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2-
CA
PA
XA
yA
Gas
L1
L2
Liquid
N A dy =
0
D AB Pi
dPA
RT PA
D AB
( PA Pi )
L1RT
For Liquid Phase
NA =
N A = DAB
(1.16)
dCA
dy
L2
CA
Ci
N A dy = D AB dC A
(1.17)
(ii) At y=0; C A = C i
(iii) At y= ; C A = C A = 0
Putting
=
=
y
y
4D AB t
1
4D AB .t
=
t 2t
C A CA C A
=
. =
( )
2t
t
t
2C A
CA
C
(
) = . .( A . )
=
2
y
y y
y y
2C A 2 C A
1
=
.(
)
2
2
y
4D AB .t
Substitute
C A
t
and
2C A
in Fick's 2nd law, we have;
y 2
C A
2C A
1
.( ) = DAB
(
)
2
2t
4 DAB .t
d 2C A
dC A
+ 2
=0
2
d
d
put P =
And ,
dC A
dP d 2C A
=
d
d
d 2
dP
+ 2P = 0
d
dP
+ 2d = 0
P
ln P + 2 ln c1 = 0 ln
P = c1e
P
= 2
c
2
dCA
= c1e
d
2
dCA = c1 e .d C A = c1erf () + c 2
erf () = 1
0 = c1 (erf ()) + c 2
c1 = c 2
CA
= (1 erf) = erfc()
Ci
CA
= erfc
Ci
N A = D AB
dC A
dC
= N A = D AB A
dy
dy y = 0
y
)
4D AB .t
y
)2
4 D AB .t
(1.18)
y =o
dC A
= Ci
dy y = 0
N A = D AB (Ci )(
NA = Ci
3.
1
D AB
) = Ci
4t
4D AB .t
.
(1.19)
This is similar to the Penetration theory except that molecules arriving at the
interface remain, there, for different random periods of time. Furthermore in order to
apply this we need to know the rate of renewal of the surface(), which is a very
difficult task and may, only be achieved experimentally.
Mass transfer rates across the interface between two phases (e.g., gas and liquid)
will be enhanced by surface renewal process. Suppose that the surface contains( i)
elements of the surface and a random distribution of ages would exist for each
element. The rate of production of fresh surface is and that is independent of the
state of the surface (age of the element of surface).
Suppose that the rate of production of fresh surface per unit total area of surface is,
and that is independent of the age of the element in question.
The area of surface of age between t and t+dt will be a function and may be written
as V(t+dt).dt. This will be equal to the area passing in time, dt, from the age range [(tdt) to t ] to the age range [t to (t+dt)]. Further, this in turn will be equal to the area in
the age group[t to (t+dt)], less that replaced by fresh surface in time dt:
i.e.
V(t+dt).dt = V(t).dt [V(t).dt]..dt
)
)
= -.V(t)
) + .V(t) = 0
V (t) = C. e t
Now the total area of surface considered was unity:
V (t) dt = 1
t
C. e dt = 1
C
)
= 1,
C=
V(t) = . e t
Substitute this result in the solution of the penetration theory (equation 1.19), which
is:
NA = Ci
to get,
.
)
AB
. e( dt
NA = Ci
) 4.t
NA = Ci
t /+ e( dt
NA = Ci
(.
NA = Ci D.
. 2. e- dt
(1.20)
CA
2CA
= DAB
t
y2
(i) At t = 0; C A = C A = 0
(ii) At y = 0; C A = C i
(iii) At y = 0; C A = C A = 0
Giving the solution thus,
1
12
= 7)
7) erfc
+789)
+ : .
- 7)
7) erfc
;+7)89<
(1.21)
+ : .
=.
{1 + 2 7)
7) exp @
7. 8.
.
(1.22)
P Pi
NA = kg ( A
)
RT
g
g
N A = k g (C A C i )
N A = Ck g (y A y i )
Interface
PA
Gas
Pi
Ci
Liquid side
D AB
(Ci C A )
L2
NA = C
L2
L1
NA =
Liquid
D AB
(x i x A )
L2
N A = Ck l (x i x A )
y=0
CA
.. (i)
N A = K G (y A y A )
*
N A = k l (x i x A )
(ii)
(iii)
NA = K L (x*A xA )
(iv)
AB
9 9C )
DE 9 92)
1
1 m(xi x A )
=
+
K G k g k l (x i x A )
1
1 m
=
+
KG kg kl
(1.23)
1
1
1
=
+
K L mk g k l
(1.24)
a = 6* F/dav.
Where is the fractional hold ( fraction of bubbles or drops in the column) and dav.is
the average bubble or diameter. Thus in order to estimate (a) we have to use
correlations for F and dav and, although there are many correlations in the literature,
they are inadequate and unreliable. The best ones gives an error of nearly 70%, some,
even, gives as much as 3000% error !. Therefore the use of the combined form ( KG.a
or KL.a) is, clearly advantageous.
And researchers should be working along these lines i.e., finding correlations for
the volumetric mass transfer coefficient rather than the film or overall coefficients.
Liquid in
kmole
m .s
*
The mole rate (WA ) = N A * A = K G .A.(y A y A ) kmole/s
A = .d.z
WA = G1 (y1 y 2 ) = L(x1 x 2 )
x2
z
(1.25)
Gas in
y1
For the driving force ( y A y A* ) we take the average value for the whole
column and this is may be represented bythe log mean driving force:-
(y
A yA
And
L.m
(y
yA
) (y
(y
Ln
(y
yA
yA
yA
)
)
Liquid out
x1
(1.26)
1
2
y = mx1
*
1
y2 = mx2
*
(1.27)
*
*
(y1 y1 ) (y 2 y 2 )
WA = K G (.d.z)
*
= G1 (y1 y 2 )
(y
y
)
1
1
Ln
*
(y
y
)
2
2
(1.28)
Example 5: A wetted wall column is used to absorb Ammonia by using pure water
from (6%) by volume mixture with air . The gas flow rate is (1.2 kmol min) at 1atm
and 200C. Calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient. Data given :
The ratio of water to air flow rate = 1.4
The outlet ammonia concentration = 1.5% by volume
Column diameter = 2 cm
Solution:
Find x1 using equation (1.25),
y1 y2 =
(x1 x2)
L.LM.
N.M
87 L.LNSRL)
= 0.0238
Finally, from equation (1.28),
Sh = 2 + 0.6 Re .Sc
1
2
Sh = 0.023 Re .Sc
1
3
(1.29)
1
3
D.T
U.V.T
U.
k1
AC
Refer to the accompanying figure to perform material balance on (A) over elemental
Xz,
In = Out
Gas A
TY
NA.S = ( NA +
. Xz).S + k1.S.Xz.CA
TZ
(S: cross sectional area)
TY
TZ
= - k1.CA
But NA = - DAB
DAB
T+1
T+1
TZ.
T1
NA
TZ
Xz
- k1 C A = 0
(k1/DAB ).CA = 0
The auxiliary equation is,
m2 - k1/DAB = 0
m1 = :k /D]^
and m2 = @:k /D]^
The general solution is,
CA = _.exp[:k /D]^ .z] + `.exp[@:k /D]^ .z]
NA+(dNA/dz).Xz
TZ.
1L
NA = 0
e
f
or
T1
TZ
AAC
Liquid B
=0