ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Contract, Specification and Quantity Survey
(CENG 5101)
CHAPTER- 3
Quantity Surveying
November 2012
(NASIR B.)

CONTENTS
Introduction
Purpose of Quantity Surveying
Measurement of Civil Works
Principles of Measurement
Units of Measurement
Degree of accuracy in Measurement
The Process of Quantity Surveying
Basic Principles of Taking Off
Quantity Surveying for Building Project
Quantity Surveying for Road Projects

3.1. Introduction
Once a construction project is completed or depending on the form of
contract upon completion of certain parts of the work, the contractor
must be paid for appropriately completed works.
This would then require that the actual works done be somehow
estimated or measured for payment purposes.
On the other hand to estimate how much a civil engineering project
may cost, the actual quantities of materials, labor, equipment etc. that
is needed for the construction work must be calculated at the
beginning of the work.
Such work of calculating the amount of materials and other
incidentals necessary for the realization of the work is called quantity
surveying.

3.1. Introduction Cont.

Quantity surveying is a term or processes used in the construction
industry to take measurements of civil works, prepare
specifications, and estimate the cost of works either for each trade of
work or for the whole project.
The term surveying means to inspect, study, review, investigate,
asses, and hence to measure therefore the term quantity
surveying means quantity measuring as applied to civil
engineering projects.
Quantity surveying is the application of standard methods of
measurement to quantify the amount of various items in a
construction project, for the undertaking of valuation, and certifying
payments.

3.1. Introduction Cont.

The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying.
1. Preparation of Specification
2. Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and
preparing BOQ)
3. Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the
very early stage of the project
4. Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as
built measurements and preparing payment certificates or
approval of payment certificates prepared by taking
measurements)
5. Valuation of property

3.2. Purpose of Quantity Surveying

The purpose of quantity surveying hence the preparation of Bill of
quantities is:
i. Assist the client to have an accurate estimate of the volume of
work as well as the required budget.
ii. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing
uniform measurement of quantities.
iii. To give an accurate checklist of work accomplished
iv. To assist in the certification of payments
v. To give insight into the required variation work amounts.

3.3. Measurement of Civil Works

Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of
work either from drawings or the building itself for defining the
extent of works under each trade.
In order to avoid ambiguity in measuring quantities, there is now a
recommended principle of measurement in construction activities.
Many professional organizations publish recommendations on units
of measurement, degree of accuracy etc. this assists in setting a
common parameters so that dispute is avoided.
The standard book, which is used in Ethiopia, is Standard
Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Construction of Buildings by BaTCoDA, March 1991.
Ethiopian Road Authority Standard Specification, 2002 is used
for Road Construction.
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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Principles of Measurement
The following are list of the basic principles of quantity surveying,
applicable to all items of work.
Each work section of a bill shall contain a brief description of the
nature and location of work.
Work shall be measured net as fixed in position.
Measure the full work area and adjust deductions later.
Items which are to be measured by area shall state the thickness or
such other information as may be appropriate.
Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the
cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other
information as may be appropriate.
Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material
thickness and unit weight if appropriate ( Ex. Duct work)
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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Principles of Measurement
Piece of work shall be taken in numbers.
For items of pipe work it shall be stated whether the diameter is
internal or external.
Mass voluminous and thick works shall be measured in volume
(cubic meter)
Thin, shallow and surface work shall be measured in area (meter
square) specifying the thickness.
Long and thin work shall be measured in length (linear measure,
running meter)
Bills are deemed to include labor, materials, goods and plant and all
associated costs for fixing, assembling, etc.

3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Units of Measurement
Depending on the prevailing system of measurement in any locality,
quantities may be measured in the FPS system or the metric system.
Here in Ethiopia, the most common unit of measurement is the
International System of Units, or the metric system of units in which
the various items are measured as follows:
For the measurement of length
Meter
(m)
For the measurement of mass
Kilogram
(Kg)
For the measurement of time
Second
(s)
For the measurement of current
Ampere
(A)
For the measurement of temperature
Degree Kelvin (K)
For the measurement of luminous intensity Candles
(Cd)

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Degrees of accuracy in Measurement
All dimensions measure to the nearest
Thickness of slab measure to the nearest
Wood work measure to the nearest
Steel work measure to the nearest
Reinforcement measure to the nearest
Road work measure to the nearest
Areas measure to the nearest
Steel work areas measure to the nearest
Volume measure to the nearest
Wood work volume measure to the nearest
Weights measure to the nearest

0.01m
0.005m
0.002m
0.001m
0.005m
0.005m
0.01 meter square
0.001 meter square
0.01 meter cube
0.001 meter cubes
1 kg

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of
Quantities:
I. Taking off
II. Squaring
III. Abstracting
IV. Writing the final Bill of Quantity
I. Taking Off
This is a process of measuring or scaling dimensions from drawings
and recording all dimensions in an easily understood format. This is
coupled with the descriptions in the drawings and specification.

