direction.
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ACsupply
Supplieselectricalenergy.
AC=AlternatingCurrent,continuallychanging
direction.
Fuse
Asafetydevicewhichwill'blow'(melt)ifthe
currentflowingthroughitexceedsaspecified
value.
Transformer
Earth
(Ground)
Twocoilsofwirelinkedbyanironcore.
Transformersareusedtostepup(increase)
andstepdown(decrease)ACvoltages.Energy
istransferredbetweenthecoilsbythe
magneticfieldinthecore.Thereisnoelectrical
connectionbetweenthecoils.
Aconnectiontoearth.Formanyelectronic
circuitsthisisthe0V(zerovolts)ofthepower
supply,butformainselectricityandsome
radiocircuitsitreallymeanstheearth.Itisalso
knownasground.
OutputDevices/Loads:Lamps,Heater,Motor
Component
CircuitSymbol
FunctionofComponent
Lamp(lighting)
Atransducerwhichconvertselectrical
energytolight.Thissymbolisusedfora
lampprovidingillumination,forexamplea
carheadlamportorchbulb.
Lamp(indicator)
Atransducerwhichconvertselectrical
energytolight.Thissymbolisusedfora
lampwhichisanindicator,forexamplea
warninglightonacardashboard.
Heater
Atransducerwhichconvertselectrical
energytoheat.
Motor
Atransducerwhichconvertselectrical
energytokineticenergy(motion).
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Atransducerwhichconvertselectrical
energytosound.
Bell
Atransducerwhichconvertselectrical
energytosound.
Buzzer
Inductor
(Coil,Solenoid)
Acoilofwirewhichcreatesamagneticfield
whencurrentpassesthroughit.Itmayhave
anironcoreinsidethecoil.Itcanbeused
asatransducerconvertingelectricalenergy
tomechanicalenergybypullingon
something.
Switches
Component
PushSwitch
(pushto
make)
CircuitSymbol
FunctionofComponent
Apushswitchallowscurrenttoflowonlywhenthe
buttonispressed.Thisistheswitchusedtooperatea
doorbell.
PushtoBreak
Switch
Thistypeofpushswitchisnormallyclosed(on);itis
open(off)onlywhenthebuttonispressed.
OnOffSwitch
(SPST)
SPST=SinglePole,SingleThrow.
Anonoffswitchallowscurrenttoflowonlywhenit
isintheclosed(on)position.
2waySwitch
(SPDT)
SPDT=SinglePole,DoubleThrow.
A2waychangeoverswitchdirectstheflowof
currenttooneoftworoutesaccordingtoitsposition.
SomeSPDTswitcheshaveacentraloffpositionand
aredescribedas'onoffon'.
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DPST=DoublePole,SingleThrow.
Adualonoffswitchwhichisoftenusedtoswitch
mainselectricitybecauseitcanisolateboththelive
andneutralconnections.
DualOnOff
Switch
(DPST)
Completethetablebelow:
A. Identifyeachofthesesymbols:
COMPONENTS
SYMBOLS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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B. Identifythefollowingbasicelectroniccomponents
COMPONENT
FIGURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Asimplecircuitcontainstheminimumthingsneededtohaveafunctioningelectric
circuit
SourceadeviceusedtosupplyACorDCvoltage
Consuminganydevicethatconsumesvoltage,whatevercomponentorpieceof
equipmentthatisconnectedtoasourceanddrawscurrentfromasourceisa
loadonthatsource.
Controlling any device having two states, on (closed) or off (open). Ideally
havingzeroimpedancewhenclosedandinfiniteimpedancewhenopen.
Protectinga component used to open the circuit when current exceeds a
predeterminedmaximumvalue.
Connecting a material that conducts electric current very well and used to
connectacompletepathforcurrent.
CONTROLLING
source
CONSUMING
Connecting device
ProcedureinCircuitDesigning
1. Prepareallthetoolsandmaterialsneeded.
2. Byusingschematicsymbol,makeasimplecircuitwiththefollowing:
a. load
b. consumingdevice
c. protectingdevice
d. consumingdevice
e. connectingdevice
3. Make sure that the circuit has the following requirement that a
simplecircuitmusthave:
a. Asourceofelectricalpotentialdifferenceorvoltage.
b. A conductive path which would allow for the
movementofcharges.
c. Anelectricalresistancewhichislooselydefinedasany
objectthatuseselectricitytodowork.
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A.Fillintheblankswithwhatisreferredtobyeachofthefollowing.
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A.
InitialStepsinUsingAnalogMultitester
1. Connectthetestprobetotheappropriatejack.
Theredtestprobetothepositive(+)jackandtheblacktothecommon()jack.
COM
+POS
(Black)
(Red)
2. Checkifthepointerrestsexactlyattheinfinitezeropositioninohmmeterrange.
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3. Checktheprobesiftheyareincondition.(Ohmmetercalibration)
a. SettheMultitestertocorrespondingselectorresistancerange.
b. Shortthetwotestprobesleadtogether.
ZeroOhm
Adjustment
knob
Note:
Thepointershoulddeflect
towardszeroohmreading
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Zero
ohm
ohm reading.
B.
ResistanceMeasurements
1. AlwaysdotheInitialStepsinUsingAnalogMultitester.
2. In testing resistors, capacitors, diodes etc. do not touch both test probe lead,
because our body also has resistance that could affect the reading value of the
electroniccomponentswearetesting.
3. If you do not know the value of the resistor to be measured, find the ohmmeter
selectorsettinguntilyouhaveaclearreadingintheohmmeterscale.
OhmmeterScale
(FrominfinitetoZero)
InfiniteResistance
openresistorOpen
connectionor
Ohm
Adjustment
OhmmeterSelector
Range
(x1,x10,x1K,x10K
ohms)
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4. Selectthedesiredresistancerangescalewithselectorswitch.
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Testinga55Kohmresistance
Range:x10Kohm
Thepointerstopsat5.5inx10K
rangeonselectorswitch
Testinga55Kohmresistance
Range:x1Kohm
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