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
In this task the quantity surveyor take off the quantities from the
drawings and determines the volume of work to be done for the
various components.
These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared format, as to
aid accurate preparation and enable checking/rechecking or
adjusting of amounts and correcting errors if any.
These special formats are called Take off sheets or Dimension
Paper.
The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double-ruled as
shown (A4 size).

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
Title
1

Page

Page
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2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and
is called the timising column.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the
dimensions of the items of works.
The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: Length,
Width, Height or Thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in
column 2 are multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either
in ml, m2, m3 or in Pcs. or No.
Column 4 is called description column and description of the work
item is briefly stated.
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16

3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

I. Taking Off

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement
quantities as shown below.

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

I. Taking Off

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
II. Squaring
The dimensions entered in Column 2 are squared or cubed as the
case may be, multiplied by the timising factor, and the result entered
in Column 3. This task is called squaring.
All squared dimensions should be carefully checked by another
person before abstracting, and if correct the item should be ticked
with red. Use two decimal places.
III. Abstracting
The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all
similar dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the
total quantity of each item.

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

The Process of Quantity Surveying
IV. Writing the final bill
After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the
final bill of quantity is written.
The dimensions are copied from the abstracts, and as each item is
transferred it should be ticked by a vertical line from the abstract
sheets.
The description of each item in the final BoQ should be short,
precise and descriptive as per the specification.

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Basic principles of taking Off
The following tasks are part of the Taking Off:
Describing the item,
Bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
Timising,
Dotting on (adding to the timising factor),
The Ampersand (ditto),
Waste calculations,
Deduction of items,
Correction of dimensions (nullifying).

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Basic principles of taking off
1.
Drawings shall be fully understood and clearly detailed.
2.
Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be expressed as
provisional quantity (PQ) and will result in provisional sum (PS)
and lump sum (LS)
3.
There shall be the understanding that measurements are taken to
the nearest cm.
4.
Built items shall generally include all possible entrants like labor,
materials (including storing, loading, unloading and handling),
fixing, use of plant and equipment, wastage of materials,
equipment; which will result in a better process for establishing
prices and profit.

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Basic principles of taking Off
5.
Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary (For E.g. roofing is
measured in horizontal projection).
6.
Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in such a way
that it can be easily checked and audited.

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Types of taking Off
Mensuration the calculation of geometric quantities such as
length, area, and volume, from dimensions and angles that are
already known.
Girth (perimeter) computation linear measurement. There are
various methods of taking off quantities for computation of girth.
In- to- in and out- to-out method some wall lengths are taken out
to out and others in to in (offsets are added to out to out lengths)
and same are deducted from in -to-in lengths; used for any type of
measurement irrespective of condition of symmetry.
Centre line method suitable only when the cross sections of all
walls are symmetrical. In this method Centre line length is found
and same is used for taking off quantities (therefore only width and
depth vary).
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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

I. Taking Off
Types of taking off
Crossing method lengths and breadths of walls as shown in plan
are taken for working out various items and this method is useful
only if the offsets of footings are symmetrical.
A.
Out to - Out and In to In Method
Long Wall (Out to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Thickness
of the Wall
Short Wall (In to In ) = Inner Length - 2 Times Thickness of
the Wall
B.
Center Line Method
All dimensions are taken center to center

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3.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.

Types of taking Off
C.
Crossing Method
Long Wall (Out to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Thickness
of the Wall
Short Wall (In to In ) = Inner Length

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

1. Site Clearance
Removal of bushes & vegetation
Site clearance shall be measured by area and shall be understood as
including trees up to 80mm in diameter.
Felling of Trees
Trees shall be enumerated and identified by diameter.
Removal of termite hills
Termite hill removal shall be measured by the volume of earth
removed and disposed off.
Removal of structures
Removal of structure shall be measured in lump sum, area or
volume if sufficient description of works is given or using
applicable units of work under each item of work in this
Specification where unit rate quotations are required.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

2.
Excavation & Get Out
Removal of top soil
"Top soil" shall mean the top 200-300mm depth layer of soil
containing more than 5% organic material by weight.
The removal of top soil shall be measured by the area occupied by
the work to be placed on the cleared area.
Excavation in ordinary soil
Excavation in ordinary soil shall be measured by volume as the net
void created by the excavation with deduction made for existing
voids.
Excavation shall be measured in successive stages of 1500mm
from starting level.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

2.
Excavation & Get Out
Limits of Bulk Excavation
The limits of bulk excavation for the measurement shall be as
shown on drawings. If not shown, the limits shall be, the surface
area covered by the permanent structure resting on the area of bulk
excavation plus the working space allowed for trench or pit
excavations for the foundations of the permanent structure.
In the instance of no limits being established or no permanent
structure, the working space shall be determined by the Engineer
but shall not exceed 500mm on either side of the limits of the area
to be excavated.
Limits of Pit & Trench Excavation
Pit and trench excavation shall be measured by adding 250mm to
each side of the dimension giving the surface area of the volume to
be excavated.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

2.
Excavation & Get Out
Soil Volume Change Characteristics

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

2.
Excavation & Get Out
Rock excavation
The methods of measurement and working space allowance for
"Ordinary Soil" shall be equally applicable to excavation in
rock.
Hard core & stone filler
Hard core shall be measured by the area of the surface on which
it is laid if the finished thickness does not exceed 300mm. Hard
core and stone filling exceeding 300mm thickness shall be
measured by the volume of void filled by the hard core or stone
chipping.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Cast insitu concrete
Insitu concrete work shall be understood as including gauging,
mixing, casting in place, construction joints tamping of horizontal
surfaces and curing.
Differentiation shall be made for: Plain & reinforced concrete
Below and above grade work
Classes of concrete
Foundation
Columns
Ground & suspended beams & lintels
Ground & suspended solid & ribbed slabs.
Walls
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Cast insitu concrete
Differentiation shall be made for: Steps, staircases and landings
Mass in-fillings.
Grouting & filling to holes.
Other concrete works.
Methods of measurement
Cast in place concrete shall be measured by volume except for the
following: -

Ribbed slabs measured by area stating thickness.

Grouting and filling to holes shall be enumerated stating
sizes.
No deduction shall be made for voids up to 0.25m2 in area.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Concrete Formwork
The measurement for formwork shall be understood as including: Construction and removal of formwork
Making good of concrete honeycombs.
Making good of concrete surfaces to attain the standard of finish
desired by the specified type of formwork.
Angles & returns.
Differential shall be made in formwork for: Below and above grade work.
Work exposed to view & buried work.
Work on which further finish is to be applied
Formwork to produce architectural concrete by specifying
desired type of finish.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Concrete Formwork
Differential shall be made in formwork for: Footings
Columns
Grade & below grade beam.
Suspended and on wall resting beams.
Solid slab
Ribbed slabs
Walls
Staircase, steps and landing.
Grouting, in filling & block outs.
Other concrete works.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Concrete Formwork
Methods of Measurement
Formwork shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in
contract with the finished face of concrete with no allowance
made for passing at angles, overlaps and intersections.
Deduction
No deduction shall be made for voids in form work up to 0.25m2
in area.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Reinforcement
Reinforcement work shall be understood as including cutting,
bending, placing in position, tie and spacers.
Reinforcement shall be measured by the net weight of the bars &
set in position without allowance for ties and spacers.
Allowance shall be made for overlaps only if indicated on
drawings & schedules or at overlaps of bars where the length of the
bar reaches the maximum standard production limit.
The unit weights of reinforcement bars shall be the official unit
weight issued by the appropriate Ethiopian Authority.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

3.
Concrete Work
Precast Concrete
Precast units shall be understood as including moulds, concrete,
reinforcement, placing in position and finishing face of units.
Precast units shall be measured by length or enumerated stating
sizes.
Concrete Ancillaries
Concrete ancillaries shall include expansion joints in fiber board,
plastic material & plastic, metal and other water stops, permanently
or temporarily embedded in concrete.
Expansion, materials, water stops, block outs, etc shall be
measured in length or enumerated stating sizes and understood as
including removal if material is placed as temporary measure only.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

4.
Masonry Work
General
Masonry work shall be understood to include, shaping, cutting,
placing, bonding, tying, wedge placement, building to ends of
other material and preparation of surface for further finish.
Reinforcement to masonry wall & concrete in-fill shall be
measured separate in accordance with the methods of
measurement in concrete work.
Masonry work shall be differentiated for material and: Above and below grade work
Straight and tapering surfaces
Face finish
Mortar type

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

4.
Masonry Work
The unit of measurements are: Stone wall by volume
Stone paving by area specifying thickness
Brick & block wall by area specifying thickness
Deductions
No deducts shall be made in masonry work for opening up to
0.25m2 in area.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

5.
Roof Water Proofing & Damp Proofing
The following are understood as included in the measurement.
Perforating and sealing around pipes, stands and the like.
Nailing, bolting, screwing
Cutting, waste, trimming, jointing and the like.
Overlaps & returns.
Method of Measurement
Roofing & water proofing shall measured by area, without
addition for laps and seams.
Decorative (reflective) coat to roofing shall be measured
separate.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

6.
Roof and Wall Cladding
General
Work measured by area shall be measured flat over the projected
area without addition for slopes, laps and beams.
Work measured by length shall be measured net without addition
for laps, passings, angles, end and the like.
The following shall be understood as included
Perforating and sealing roof around pipes, stands and the like.
Nailing, bolting, screwing and the like to fix roofing and
accessories.
Battens, joists, runners, wedges and splicers in wood.
Covering lists, back supports, brackets, and other supports to
roof and accessories.
Cutting, waste, bracing, trimming, boring, sinking, jointing
and the like.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

6.
Roof and Wall Cladding
Measurement
Roof cover, side cladding, water proofing and the like shall be
measured by area.
Ridges, flashing, aprons down pipes, gutters and the like be
measured by length stating girth.
Roof lights, ventilators, special roofing sheets shall be measured
by area, length, or enumerate extra over roofing without
deduction for roofing.
Gutter and down pipes shall be measured by length taken along
the center line and shall be deemed to include supports, brackets
and fittings. The development sizes shall be given.
Insulation shall be measured by area where not described as a
composite item.
Rainwater spout shall be enumerated stating the size and length.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

7.
Carpentry & Joinery
General
The size of timber shown on drawings for carpentry are sawn
sizes within permitted deviations.
The size of timber and panels on drawings for joinery are milled
sizes within permitted deviations. The sizes of joinery and
carpentry work are finished sizes within permitted deviations.
Cutting waste, halving, trimming, boring, sinking, pelleting,
notching, fitting, dovetailed framing, grounding, scarf jointing,
scribing, rebates, grooves, chamfers, splayed round edges, lips,
tongues angles, beads, molding, returns, meters, housing, fixing
and the like shall be understood as included.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

7.
Carpentry & Joinery
General
Unless otherwise stated or measured separate in the bill, the
following are understood as included: Hardware
Cover lists at joints and where required.
Priming, finishing, polishing, and application of lacquer and
decoration to joinery.
Termite treatment for carpentry.
Fixing of joinery work to walls and other structural elements.
Carpentry ties to walls or other structure

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

7.
Carpentry & Joinery
Measurement
Structural timber other than truss shall be measured by length of
member without addition for laps.
Roof trusses shall be enumerated by stating type and reference to
detail drawing.
Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits, curtain walls and the like
shall be measured by area and understood as including all back
frames.
Doors and opening windows on panel partitions and curtain
walls shall be enumerated as extra over the item.
No deduction shall be made on curtain walls & panel partition
for openings.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

7.
Carpentry & Joinery
Measurement
Fascias, eaves, barge boards, skirting and the like shall be
measured by length stating girth.
Doors and windows shall be enumerated and shall be understood
as including jambs frames and cover lists.
Hardware shall be understood as included if indicated so in
schedule.
Built in furniture and boards shall be enumerated or measured by
length stating sizes and shall be understood as including
hardware unless stated as measured separate.
Hardware shall be measured separate if different type of locks,
hinges, etc., are to be installed on joinery and those can not be
indicated on the schedule of joinery.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

7.
Carpentry & Joinery
Measurement
Hardware may be enumerated: In sets provided this is clearly drawn out on the schedule of
joinery.
Enumerated individually separated into types.
Provided as prime costs for later selection.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

8.
Structural Steel Work
General
The weight of steel shall be the net weight, without addition for
rolling margin, welding material, open-end sealers and section
joints. No deduction shall be made for holes, splay cuts, notches
or the like.
The following shall be understood as included in structural steel
work: Cutting, drilling, end sealing, testing, riveting, welding,
fabrication, hoisting and fixing in position.
Priming and protective treatment.
Decorative paint where shown on drawing preparation of
shop drawings and erection instructions.
Wedges, block outs & grouting
Spacers and rivets

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

8.
Structural Steel Work
Measurement
Stanchions, beams, trusses, purlins, ceiling support, bracing,
rails, and the like shall be measured by weight identified by
profiles and type of structure.
Connection plates, base plates, angles ties, brackets and the like
shall be measured by weight identified by profiles.
Hold down bolts shall be enumerated stating sizes and shall be
understood as including bolts, anchors and spacers.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

9.
Metal Work
General
The weight of metals shall be the net weight without addition for
rolling margin, welding material, open and covers and section
joints and without deduction for holes, splay, cuts, notches or the
like.
The following shall be understood as included:-

Chiseling, cutting, welding, riveting, shaping, grinding,

drilling, bolting, countersinking, assembling, fixing and
the like.
Protective treatment.
Decorative paint.
Frames, beads, linings, anchor brackets, grounds.
Hardware unless indicated as measured separate.
Preparation of shop and erection drawings.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

9.
Metal Work
Measurement
Floor plates, duct covers, suspension profiles, ladders metal
corner protection and linings shall be measured by length
stating sizes.
Stairway and balustrade rails shall be measured by length
stating girth.
Protective grills fixed to windows and doors shall be measured
by area.
Doors and windows shall be enumerated stating sizes.
Curtain walls shall be measured by area.
Louver frames shall be enumerated in pairs stating number of
blades.
No addition or deductions shall be made for deviation in
measurement of up to 50mm in length, width and height.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

10. Plastering and Pointing
The following are understood as included: Preparing background like hacking, racking out joints
grouting, bedding, jointing and key formation.
All work in narrow widths, corners, angles & openings.
Recessing of joints in plaster.
Methods of Measurement
Plaster shall be measured in successive coat with two backing
coats measured as an item and the final coat measured separate.
Plaster work shall be measured by area identified by the surface
of the material it is to be applied to.
Plasterwork shall be measured flat with out addition for edges
and returns.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

10. Plastering and Pointing
Methods of Measurement

Plaster to ribbed or corrugated surfaces shall be measured

flat.
Curved, spherical and conical surfaces shall be measured
along the surface.
Internal and external surfaces shall be measured separate.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

11. Floor and Wall Finish
General
Finishing work shall be measured flat without addition for laps
or seams.
Finishing on corrugated works shall be measured flat.
Curved, spherical and conical surfaces shall be measured along
the surface.
Internal and external works shall be measured separate.
Preparing back grounds like hacking, racking out joints,
grouting, bedding, jointing, rubbing and priming shall be
understood to be included.
The following shall be understood as included: All work in narrow widths, corners, angles or openings.
A recessed joint in finishes.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

11. Floor and Wall Finish
Measurement
The following shall be measured by area specifying material,
size and thickness: All finishes to floors specifying
All finish to walls except skirting, copping and cills
Risers, treads and landing to stairs.
The following shall be measured in length specifying
materials size and thickness.
Skirting
Cills and copings
Dividing strips in floors. (expansion joints filled with sand &
bitumen) included in floor.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

12. Painting
General
Painting, wall papers, plastic and fabric shall be measured by
area.
Special application to edge shall be measured in length, by
stating the girth of the surface exposed for painting.
Paints to metal surface shall be measured by area or the weight
of the metal to be used.
Classification
Painting and other decorative finishes shall be classified as
follows: Walls, columns and beams.
Ceiling which shall include Soffits of beams,
Slabs, staircases and in joinery.
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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

12. Painting
Classification
Floors.
Staircases risers and treads.
Skirting.
Balustrades and rails.
Doors, windows, curtain walls and partition.
Metal surfaces.

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3.4. Methods of Measurement in Building

12. Glazing
Bedding, mastic and the like and fixing beads shall be understood
to be included.
Cleaning before fixing glazing and at completion shall be
understood to be included.
Unless otherwise stated glass shall be measured by the net cut area.
Alternately glazing to louvers and special fixing may be
enumerated or measured by length stating the size.
Panel of irregular shapes shall be measured as the smallest
rectangle from which such irregular shapes can be cut.
Glass panes of special shape and decoration shall be enumerated.
Mirror shall be enumerated stating size.
No deduction shall be made to voids in glazing.

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